{
  "index": "1959-A-7",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "7. If \\( f \\) is a real-valued function of one real variable which has a continuous derivative on the closed interval \\( [a, b] \\) and for which there is no \\( x \\in[a, b] \\) such that \\( f(x)=f^{\\prime}(x)=0 \\), then prove that there is a function \\( g \\) with continuous first derivative on \\( [a, b] \\) such that \\( f g^{\\prime}-f^{\\prime} g \\) is positive on \\( [a, b] \\).",
  "solution": "Solution. Let \\( f:[a, b] \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) be a function with a continuous derivative such that \\( f \\) and \\( f^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point. Let \\( S=\\{x: f(x)=0\\} \\). Then \\( S \\) is a finite set. For if not, \\( S \\) would have an accumulation point \\( x_{0} \\in[a, b] \\), and there would exist a sequence \\( \\left\\{x_{n}\\right\\} \\) in \\( S \\) such that \\( x_{n} \\rightarrow x_{0} \\) and \\( x_{n} \\neq x_{0} \\). Then \\( f\\left(x_{0}\\right)=0 \\) by continuity and\n\\[\nf^{\\prime}\\left(x_{0}\\right)=\\lim _{n \\rightarrow \\infty} \\frac{f\\left(x_{n}\\right)-f\\left(x_{0}\\right)}{x_{n}-x_{0}}=0\n\\]\ncontrary to our hypothesis that \\( f \\) and \\( f^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point.\nSince \\( f^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish on \\( S \\), there is a polynomial \\( h \\) such that \\( f^{\\prime}(x) h(x)=-1 \\) for all \\( x \\in S \\). For each positive number \\( c \\) define\n\\[\ng_{c}(x)=x f(x)+\\operatorname{ch}(x)\n\\]\nand\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nw_{c}(x) & =f(x) g_{c}{ }^{\\prime}(x)-f^{\\prime}(x) g_{c}(x) \\\\\n& =f(x)^{2}+c\\left(f(x) h^{\\prime}(x)-f^{\\prime}(x) h(x)\\right) .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nWe shall prove that, for some sufficiently small \\( c, w_{c} \\) is positive throughout \\( [a, b] \\). Then \\( g_{c} \\) is the required function.\n\nBy construction \\( f h^{\\prime}-f^{\\prime} h \\) is positive (indeed equal to 1 ) for the points of \\( S \\). By continuity \\( f h^{\\prime}-f^{\\prime} h \\) remains positive on a set \\( T \\supseteq S \\), where \\( T \\) is open relative to \\( [a, b] \\). Moreover, \\( \\left|f h^{\\prime}-f^{\\prime} h\\right| \\) is bounded on the interval \\( [a, b] \\); say by \\( M \\). Since \\( f^{2} \\) is continuous and positive on the compact set \\( [a, b]-T \\), it is bounded away from zero on this set; say by \\( \\epsilon \\). Then, if \\( 0<c<\\epsilon / M \\),\n\\[\nw_{r}(x) \\geq f(x)^{2}-c\\left|f(x) h^{\\prime}(x)-f^{\\prime}(x) h(x)\\right|>\\epsilon-c M>0\n\\]\nfor \\( x \\in[a, b]-T \\), while\n\\[\nw_{c}(x) \\geq c\\left(f(x) h^{\\prime}(x)-f^{\\prime}(x) h(x)\\right)>0,\n\\]\nif \\( x \\in T \\). Thus for \\( 0<c<\\epsilon / M, w_{c} \\) is positive on all of \\( [a, b] \\) and the corresponding function \\( g_{\\mathrm{c}} \\) has the desired property.\n\nRemark. If we are willing to assume that \\( f \\) is of class \\( C^{2} \\), (i.e., \\( f^{\\prime \\prime} \\) exists and is continuous) then the problem is much easier. There are then continuous functions \\( p \\) and \\( q \\) such that \\( f \\) is a solution of\n\\[\ny^{\\prime \\prime}+p(x) y^{\\prime}+q(x) y=0\n\\]\n\nFor example, \\( p=\\frac{-f^{\\prime \\prime} f^{\\prime}}{\\left(f^{\\prime}\\right)^{2}+(f)^{2}}, q=\\frac{-f^{\\prime \\prime} f}{\\left(f^{\\prime}\\right)^{2}+(f)^{2}} \\).\nThis second-order differential equation has a second solution linearly independent of \\( f \\); call it \\( g \\). Then the Wronskian\n\\[\nf g^{\\prime}-f^{\\prime} g\n\\]\ncannot vanish on \\( [a, b] \\). Changing the sign of \\( g \\) if necessary, we can make \\( f g^{\\prime}-f^{\\prime} g>0 \\) on \\( [a, b] \\).",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "x_0",
    "x_n",
    "n",
    "f",
    "g",
    "g_c",
    "h",
    "y",
    "p",
    "q",
    "w_c",
    "w_r"
  ],
  "params": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "c",
    "S",
    "T",
    "M",
    "r",
    "\\\\epsilon"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "variablex",
        "x_0": "limitpoint",
