{
  "index": "1953-B-3",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "3. Solve the equations\n\\[\n\\frac{d y}{d x}=z(y+z)^{n} \\quad \\frac{d z}{d x}=y(y+z)^{n}\n\\]\ngiven the initial conditions \\( y=1 \\) and \\( z=0 \\) when \\( x=0 \\).",
  "solution": "Solution. Let \\( u=y+z \\). Adding the two given equations we get\n\\[\n\\frac{d u}{d x}=u^{\\prime \\prime+1}\n\\]\nwhere \\( u=1 \\) when \\( x=0 \\).\nWe temporarily assume \\( n \\neq 0 \\). Then we can solve (1) by separating the variables. We have\n\\[\n-n \\frac{d u}{u^{\\prime \\prime \\cdot} \\cdot 1}=-n d x\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{u^{\\prime \\prime}}=a-n x .\n\\]\n\nUsing the initial condition we see that \\( a=1 \\) and\n\\[\nu^{\\prime \\prime}=\\frac{1}{1-n x}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<x<1 / n \\) if \\( n>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / n<x<\\infty \\) if \\( n<0 \\).\n\nNow let \\( v=y-z \\) and subtract the original equations,\n\\[\n\\frac{d v}{d x}=-v u^{n}=\\frac{-v}{1-n x}\n\\]\nwhere \\( v=1 \\) when \\( x=0 \\). Again the variables separate:\n\\[\nn \\frac{d v}{v}=-n \\frac{d x}{1-n x} ;\n\\]\nwhence\n\\[\nn \\ln v=b+\\ln (1-n x)\n\\]\nand. using the initial condition,\n\\[\nv^{n}=1-n x .\n\\]\n\nTherefore,\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\ny=\\frac{1}{2}(u+v)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-n x)^{-1 / n}+(1-n x)^{1 / n}\\right] \\\\\nz=\\frac{1}{2}(u-v)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-n x)^{-1 / n}-(1-n x)^{1 / n}\\right]\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<x<1 / n \\) if \\( n>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / n<x<\\infty \\) if \\( n<0 \\).\nThe case \\( n=0 \\) can be solved by the same method. In this case \\( d u / d x \\) \\( =u, d v / d x=-v \\), so \\( u=e^{x}, v=e^{-x} \\), and\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\ny=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{x}+e^{-x}\\right)=\\cosh x \\\\\nz=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{x}-e^{-x}\\right)=\\sinh x\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor all \\( x \\).\nIf \\( n \\) is a non-negative integer, the original equations are real analytic on the whole of \\( \\mathbf{R}^{3} \\). For other values of \\( n \\), however, the equations exhibit some pathology along the plane \\( y+z=0 \\); hence some discussion of the uniqueness of the solution is necessary. Let \\( S \\) be the region where \\( y+z>0 \\). The differential equations are real analytic on \\( S \\) and therefore a solution curve cannot \"split\" in \\( S \\). The solution (4) remains in \\( S \\) and is unbounded as \\( x-1 / n \\). It follows that it is the unique maximal solution of the given differential equation satisfying the initial conditions. Note that if \\( -1<n<0 \\), then (2) does not give the maximal solution of (1), because the solution can be continued to the left by setting \\( u=0 \\) for \\( x \\leq 1 / n \\).\n\nRemark. As \\( n \\rightarrow 0 \\), the solution given by (4) approaches that given by (5), since for example ( \\( 1-n x)^{\\prime \\prime} \\rightarrow e^{x} \\) as \\( n \\rightarrow 0 \\) for each fixed \\( x \\). This is in accord with the general theory since the original equations depend smoothly on the parameter \\( n \\) in the region \\( S \\).",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",
    "u",
    "v"
  ],
  "params": [
    "n",
    "a",
    "b",
    "S"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "e"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "abscissa",
        "y": "ordinate",
        "z": "applicate",
        "u": "sumvalue",
        "v": "diffvalue",
        "n": "exponent",
        "a": "constantone",
        "b": "constanttwo",
        "S": "regionset"
      },
      "question": "3. Solve the equations\n\\[\n\\frac{d ordinate}{d abscissa}=applicate(ordinate+applicate)^{exponent} \\quad \\frac{d applicate}{d abscissa}=ordinate(ordinate+applicate)^{exponent}\n\\]\ngiven the initial conditions \\( ordinate=1 \\) and \\( applicate=0 \\) when \\( abscissa=0 \\).",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( sumvalue=ordinate+applicate \\). Adding the two given equations we get\n\\[\n\\frac{d sumvalue}{d abscissa}=sumvalue^{\\prime \\prime+1}\n\\]\nwhere \\( sumvalue=1 \\) when \\( abscissa=0 \\).\nWe temporarily assume \\( exponent \\neq 0 \\). Then we can solve (1) by separating the variables. We have\n\\[\n-exponent \\frac{d sumvalue}{sumvalue^{\\prime \\prime \\cdot} \\cdot 1}=-exponent d abscissa\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{sumvalue^{\\prime \\prime}}=constantone-exponent abscissa .\n\\]\n\nUsing the initial condition we see that \\( constantone=1 \\) and\n\\[\nsumvalue^{\\prime \\prime}=\\frac{1}{1-exponent abscissa}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<abscissa<1 / exponent \\) if \\( exponent>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / exponent<abscissa<\\infty \\) if \\( exponent<0 \\).\n\nNow let \\( diffvalue=ordinate-applicate \\) and subtract the original equations,\n\\[\n\\frac{d diffvalue}{d abscissa}=-diffvalue sumvalue^{exponent}=\\frac{-diffvalue}{1-exponent abscissa}\n\\]\nwhere \\( diffvalue=1 \\) when \\( abscissa=0 \\). Again the variables separate:\n\\[\nexponent \\frac{d diffvalue}{diffvalue}=-exponent \\frac{d abscissa}{1-exponent abscissa} ;\n\\]\nwhence\n\\[\nexponent \\ln diffvalue=constanttwo+\\ln (1-exponent abscissa)\n\\]\nand, using the initial condition,\n\\[\ndiffvalue^{exponent}=1-exponent abscissa .