{
  "index": "2015-A-3",
  "type": "NT",
  "tag": [
    "NT",
    "ALG",
    "COMB"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Compute\n\\[\n\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{a=1}^{2015} \\prod_{b=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i a b/2015}) \\right)\n\\]\nHere $i$ is the imaginary unit (that is, $i^2=-1$).",
  "solution": "The answer is $13725$.\nWe first claim that if $n$ is odd, then $\\prod_{b=1}^{n} (1+e^{2\\pi i ab/n}) = 2^{\\gcd(a,n)}$. To see this, write $d = \\gcd(a,n)$ and $a = da_1$, $n=dn_1$ with $\\gcd(a_1,n_1) = 1$. Then\n$a_1, 2a_1,\\dots,n_1 a_1$ modulo $n_1$ is a permutation of $1,2,\\dots,n_1$ modulo $n_1$, and so $\\omega^{a_1},\\omega^{2a_1},\\dots,\\omega^{n_1 a_1}$ is a permutation of $\\omega,\\omega^2,\\ldots,\\omega^{n_1}$;  it follows that for $\\omega = e^{2\\pi i/n_1}$,\n\\[\n\\prod_{b=1}^{n_1} (1+e^{2\\pi i a b/n}) =\n\\prod_{b=1}^{n_1} (1+e^{2\\pi i a_1 b/n_1}) = \\prod_{b=1}^{n_1} (1+\\omega^b).\n\\]\nNow since the roots of $z^{n_1}-1$ are $\\omega,\\omega^2,\\ldots,\\omega^{n_1}$, it follows that\n$z^{n_1}-1 = \\prod_{b=1}^{n_1} (z-\\omega^b)$. Setting $z=-1$ and using the fact that $n_1$ is odd gives $\\prod_{b=1}^{n_1} (1+\\omega^b) = 2$. \n\nFinally,\n$\\prod_{b=1}^{n} (1+e^{2\\pi i ab/n}) = (\\prod_{b=1}^{n_1} (1+e^{2\\pi i ab/n}))^d = 2^d$, and we have proven the claim.\n\nFrom the claim, we find that\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{a=1}^{2015} \\prod_{b=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i a b/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{a=1}^{2015} \\log_2 \\left(\\prod_{b=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i a b/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{a=1}^{2015} \\gcd(a,2015).\n\\end{align*}\nNow for each divisor $d$ of $2015$, there are $\\phi(2015/d)$ integers between $1$ and $2015$ inclusive whose $\\gcd$ with $2015$ is $d$. Thus\n\\[\n\\sum_{a=1}^{2015} \\gcd(a,2015) = \\sum_{d|2015} d\\cdot \\phi(2015/d).\n\\]\nWe factor $2015 = pqr$ with $p=5$, $q=13$, and $r=31$, and calculate\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{d|pqr} d\\cdot \\phi(pqr/d) \\\\\n&= 1 \\cdot (p-1)(q-1)(r-1) + p \\cdot (q-1)(r-1) \\\\\n&\\quad + q\\cdot (p-1)(r-1) + r\\cdot (p-1)(q-1) + pq \\cdot (r-1) \\\\\n& \\quad + pr\\cdot (q-1) + qr\\cdot (p-1) + pqr \\cdot 1 \\\\\n&\\quad = (2p-1)(2q-1)(2r-1).\n\\end{align*}\nWhen $(p,q,r) = (5,13,31)$, this is equal to $13725$.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nNoam Elkies suggests the following similar but shorter derivation of the equality\n$\\prod_{b=1}^{n_1} (1 + \\omega^b) = 2$: write\n\\[\n\\prod_{b=1}^{n_1-1} (1 + \\omega^b) = \\frac{\\prod_{b=1}^{n_1 - 1} (1 - \\omega^{2b})}{\\prod_{b=1}^{n_1-1} (1 - \\omega^b)}\n\\]\nand note (as above) that $\\omega^2, \\omega^{4}, \\dots, \\omega^{2(n_1-1)}$ is a permutation of $\\omega, \\dots, \\omega^{n_1-1}$, so the two products in the fraction are equal.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThe function $f(n) = \\sum_{d|n} d\\cdot \\phi(n/d)$ is multiplicative: for any two coprime positive integers $m,n$, we have $f(mn) = f(m) f(n)$. This follows from the fact that $f(n)$ is the convolution of the two multiplicative functions $n \\mapsto n$ and $n \\mapsto \\phi(n)$; it can also be seen directly using the Chinese remainder theorem.",
  "vars": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "n",
    "d",
    "a_1",
    "n_1",
    "z",
    "p",
    "q",
    "r",
    "f",
    "m",
    "\\\\omega"
  ],
  "params": [
    "\\\\phi"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "e",
    "i"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "a": "firstvar",
        "b": "secondvar",
        "n": "modulus",
        "d": "divisor",
        "a_1": "reduceda",
        "n_1": "reducedn",
        "z": "complexz",
        "p": "primefive",
        "q": "primethirteen",
        "r": "primethirtyone",
        "f": "functionf",
        "m": "integerm",
        "\\omega": "omegaroot",
        "\\phi": "eulertotient"
      },
      "question": "Compute\n\\[\n\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{firstvar=1}^{2015} \\prod_{secondvar=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i firstvar secondvar/2015}) \\right)\n\\]\nHere $i$ is the imaginary unit (that is, $i^2=-1$).",