        "x_n": "sequencen",
        "n": "indexvar",
        "f": "givenfunc",
        "g": "helperfunc",
        "g_c": "combofunc",
        "h": "polyaux",
        "y": "secondsol",
        "p": "coeffone",
        "q": "coefftwo",
        "w_c": "wronskfun",
        "w_r": "wronskerr",
        "a": "leftendpoint",
        "b": "rightendpoint",
        "c": "smallscalar",
        "S": "zeropoints",
        "T": "positiveset",
        "M": "boundmax",
        "r": "scalarvar",
        "\\epsilon": "positivedelta"
      },
      "question": "7. If \\( givenfunc \\) is a real-valued function of one real variable which has a continuous derivative on the closed interval \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\) and for which there is no \\( variablex \\in[leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\) such that \\( givenfunc(variablex)=givenfunc^{\\prime}(variablex)=0 \\), then prove that there is a function \\( helperfunc \\) with continuous first derivative on \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\) such that \\( givenfunc\\, helperfunc^{\\prime}-givenfunc^{\\prime}\\, helperfunc \\) is positive on \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\).",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( givenfunc:[leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) be a function with a continuous derivative such that \\( givenfunc \\) and \\( givenfunc^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point. Let \\( zeropoints=\\{variablex: givenfunc(variablex)=0\\} \\). Then \\( zeropoints \\) is a finite set. For if not, \\( zeropoints \\) would have an accumulation point \\( limitpoint \\in[leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\), and there would exist a sequence \\( \\{sequencen\\} \\) in \\( zeropoints \\) such that \\( sequencen \\rightarrow limitpoint \\) and \\( sequencen \\neq limitpoint \\). Then \\( givenfunc(limitpoint)=0 \\) by continuity and\n\\[\ngivenfunc^{\\prime}(limitpoint)=\\lim _{indexvar \\rightarrow \\infty} \\frac{givenfunc(sequencen)-givenfunc(limitpoint)}{sequencen-limitpoint}=0\n\\]\ncontrary to our hypothesis that \\( givenfunc \\) and \\( givenfunc^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point.\n\nSince \\( givenfunc^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish on \\( zeropoints \\), there is a polynomial \\( polyaux \\) such that \\( givenfunc^{\\prime}(variablex)\\, polyaux(variablex)=-1 \\) for all \\( variablex \\in zeropoints \\). For each positive number \\( smallscalar \\) define\n\\[\ncombofunc(variablex)=variablex\\, givenfunc(variablex)+ smallscalar\\, polyaux(variablex)\n\\]\nand\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nwronskfun(variablex) & =givenfunc(variablex)\\, combofunc^{\\prime}(variablex)-givenfunc^{\\prime}(variablex)\\, combofunc(variablex) \\\\\n& =givenfunc(variablex)^{2}+smallscalar\\left(givenfunc(variablex)\\, polyaux^{\\prime}(variablex)-givenfunc^{\\prime}(variablex)\\, polyaux(variablex)\\right) .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nWe shall prove that, for some sufficiently small \\( smallscalar \\), \\( wronskfun \\) is positive throughout \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\). Then \\( combofunc \\) is the required function.\n\nBy construction \\( givenfunc\\, polyaux^{\\prime}-givenfunc^{\\prime}\\, polyaux \\) is positive (indeed equal to 1) for the points of \\( zeropoints \\). By continuity \\( givenfunc\\, polyaux^{\\prime}-givenfunc^{\\prime}\\, polyaux \\) remains positive on a set \\( positiveset \\supseteq zeropoints \\), where \\( positiveset \\) is open relative to \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\). Moreover, \\( |givenfunc\\, polyaux^{\\prime}-givenfunc^{\\prime}\\, polyaux| \\) is bounded on the interval \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\); say by \\( boundmax \\). Since \\( givenfunc^{2} \\) is continuous and positive on the compact set \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint]-positiveset \\), it is bounded away from zero on this set; say by \\( positivedelta \\). Then, if \\( 0<smallscalar<positivedelta / boundmax \\),\n\\[\nwronskerr(variablex) \\geq