{
  "index": "1980-B-1",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Problem B-1\nFor which real numbers \\( c \\) is \\( \\left(e^{x}+e^{-x}\\right) / 2 \\leqslant e^{c x^{2}} \\) for all real \\( x \\) ?",
  "solution": "B-1.\nThe inequality holds if and only if \\( c \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\). For \\( c \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\),\n\\[\n\\frac{e^{x}+e^{-x}}{2}=\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{x^{2 n}}{(2 n)!}<\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{x^{2 n}}{2^{2 n} n!}=e^{x^{2} / 2}<e^{c x^{2}}\n\\]\nfor all \\( x \\) since \\( (2 n)!>2^{n} n \\) ! for \\( n=0,1, \\ldots \\).\nConversely, if the inequality holds for all \\( x \\), then\n\\[\n0<\\lim _{x \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{e^{c x^{2}}-\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{x}+e^{-x}\\right)}{x^{2}}=\\lim _{x \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{\\left(1+c x^{2}+\\cdots\\right)-\\left(1+\\frac{1}{2} x^{2}+\\cdots\\right)}{x^{2}}=c-\\frac{1}{2}\n\\]\nand so \\( c \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\).",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "n"
  ],
  "params": [
    "c"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "e"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "variable",
        "n": "counter",
        "c": "coefficient"
      },
      "question": "Problem:\n<<<\nProblem B-1\nFor which real numbers \\( coefficient \\) is \\( \\left(e^{variable}+e^{-variable}\\right) / 2 \\leqslant e^{coefficient variable^{2}} \\) for all real \\( variable \\) ?\n>>>\n",
      "solution": "Solution:\n<<<\nB-1.\nThe inequality holds if and only if \\( coefficient \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\). For \\( coefficient \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\),\n\\[\n\\frac{e^{variable}+e^{-variable}}{2}=\\sum_{counter=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{variable^{2 counter}}{(2 counter)!}<\\sum_{counter=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{variable^{2 counter}}{2^{2 counter} counter!}=e^{variable^{2} / 2}<e^{coefficient variable^{2}}\n\\]\nfor all \\( variable \\) since \\( (2 counter)!>2^{counter} counter \\) ! for \\( counter=0,1, \\ldots \\).\nConversely, if the inequality holds for all \\( variable \\), then\n\\[\n0<\\lim _{variable \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{e^{coefficient variable^{2}}-\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{variable}+e^{-variable}\\right)}{variable^{2}}=\\lim _{variable \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{\\left(1+coefficient variable^{2}+\\cdots\\right)-\\left(1+\\frac{1}{2} variable^{2}+\\cdots\\right)}{variable^{2}}=coefficient-\\frac{1}{2}\n\\]\nand so \\( coefficient \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\).\n>>>\n"
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "formation",
        "n": "landscape",
        "c": "velocity"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-1\nFor which real numbers \\( velocity \\) is \\( \\left(e^{formation}+e^{-formation}\\right) / 2 \\leqslant e^{velocity formation^{2}} \\) for all real \\( formation \\) ?",
      "solution": "B-1.\nThe inequality holds if and only if \\( velocity \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\). For \\( velocity \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\),\n\\[\n\\frac{e^{formation}+e^{-formation}}{2}=\\sum_{landscape=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{formation^{2 landscape}}{(2 landscape)!}<\\sum_{landscape=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{formation^{2 landscape}}{2^{2 landscape} landscape!}=e^{formation^{2} / 2}<e^{velocity formation^{2}}\n\\]\nfor all \\( formation \\) since \\( (2 landscape)!>2^{landscape} landscape \\) ! for \\( landscape=0,1, \\ldots \\).\nConversely, if the inequality holds for all \\( formation \\), then\n\\[\n0<\\lim _{formation \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{e^{velocity formation^{2}}-\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{formation}+e^{-formation}\\right)}{formation^{2}}=\\lim _{formation \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{\\left(1+velocity formation^{2}+\\cdots\\right)-\\left(1+\\frac{1}{2} formation^{2}+\\cdots\\right)}{formation^{2}}=velocity-\\frac{1}{2}\n\\]\nand so \\( velocity \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "stationary",