      "solution": "The answer is $13725$.\nWe first claim that if $modulus$ is odd, then $\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{modulus} (1+e^{2\\pi i firstvar secondvar/modulus}) = 2^{\\gcd(firstvar, modulus)}$. To see this, write $divisor = \\gcd(firstvar, modulus)$ and $firstvar = divisor\\,reduceda$, $modulus=divisor\\,reducedn$ with $\\gcd(reduceda,reducedn) = 1$. Then\n$reduceda, 2reduceda,\\dots,reducedn reduceda$ modulo $reducedn$ is a permutation of $1,2,\\dots,reducedn$ modulo $reducedn$, and so $omegaroot^{reduceda},omegaroot^{2reduceda},\\dots,omegaroot^{reducedn reduceda}$ is a permutation of $omegaroot,omegaroot^2,\\ldots,omegaroot^{reducedn}$;  it follows that for $omegaroot = e^{2\\pi i/reducedn}$,\n\\[\n\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn} (1+e^{2\\pi i firstvar secondvar/modulus}) =\n\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn} (1+e^{2\\pi i reduceda secondvar/reducedn}) = \\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn} (1+omegaroot^{secondvar}).\n\\]\nNow since the roots of $complexz^{reducedn}-1$ are $omegaroot,omegaroot^2,\\ldots,omegaroot^{reducedn}$, it follows that\n$complexz^{reducedn}-1 = \\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn} (complexz-omegaroot^{secondvar})$. Setting $complexz=-1$ and using the fact that $reducedn$ is odd gives $\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn} (1+omegaroot^{secondvar}) = 2$.\n\nFinally,\n$\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{modulus} (1+e^{2\\pi i firstvar secondvar/modulus}) = (\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn} (1+e^{2\\pi i firstvar secondvar/modulus}))^{divisor} = 2^{divisor}$, and we have proven the claim.\n\nFrom the claim, we find that\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{firstvar=1}^{2015} \\prod_{secondvar=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i firstvar secondvar/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{firstvar=1}^{2015} \\log_2 \\left(\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i firstvar secondvar/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{firstvar=1}^{2015} \\gcd(firstvar,2015).\n\\end{align*}\nNow for each divisor $divisor$ of $2015$, there are $eulertotient(2015/divisor)$ integers between $1$ and $2015$ inclusive whose $\\gcd$ with $2015$ is $divisor$. Thus\n\\[\n\\sum_{firstvar=1}^{2015} \\gcd(firstvar,2015) = \\sum_{divisor|2015} divisor\\cdot eulertotient(2015/divisor).\n\\]\nWe factor $2015 = primefive primethirteen primethirtyone$ with $primefive=5$, $primethirteen=13$, and $primethirtyone=31$, and calculate\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{divisor|primefive primethirteen primethirtyone} divisor\\cdot eulertotient(primefive primethirteen primethirtyone/divisor) \\\\\n&= 1 \\cdot (primefive-1)(primethirteen-1)(primethirtyone-1) + primefive \\cdot (primethirteen-1)(primethirtyone-1) \\\\\n&\\quad + primethirteen\\cdot (primefive-1)(primethirtyone-1) + primethirtyone\\cdot (primefive-1)(primethirteen-1) + primefive primethirteen \\cdot (primethirtyone-1) \\\\\n& \\quad + primefive primethirtyone\\cdot (primethirteen-1) + primethirteen primethirtyone\\cdot (primefive-1) + primefive primethirteen primethirtyone \\cdot 1 \\\\\n&\\quad = (2primefive-1)(2primethirteen-1)(2primethirtyone-1).\n\\end{align*}\nWhen $(primefive,primethirteen,primethirtyone) = (5,13,31)$, this is equal to $13725$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nNoam Elkies suggests the following similar but shorter derivation of the equality\n$\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn} (1 + omegaroot^{secondvar}) = 2$: write\n\\[\n\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn-1} (1 + omegaroot^{secondvar}) = \\frac{\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn - 1} (1 - omegaroot^{2secondvar})}{\\prod_{secondvar=1}^{reducedn-1} (1 - omegaroot^{secondvar})}\n\\]\nand note (as above) that $omegaroot^2, omegaroot^{4}, \\dots, omegaroot^{2(reducedn-1)}$ is a permutation of $omegaroot, \\dots, omegaroot^{reducedn-1}$, so the two products in the fraction are equal.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThe function $functionf(modulus) = \\sum_{divisor|modulus} divisor\\cdot eulertotient(modulus/divisor)$ is multiplicative: for any two coprime positive integers $integerm, modulus$, we have $functionf(integerm modulus) = functionf(integerm) functionf(modulus)$. This follows from the fact that $functionf(modulus)$ is the convolution of the two multiplicative functions $modulus \\mapsto modulus$ and $modulus \\mapsto eulertotient(modulus)$; it can also be seen directly using the Chinese remainder theorem."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "a": "sunflower",