givenfunc(variablex)^{2}-smallscalar\\left|givenfunc(variablex)\\, polyaux^{\\prime}(variablex)-givenfunc^{\\prime}(variablex)\\, polyaux(variablex)\\right|>positivedelta-smallscalar\\, boundmax>0\n\\]\nfor \\( variablex \\in[leftendpoint, rightendpoint]-positiveset \\), while\n\\[\nwronskfun(variablex) \\geq smallscalar\\left(givenfunc(variablex)\\, polyaux^{\\prime}(variablex)-givenfunc^{\\prime}(variablex)\\, polyaux(variablex)\\right)>0,\n\\]\nif \\( variablex \\in positiveset \\). Thus for \\( 0<smallscalar<positivedelta / boundmax \\), \\( wronskfun \\) is positive on all of \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\) and the corresponding function \\( combofunc \\) has the desired property.\n\nRemark. If we are willing to assume that \\( givenfunc \\) is of class \\( C^{2} \\) (i.e., \\( givenfunc^{\\prime \\prime} \\) exists and is continuous) then the problem is much easier. There are then continuous functions \\( coeffone \\) and \\( coefftwo \\) such that \\( givenfunc \\) is a solution of\n\\[\nsecondsol^{\\prime \\prime}+coeffone(variablex)\\, secondsol^{\\prime}+coefftwo(variablex)\\, secondsol=0\n\\]\n\nFor example, \\( coeffone=\\frac{-givenfunc^{\\prime \\prime}\\, givenfunc^{\\prime}}{(givenfunc^{\\prime})^{2}+(givenfunc)^{2}},\\; coefftwo=\\frac{-givenfunc^{\\prime \\prime}\\, givenfunc}{(givenfunc^{\\prime})^{2}+(givenfunc)^{2}} \\).\nThis second-order differential equation has a second solution linearly independent of \\( givenfunc \\); call it \\( helperfunc \\). Then the Wronskian\n\\[\ngivenfunc\\, helperfunc^{\\prime}-givenfunc^{\\prime}\\, helperfunc\n\\]\ncannot vanish on \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\). Changing the sign of \\( helperfunc \\) if necessary, we can make \\( givenfunc\\, helperfunc^{\\prime}-givenfunc^{\\prime}\\, helperfunc>0 \\) on \\( [leftendpoint, rightendpoint] \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "porcelain",
        "x_0": "cantaloupe",
        "x_n": "buttercup",
        "n": "lipstick",
        "f": "rainforest",
        "g": "hummingbird",
        "g_c": "peppermint",
        "h": "caterpillar",
        "y": "watermelon",
        "p": "buttermilk",
        "q": "dragonfruit",
        "w_c": "saxophone",
        "w_r": "honeycomb",
        "a": "lighthouse",
        "b": "windflower",
        "c": "tangerine",
        "S": "gondolier",
        "T": "zephyrwind",
        "M": "journeyman",
        "r": "rosebushes",
        "\\epsilon": "marshmallow"
      },
      "question": "7. If \\( rainforest \\) is a real-valued function of one real variable which has a continuous derivative on the closed interval \\( [lighthouse, windflower] \\) and for which there is no \\( porcelain \\in[lighthouse, windflower] \\) such that \\( rainforest(porcelain)=rainforest^{\\prime}(porcelain)=0 \\), then prove that there is a function \\( hummingbird \\) with continuous first derivative on \\( [lighthouse, windflower] \\) such that \\( rainforest\\, hummingbird^{\\prime}-rainforest^{\\prime}\\, hummingbird \\) is positive on \\( [lighthouse, windflower] \\).",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( rainforest:[lighthouse, windflower] \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) be a function with a continuous derivative such that \\( rainforest \\) and \\( rainforest^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point. Let \\( gondolier=\\{porcelain: rainforest(porcelain)=0\\} \\). Then \\( gondolier \\) is a finite set. For if not, \\( gondolier \\) would have an accumulation point \\( cantaloupe \\in[lighthouse, windflower] \\), and there would exist a sequence \\( \\{buttercup\\} \\) in \\( gondolier \\) such that \\( buttercup \\rightarrow cantaloupe \\) and \\( buttercup \\neq cantaloupe \\). Then \\( rainforest(cantaloupe)=0 \\) by continuity and\n\\[\nrainforest^{\\prime}(cantaloupe)=\\lim _{lipstick \\rightarrow \\infty} \\frac{rainforest(buttercup)-rainforest(cantaloupe)}{buttercup-cantaloupe}=0\n\\]\ncontrary to our hypothesis that \\( rainforest \\) and \\( rainforest^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point.