\n\\]\n\nTherefore,\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nordinate=\\frac{1}{2}(sumvalue+diffvalue)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-exponent abscissa)^{-1 / exponent}+(1-exponent abscissa)^{1 / exponent}\\right] \\\\\napplicate=\\frac{1}{2}(sumvalue-diffvalue)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-exponent abscissa)^{-1 / exponent}-(1-exponent abscissa)^{1 / exponent}\\right]\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<abscissa<1 / exponent \\) if \\( exponent>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / exponent<abscissa<\\infty \\) if \\( exponent<0 \\).\nThe case \\( exponent=0 \\) can be solved by the same method. In this case \\( d sumvalue / d abscissa =sumvalue, d diffvalue / d abscissa=-diffvalue \\), so \\( sumvalue=e^{abscissa}, diffvalue=e^{-abscissa} \\), and\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nordinate=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{abscissa}+e^{-abscissa}\\right)=\\cosh abscissa \\\\\napplicate=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{abscissa}-e^{-abscissa}\\right)=\\sinh abscissa\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor all \\( abscissa \\).\nIf \\( exponent \\) is a non-negative integer, the original equations are real analytic on the whole of \\( \\mathbf{R}^{3} \\). For other values of \\( exponent \\), however, the equations exhibit some pathology along the plane \\( ordinate+applicate=0 \\); hence some discussion of the uniqueness of the solution is necessary. Let \\( regionset \\) be the region where \\( ordinate+applicate>0 \\). The differential equations are real analytic on \\( regionset \\) and therefore a solution curve cannot \"split\" in \\( regionset \\). The solution (4) remains in \\( regionset \\) and is unbounded as \\( abscissa-1 / exponent \\). It follows that it is the unique maximal solution of the given differential equation satisfying the initial conditions. Note that if \\( -1<exponent<0 \\), then (2) does not give the maximal solution of (1), because the solution can be continued to the left by setting \\( sumvalue=0 \\) for \\( abscissa \\leq 1 / exponent \\).\n\nRemark. As \\( exponent \\rightarrow 0 \\), the solution given by (4) approaches that given by (5), since for example \\( (1-exponent abscissa)^{\\prime \\prime} \\rightarrow e^{abscissa} \\) as \\( exponent \\rightarrow 0 \\) for each fixed \\( abscissa \\). This is in accord with the general theory since the original equations depend smoothly on the parameter \\( exponent \\) in the region \\( regionset \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "waterfall",
        "y": "pineapple",
        "z": "horseshoe",
        "u": "raincloud",
        "v": "stargazer",
        "n": "brickwork",
        "a": "inkbottle",
        "b": "windchime",
        "S": "lighthouse"
      },
      "question": "3. Solve the equations\n\\[\n\\frac{d pineapple}{d waterfall}=horseshoe(pineapple+horseshoe)^{brickwork} \\quad \\frac{d horseshoe}{d waterfall}=pineapple(pineapple+horseshoe)^{brickwork}\n\\]\ngiven the initial conditions \\( pineapple=1 \\) and \\( horseshoe=0 \\) when \\( waterfall=0 \\).",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( raincloud=pineapple+horseshoe \\). Adding the two given equations we get\n\\[\n\\frac{d raincloud}{d waterfall}=raincloud^{\\prime \\prime+1}\n\\]\nwhere \\( raincloud=1 \\) when \\( waterfall=0 \\).\nWe temporarily assume \\( brickwork \\neq 0 \\). Then we can solve (1) by separating the variables. We have\n\\[\n-brickwork \\frac{d raincloud}{raincloud^{\\prime \\prime \\cdot} \\cdot 1}=-brickwork d waterfall\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{raincloud^{\\prime \\prime}}=inkbottle-brickwork waterfall .\n\\]\n\nUsing the initial condition we see that \\( inkbottle=1 \\) and\n\\[\nraincloud^{\\prime \\prime}=\\frac{1}{1-brickwork waterfall}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<waterfall<1 / brickwork \\) if \\( brickwork>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / brickwork<waterfall<\\infty \\) if \\( brickwork<0 \\).\n\nNow let \\( stargazer=pineapple-horseshoe \\) and subtract the original equations,\n\\[\n\\frac{d stargazer}{d waterfall}=-stargazer raincloud^{brickwork}=\\frac{-stargazer}{1-brickwork waterfall}\n\\]\nwhere \\( stargazer=1 \\) when \\( waterfall=0 \\). Again the variables separate:\n\\[\nbrickwork \\frac{d stargazer}{stargazer}=-brickwork \\frac{d waterfall}{1-brickwork waterfall} ;\n\\]\nwhence\n\\[\nbrickwork \\ln stargazer=windchime+\\ln (1-brickwork waterfall)\n\\]\nand. using the initial condition,\n\\[\nstargazer^{brickwork}=1-brickwork waterfall .\n\\]\n\nTherefore,\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\npineapple=\\frac{1}{2}(raincloud+stargazer)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-brickwork waterfall)^{-1 / brickwork}+(1-brickwork waterfall)^{1 / brickwork}\\right] \\\\\nhorseshoe=\\frac{1}{2}(raincloud-stargazer)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-brickwork waterfall)^{-1 / brickwork}-(1-brickwork waterfall)^{1 / brickwork}\\right]\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<waterfall<1 / brickwork \\) if \\( brickwork>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / brickwork<waterfall<\\infty \\) if \\( brickwork<0 \\).