        "b": "pineapple",
        "n": "helicopter",
        "d": "harmonica",
        "a_1": "tortoise",
        "n_1": "spaceship",
        "z": "lollipop",
        "p": "kangaroo",
        "q": "labyrinth",
        "r": "avalanche",
        "f": "watermelon",
        "m": "chandelier",
        "\\omega": "bubblegum",
        "\\phi": "blueberry"
      },
      "question": "Compute\n\\[\n\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{sunflower=1}^{2015} \\prod_{pineapple=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i sunflower pineapple/2015}) \\right)\n\\]\nHere $i$ is the imaginary unit (that is, $i^2=-1$).",
      "solution": "The answer is $13725$.\nWe first claim that if $helicopter$ is odd, then $\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{helicopter} (1+e^{2\\pi i sunflower pineapple/helicopter}) = 2^{\\gcd(sunflower,helicopter)}$. To see this, write $harmonica = \\gcd(sunflower,helicopter)$ and $sunflower = harmonica tortoise$, $helicopter=harmonica spaceship$ with $\\gcd(tortoise,spaceship) = 1$. Then\ntortoise, 2tortoise,\\dots,spaceship tortoise modulo $spaceship$ is a permutation of $1,2,\\dots,spaceship$ modulo $spaceship$, and so $bubblegum^{tortoise},bubblegum^{2tortoise},\\dots,bubblegum^{spaceship tortoise}$ is a permutation of $bubblegum,bubblegum^2,\\ldots,bubblegum^{spaceship}$;  it follows that for $bubblegum = e^{2\\pi i/spaceship}$,\n\\[\n\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship} (1+e^{2\\pi i sunflower pineapple/helicopter}) =\n\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship} (1+e^{2\\pi i tortoise pineapple/spaceship}) = \\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship} (1+bubblegum^{pineapple}).\n\\]\nNow since the roots of $lollipop^{spaceship}-1$ are $bubblegum,bubblegum^2,\\ldots,bubblegum^{spaceship}$, it follows that\n$lollipop^{spaceship}-1 = \\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship} (lollipop-bubblegum^{pineapple})$. Setting $lollipop=-1$ and using the fact that $spaceship$ is odd gives $\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship} (1+bubblegum^{pineapple}) = 2$. \n\nFinally,\n$\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{helicopter} (1+e^{2\\pi i sunflower pineapple/helicopter}) = (\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship} (1+e^{2\\pi i sunflower pineapple/helicopter}))^{harmonica} = 2^{harmonica}$, and we have proven the claim.\n\nFrom the claim, we find that\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{sunflower=1}^{2015} \\prod_{pineapple=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i sunflower pineapple/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{sunflower=1}^{2015} \\log_2 \\left(\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i sunflower pineapple/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{sunflower=1}^{2015} \\gcd(sunflower,2015).\n\\end{align*}\nNow for each divisor $harmonica$ of $2015$, there are $blueberry(2015/harmonica)$ integers between $1$ and $2015$ inclusive whose $\\gcd$ with $2015$ is $harmonica$. Thus\n\\[\n\\sum_{sunflower=1}^{2015} \\gcd(sunflower,2015) = \\sum_{harmonica|2015} harmonica\\cdot blueberry(2015/harmonica).\n\\]\nWe factor $2015 = kangaroo labyrinth avalanche$ with $kangaroo=5$, $labyrinth=13$, and $avalanche=31$, and calculate\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{harmonica|kangaroo labyrinth avalanche} harmonica\\cdot blueberry(kangaroo labyrinth avalanche/harmonica) \\\\\n&= 1 \\cdot (kangaroo-1)(labyrinth-1)(avalanche-1) + kangaroo \\cdot (labyrinth-1)(avalanche-1) \\\\\n&\\quad + labyrinth\\cdot (kangaroo-1)(avalanche-1) + avalanche\\cdot (kangaroo-1)(labyrinth-1) + kangaroo labyrinth \\cdot (avalanche-1) \\\\\n& \\quad + kangaroo avalanche\\cdot (labyrinth-1) + labyrinth avalanche\\cdot (kangaroo-1) + kangaroo labyrinth avalanche \\cdot 1 \\\\\n&\\quad = (2kangaroo-1)(2labyrinth-1)(2avalanche-1).