\n\nSince \\( rainforest^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish on \\( gondolier \\), there is a polynomial \\( caterpillar \\) such that \\( rainforest^{\\prime}(porcelain)\\, caterpillar(porcelain)=-1 \\) for all \\( porcelain \\in gondolier \\). For each positive number \\( tangerine \\) define\n\\[\npeppermint(porcelain)=porcelain\\, rainforest(porcelain)+tangerine\\, caterpillar(porcelain)\n\\]\nand\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nsaxophone(porcelain) &=rainforest(porcelain)\\, peppermint^{\\prime}(porcelain)-rainforest^{\\prime}(porcelain)\\, peppermint(porcelain) \\\\\n&=rainforest(porcelain)^{2}+tangerine\\left(rainforest(porcelain)\\, caterpillar^{\\prime}(porcelain)-rainforest^{\\prime}(porcelain)\\, caterpillar(porcelain)\\right) .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nWe shall prove that, for some sufficiently small \\( tangerine, saxophone \\) is positive throughout \\( [lighthouse, windflower] \\). Then \\( peppermint \\) is the required function.\n\nBy construction \\( rainforest\\, caterpillar^{\\prime}-rainforest^{\\prime}\\, caterpillar \\) is positive (indeed equal to 1) for the points of \\( gondolier \\). By continuity \\( rainforest\\, caterpillar^{\\prime}-rainforest^{\\prime}\\, caterpillar \\) remains positive on a set \\( zephyrwind \\supseteq gondolier \\), where \\( zephyrwind \\) is open relative to \\( [lighthouse, windflower] \\). Moreover, \\( \\left|rainforest\\, caterpillar^{\\prime}-rainforest^{\\prime}\\, caterpillar\\right| \\) is bounded on the interval \\( [lighthouse, windflower] \\); say by \\( journeyman \\). Since \\( rainforest^{2} \\) is continuous and positive on the compact set \\( [lighthouse, windflower]-zephyrwind \\), it is bounded away from zero on this set; say by \\( marshmallow \\). Then, if \\( 0<tangerine<marshmallow / journeyman \\),\n\\[\nhoneycomb(porcelain) \\geq rainforest(porcelain)^{2}-tangerine\\left|rainforest(porcelain)\\, caterpillar^{\\prime}(porcelain)-rainforest^{\\prime}(porcelain)\\, caterpillar(porcelain)\\right|>marshmallow-tangerine\\, journeyman>0\n\\]\nfor \\( porcelain \\in[lighthouse, windflower]-zephyrwind \\), while\n\\[\nsaxophone(porcelain) \\geq tangerine\\left(rainforest(porcelain)\\, caterpillar^{\\prime}(porcelain)-rainforest^{\\prime}(porcelain)\\, caterpillar(porcelain)\\right)>0,\n\\]\nif \\( porcelain \\in zephyrwind \\). Thus for \\( 0<tangerine<marshmallow / journeyman, saxophone \\) is positive on all of \\( [lighthouse, windflower] \\) and the corresponding function \\( peppermint \\) has the desired property.\n\nRemark. If we are willing to assume that \\( rainforest \\) is of class \\( C^{2} \\) (i.e., \\( rainforest^{\\prime \\prime} \\) exists and is continuous) then the problem is much easier. There are then continuous functions \\( buttermilk \\) and \\( dragonfruit \\) such that \\( rainforest \\) is a solution of\n\\[\nwatermelon^{\\prime \\prime}+buttermilk(porcelain)\\, watermelon^{\\prime}+dragonfruit(porcelain)\\, watermelon=0\n\\]\nFor example, \\( buttermilk=\\frac{-rainforest^{\\prime \\prime}\\, rainforest^{\\prime}}{\\left(rainforest^{\\prime}\\right)^{2}+\\left(rainforest\\right)^{2}}, \\quad dragonfruit=\\frac{-rainforest^{\\prime \\prime}\\, rainforest}{\\left(rainforest^{\\prime}\\right)^{2}+\\left(rainforest\\right)^{2}} \\).\nThis second-order differential equation has a second solution linearly independent of \\( rainforest \\); call it \\( hummingbird \\). Then the Wronskian\n\\[\nrainforest\\, hummingbird^{\\prime}-rainforest^{\\prime}\\, hummingbird\n\\]\ncannot vanish on \\( [lighthouse, windflower] \\). Changing the sign of \\( hummingbird \\) if necessary, we can make \\( rainforest\\, hummingbird^{\\prime}-rainforest^{\\prime}\\, hummingbird>0 \\) on \\( [lighthouse, windflower] \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "constantvalue",
        "x_0": "dynamicorigin",
        "x_n": "stableelement",
        "n": "totality",
        "f": "constant",
        "g": "invariant",
        "g_c": "invariantc",
        "h": "staticscalar",
        "y": "fixedelement",
        "p": "uniformvalue",
        "q": "absolutenum",
        "w_c": "stillexpressc",
        "w_r": "stillexpressr",
        "a": "centernode",
        "b": "centernodeb",
