{
  "index": "1966-A-6",
  "type": "ALG",
  "tag": [
    "ALG",
    "NT",
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\nA=6 \\text {. Justify the statement that }\\\\\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{1+5 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots}}}}}\n\\end{array}",
  "solution": "A-6 We understand the statement to mean that\n\\[\n3=\\lim _{n \\rightarrow \\infty} \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(n-1) \\sqrt{1+n}}}} .}\n\\]\n\nWe see that\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n3 & =\\sqrt{1+2 \\cdot 4}=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{16=}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{25}}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{36 .}}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis leads us to conjecture the relation\n\\[\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots+\\sqrt{1+n \\sqrt{(n+2)^{2}}}}}} \\quad \\text { for all } n \\geqq 1 .\n\\]\n\nProceedirg by induction we verify that \\( (n+2)^{2}=n^{2}+4 n+4=1+(n+1)(n+3) \\) \\( =1+(n+1) \\sqrt{(n+3)^{2}} \\). This given, we must have\n\\[\n3 \\geqq \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(n-1) \\sqrt{(1+n)}}}}}\n\\]\n\nTo set an inequality in the other direction; observe that for any \\( \\alpha>1 \\)\n\\[\n\\sqrt{1+n \\alpha} \\leqq \\sqrt{\\alpha} \\sqrt{1+n}\n\\]\n\nA repetition of this inequality gives then",
  "vars": [
    "n"
  ],
  "params": [
    "A",
    "\\\\alpha"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "n": "indexvar",
        "A": "fixedconst",
        "\\alpha": "paramalpha"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\nfixedconst=6 \\text {. Justify the statement that }\\\\\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{1+5 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots}}}}}\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "fixedconst-6 We understand the statement to mean that\n\\[\n3=\\lim _{indexvar \\rightarrow \\infty} \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(indexvar-1) \\sqrt{1+indexvar}}}} .}\n\\]\n\nWe see that\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n3 & =\\sqrt{1+2 \\cdot 4}=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{16=}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{25}}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{36 .}}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis leads us to conjecture the relation\n\\[\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots+\\sqrt{1+indexvar \\sqrt{(indexvar+2)^{2}}}}}} \\quad \\text { for all } indexvar \\geqq 1 .\n\\]\n\nProceedirg by induction we verify that \\( (indexvar+2)^{2}=indexvar^{2}+4 indexvar+4=1+(indexvar+1)(indexvar+3) \\) \\( =1+(indexvar+1) \\sqrt{(indexvar+3)^{2}} \\). This given, we must have\n\\[\n3 \\geqq \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(indexvar-1) \\sqrt{(1+indexvar)}}}}}\n\\]\n\nTo set an inequality in the other direction; observe that for any \\( paramalpha>1 \\)\n\\[\n\\sqrt{1+indexvar paramalpha} \\leqq \\sqrt{paramalpha} \\sqrt{1+indexvar}\n\\]\n\nA repetition of this inequality gives then"
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "n": "landscape",
        "A": "ballooning",
        "\\alpha": "hummingbird"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\nballooning=6 \\text {. Justify the statement that }\\\\\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{1+5 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots}}}}}\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "ballooning-6 We understand the statement to mean that\n\\[\n3=\\lim _{landscape \\rightarrow \\infty} \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(landscape-1) \\sqrt{1+landscape}}}} .}\n\\]\n\nWe see that\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n3 & =\\sqrt{1+2 \\cdot 4}=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{16=}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{25}}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{36 .}}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis leads us to conjecture the relation\n\\[\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots+\\sqrt{1+landscape \\sqrt{(landscape+2)^{2}}}}}} \\quad \\text { for all } landscape \\geqq 1 .