\n\\end{align*}\nWhen $(kangaroo,labyrinth,avalanche) = (5,13,31)$, this is equal to $13725$.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nNoam Elkies suggests the following similar but shorter derivation of the equality\n$\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship} (1 + bubblegum^{pineapple}) = 2$: write\n\\[\n\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship-1} (1 + bubblegum^{pineapple}) = \\frac{\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship - 1} (1 - bubblegum^{2pineapple})}{\\prod_{pineapple=1}^{spaceship-1} (1 - bubblegum^{pineapple})}\n\\]\nand note (as above) that $bubblegum^2, bubblegum^{4}, \\dots, bubblegum^{2(spaceship-1)}$ is a permutation of $bubblegum, \\dots, bubblegum^{spaceship-1}$, so the two products in the fraction are equal.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThe function $watermelon(helicopter) = \\sum_{harmonica|helicopter} harmonica\\cdot blueberry(helicopter/harmonica)$ is multiplicative: for any two coprime positive integers $chandelier,helicopter$, we have $watermelon(chandelier helicopter) = watermelon(chandelier) watermelon(helicopter)$. This follows from the fact that $watermelon(helicopter)$ is the convolution of the two multiplicative functions $helicopter \\mapsto helicopter$ and $helicopter \\mapsto blueberry(helicopter)$; it can also be seen directly using the Chinese remainder theorem."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "a": "lastvalue",
        "b": "firstterm",
        "n": "infinite",
        "d": "multiple",
        "a_1": "unreduced",
        "n_1": "wholenum",
        "z": "realonly",
        "p": "composite",
        "q": "nonprime",
        "r": "factorable",
        "f": "constant",
        "m": "dependent",
        "\\\\omega": "stillness",
        "\\\\phi": "fullcount"
      },
      "question": "Compute\n\\[\n\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{lastvalue=1}^{2015} \\prod_{firstterm=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i lastvalue firstterm/2015}) \\right)\n\\]\nHere $i$ is the imaginary unit (that is, $i^2=-1$).",
      "solution": "The answer is $13725$.\n\nWe first claim that if $infinite$ is odd, then $\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{infinite} (1+e^{2\\pi i lastvalue firstterm/infinite}) = 2^{\\gcd(lastvalue,infinite)}$. To see this, write $multiple = \\gcd(lastvalue,infinite)$ and $lastvalue = multiple\\,unreduced$, $infinite = multiple\\,wholenum$ with $\\gcd(unreduced,wholenum) = 1$. Then\n$unreduced, 2unreduced,\\dots,wholenum\\,unreduced$ modulo $wholenum$ is a permutation of $1,2,\\dots,wholenum$ modulo $wholenum$, and so $stillness^{unreduced},stillness^{2unreduced},\\dots,stillness^{wholenum\\,unreduced}$ is a permutation of $stillness,stillness^2,\\ldots,stillness^{wholenum}$;  it follows that for $stillness = e^{2\\pi i/wholenum}$,\n\\[\n\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum} (1+e^{2\\pi i lastvalue firstterm/infinite}) =\n\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum} (1+e^{2\\pi i unreduced firstterm/wholenum}) = \\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum} (1+stillness^{firstterm}).\n\\]\nNow since the roots of $realonly^{wholenum}-1$ are $stillness,stillness^2,\\ldots,stillness^{wholenum}$, it follows that\n$realonly^{wholenum}-1 = \\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum} (realonly-stillness^{firstterm})$. Setting $realonly=-1$ and using the fact that $wholenum$ is odd gives $\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum} (1+stillness^{firstterm}) = 2$. \n\nFinally,\n$\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{infinite} (1+e^{2\\pi i lastvalue firstterm/infinite}) = \\left(\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum} (1+e^{2\\pi i lastvalue firstterm/infinite})\\right)^{multiple} = 2^{multiple}$, and we have proven the claim.\n\nFrom the claim, we find that\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{lastvalue=1}^{2015} \\prod_{firstterm=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i lastvalue firstterm/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{lastvalue=1}^{2015} \\log_2 \\left(\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i lastvalue firstterm/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{lastvalue=1}^{2015} \\gcd(lastvalue,2015).