        "c": "largenegative",
        "S": "fullsetvalue",
        "T": "closedset",
        "M": "unbounded",
        "r": "knownvalue",
        "\\epsilon": "bigdelta"
      },
      "question": "7. If \\( constant \\) is a real-valued function of one real variable which has a continuous derivative on the closed interval \\( [centernode, centernodeb] \\) and for which there is no \\( constantvalue \\in[centernode, centernodeb] \\) such that \\( constant(constantvalue)=constant^{\\prime}(constantvalue)=0 \\), then prove that there is a function \\( invariant \\) with continuous first derivative on \\( [centernode, centernodeb] \\) such that \\( constant invariant^{\\prime}-constant^{\\prime} invariant \\) is positive on \\( [centernode, centernodeb] \\).",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( constant:[centernode, centernodeb] \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) be a function with a continuous derivative such that \\( constant \\) and \\( constant^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point. Let \\( fullsetvalue=\\{constantvalue: constant(constantvalue)=0\\} \\). Then \\( fullsetvalue \\) is a finite set. For if not, \\( fullsetvalue \\) would have an accumulation point \\( dynamicorigin \\in[centernode, centernodeb] \\), and there would exist a sequence \\( \\{stableelement\\} \\) in \\( fullsetvalue \\) such that \\( stableelement \\rightarrow dynamicorigin \\) and \\( stableelement \\neq dynamicorigin \\). Then \\( constant(dynamicorigin)=0 \\) by continuity and\n\\[\nconstant^{\\prime}(dynamicorigin)=\\lim _{totality \\rightarrow \\infty} \\frac{constant(stableelement)-constant(dynamicorigin)}{stableelement-dynamicorigin}=0\n\\]\ncontrary to our hypothesis that \\( constant \\) and \\( constant^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point.\nSince \\( constant^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish on \\( fullsetvalue \\), there is a polynomial \\( staticscalar \\) such that \\( constant^{\\prime}(constantvalue) staticscalar(constantvalue)=-1 \\) for all \\( constantvalue \\in fullsetvalue \\). For each positive number \\( largenegative \\) define\n\\[\ninvariantc(constantvalue)=constantvalue\\, constant(constantvalue)+\\operatorname{largenegative}staticscalar(constantvalue)\n\\]\nand\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nstillexpressc(constantvalue) & =constant(constantvalue) invariantc^{\\prime}(constantvalue)-constant^{\\prime}(constantvalue) invariantc(constantvalue) \\\\\n& =constant(constantvalue)^{2}+largenegative\\left(constant(constantvalue) staticscalar^{\\prime}(constantvalue)-constant^{\\prime}(constantvalue) staticscalar(constantvalue)\\right) .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nWe shall prove that, for some sufficiently small \\( largenegative, stillexpressc \\) is positive throughout \\( [centernode, centernodeb] \\). Then \\( invariantc \\) is the required function.\n\nBy construction \\( constant\\, staticscalar^{\\prime}-constant^{\\prime}\\, staticscalar \\) is positive (indeed equal to 1 ) for the points of \\( fullsetvalue \\). By continuity \\( constant\\, staticscalar^{\\prime}-constant^{\\prime}\\, staticscalar \\) remains positive on a set \\( closedset \\supseteq fullsetvalue \\), where \\( closedset \\) is open relative to \\( [centernode, centernodeb] \\). Moreover, \\( |constant\\, staticscalar^{\\prime}-constant^{\\prime}\\, staticscalar| \\) is bounded on the interval \\( [centernode, centernodeb] \\); say by \\( unbounded \\). Since \\( constant^{2} \\) is continuous and positive on the compact set \\( [centernode, centernodeb]-closedset \\), it is bounded away from zero on this set; say by \\( bigdelta \\). Then, if \\( 0<largenegative<bigdelta / unbounded \\),\n\\[\nstillexpressr(constantvalue) \\geq constant(constantvalue)^{2}-largenegative|constant(constantvalue) staticscalar^{\\prime}(constantvalue)-constant^{\\prime}(constantvalue) staticscalar(constantvalue)|>bigdelta-largenegative\\, unbounded>0\n\\]\nfor \\( constantvalue \\in[centernode, centernodeb]-closedset \\), while\n\\[\nstillexpressc(constantvalue) \\geq largenegative\\left(constant(constantvalue) staticscalar^{\\prime}(constantvalue)-constant^{\\prime}(constantvalue) staticscalar(constantvalue)\\right)>0,\n\\]\nif \\( constantvalue \\in closedset \\). Thus for \\( 0<largenegative<bigdelta / unbounded, stillexpressc \\) is positive on all of \\( [centernode, centernodeb] \\) and the corresponding function \\( invariantc \\) has the desired property.