\nThe case \\( brickwork=0 \\) can be solved by the same method. In this case \\( d raincloud / d waterfall \\) \\( =raincloud, d stargazer / d waterfall=-stargazer \\), so \\( raincloud=e^{waterfall}, stargazer=e^{-waterfall} \\), and\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\npineapple=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{waterfall}+e^{-waterfall}\\right)=\\cosh waterfall \\\\\nhorseshoe=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{waterfall}-e^{-waterfall}\\right)=\\sinh waterfall\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor all \\( waterfall \\).\nIf \\( brickwork \\) is a non-negative integer, the original equations are real analytic on the whole of \\( \\mathbf{R}^{3} \\). For other values of \\( brickwork \\), however, the equations exhibit some pathology along the plane \\( pineapple+horseshoe=0 \\); hence some discussion of the uniqueness of the solution is necessary. Let \\( lighthouse \\) be the region where \\( pineapple+horseshoe>0 \\). The differential equations are real analytic on \\( lighthouse \\) and therefore a solution curve cannot \"split\" in \\( lighthouse \\). The solution (4) remains in \\( lighthouse \\) and is unbounded as \\( waterfall-1 / brickwork \\). It follows that it is the unique maximal solution of the given differential equation satisfying the initial conditions. Note that if \\( -1<brickwork<0 \\), then (2) does not give the maximal solution of (1), because the solution can be continued to the left by setting \\( raincloud=0 \\) for \\( waterfall \\leq 1 / brickwork \\).\n\nRemark. As \\( brickwork \\rightarrow 0 \\), the solution given by (4) approaches that given by (5), since for example ( \\( 1-brickwork waterfall)^{\\prime \\prime} \\rightarrow e^{waterfall} \\) as \\( brickwork \\rightarrow 0 \\) for each fixed \\( waterfall \\). This is in accord with the general theory since the original equations depend smoothly on the parameter \\( brickwork \\) in the region \\( lighthouse \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "steadypoint",
        "y": "groundlevel",
        "z": "horizontal",
        "u": "difference",
        "v": "similarity",
        "n": "denominator",
        "a": "variable",
        "b": "nonsteady",
        "S": "pointmass"
      },
      "question": "3. Solve the equations\n\\[\n\\frac{d groundlevel}{d steadypoint}=horizontal(groundlevel+horizontal)^{denominator} \\quad \\frac{d horizontal}{d steadypoint}=groundlevel(groundlevel+horizontal)^{denominator}\n\\]\ngiven the initial conditions \\( groundlevel=1 \\) and \\( horizontal=0 \\) when \\( steadypoint=0 \\).",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( difference=groundlevel+horizontal \\). Adding the two given equations we get\n\\[\n\\frac{d difference}{d steadypoint}=difference^{\\prime \\prime+1}\n\\]\nwhere \\( difference=1 \\) when \\( steadypoint=0 \\).\nWe temporarily assume \\( denominator \\neq 0 \\). Then we can solve (1) by separating the variables. We have\n\\[\n-denominator \\frac{d difference}{difference^{\\prime \\prime \\cdot} \\cdot 1}=-denominator d steadypoint\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{difference^{\\prime \\prime}}=variable-denominator steadypoint .\n\\]\n\nUsing the initial condition we see that \\( variable=1 \\) and\n\\[\ndifference^{\\prime \\prime}=\\frac{1}{1-denominator steadypoint}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<steadypoint<1 / denominator \\) if \\( denominator>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / denominator<steadypoint<\\infty \\) if \\( denominator<0 \\).\n\nNow let \\( similarity=groundlevel-horizontal \\) and subtract the original equations,\n\\[\n\\frac{d similarity}{d steadypoint}=-similarity difference^{denominator}=\\frac{-similarity}{1-denominator steadypoint}\n\\]\nwhere \\( similarity=1 \\) when \\( steadypoint=0 \\). Again the variables separate:\n\\[\ndenominator \\frac{d similarity}{similarity}=-denominator \\frac{d steadypoint}{1-denominator steadypoint} ;\n\\]\nwhence\n\\[\ndenominator \\ln similarity=nonsteady+\\ln (1-denominator steadypoint)\n\\]\nand, using the initial condition,\n\\[\nsimilarity^{denominator}=1-denominator steadypoint .\n\\]\n\nTherefore,\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\ngroundlevel=\\frac{1}{2}(difference+similarity)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-denominator steadypoint)^{-1 / denominator}+(1-denominator steadypoint)^{1 / denominator}\\right] \\\\\nhorizontal=\\frac{1}{2}(difference-similarity)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-denominator steadypoint)^{-1 / denominator}-(1-denominator steadypoint)^{1 / denominator}\\right]\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<steadypoint<1 / denominator \\) if \\( denominator>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / denominator<steadypoint<\\infty \\) if \\( denominator<0 \\).\nThe case \\( denominator=0 \\) can be solved by the same method. In this case \\( d difference / d steadypoint \\) \\( =difference, d similarity / d steadypoint=-similarity \\), so \\( difference=e^{steadypoint}, similarity=e^{-steadypoint} \\), and\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\ngroundlevel=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{steadypoint}+e^{-steadypoint}\\right)=\\cosh steadypoint \\\\\nhorizontal=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{steadypoint}-e^{-steadypoint}\\right)=\\sinh steadypoint\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor all \\( steadypoint \\).