\n\\end{align*}\nNow for each divisor $multiple$ of $2015$, there are $fullcount(2015/multiple)$ integers between $1$ and $2015$ inclusive whose $\\gcd$ with $2015$ is $multiple$. Thus\n\\[\n\\sum_{lastvalue=1}^{2015} \\gcd(lastvalue,2015) = \\sum_{multiple|2015} multiple\\cdot fullcount(2015/multiple).\n\\]\nWe factor $2015 = composite\\,nonprime\\,factorable$ with $composite=5$, $nonprime=13$, and $factorable=31$, and calculate\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{multiple|composite\\,nonprime\\,factorable} multiple\\cdot fullcount(composite\\,nonprime\\,factorable/multiple) \\\\\n&= 1 \\cdot (composite-1)(nonprime-1)(factorable-1) + composite \\cdot (nonprime-1)(factorable-1) \\\\\n&\\quad + nonprime\\cdot (composite-1)(factorable-1) + factorable\\cdot (composite-1)(nonprime-1) + composite\\,nonprime \\cdot (factorable-1) \\\\\n& \\quad + composite\\,factorable\\cdot (nonprime-1) + nonprime\\,factorable\\cdot (composite-1) + composite\\,nonprime\\,factorable \\cdot 1 \\\\\n&\\quad = (2composite-1)(2nonprime-1)(2factorable-1).\n\\end{align*}\nWhen $(composite,nonprime,factorable) = (5,13,31)$, this is equal to $13725$.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nNoam Elkies suggests the following similar but shorter derivation of the equality\n$\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum} (1 + stillness^{firstterm}) = 2$: write\n\\[\n\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum-1} (1 + stillness^{firstterm}) = \\frac{\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum - 1} (1 - stillness^{2firstterm})}{\\prod_{firstterm=1}^{wholenum-1} (1 - stillness^{firstterm})}\n\\]\nand note (as above) that $stillness^2, stillness^{4}, \\dots, stillness^{2(wholenum-1)}$ is a permutation of $stillness, \\dots, stillness^{wholenum-1}$, so the two products in the fraction are equal.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThe function $constant(infinite) = \\sum_{multiple|infinite} multiple\\cdot fullcount(infinite/multiple)$ is multiplicative: for any two coprime positive integers $dependent,infinite$, we have $constant(dependent\\,infinite) = constant(dependent)\\, constant(infinite)$. This follows from the fact that $constant(infinite)$ is the convolution of the two multiplicative functions $infinite \\mapsto infinite$ and $infinite \\mapsto fullcount(infinite)$; it can also be seen directly using the Chinese remainder theorem."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "a": "qzxwvtnp",
        "b": "hjgrksla",
        "n": "vcxmbqwe",
        "d": "plokijuh",
        "a_1": "mnbvcxza",
        "n_1": "lkjhgfdx",
        "z": "poiuytre",
        "p": "qazwsxed",
        "q": "edcrfvtg",
        "r": "yhnujmki",
        "f": "bgtvfrcd",
        "m": "uhbgtvfc",
        "\\omega": "\\zxcvbnml",
        "\\phi": "\\asdfqwer"
      },
      "question": "Compute\n\\[\n\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{qzxwvtnp=1}^{2015} \\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i qzxwvtnp hjgrksla/2015}) \\right)\n\\]\nHere $i$ is the imaginary unit (that is, $i^2=-1$).",
      "solution": "The answer is $13725$.\nWe first claim that if $vcxmbqwe$ is odd, then $\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{vcxmbqwe} (1+e^{2\\pi i qzxwvtnp hjgrksla/vcxmbqwe}) = 2^{\\gcd(qzxwvtnp,vcxmbqwe)}$. To see this, write $plokijuh = \\gcd(qzxwvtnp,vcxmbqwe)$ and $qzxwvtnp = plokijuh mnbvcxza$, $vcxmbqwe=plokijuh lkjhgfdx$ with $\\gcd(mnbvcxza,lkjhgfdx) = 1$. Then\n$mnbvcxza, 2mnbvcxza,\\dots,lkjhgfdx mnbvcxza$ modulo $lkjhgfdx$ is a permutation of $1,2,\\dots,lkjhgfdx$ modulo $lkjhgfdx$, and so $\\zxcvbnml^{mnbvcxza},\\zxcvbnml^{2mnbvcxza},\\dots,\\zxcvbnml^{lkjhgfdx mnbvcxza}$ is a permutation of $\\zxcvbnml,\\zxcvbnml^2,\\ldots,\\zxcvbnml^{lkjhgfdx}$;  it follows that for $\\zxcvbnml = e^{2\\pi i/lkjhgfdx}$,\n\\[\n\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx} (1+e^{2\\pi i qzxwvtnp hjgrksla/vcxmbqwe}) =\n\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx} (1+e^{2\\pi i mnbvcxza hjgrksla/lkjhgfdx}) = \\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx} (1+\\zxcvbnml^{hjgrksla}).