\n\nRemark. If we are willing to assume that \\( constant \\) is of class \\( C^{2} \\), (i.e., \\( constant^{\\prime \\prime} \\) exists and is continuous) then the problem is much easier. There are then continuous functions \\( uniformvalue \\) and \\( absolutenum \\) such that \\( constant \\) is a solution of\n\\[\nfixedelement^{\\prime \\prime}+uniformvalue(constantvalue) fixedelement^{\\prime}+absolutenum(constantvalue) fixedelement=0\n\\]\n\nFor example, \\( uniformvalue=\\frac{-constant^{\\prime \\prime} constant^{\\prime}}{(constant^{\\prime})^{2}+(constant)^{2}}, absolutenum=\\frac{-constant^{\\prime \\prime} constant}{(constant^{\\prime})^{2}+(constant)^{2}} \\).\nThis second-order differential equation has a second solution linearly independent of \\( constant \\); call it \\( invariant \\). Then the Wronskian\n\\[\nconstant invariant^{\\prime}-constant^{\\prime} invariant\n\\]\ncannot vanish on \\( [centernode, centernodeb] \\). Changing the sign of \\( invariant \\) if necessary, we can make \\( constant invariant^{\\prime}-constant^{\\prime} invariant>0 \\) on \\( [centernode, centernodeb] \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "x_0": "hjgrksla",
        "x_n": "plmnbvcs",
        "n": "rtewqyas",
        "f": "kdshfjla",
        "g": "oiwuepry",
        "g_c": "uvtasdhk",
        "h": "zmvcnlie",
        "y": "tyeorhgs",
        "p": "bgfasdkl",
        "q": "cilopvzn",
        "w_c": "jsnqwerk",
        "w_r": "qbvtcxas",
        "a": "lkjhgfas",
        "b": "poiuytre",
        "c": "mnbvcxza",
        "S": "zqwskdlf",
        "T": "vrmnbtas",
        "M": "asdfghjk",
        "r": "xcvbnmlk",
        "\\epsilon": "\\rwhslqdk"
      },
      "question": "7. If \\( kdshfjla \\) is a real-valued function of one real variable which has a continuous derivative on the closed interval \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\) and for which there is no \\( qzxwvtnp \\in[lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\) such that \\( kdshfjla(qzxwvtnp)=kdshfjla^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp)=0 \\), then prove that there is a function \\( oiwuepry \\) with continuous first derivative on \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\) such that \\( kdshfjla oiwuepry^{\\prime}-kdshfjla^{\\prime} oiwuepry \\) is positive on \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\).",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( kdshfjla:[lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) be a function with a continuous derivative such that \\( kdshfjla \\) and \\( kdshfjla^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point. Let \\( zqwskdlf=\\{qzxwvtnp: kdshfjla(qzxwvtnp)=0\\} \\). Then \\( zqwskdlf \\) is a finite set. For if not, \\( zqwskdlf \\) would have an accumulation point \\( hjgrksla \\in[lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\), and there would exist a sequence \\( \\left\\{plmnbvcs\\right\\} \\) in \\( zqwskdlf \\) such that \\( plmnbvcs \\rightarrow hjgrksla \\) and \\( plmnbvcs \\neq hjgrksla \\). Then \\( kdshfjla\\left(hjgrksla\\right)=0 \\) by continuity and\n\\[\nkdshfjla^{\\prime}\\left(hjgrksla\\right)=\\lim _{rtewqyas \\rightarrow \\infty} \\frac{kdshfjla\\left(plmnbvcs\\right)-kdshfjla\\left(hjgrksla\\right)}{plmnbvcs-hjgrksla}=0\n\\]\ncontrary to our hypothesis that \\( kdshfjla \\) and \\( kdshfjla^{\\prime} \\) do not vanish at the same point.