\n\\]\n\nProceedirg by induction we verify that \\( (landscape+2)^{2}=landscape^{2}+4 landscape+4=1+(landscape+1)(landscape+3) \\) \\( =1+(landscape+1) \\sqrt{(landscape+3)^{2}} \\). This given, we must have\n\\[\n3 \\geqq \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(landscape-1) \\sqrt{(1+landscape)}}}}}\n\\]\n\nTo set an inequality in the other direction; observe that for any \\( hummingbird>1 \\)\n\\[\n\\sqrt{1+landscape\\, hummingbird} \\leqq \\sqrt{hummingbird} \\sqrt{1+landscape}\n\\]\n\nA repetition of this inequality gives then"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "A": "unknownvariable",
        "n": "constantvalue",
        "\\\\alpha": "lastletter"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\nunknownvariable=6 \\text {. Justify the statement that }\\\\\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{1+5 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots}}}}}\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "unknownvariable-6 We understand the statement to mean that\n\\[\n3=\\lim _{constantvalue \\rightarrow \\infty} \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(constantvalue-1) \\sqrt{1+constantvalue}}}} .}\n\\]\n\nWe see that\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n3 & =\\sqrt{1+2 \\cdot 4}=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{16=}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{25}}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{36 .}}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis leads us to conjecture the relation\n\\[\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots+\\sqrt{1+constantvalue \\sqrt{(constantvalue+2)^{2}}}}}} \\quad \\text { for all } constantvalue \\geqq 1 .\n\\]\n\nProceedirg by induction we verify that \\( (constantvalue+2)^{2}=constantvalue^{2}+4 constantvalue+4=1+(constantvalue+1)(constantvalue+3) \\) \\( =1+(constantvalue+1) \\sqrt{(constantvalue+3)^{2}} \\). This given, we must have\n\\[\n3 \\geqq \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(constantvalue-1) \\sqrt{(1+constantvalue)}}}}}\n\\]\n\nTo set an inequality in the other direction; observe that for any \\( lastletter>1 \\)\n\\[\n\\sqrt{1+constantvalue lastletter} \\leqq \\sqrt{lastletter} \\sqrt{1+constantvalue}\n\\]\n\nA repetition of this inequality gives then"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "n": "qzxwvtnp",
        "A": "hjgrksla",
        "\\\\alpha": "rjtmcfok"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\nhjgrksla=6 \\text {. Justify the statement that }\\\\\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{1+5 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots}}}}}\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "A-6 We understand the statement to mean that\n\\[\n3=\\lim _{qzxwvtnp \\rightarrow \\infty} \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(qzxwvtnp-1) \\sqrt{1+qzxwvtnp}}}} .}\n\\]\n\nWe see that\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n3 & =\\sqrt{1+2 \\cdot 4}=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{16=}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{25}}} \\\\\n& =\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+4 \\sqrt{36 .}}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis leads us to conjecture the relation\n\\[\n3=\\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{1+\\cdots+\\sqrt{1+qzxwvtnp \\sqrt{(qzxwvtnp+2)^{2}}}}}} \\quad \\text { for all } qzxwvtnp \\geqq 1 .\n\\]\n\nProceedirg by induction we verify that \\( (qzxwvtnp+2)^{2}=qzxwvtnp^{2}+4 qzxwvtnp+4=1+(qzxwvtnp+1)(qzxwvtnp+3) \\) \\( =1+(qzxwvtnp+1) \\sqrt{(qzxwvtnp+3)^{2}} \\). This given, we must have\n\\[\n3 \\geqq \\sqrt{1+2 \\sqrt{1+3 \\sqrt{\\cdots \\sqrt{1+(qzxwvtnp-1) \\sqrt{(1+qzxwvtnp)}}}}}\n\\]\n\nTo set an inequality in the other direction; observe that for any \\( rjtmcfok>1 \\)\n\\[\n\\sqrt{1+qzxwvtnp rjtmcfok} \\leqq \\sqrt{rjtmcfok} \\sqrt{1+qzxwvtnp}\n\\]\n\nA repetition of this inequality gives then"
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Putnam–type problem.  \n\nShow that the infinite nested radical whose successive outside coefficients are 6,7,8,\\dots converges and that its value is 7; explicitly\n\n                     7 = \\sqrt{1+6\\sqrt{1+7\\sqrt{1+8\\sqrt{1+9\\sqrt{1+10\\sqrt{1+\\,\\cdots}}}}}}\\,.",