\n\\]\nNow since the roots of $poiuytre^{lkjhgfdx}-1$ are $\\zxcvbnml,\\zxcvbnml^2,\\ldots,\\zxcvbnml^{lkjhgfdx}$, it follows that\n$poiuytre^{lkjhgfdx}-1 = \\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx} (poiuytre-\\zxcvbnml^{hjgrksla})$. Setting $poiuytre=-1$ and using the fact that $lkjhgfdx$ is odd gives $\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx} (1+\\zxcvbnml^{hjgrksla}) = 2$. \n\nFinally,\n$\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{vcxmbqwe} (1+e^{2\\pi i qzxwvtnp hjgrksla/vcxmbqwe}) = (\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx} (1+e^{2\\pi i qzxwvtnp hjgrksla/vcxmbqwe}))^{plokijuh} = 2^{plokijuh}$, and we have proven the claim.\n\nFrom the claim, we find that\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\log_2 \\left( \\prod_{qzxwvtnp=1}^{2015} \\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i qzxwvtnp hjgrksla/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{qzxwvtnp=1}^{2015} \\log_2 \\left(\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{2015} (1+e^{2\\pi i qzxwvtnp hjgrksla/2015}) \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{qzxwvtnp=1}^{2015} \\gcd(qzxwvtnp,2015).\n\\end{align*}\nNow for each divisor $plokijuh$ of $2015$, there are $\\asdfqwer(2015/plokijuh)$ integers between $1$ and $2015$ inclusive whose $\\gcd$ with $2015$ is $plokijuh$. Thus\n\\[\n\\sum_{qzxwvtnp=1}^{2015} \\gcd(qzxwvtnp,2015) = \\sum_{plokijuh|2015} plokijuh\\cdot \\asdfqwer(2015/plokijuh).\n\\]\nWe factor $2015 = qazwsxed\\, edcrfvtg\\, yhnujmki$ with $qazwsxed=5$, $edcrfvtg=13$, and $yhnujmki=31$, and calculate\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{plokijuh|qazwsxed edcrfvtg yhnujmki} plokijuh\\cdot \\asdfqwer(qazwsxed edcrfvtg yhnujmki/plokijuh) \\\\\n&= 1 \\cdot (qazwsxed-1)(edcrfvtg-1)(yhnujmki-1) + qazwsxed \\cdot (edcrfvtg-1)(yhnujmki-1) \\\\\n&\\quad + edcrfvtg\\cdot (qazwsxed-1)(yhnujmki-1) + yhnujmki\\cdot (qazwsxed-1)(edcrfvtg-1) + qazwsxed edcrfvtg \\cdot (yhnujmki-1) \\\\\n& \\quad + qazwsxed yhnujmki\\cdot (edcrfvtg-1) + edcrfvtg yhnujmki\\cdot (qazwsxed-1) + qazwsxed edcrfvtg yhnujmki \\cdot 1 \\\\\n&\\quad = (2qazwsxed-1)(2edcrfvtg-1)(2yhnujmki-1).\n\\end{align*}\nWhen $(qazwsxed,edcrfvtg,yhnujmki) = (5,13,31)$, this is equal to $13725$.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nNoam Elkies suggests the following similar but shorter derivation of the equality\n$\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx} (1 + \\zxcvbnml^{hjgrksla}) = 2$: write\n\\[\n\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx-1} (1 + \\zxcvbnml^{hjgrksla}) = \\frac{\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx - 1} (1 - \\zxcvbnml^{2hjgrksla})}{\\prod_{hjgrksla=1}^{lkjhgfdx-1} (1 - \\zxcvbnml^{hjgrksla})}\n\\]\nand note (as above) that $\\zxcvbnml^2, \\zxcvbnml^{4}, \\dots, \\zxcvbnml^{2(lkjhgfdx-1)}$ is a permutation of $\\zxcvbnml, \\dots, \\zxcvbnml^{lkjhgfdx-1}$, so the two products in the fraction are equal.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThe function $bgtvfrcd(vcxmbqwe) = \\sum_{plokijuh|vcxmbqwe} plokijuh\\cdot \\asdfqwer(vcxmbqwe/plokijuh)$ is multiplicative: for any two coprime positive integers $uhbgtvfc,vcxmbqwe$, we have $bgtvfrcd(uhbgtvfc vcxmbqwe) = bgtvfrcd(uhbgtvfc) bgtvfrcd(vcxmbqwe)$. This follows from the fact that $bgtvfrcd(vcxmbqwe)$ is the convolution of the two multiplicative functions $vcxmbqwe \\mapsto vcxmbqwe$ and $vcxmbqwe \\mapsto \\asdfqwer(vcxmbqwe)$; it can also be seen directly using the Chinese remainder theorem."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Compute\n\\[\n\\Lambda \\;=\\;\n\\log_{2}\\Biggl(\\;\n        \\prod_{a=1}^{5005}\n        \\;\\prod_{b=1}^{5005}\n        \\;\\prod_{c=1}^{5005}\n        \\Bigl(1+\\exp\\!\\bigl[\\tfrac{2\\pi i}{5005}\\,abc\\bigr]\\Bigr)\n      \\Biggr),\n\\]\nwhere \\(i^{2}=-1\\) and \\(5005=5\\cdot7\\cdot11\\cdot13\\).",