\nSince \\( kdshfjla^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish on \\( zqwskdlf \\), there is a polynomial \\( zmvcnlie \\) such that \\( kdshfjla^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp) zmvcnlie(qzxwvtnp)=-1 \\) for all \\( qzxwvtnp \\in zqwskdlf \\). For each positive number \\( mnbvcxza \\) define\n\\[\nuvtasdhk(qzxwvtnp)=qzxwvtnp kdshfjla(qzxwvtnp)+mnbvcxza\\, zmvcnlie(qzxwvtnp)\n\\]\nand\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\njsnqwerk(qzxwvtnp) & =kdshfjla(qzxwvtnp) uvtasdhk^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp)-kdshfjla^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp) uvtasdhk(qzxwvtnp) \\\\\n& =kdshfjla(qzxwvtnp)^{2}+mnbvcxza\\left(kdshfjla(qzxwvtnp) zmvcnlie^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp)-kdshfjla^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp) zmvcnlie(qzxwvtnp)\\right) .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nWe shall prove that, for some sufficiently small \\( mnbvcxza, jsnqwerk \\) is positive throughout \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\). Then \\( uvtasdhk \\) is the required function.\n\nBy construction \\( kdshfjla zmvcnlie^{\\prime}-kdshfjla^{\\prime} zmvcnlie \\) is positive (indeed equal to 1 ) for the points of \\( zqwskdlf \\). By continuity \\( kdshfjla zmvcnlie^{\\prime}-kdshfjla^{\\prime} zmvcnlie \\) remains positive on a set \\( vrmnbtas \\supseteq zqwskdlf \\), where \\( vrmnbtas \\) is open relative to \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\). Moreover, \\( \\left|kdshfjla zmvcnlie^{\\prime}-kdshfjla^{\\prime} zmvcnlie\\right| \\) is bounded on the interval \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\); say by \\( asdfghjk \\). Since \\( kdshfjla^{2} \\) is continuous and positive on the compact set \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre]-vrmnbtas \\), it is bounded away from zero on this set; say by \\( \\rwhslqdk \\). Then, if \\( 0<mnbvcxza<\\rwhslqdk / asdfghjk \\),\n\\[\nqbvtcxas(qzxwvtnp) \\geq kdshfjla(qzxwvtnp)^{2}-mnbvcxza\\left|kdshfjla(qzxwvtnp) zmvcnlie^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp)-kdshfjla^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp) zmvcnlie(qzxwvtnp)\\right|>\\rwhslqdk-mnbvcxza asdfghjk>0\n\\]\nfor \\( qzxwvtnp \\in[lkjhgfas, poiuytre]-vrmnbtas \\), while\n\\[\njsnqwerk(qzxwvtnp) \\geq mnbvcxza\\left(kdshfjla(qzxwvtnp) zmvcnlie^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp)-kdshfjla^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp) zmvcnlie(qzxwvtnp)\\right)>0,\n\\]\nif \\( qzxwvtnp \\in vrmnbtas \\). Thus for \\( 0<mnbvcxza<\\rwhslqdk / asdfghjk, jsnqwerk \\) is positive on all of \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\) and the corresponding function \\( uvtasdhk \\) has the desired property.\n\nRemark. If we are willing to assume that \\( kdshfjla \\) is of class \\( C^{2} \\), (i.e., \\( kdshfjla^{\\prime \\prime} \\) exists and is continuous) then the problem is much easier. There are then continuous functions \\( bgfasdkl \\) and \\( cilopvzn \\) such that \\( kdshfjla \\) is a solution of\n\\[\ntyeorhgs^{\\prime \\prime}+bgfasdkl(qzxwvtnp) tyeorhgs^{\\prime}+cilopvzn(qzxwvtnp) tyeorhgs=0\n\\]\n\nFor example, \\( bgfasdkl=\\frac{-kdshfjla^{\\prime \\prime} kdshfjla^{\\prime}}{\\left(kdshfjla^{\\prime}\\right)^{2}+(kdshfjla)^{2}}, cilopvzn=\\frac{-kdshfjla^{\\prime \\prime} kdshfjla}{\\left(kdshfjla^{\\prime}\\right)^{2}+(kdshfjla)^{2}} \\).\nThis second-order differential equation has a second solution linearly independent of \\( kdshfjla \\); call it \\( oiwuepry \\). Then the Wronskian\n\\[\nkdshfjla oiwuepry^{\\prime}-kdshfjla^{\\prime} oiwuepry\n\\]\ncannot vanish on \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\). Changing the sign of \\( oiwuepry \\) if necessary, we can make \\( kdshfjla oiwuepry^{\\prime}-kdshfjla^{\\prime} oiwuepry>0 \\) on \\( [lkjhgfas, poiuytre] \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let f:[0,2\\pi]\\to\\mathbb R be a C^{1}-function such that the system\n            f(x)=f'(x)=0\nhas no solution in the closed interval [0,2\\pi].  Prove that there exists a C^{1}-function g on [0,2\\pi] for which the Wronskian\n            W(x)=f(x)g'(x)-f'(x)g(x)\nis strictly positive for every x\\in[0,2\\pi].",