\nIf \\( denominator \\) is a non-negative integer, the original equations are real analytic on the whole of \\( \\mathbf{R}^{3} \\). For other values of \\( denominator \\), however, the equations exhibit some pathology along the plane \\( groundlevel+horizontal=0 \\); hence some discussion of the uniqueness of the solution is necessary. Let \\( pointmass \\) be the region where \\( groundlevel+horizontal>0 \\). The differential equations are real analytic on \\( pointmass \\) and therefore a solution curve cannot \"split\" in \\( pointmass \\). The solution (4) remains in \\( pointmass \\) and is unbounded as \\( steadypoint-1 / denominator \\). It follows that it is the unique maximal solution of the given differential equation satisfying the initial conditions. Note that if \\( -1<denominator<0 \\), then (2) does not give the maximal solution of (1), because the solution can be continued to the left by setting \\( difference=0 \\) for \\( steadypoint \\leq 1 / denominator \\).\n\nRemark. As \\( denominator \\rightarrow 0 \\), the solution given by (4) approaches that given by (5), since for example \\( (1-denominator steadypoint)^{\\prime \\prime} \\rightarrow e^{steadypoint} \\) as \\( denominator \\rightarrow 0 \\) for each fixed \\( steadypoint \\). This is in accord with the general theory since the original equations depend smoothly on the parameter \\( denominator \\) in the region \\( pointmass \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "y": "hjgrksla",
        "z": "dfvopqer",
        "u": "bncltazs",
        "v": "mgpfieyr",
        "n": "wjzrdxku",
        "a": "yqlpnsce",
        "b": "ksdhvrwe",
        "S": "flqznbta"
      },
      "question": "3. Solve the equations\n\\[\n\\frac{d hjgrksla}{d qzxwvtnp}=dfvopqer(hjgrksla+dfvopqer)^{wjzrdxku} \\quad \\frac{d dfvopqer}{d qzxwvtnp}=hjgrksla(hjgrksla+dfvopqer)^{wjzrdxku}\n\\]\ngiven the initial conditions \\( hjgrksla=1 \\) and \\( dfvopqer=0 \\) when \\( qzxwvtnp=0 \\).",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( bncltazs=hjgrksla+dfvopqer \\). Adding the two given equations we get\n\\[\n\\frac{d bncltazs}{d qzxwvtnp}=bncltazs^{\\prime \\prime+1}\n\\]\nwhere \\( bncltazs=1 \\) when \\( qzxwvtnp=0 \\).\nWe temporarily assume \\( wjzrdxku \\neq 0 \\). Then we can solve (1) by separating the variables. We have\n\\[\n-wjzrdxku \\frac{d bncltazs}{bncltazs^{\\prime \\prime \\cdot} \\cdot 1}=-wjzrdxku d qzxwvtnp\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{bncltazs^{\\prime \\prime}}=yqlpnsce-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp .\n\\]\n\nUsing the initial condition we see that \\( yqlpnsce=1 \\) and\n\\[\nbncltazs^{\\prime \\prime}=\\frac{1}{1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<qzxwvtnp<1 / wjzrdxku \\) if \\( wjzrdxku>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / wjzrdxku<qzxwvtnp<\\infty \\) if \\( wjzrdxku<0 \\).\n\nNow let \\( mgpfieyr=hjgrksla-dfvopqer \\) and subtract the original equations,\n\\[\n\\frac{d mgpfieyr}{d qzxwvtnp}=-mgpfieyr\\, bncltazs^{wjzrdxku}=\\frac{-mgpfieyr}{1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp}\n\\]\nwhere \\( mgpfieyr=1 \\) when \\( qzxwvtnp=0 \\). Again the variables separate:\n\\[\nwjzrdxku \\frac{d mgpfieyr}{mgpfieyr}=-wjzrdxku \\frac{d qzxwvtnp}{1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp} ;\n\\]\nwhence\n\\[\nwjzrdxku \\ln mgpfieyr=ksdhvrwe+\\ln (1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp)\n\\]\nand, using the initial condition,\n\\[\nmgpfieyr^{wjzrdxku}=1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp .\n\\]\n\nTherefore,\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nhjgrksla=\\frac{1}{2}(bncltazs+mgpfieyr)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp)^{-1 / wjzrdxku}+(1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp)^{1 / wjzrdxku}\\right] \\\\\ndfvopqer=\\frac{1}{2}(bncltazs-mgpfieyr)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left[(1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp)^{-1 / wjzrdxku}-(1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp)^{1 / wjzrdxku}\\right]\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor \\( -\\infty<qzxwvtnp<1 / wjzrdxku \\) if \\( wjzrdxku>0 \\) and for \\( 1 / wjzrdxku<qzxwvtnp<\\infty \\) if \\( wjzrdxku<0 \\).\nThe case \\( wjzrdxku=0 \\) can be solved by the same method. In this case \\( d bncltazs / d qzxwvtnp =bncltazs, d mgpfieyr / d qzxwvtnp=-mgpfieyr \\), so \\( bncltazs=e^{qzxwvtnp}, mgpfieyr=e^{-qzxwvtnp} \\), and\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nhjgrksla=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{qzxwvtnp}+e^{-qzxwvtnp}\\right)=\\cosh qzxwvtnp \\\\\ndfvopqer=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{qzxwvtnp}-e^{-qzxwvtnp}\\right)=\\sinh qzxwvtnp\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nfor all \\( qzxwvtnp \\).