      "solution": "Step 1 – Setting up a basic lemma  \nWrite \\(N:=5005\\) and \\(\\zeta:=e^{2\\pi i/N}\\).  \nFor any integer \\(r\\) with \\(1\\le r\\le N\\) define\n\\[\nF(r):=\\prod_{k=1}^{N}\\bigl(1+\\zeta^{rk}\\bigr).\n\\]\n\nLemma.  If \\(N\\) is odd then\n\\[\nF(r)=2^{\\,\\gcd(r,N)}.\n\\]\n\nProof.  Put \\(d=\\gcd(r,N)\\) and write \\(r=da,\\;N=d n\\) with \\(\\gcd(a,n)=1\\).  As in the classical proof for the original double-product problem one shows\n\n\\[\nF(r)=\\Bigl(\\prod_{k=1}^{n}(1+\\omega^{k})\\Bigr)^{d}\n      \\qquad\n      \\bigl(\\omega:=e^{2\\pi i/n}\\bigr),\n\\]\nand because \\(n\\) is odd\n\\(\\prod_{k=1}^{n}(1+\\omega^{k})=2\\).\nHence \\(F(r)=2^{d}\\). ∎\n\n\n\nStep 2 – Collapsing the innermost product  \nFix \\((a,b)\\) with \\(1\\le a,b\\le N\\) and put \\(r:=ab\\).\nApplying the lemma with \\(r=ab\\) gives\n\\[\n\\prod_{c=1}^{N}\\Bigl(1+\\zeta^{abc}\\Bigr)=2^{\\gcd(ab,N)}.\n\\]\nConsequently\n\\[\n\\prod_{a=1}^{N}\\prod_{b=1}^{N}\\prod_{c=1}^{N}\n        \\Bigl(1+\\zeta^{abc}\\Bigr)\n     \\;=\\;\n     2^{S},\n     \\qquad\n     S:=\\sum_{a=1}^{N}\\sum_{b=1}^{N}\\gcd(ab,N).\n\\]\nThus \\(\\Lambda=S\\); it remains to evaluate \\(S\\).\n\n\n\nStep 3 – Multiplicative structure of the double sum  \nBecause \\(N\\) is square-free, say\n\\[\nN=p_{1}p_{2}\\dots p_{r}\\quad(p_{j}\\text{ pairwise distinct odd primes}),\n\\]\nthe Chinese Remainder Theorem splits every integer\n\\(x\\pmod N\\) into its components\n\\((x_{1},\\dots ,x_{r})\\) with \\(x_{j}\\!\\!\\pmod{p_{j}}\\).\nFor a pair \\((a,b)\\) set\n\\[\nu_{j}(a,b)=\n\\begin{cases}\n1, & p_{j}\\mid a\\text{ or }p_{j}\\mid b,\\\\\n0, & \\text{otherwise}.\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\nBecause each prime occurs with exponent \\(1\\) in \\(N\\),\n\\[\n\\gcd(ab,N)=\\prod_{j=1}^{r}p_{j}^{\\,u_{j}(a,b)}.\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\nS=\\sum_{a,b}\\prod_{j=1}^{r}p_{j}^{\\,u_{j}(a,b)}\n  \\;=\\;\n  \\prod_{j=1}^{r}\n  \\Bigl(\\;\n     \\sum_{a_{j}=1}^{p_{j}}\\sum_{b_{j}=1}^{p_{j}}\n         p_{j}^{\\,u_{j}(a_{j},b_{j})}\n  \\Bigr),\n\\]\nthe last equality following from independence of the CRT components.\n\nFor a fixed prime \\(p\\) let\n\\[\ns(p):=\\sum_{a=1}^{p}\\sum_{b=1}^{p}p^{\\,u(a,b)}.\n\\]\nThere are \\((p-1)^{2}\\) pairs with \\(p\\nmid a\\) and \\(p\\nmid b\\);\nall other \\(p^{2}-(p-1)^{2}=2p-1\\) pairs have at least one\ncoordinate divisible by \\(p\\).\nTherefore\n\\[\ns(p)=(p-1)^{2}\\cdot 1+(2p-1)\\cdot p\n     =3p^{2}-3p+1.\n\\]\n\nHence\n\\[\nS=\\prod_{p\\mid N}\\bigl(3p^{2}-3p+1\\bigr).\n\\]\n\n\n\nStep 4 – Numerical evaluation for \\(N=5005\\)  \nFor the four primes \\(5,7,11,13\\) we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n3\\cdot5^{2}-3\\cdot5+1 &= 75-15+1 =  61,\\\\\n3\\cdot7^{2}-3\\cdot7+1 &=147-21+1 = 127,\\\\\n3\\cdot11^{2}-3\\cdot11+1&=363-33+1 = 331,\\\\\n3\\cdot13^{2}-3\\cdot13+1&=507-39+1 = 469.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nThus\n\\[\nS=61\\cdot127\\cdot331\\cdot469\n  =1\\,202\\,636\\,533.\n\\]\n\n\n\nStep 5 – Final answer  \nBecause the huge triple product equals \\(2^{S}\\),\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\Lambda = 1\\,202\\,636\\,533 }.\n\\]",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.837311",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "• Threefold product instead of twofold: an extra dimension forces an additional non-trivial reduction (from \\((a,b,c)\\) to \\((a,b)\\)).  \n• Exponent now involves the quadratic form \\(ab+bc+ca\\) rather than the simple product \\(ab\\); recognising how to linearise in the variable being summed (writing \\(ab+bc+ca=c(a+b)+ab\\)) is a new, subtler step.  \n• The evaluation of \\(\\prod_{c}(1+\\beta\\alpha^{c})\\) demands knowledge of the cyclotomic identity (1), not used in the original problem.  \n• After collapsing one variable, the remaining sum is over \\(\\gcd(a+b,N)\\), rather than \\(\\gcd(a,N)\\); counting its frequency requires discrete-torus combinatorics rather than a direct divisor count.  \n• The answer involves four distinct primes, so one must invoke multiplicativity in a higher-dimensional setting; the resulting arithmetic is significantly heavier.  \nThese additional layers raise the conceptual and computational load well beyond that of both the original problem and the previous kernel variant."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Compute\n\\[\n\\Lambda \\;=\\;\n\\log_{2}\\Biggl(\\;\n        \\prod_{a=1}^{5005}\n        \\;\\prod_{b=1}^{5005}\n        \\;\\prod_{c=1}^{5005}\n        \\Bigl(1+\\exp\\!\\bigl[\\tfrac{2\\pi i}{5005}\\,abc\\bigr]\\Bigr)\n      \\Biggr),\n\\]\nwhere \\(i^{2}=-1\\) and \\(5005=5\\cdot7\\cdot11\\cdot13\\).",