      "solution": "We again split the discussion into two disjoint cases.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\nCASE 1 –  f never vanishes.\n----------------------------------------------------------------\nIf f(x)\\neq0 for all x\\in[0,2\\pi] define\n        g(x):=e^{x}f(x).\nThen g\\in C^{1} and\n        W(x)=f(x)\\,(e^{x}f'(x)+e^{x}f(x)) -f'(x)e^{x}f(x)=e^{x}f(x)^{2}>0\\quad(\\forall x),\nso the desired function g exists.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\nCASE 2 –  f possesses at least one zero.\n----------------------------------------------------------------\nPut S:=\\{x\\in[0,2\\pi]:f(x)=0\\}\\;(\\neq\\varnothing).\n\nStep 2.1  S is finite.\nIf S were infinite it would contain an accumulation point x_{0}\\in[0,2\\pi].  Continuity of f gives f(x_{0})=0 and differentiability yields f'(x_{0})=0, contradicting the hypothesis.  Thus S is finite.\n\nStep 2.2  Construction of an auxiliary function h.\nBecause f'(x)\\neq0 on the finite set S we may prescribe\n        h(x):= -2/f'(x)\\quad(x\\in S).\nHermite (or Whitney) interpolation then furnishes a C^{1}-function h on [0,2\\pi] satisfying those values, so\n        f'(x)h(x) = -2\\quad(\\forall x\\in S).   (1)\n\nStep 2.3  A one–parameter family of candidates.\nLet k(x):=e^{x}(>0) and, for c>0, define\n        g_{c}(x):=k(x)f(x)+c\\,h(x), \\qquad 0\\le x\\le2\\pi .\nA direct computation gives the Wronskian\n        W_{c}(x)=f(x)g_{c}'(x)-f'(x)g_{c}(x)=k'(x)f(x)^{2}+c\\,q(x),   (2)\nwhere q(x):=f(x)h'(x)-f'(x)h(x).\n\nStep 2.4  Positivity around the zeros of f.\nFor x\\in S we have f(x)=0, so by (1)\n        q(x)=-f'(x)h(x)=2>0.\nBecause q is continuous, for every zero x_{i}\\in S we can choose a closed interval I_{i}\\subset[0,2\\pi] centred at x_{i} such that\n        q(x)\\ge1\\quad(\\forall x\\in I_{i}).\nSet T:=\\bigcup_{i}I_{i}.  The union is finite, hence T is compact.  Consequently\n        m:=\\min_{x\\in T} q(x)\\;\\;(>0)           (3)\nexists.\n\nStep 2.5  Positivity away from the zeros.\nOn the compact set [0,2\\pi]\\setminus T the continuous function f has no zeros, so\n        \\delta:=\\min_{x\\in[0,2\\pi]\\setminus T}|f(x)|>0.\nBecause k'(x)=e^{x}\\ge1, we have for x\\in[0,2\\pi]\\setminus T\n        k'(x)f(x)^{2}\\ge \\delta^{2}:=\\varepsilon>0.                 (4)\nFinally let\n        M:=\\max_{x\\in[0,2\\pi]}|q(x)|<\\infty.                       (5)\n\nStep 2.6  Choice of the parameter c.\nSelect any c satisfying\n        0<c<\\varepsilon/M.                                        (6)\nUsing (2)–(6) gives\n        W_{c}(x)\\ge k'(x)f(x)^{2}-cM\\ge \\varepsilon-cM>0  \\quad (x\\in[0,2\\pi]\\setminus T),\n        W_{c}(x)\\ge c\\,m>0                                   \\quad (x\\in T).\nThus W_{c}(x)>0 for every x\\in[0,2\\pi].  Taking g:=g_{c} completes the construction.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\nConclusion.\n----------------------------------------------------------------\nCombining the two cases we have proved: whenever f\\in C^{1}([0,2\\pi]) and the pair (f,f') never vanishes simultaneously, there exists g\\in C^{1}([0,2\\pi]) such that the Wronskian W(x)=f(x)g'(x)-f'(x)g(x) is strictly positive on the whole interval.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Zeros–are–finite: accumulation-point argument using continuity of f and f′.",
          "At each zero construct h with f′(x)·h(x)=−1 (interpolation, since the zero set is finite).",
          "Introduce g_c(x)=k(x)·f(x)+c·h(x) with k′(x)>0 (take k(x)=x) and compute Wronskian w_c = k′f² + c(fh′−f′h).",
          "Show fh′−f′h is positive at the zeros, hence on a neighborhood T; f² is positive off T; bound both parts.",
          "Choose 0<c<ε/M so that w_c>0 everywhere, giving the desired g=g_c."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Endpoints and labeling of the closed interval; any compact interval works.",
            "original": "[a, b]"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Choice of k(x) in the term k(x)·f(x); needs only C¹ and k′(x)>0.",
            "original": "k(x)=x  (so k′=1)"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "Target constant in the interpolation condition f′(x)·h(x)=−1 at the zeros; any non-zero constant of fixed sign would do.",
            "original": "−1"
          },
          "slot4": {
            "description": "Regularity requirement on h; it need only be C¹ (polynomial chosen for convenience).",
            "original": "h is taken to be a polynomial"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}