\nIf \\( wjzrdxku \\) is a non-negative integer, the original equations are real analytic on the whole of \\( \\mathbf{R}^{3} \\). For other values of \\( wjzrdxku \\), however, the equations exhibit some pathology along the plane \\( hjgrksla+dfvopqer=0 \\); hence some discussion of the uniqueness of the solution is necessary. Let \\( flqznbta \\) be the region where \\( hjgrksla+dfvopqer>0 \\). The differential equations are real analytic on \\( flqznbta \\) and therefore a solution curve cannot \"split\" in \\( flqznbta \\). The solution (4) remains in \\( flqznbta \\) and is unbounded as \\( qzxwvtnp-1 / wjzrdxku \\). It follows that it is the unique maximal solution of the given differential equation satisfying the initial conditions. Note that if \\( -1<wjzrdxku<0 \\), then (2) does not give the maximal solution of (1), because the solution can be continued to the left by setting \\( bncltazs=0 \\) for \\( qzxwvtnp \\leq 1 / wjzrdxku \\).\n\nRemark. As \\( wjzrdxku \\rightarrow 0 \\), the solution given by (4) approaches that given by (5), since for example ( \\( 1-wjzrdxku qzxwvtnp)^{\\prime \\prime} \\rightarrow e^{qzxwvtnp} \\) as \\( wjzrdxku \\rightarrow 0 \\) for each fixed \\( qzxwvtnp \\). This is in accord with the general theory since the original equations depend smoothly on the parameter \\( wjzrdxku \\) in the region \\( flqznbta \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $p\\in\\mathbb R\\setminus\\{0\\}$ be a fixed non–zero real parameter.  \nFor two unknown real functions $y(x),z(x)$ consider the coupled system  \n\\[\n\\tag{1}\\frac{dy}{dx}=4z\\,(y+z)^{\\,p}+(y-z)^{\\,p},\\qquad  \n\\tag{2}\\frac{dz}{dx}=4y\\,(y+z)^{\\,p}-(y-z)^{\\,p},\n\\]\nsupplemented with the initial data  \n\\[\n\\tag{3}y(0)=3,\\qquad z(0)=1 .\n\\]\n\nPut   \n\\[\nu(x):=y(x)+z(x),\\qquad v(x):=y(x)-z(x)\\quad\\bigl(\\,y=\\tfrac12(u+v),\\;z=\\tfrac12(u-v)\\bigr).\n\\]\n\nA. Show that $u$ satisfies the autonomous ODE \n\\[\n\\frac{du}{dx}=4\\,u^{\\,p+1},\n\\]\nsolve it explicitly for every $p$, and discuss for which $x$ the solution remains positive.\n\nB. For $p\\neq1$ derive a closed first–order ODE for $v$ that involves the known function $u$, solve this ODE explicitly (treat separately the instances $p=\\tfrac12$ and $p=-1$), and hence obtain $y$ and $z$ in closed form.\n\nC. Treat the resonance case $p=1$ separately and give explicit elementary formulas for $u,v,y,z$.\n\nD. Determine the maximal interval of existence of the solution for every $p$, specifying precisely the critical time\n\\[\nx_{\\ast}(p)=\\frac{4^{-p-1}}{p}\\qquad(p\\neq0).\n\\]\n\nE. Assume $-1<p<0$.  Prove that the solution cannot be prolonged past the finite critical time $x_{\\ast}$ as a classical solution and establish the mixed {\\em extinction/blow-up profile}\n\\[\nu(x)\\sim(4|p|)^{-1/p}\\,(x-x_{\\ast})^{-1/p},\\qquad\nv(x)\\sim\\Gamma(p)\\,(x-x_{\\ast})^{1/p}\\quad\\bigl(x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}^{+}\\bigr),\n\\]\nwhere  \n\\[\n\\Gamma(p)=\\biggl[\\,2^{\\,1-p}+\\frac{2(1-p)}{4^{\\,p+1}(2p-1)}\\biggr]^{\\!1/(1-p)}\n\\,(4^{\\,p+1}|p|)^{1/p}\\!>0 .\n\\]\nDeduce the leading behaviour of $y$ and $z$ and determine the limit  \n\\[\n\\displaystyle\\lim_{x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}}\\frac{y(x)}{z(x)} .\n\\]\n\n(Throughout the problem every real power is understood with the principal branch, i.e.\\ $(\\;\\cdot\\;)^{\\,p}>0$ whenever the base is positive.)\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "solution": "Preliminaries.  \nIntroduce\n\\[\nu=y+z,\\quad v=y-z,\\qquad y=\\tfrac12(u+v),\\quad z=\\tfrac12(u-v).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nA. The equation for $u$\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nAdding (1) and (2) gives\n\\[\n\\frac{du}{dx}=4\\,u^{\\,p+1}.\n\\]\n\n(i) $p\\neq-1$.  Separate the variables:\n\\[\n\\int u^{-p-1}\\,du=\\int4\\,dx\n\\Longrightarrow\n-\\frac{1}{p}\\,u^{-p}=4x+C.\n\\]\nUsing $u(0)=4$ gives $C=-\\dfrac{4^{-p}}{p}$, whence\n\\[\n\\boxed{u^{-p}=4^{-p}-4p\\,x},\\qquad \n\\boxed{u(x)=4\\bigl(1-4^{\\,p+1}p\\,x\\bigr)^{-1/p}}\\quad(p\\neq-1).\n\\]\n\n(ii) $p=-1$.  Then $du/dx=4$ and\n\\[\n\\boxed{u(x)=4(1+x)}.\n\\]\n\nThe factor $1-4^{\\,p+1}p\\,x$ is positive exactly for  \n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\nx< x_{\\ast}=4^{-p-1}/p & (p>0),\\\\[4pt]\nx> x_{\\ast}=4^{-p-1}/p & (p<0).\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\nOn that interval $u(x)>0$, so all real powers remain real.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nB. The equation for $v$  ($p\\neq1$)\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nSubtracting (2) from (1) yields\n\\[\n\\frac{dv}{dx}=-4u^{\\,p}\\,v+2v^{\\,p}.\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\nSet $w:=v^{\\,1-p}$ (positive near $x=0$).  Since $dw/dx=(1-p)v^{-p}dv/dx$, equation (4) becomes the {\\em linear}\n\\[\n\\frac{dw}{dx}+4(1-p)u^{\\,p}\\,w=2(1-p).\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\nThroughout we put $k:=4^{\\,p+1}$ and recall (from part A for $p\\neq-1$)\n\\[\nu^{\\,p}=4^{\\,p}\\bigl(1-kp\\,x\\bigr)^{-1}.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nB1. Generic case $p\\neq1,\\;p\\neq\\tfrac12,\\;p\\neq-1$\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nThen $(1-p)/p\\neq 1$ and\n\\[\n4(1-p)u^{\\,p}=k(1-p)\\bigl(1-kp\\,x\\bigr)^{-1}.\n\\]\nAn integrating factor is\n\\[\n\\mu(x)=\\exp\\!\\Bigl[\\!\\int\\!4(1-p)u^{\\,p}\\,dx\\Bigr]\n       =\\bigl|1-kp\\,x\\bigr|^{-(1-p)/p}.\n\\]\nMultiplying (5) by $\\mu$ and integrating from $0$ to $x$ gives\n\\[\n\\mu(x)w(x)-w(0)=2(1-p)\\!\\int_{0}^{x}\\mu(s)\\,ds ,\n\\]\nwhere $w(0)=v(0)^{1-p}=2^{\\,1-p}$.