      "solution": "Throughout let  \n            F_k(x):=\\sqrt{1+kx}\\qquad(k\\ge 6,\\;x\\ge 1),  \nso that the desired radical is obtained by composing the maps F_6,F_7,F_8,\\dots.\n\n1.  Finite truncations and monotonicity.\n   For n\\ge 0 define\n        R_n:=F_6\\bigl(F_7(\\dots F_{6+n}(7+n)\\dots)\\bigr),\nso that\n        R_0=\\sqrt{1+6\\cdot7},\\; R_1=\\sqrt{1+6\\sqrt{1+7\\cdot8}},\\; \\text{etc.}\nBecause every F_k is strictly increasing, replacing the innermost 7+n with the larger quantity\n        F_{6+n+1}(8+n)>7+n\nshows\n        R_0<R_1<\\dots<R_n<\\dots\\,.                       (1)\nHence the increasing sequence (R_n) has a finite or infinite limit\n        R:=\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}R_n.                           (2)\n\n2.  A universal upper bound 7.\n   Put\n        S_n:=F_6\\bigl(F_7(\\dots F_{6+n}(8+n)\\dots)\\bigr)\\qquad(n\\ge 0).\nUsing the identity\n        (k+1)^2=1+k(k+2)                                   (3)\none checks successively from the inside out that\n        F_{6+n}(8+n)=6+n+1,\n        F_{6+n-1}(6+n+1)=6+n,\\;\\dots,\\;S_n=7.\nBecause 8+n>7+n, (1) implies\n        R_n<S_n=7\\quad(\\text{all }n),                     (4)\nso that R\\le 7.\n\n3.  A derivative bound.\n   For k\\ge 6 and x\\ge k+1 we have\n        F_k'(x)=\\dfrac{k}{2\\sqrt{1+kx}}\\le\\frac{k}{2\\sqrt{1+k(k+1)}}=:d_k.   (5)\nSince k^2<1+k(k+1) for every k\\ge 1,\n        0<d_k<\\tfrac12.                                    (6)\n\n   To apply (5) we must verify that every argument fed into F_{6+m} is at least 6+m+1.  Define\n        A_m:=F_{7+m}(F_{8+m}(\\dots)),                       (7)\ni.e. A_m is the INPUT of F_{6+m}.  We claim\n        A_m\\ge 7+m= (6+m)+1 \\qquad (m\\ge 0).                (8)\n   Proof by reverse induction on m.\n        • Base step (m=n, the innermost stage): A_n=7+n by definition, so (8) holds.\n        • Induction step.  Assume (8) for m+1.  Then\n              A_m=F_{7+m}(A_{m+1}) \\ge F_{7+m}(7+m+1).\n           But\n              F_{7+m}(7+m+1)=\\sqrt{1+(7+m)(7+m+1)} > 7+m,   (9)\n           so (8) is true for m as well.\nThus every input to F_{6+m} satisfies the inequality required for (5).\n\n4.  Exponential decay of |7−R_n|.\n   The radicals R_n and S_n differ only at the innermost entry, which is 7+n in R_n and 8+n in S_n; their difference is therefore\n        0<7-R_n=|S_n-R_n|\\le d_6d_7\\dots d_{6+n}\\cdot1.     (10)\nBecause each d_k<\\frac12, the right–hand side is bounded by\n        (\\tfrac12)^{n+1}.                                   (11)\nHence |7-R_n|\\to 0 as n\\to\\infty.  Combining (2), (4) and (11) yields\n        R=\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}R_n=7.                          (12)\n\nConsequently the infinite nested radical converges and equals 7:\n        \\boxed{\\;7=\\sqrt{1+6\\sqrt{1+7\\sqrt{1+8\\sqrt{1+9\\sqrt{1+\\,\\cdots}}}}}\\;.\n\n5.  (Optional) Generalisation.\n   Replacing the initial coefficient 6 by any integer a\\ge 2 and repeating the argument gives\n        a+1=\\sqrt{1+a\\sqrt{1+(a+1)\\sqrt{1+(a+2)\\sqrt{\\,\\cdots}}}}\\,.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "View the infinite radical as the limit of its finite truncations.",
          "Replace the last radical in a truncation by the perfect square (n+2)^2 so that its square-root collapses.",
          "Verify inductively that √[1 + k(k+2)] = k+1, yielding every such ‘perfect-square truncation’ equal to the target constant.",
          "Compare an ordinary truncation with its corresponding perfect-square version via the inequality √(1+nα) ≤ √α √(1+n) (α>1) to obtain upper and lower bounds.",
          "Let n→∞; the bounds coincide, so the original infinite radical equals the constant."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Initial multiplier in the outermost radical (the sequence of multipliers then increases by 1 at each deeper level). All perfect-square substitutions and final value shift accordingly.",
            "original": "2"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Limit of the infinite radical; always one more than slot1.",
            "original": "3"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}