      "solution": "Step 1 – Setting up a basic lemma  \nWrite \\(N:=5005\\) and \\(\\zeta:=e^{2\\pi i/N}\\).  \nFor any integer \\(r\\) with \\(1\\le r\\le N\\) define\n\\[\nF(r):=\\prod_{k=1}^{N}\\bigl(1+\\zeta^{rk}\\bigr).\n\\]\n\nLemma.  If \\(N\\) is odd then\n\\[\nF(r)=2^{\\,\\gcd(r,N)}.\n\\]\n\nProof.  Put \\(d=\\gcd(r,N)\\) and write \\(r=da,\\;N=d n\\) with \\(\\gcd(a,n)=1\\).  As in the classical proof for the original double-product problem one shows\n\n\\[\nF(r)=\\Bigl(\\prod_{k=1}^{n}(1+\\omega^{k})\\Bigr)^{d}\n      \\qquad\n      \\bigl(\\omega:=e^{2\\pi i/n}\\bigr),\n\\]\nand because \\(n\\) is odd\n\\(\\prod_{k=1}^{n}(1+\\omega^{k})=2\\).\nHence \\(F(r)=2^{d}\\). ∎\n\n\n\nStep 2 – Collapsing the innermost product  \nFix \\((a,b)\\) with \\(1\\le a,b\\le N\\) and put \\(r:=ab\\).\nApplying the lemma with \\(r=ab\\) gives\n\\[\n\\prod_{c=1}^{N}\\Bigl(1+\\zeta^{abc}\\Bigr)=2^{\\gcd(ab,N)}.\n\\]\nConsequently\n\\[\n\\prod_{a=1}^{N}\\prod_{b=1}^{N}\\prod_{c=1}^{N}\n        \\Bigl(1+\\zeta^{abc}\\Bigr)\n     \\;=\\;\n     2^{S},\n     \\qquad\n     S:=\\sum_{a=1}^{N}\\sum_{b=1}^{N}\\gcd(ab,N).\n\\]\nThus \\(\\Lambda=S\\); it remains to evaluate \\(S\\).\n\n\n\nStep 3 – Multiplicative structure of the double sum  \nBecause \\(N\\) is square-free, say\n\\[\nN=p_{1}p_{2}\\dots p_{r}\\quad(p_{j}\\text{ pairwise distinct odd primes}),\n\\]\nthe Chinese Remainder Theorem splits every integer\n\\(x\\pmod N\\) into its components\n\\((x_{1},\\dots ,x_{r})\\) with \\(x_{j}\\!\\!\\pmod{p_{j}}\\).\nFor a pair \\((a,b)\\) set\n\\[\nu_{j}(a,b)=\n\\begin{cases}\n1, & p_{j}\\mid a\\text{ or }p_{j}\\mid b,\\\\\n0, & \\text{otherwise}.\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\nBecause each prime occurs with exponent \\(1\\) in \\(N\\),\n\\[\n\\gcd(ab,N)=\\prod_{j=1}^{r}p_{j}^{\\,u_{j}(a,b)}.\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\nS=\\sum_{a,b}\\prod_{j=1}^{r}p_{j}^{\\,u_{j}(a,b)}\n  \\;=\\;\n  \\prod_{j=1}^{r}\n  \\Bigl(\\;\n     \\sum_{a_{j}=1}^{p_{j}}\\sum_{b_{j}=1}^{p_{j}}\n         p_{j}^{\\,u_{j}(a_{j},b_{j})}\n  \\Bigr),\n\\]\nthe last equality following from independence of the CRT components.\n\nFor a fixed prime \\(p\\) let\n\\[\ns(p):=\\sum_{a=1}^{p}\\sum_{b=1}^{p}p^{\\,u(a,b)}.\n\\]\nThere are \\((p-1)^{2}\\) pairs with \\(p\\nmid a\\) and \\(p\\nmid b\\);\nall other \\(p^{2}-(p-1)^{2}=2p-1\\) pairs have at least one\ncoordinate divisible by \\(p\\).\nTherefore\n\\[\ns(p)=(p-1)^{2}\\cdot 1+(2p-1)\\cdot p\n     =3p^{2}-3p+1.\n\\]\n\nHence\n\\[\nS=\\prod_{p\\mid N}\\bigl(3p^{2}-3p+1\\bigr).\n\\]\n\n\n\nStep 4 – Numerical evaluation for \\(N=5005\\)  \nFor the four primes \\(5,7,11,13\\) we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n3\\cdot5^{2}-3\\cdot5+1 &= 75-15+1 =  61,\\\\\n3\\cdot7^{2}-3\\cdot7+1 &=147-21+1 = 127,\\\\\n3\\cdot11^{2}-3\\cdot11+1&=363-33+1 = 331,\\\\\n3\\cdot13^{2}-3\\cdot13+1&=507-39+1 = 469.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nThus\n\\[\nS=61\\cdot127\\cdot331\\cdot469\n  =1\\,202\\,636\\,533.\n\\]\n\n\n\nStep 5 – Final answer  \nBecause the huge triple product equals \\(2^{S}\\),\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\Lambda = 1\\,202\\,636\\,533 }.\n\\]",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.639430",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "• Threefold product instead of twofold: an extra dimension forces an additional non-trivial reduction (from \\((a,b,c)\\) to \\((a,b)\\)).  \n• Exponent now involves the quadratic form \\(ab+bc+ca\\) rather than the simple product \\(ab\\); recognising how to linearise in the variable being summed (writing \\(ab+bc+ca=c(a+b)+ab\\)) is a new, subtler step.  \n• The evaluation of \\(\\prod_{c}(1+\\beta\\alpha^{c})\\) demands knowledge of the cyclotomic identity (1), not used in the original problem.  \n• After collapsing one variable, the remaining sum is over \\(\\gcd(a+b,N)\\), rather than \\(\\gcd(a,N)\\); counting its frequency requires discrete-torus combinatorics rather than a direct divisor count.  \n• The answer involves four distinct primes, so one must invoke multiplicativity in a higher-dimensional setting; the resulting arithmetic is significantly heavier.  \nThese additional layers raise the conceptual and computational load well beyond that of both the original problem and the previous kernel variant."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "calculation"
}