\n\nBecause $(1-p)/p\\neq1$,\n\\[\n\\int_{0}^{x}\\mu(s)\\,ds=\\frac{1}{k(2p-1)}\n\\Bigl[1-\\bigl|1-kp\\,x\\bigr|^{(2p-1)/p}\\Bigr].\n\\]\nThus\n\\[\n\\boxed{%\nw(x)=\\bigl|1-kp\\,x\\bigr|^{(1-p)/p}\\!\n       \\Biggl[\\,2^{\\,1-p}+\\frac{2(1-p)}{k(2p-1)}\n               \\Bigl(1-\\bigl|1-kp\\,x\\bigr|^{(2p-1)/p}\\Bigr)\\Biggr]}\n\\]\nand finally $v(x)=w(x)^{\\,1/(1-p)}$ together with\n$y(x)=\\tfrac12(u+v)$, $z(x)=\\tfrac12(u-v)$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nB2. Logarithmic case $p=\\dfrac12$\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nNow $(1-p)/p=1$, so\n\\[\n\\mu(x)=\\lvert 1-kp\\,x\\rvert^{-1},\\qquad k=4^{\\,3/2}=8,\\quad kp=4.\n\\]\nEquation (5) becomes\n\\[\n\\frac{d}{dx}\\bigl(\\mu w\\bigr)=2(1-p)\\mu=\\mu ,\n\\]\nhence\n\\[\n\\mu(x)w(x)-w(0)=\\int_{0}^{x}\\mu(s)\\,ds\n               =-\\frac{\\ln\\lvert 1-4x\\rvert}{4}.\n\\]\nBecause $w(0)=2^{1/2}$ and $\\mu(x)^{-1}=\\lvert 1-4x\\rvert$, we obtain\n\\[\n\\boxed{%\nw(x)=\\lvert 1-4x\\rvert\\Bigl[\\,2^{1/2}-\\tfrac14\\,\\ln\\lvert 1-4x\\rvert\\Bigr]},\n\\qquad \n\\boxed{v(x)=w(x)^{\\,2}}.\n\\]\nAgain $y=\\tfrac12(u+v)$ and $z=\\tfrac12(u-v)$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nB3. Special case $p=-1$\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nHere $u(x)=4(1+x)$ (part A).  \nEquation (5) reads\n\\[\n\\frac{dw}{dx}+2(1+x)^{-1}w=4,\n\\qquad\nw:=v^{\\,2}.\n\\]\nThe integrating factor is $\\mu(x)=(1+x)^{2}$.  From\n\\[\n\\frac{d}{dx}\\bigl[(1+x)^{2}w\\bigr]=4(1+x)^{2}\n\\]\nand $w(0)=2^{2}=4$ one finds\n\\[\n(1+x)^{2}w(x)=4\\!\\int_{0}^{x}(1+s)^{2}\\,ds+4\n             =\\tfrac43\\bigl[(1+x)^{3}-1\\bigr]+4,\n\\]\nwhence\n\\[\n\\boxed{%\nw(x)=\\frac{4}{3}(1+x)+\\frac{8}{3}(1+x)^{-2}},\n\\qquad\n\\boxed{v(x)=\\sqrt{w(x)}}\\quad\\bigl(v(0)=2\\bigr).\n\\]\nFinally $y=\\tfrac12(u+v)$, $z=\\tfrac12(u-v)$ with $u=4(1+x)$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nC. Resonance $p=1$\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nFrom part A\n\\[\nu(x)=\\frac{4}{1-16x},\\qquad |x|<\\tfrac1{16}.\n\\]\nFor $v$ we have\n\\[\n\\frac{dv}{dx}+4u\\,v=2v\n\\Longleftrightarrow\n\\frac{dv}{dx}+\\Bigl(\\tfrac{16}{1-16x}-2\\Bigr)v=0.\n\\]\nAn integrating factor is $\\mu(x)=e^{-2x}(1-16x)^{-1}$, so\n\\[\nv(x)=2e^{2x}(1-16x).\n\\]\nConsequently\n\\[\ny(x)=\\tfrac12\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{4}{1-16x}+2e^{2x}(1-16x)\\Bigr),\\quad\nz(x)=\\tfrac12\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{4}{1-16x}-2e^{2x}(1-16x)\\Bigr).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nD. Maximal interval of existence\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n(i) $p>0$.  $u(x)\\to\\infty$ when $x\\uparrow x_{\\ast}=4^{-p-1}/p>0$; the solution exists on $(-\\infty,x_{\\ast})$.\n\n(ii) $p=0$ (mentioned for completeness).  $u=4e^{4x}$; the solution is global.\n\n(iii) $-1<p<0$.  $u\\downarrow0$ as $x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}<0$ while $v$ diverges (see part E); the solution exists only on $(x_{\\ast},\\infty)$.\n\n(iv) $p=-1$.  $u=4(1+x)$ vanishes at $x=-1$; the maximal interval is $(-1,\\infty)$.\n\n(v) $p<-1$.  Again $u\\to0$ at $x_{\\ast}<0$ and the right-hand side of (1)–(2) blows up; the solution exists on $(x_{\\ast},\\infty)$.\n\nThus\n\\[\n\\boxed{x_{\\ast}(p)=\\dfrac{4^{-p-1}}{p}}\\qquad(p\\neq0).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nE. Mixed extinction / blow-up for $-1<p<0$\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nSet  \n\\[\nt:=1-kp\\,x=4^{\\,p+1}|p|\\,(x-x_{\\ast})\\longrightarrow0^{+}\\quad(x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}^{+}).\n\\]\n\n$u$–behaviour (from part A):\n\\[\nu(x)=4\\,t^{-1/p}=(4|p|)^{-1/p}(x-x_{\\ast})^{-1/p}\\bigl(1+o(1)\\bigr).\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\n\n$v$–behaviour.  In part B1, for $p\\neq\\tfrac12$ we have\n\\[\nw(x)=v^{\\,1-p}(x)=t^{(1-p)/p}\n          \\Bigl[2^{\\,1-p}+\\tfrac{2(1-p)}{k(2p-1)}+o(1)\\Bigr].\n\\]\nBecause $(1-p)/p<0$ for $p<0$, $w$ diverges and\n\\[\nv(x)\\sim\\Gamma(p)\\,t^{1/p}\n        =\\Gamma(p)(4^{\\,p+1}|p|)^{1/p}(x-x_{\\ast})^{1/p},\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\nwhere $\\Gamma(p)$ is exactly the constant given in the statement.  \nFor $p=\\tfrac12$ the logarithmic formula of part B2 yields the same leading behaviour (the logarithm is a lower-order perturbation).\n\nSince $1/p<0$, $v(x)\\to+\\infty$ while $u(x)\\to0^{+}$ as $x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}^{+}$.\n\nConsequences for $y,z$:\n\\[\ny(x)=\\tfrac12(u+v)=\\tfrac12v\\bigl[1+o(1)\\bigr],\\quad\nz(x)=\\tfrac12(u-v)=-\\tfrac12v\\bigl[1+o(1)\\bigr],\n\\]\nso\n\\[\ny(x)\\sim\\frac{\\Gamma(p)}{2}(x-x_{\\ast})^{1/p}\\to+\\infty,\\qquad\nz(x)\\sim-\\frac{\\Gamma(p)}{2}(x-x_{\\ast})^{1/p}\\to-\\infty .\n\\]\n\nTherefore\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\displaystyle\\lim_{x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}}\\frac{y(x)}{z(x)}=-1},\n\\]\nand no classical continuation beyond $x_{\\ast}$ is possible, completing the analysis.\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.458227",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Extra non-linear term (y−z)^{p} destroys the simple decoupling present in the original problem; after passing to (u,v) one obtains a Bernoulli equation with a non-constant coefficient instead of a separable ODE.  \n2. Solving that Bernoulli equation requires two nested substitutions (v↦w, integrating factor) and a non-trivial integral depending on p.  \n3. The resonance p=1 demands a completely different treatment (linear ODE with variable coefficients) that does not follow from the general p≠1 formula.  \n4. The maximal-interval analysis forces a blow-up/vanishing study using the explicit u; it is absent in the original problem.  \n5. Task E introduces qualitative theory (Peano non-uniqueness) and invariant manifolds, going well beyond mere computation.  \nHence the variant needs more variables (u,v), more substitutions, special-case analysis, and ODE-theoretic arguments, making it substantially harder than both the original and the current kernel variant."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $p\\in\\mathbb R\\setminus\\{0\\}$ be a fixed non–zero real parameter.  \nFor two unknown real functions $y(x),\\,z(x)$ consider the coupled system  \n\\[\n\\tag{1}\\frac{dy}{dx}=4z\\,(y+z)^{\\,p}+(y-z)^{\\,p},\\qquad  \n\\tag{2}\\frac{dz}{dx}=4y\\,(y+z)^{\\,p}-(y-z)^{\\,p},\n\\]\nsupplemented with the initial data  \n\\[\n\\tag{3}y(0)=3,\\qquad z(0)=1 .\n\\]\n\nPut   \n\\[\nu(x):=y(x)+z(x),\\qquad v(x):=y(x)-z(x)\\quad\\bigl(\\,y=\\tfrac12(u+v),\\;z=\\tfrac12(u-v)\\bigr).\n\\]\n\nA. Show that $u$ satisfies the autonomous ODE \n\\[\n\\frac{du}{dx}=4\\,u^{\\,p+1},\n\\]\nsolve it explicitly for every $p$, and discuss for which $x$ the solution remains positive.\n\nB. For $p\\neq1$ derive a closed first–order ODE for $v$ that involves the known function $u$, solve this ODE explicitly, and hence obtain $y$ and $z$ in closed form.\n\nC. Treat the resonance case $p=1$ separately and give explicit elementary formulas for $u,v,y,z$.\n\nD. Determine the maximal interval of existence of the solution for every $p$, specifying precisely the critical time\n\\[\nx_{\\ast}(p)=\\frac{4^{-p-1}}{p}\\qquad(p\\neq0).\n\\]\n\nE. Assume $-1<p<0$.  Prove that the solution cannot be prolonged past the finite critical time $x_{\\ast}$ as a classical solution and establish the mixed {\\em extinction/blow-up profile}\n\\[\nu(x)\\sim(4|p|)^{-1/p}\\,(x-x_{\\ast})^{-1/p},\\qquad\nv(x)\\sim\\Gamma(p)\\,(x-x_{\\ast})^{1/p}\\quad\\bigl(x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}^{+}\\bigr),\n\\]\nwhere  \n\\[\n\\Gamma(p)=\\biggl[\\,2^{\\,1-p}+\\frac{2(1-p)}{4^{\\,p+1}(2p-1)}\\biggr]^{\\!1/(1-p)}\n\\,(4^{\\,p+1}|p|)^{1/p}\\!>0 .\n\\]\nDeduce the leading behaviour of $y$ and $z$ and determine the limit  \n\\[\n\\displaystyle\\lim_{x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}}\\frac{y(x)}{z(x)} .\n\\]\n\n(Throughout the problem every real power is understood with the principal branch, i.e.\\ $(\\;\\cdot\\;)^{\\,p}>0$ whenever the base is positive.)\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "solution": "Preliminaries.  \nIntroduce\n\\[\nu=y+z,\\quad v=y-z,\\qquad y=\\tfrac12(u+v),\\;z=\\tfrac12(u-v).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nA. The equation for $u$\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nAdding (1) and (2) gives the autonomous equation\n\\[\n\\frac{du}{dx}=4u^{\\,p+1}.\n\\]\n\n(i) $p\\neq-1$.  Separation of variables yields  \n\\[\n\\int u^{-p-1}\\,du=\\int4\\,dx\n\\;\\Longrightarrow\\;\n-\\frac1p\\,u^{-p}=4x+C .\n\\]\nWith $u(0)=4$ one finds $C=-\\dfrac{4^{-p}}{p}$, hence\n\\[\n\\boxed{u^{-p}=4^{-p}-4p\\,x},\n\\qquad\n\\boxed{u(x)=4\\bigl(1-4^{\\,p+1}p\\,x\\bigr)^{-1/p}}\n\\quad(p\\neq-1).\n\\]\n\n(ii) $p=-1$.  Then $du/dx=4$, so\n\\[\n\\boxed{u(x)=4(1+x)}.\n\\]\n\nThe factor $1-4^{\\,p+1}p\\,x$ is positive exactly for  \n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\nx< x_{\\ast}=4^{-p-1}/p & (p>0),\\\\[4pt]\nx> x_{\\ast}=4^{-p-1}/p & (p<0).\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\nOn that interval $u(x)>0$, keeping every power real.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nB. The equation for $v$  ($p\\neq1$)\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nSubtracting (2) from (1) one obtains\n\\[\n\\frac{dv}{dx}=-4u^{\\,p}\\,v+2v^{\\,p}.\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\nPut $w:=v^{\\,1-p}$ ($w>0$ near $x=0$).  Because  \n$dw/dx=(1-p)v^{-p}\\,dv/dx$, equation (4) becomes the {\\em linear}\n\\[\n\\frac{dw}{dx}+4(1-p)u^{\\,p}\\,w=2(1-p).\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\nFor $p\\neq-1$ the result of part~A gives\n\\[\nu^{\\,p}=4^{\\,p}\\bigl(1-4^{\\,p+1}p\\,x\\bigr)^{-1},\n\\quad k:=4^{\\,p+1}.\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\n4(1-p)u^{\\,p}=k(1-p)\\bigl(1-kp\\,x\\bigr)^{-1}.\n\\]\n\nIntegrating factor.  \n\\[\n\\mu(x):=\\exp\\Bigl[\\!\\int\\!4(1-p)u^{\\,p}\\,dx\\Bigr]\n       =\\bigl|1-kp\\,x\\bigr|^{-(1-p)/p}.\n\\]\n\nMultiplying (5) by $\\mu$ gives\n\\[\n\\frac{d}{dx}\\bigl(\\mu w\\bigr)=2(1-p)\\mu .\n\\]\nIntegrate from $0$ to $x$ (where $|1-kp\\,s|>0$):\n\\[\n\\mu(x)w(x)-w(0)=2(1-p)\\!\\int_{0}^{x}\\mu(s)\\,ds .\n\\]\nSince $v(0)=2$, $w(0)=2^{\\,1-p}$.  \n\nIf $p\\neq\\dfrac12$,\n\\[\n\\int_{0}^{x}\\mu(s)\\,ds=\\frac{1}{k(2p-1)}\n\\Bigl[1-\\bigl|1-kp\\,x\\bigr|^{(2p-1)/p}\\Bigr],\n\\]\nwhile for $p=\\dfrac12$\n\\[\n\\int_{0}^{x}\\mu(s)\\,ds=-\\frac{\\ln|1-kp\\,x|}{k}.\n\\]\n\nThus, for $p\\neq\\dfrac12$,\n\\[\nw(x)=\\bigl|1-kp\\,x\\bigr|^{(1-p)/p}\\,\n\\Biggl[\\,2^{\\,1-p}+\\frac{2(1-p)}{k(2p-1)}\n\\Bigl(1-\\bigl|1-kp\\,x\\bigr|^{(2p-1)/p}\\Bigr)\\Biggr],\n\\]\nwhile for $p=\\dfrac12$\n\\[\nw(x)=\\sqrt{|1-4^{\\,3/2}x|}\\,\n\\Bigl[2^{1/2}-\\tfrac12\\ln|1-4^{\\,3/2}x|\\Bigr].\n\\]\n\nFinally  \n\\[\n\\boxed{v(x)=w(x)^{\\,1/(1-p)}},\n\\qquad\ny(x)=\\tfrac12\\bigl(u+v\\bigr),\\quad\nz(x)=\\tfrac12\\bigl(u-v\\bigr).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nC. Resonance $p=1$\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nPart~A provides $u(x)=4(1-16x)^{-1}$ on $|x|<1/16$.  \nEquation (4) now reads\n\\[\n\\frac{dv}{dx}+4u\\,v=2v\n\\;\\Longleftrightarrow\\;\n\\frac{dv}{dx}+\\Bigl(\\tfrac{16}{1-16x}-2\\Bigr)v=0.\n\\]\nAn integrating factor is  \n$\\mu(x)=e^{-2x}(1-16x)^{-1}$, whence\n\\[\nv(x)=2e^{2x}(1-16x),\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\ny(x)=\\tfrac12\\Bigl(\\tfrac{4}{1-16x}+2e^{2x}(1-16x)\\Bigr),\\quad\nz(x)=\\tfrac12\\Bigl(\\tfrac{4}{1-16x}-2e^{2x}(1-16x)\\Bigr).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nD. Maximal interval of existence\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n(i) $p>0$.  \nThe factor $1-4^{\\,p+1}p\\,x$ in $u(x)$ vanishes at  \n$x_{\\ast}=4^{-p-1}/p>0$ and $u\\to+\\infty$ as $x\\uparrow x_{\\ast}$.  \nHence the maximal interval is $(-\\infty,x_{\\ast})$.\n\n(ii) $p=0$ (quoted only for completeness).  \nHere $du/dx=4u$ so $u=4e^{4x}$ and the solution is global.\n\n(iii) $-1<p<0$.  \nNow $x_{\\ast}<0$ and $u\\to0^{+}$ as $x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}$; at the\nsame time $v$ diverges (see part~E), so the vector field becomes\nsingular and the solution exists only on $(x_{\\ast},\\infty)$.\n\n(iv) $p=-1$.  \nOne has $u(x)=4(1+x)$; the factor $(y+z)^{-1}$ in (1)–(2) blows up at $x=-1$, so the maximal interval is $(-1,\\infty)$.\n\n(v) $p<-1$.  \nAgain $x_{\\ast}<0$, and $u(x)\\to0^{+}$ as $x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}$ (because $-1/p>0$).  \nThe term $u^{\\,p}$ diverges, so the solution exists on $(x_{\\ast},\\infty)$ and cannot be extended through $x_{\\ast}$.\n\nThus in every case the critical time is  \n\\[\nx_{\\ast}(p)=\\frac{4^{-p-1}}{p},\\qquad p\\neq0.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nE. Mixed extinction / blow-up for $-1<p<0$\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nLet $x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}^{+}$ and set  \n\\[\nt:=1-kp\\,x=4^{\\,p+1}|p|\\,(x-x_{\\ast})\\to0^{+},\\qquad k=4^{\\,p+1}.\n\\]\n\n$\\bullet$  Behaviour of $u$.  \nFrom part~A,\n\\[\nu(x)=4\\,t^{-1/p}=(4|p|)^{-1/p}(x-x_{\\ast})^{-1/p}\\bigl(1+o(1)\\bigr).\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\n\n$\\bullet$  Behaviour of $v$.  \nFor $p\\neq\\tfrac12$ the formula in part~B yields\n\\[\nw(x)=v^{1-p}(x)=t^{(1-p)/p}\n\\Bigl[C_{0}+\\frac{2(1-p)}{k(2p-1)}+o(1)\\Bigr],\n\\quad\nC_{0}=2^{\\,1-p}>0 .\n\\]\nBecause $(1-p)/p<0$ for $p<0$, the factor $t^{(1-p)/p}$ diverges, so\n\\[\nv(x)=w(x)^{1/(1-p)}\n      \\sim\\Gamma(p)\\,t^{1/p}\n      =\\Gamma(p)\\,(4^{\\,p+1}|p|)^{1/p}\n               (x-x_{\\ast})^{1/p},\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\nwith\n\\[\n\\Gamma(p)=\\Bigl[C_{0}+\\tfrac{2(1-p)}{k(2p-1)}\\Bigr]^{1/(1-p)}\n          >0 .\n\\]\n(This is exactly the constant stated in the question.)  The special\nvalue $p=\\tfrac12$ is handled analogously by expanding the logarithm\nin the integral; the same leading form (7) is obtained.\n\nBecause $1/p<0$, the factor $(x-x_{\\ast})^{1/p}\\to+\\infty$; hence\n\\[\nv(x)\\to+\\infty\\quad\\text{while}\\quad u(x)\\to0^{+}\n\\quad(x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}^{+}).\n\\]\n\n$\\bullet$  Consequences for $y$ and $z$.  \nWith $u\\ll v$ in magnitude one has\n\\[\ny(x)=\\tfrac12\\bigl(u+v\\bigr)=\\tfrac12v\\bigl(1+o(1)\\bigr),\n\\qquad\nz(x)=\\tfrac12\\bigl(u-v\\bigr)=-\\tfrac12v\\bigl(1+o(1)\\bigr),\n\\]\nso\n\\[\ny(x)\\sim\\frac{\\Gamma(p)}{2}\\,(x-x_{\\ast})^{1/p}\\to+\\infty,\\qquad\nz(x)\\sim-\\frac{\\Gamma(p)}{2}\\,(x-x_{\\ast})^{1/p}\\to-\\infty .\n\\]\n\nTherefore\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\displaystyle\\lim_{x\\downarrow x_{\\ast}}\\frac{y(x)}{z(x)}=-1},\n\\]\nand no classical continuation beyond $x_{\\ast}$ is possible: the\nvector field explodes because $u^{\\,p}\\to+\\infty$ while $v$ and the\nprimitive variables blow up in opposite directions, completing the\nrequired analysis.\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.390782",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Extra non-linear term (y−z)^{p} destroys the simple decoupling present in the original problem; after passing to (u,v) one obtains a Bernoulli equation with a non-constant coefficient instead of a separable ODE.  \n2. Solving that Bernoulli equation requires two nested substitutions (v↦w, integrating factor) and a non-trivial integral depending on p.  \n3. The resonance p=1 demands a completely different treatment (linear ODE with variable coefficients) that does not follow from the general p≠1 formula.  \n4. The maximal-interval analysis forces a blow-up/vanishing study using the explicit u; it is absent in the original problem.  \n5. Task E introduces qualitative theory (Peano non-uniqueness) and invariant manifolds, going well beyond mere computation.  \nHence the variant needs more variables (u,v), more substitutions, special-case analysis, and ODE-theoretic arguments, making it substantially harder than both the original and the current kernel variant."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "calculation"
}