        "n": "continuum",
        "c": "fluidity"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-1\nFor which real numbers \\( fluidity \\) is \\( \\left(e^{stationary}+e^{-stationary}\\right) / 2 \\leqslant e^{fluidity stationary^{2}} \\) for all real \\( stationary \\) ?",
      "solution": "B-1.\nThe inequality holds if and only if \\( fluidity \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\). For \\( fluidity \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\),\n\\[\n\\frac{e^{stationary}+e^{-stationary}}{2}=\\sum_{continuum=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{stationary^{2 continuum}}{(2 continuum)!}<\\sum_{continuum=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{stationary^{2 continuum}}{2^{2 continuum} continuum!}=e^{stationary^{2} / 2}<e^{fluidity stationary^{2}}\n\\]\nfor all \\( stationary \\) since \\( (2 continuum)!>2^{continuum} continuum \\) ! for \\( continuum=0,1, \\ldots \\).\nConversely, if the inequality holds for all \\( stationary \\), then\n\\[\n0<\\lim _{stationary \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{e^{fluidity stationary^{2}}-\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{stationary}+e^{-stationary}\\right)}{stationary^{2}}=\\lim _{stationary \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{\\left(1+fluidity stationary^{2}+\\cdots\\right)-\\left(1+\\frac{1}{2} stationary^{2}+\\cdots\\right)}{stationary^{2}}=fluidity-\\frac{1}{2}\n\\]\nand so \\( fluidity \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "n": "hjgrksla",
        "c": "bnwpejrm"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-1\nFor which real numbers \\( bnwpejrm \\) is \\( \\left(e^{qzxwvtnp}+e^{-qzxwvtnp}\\right) / 2 \\leqslant e^{bnwpejrm qzxwvtnp^{2}} \\) for all real \\( qzxwvtnp \\) ?",
      "solution": "B-1.\nThe inequality holds if and only if \\( bnwpejrm \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\). For \\( bnwpejrm \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\),\n\\[\n\\frac{e^{qzxwvtnp}+e^{-qzxwvtnp}}{2}=\\sum_{hjgrksla=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2 hjgrksla}}{(2 hjgrksla)!}<\\sum_{hjgrksla=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2 hjgrksla}}{2^{2 hjgrksla} hjgrksla!}=e^{qzxwvtnp^{2} / 2}<e^{bnwpejrm qzxwvtnp^{2}}\n\\]\nfor all \\( qzxwvtnp \\) since \\( (2 hjgrksla)!>2^{hjgrksla} hjgrksla \\) ! for \\( hjgrksla=0,1, \\ldots \\).\nConversely, if the inequality holds for all \\( qzxwvtnp \\), then\n\\[\n0<\\lim _{qzxwvtnp \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{e^{bnwpejrm qzxwvtnp^{2}}-\\frac{1}{2}\\left(e^{qzxwvtnp}+e^{-qzxwvtnp}\\right)}{qzxwvtnp^{2}}=\\lim _{qzxwvtnp \\rightarrow 0} \\frac{\\left(1+bnwpejrm qzxwvtnp^{2}+\\cdots\\right)-\\left(1+\\frac{1}{2} qzxwvtnp^{2}+\\cdots\\right)}{qzxwvtnp^{2}}=bnwpejrm-\\frac{1}{2}\n\\]\nand so \\( bnwpejrm \\geqslant 1 / 2 \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Determine all real numbers \\(d\\) for which\n\\[\n\\frac{e^{3x}+e^{-3x}}{2}\\;\\le\\;5^{\\,d x^{2}}\n\\qquad\\text{for every real }x.\n\\]",
      "solution": "Write the left–hand side as a hyperbolic cosine and expand both sides into Maclaurin series.\n\n1.  Series representations.\n   (e^{3x}+e^{-3x})/2 = cosh(3x) = \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}(3x)^{2n}/(2n)! = \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}3^{2n}x^{2n}/(2n)!,\n   and\n   5^{dx^2} = e^{(d\\,\\ln5)x^2} = \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}(d\\,\\ln5)^n x^{2n}/n!.\n\n2.  Bounding cosh(3x) by an exponential.\n   Use (2n)! > 2^n n! to get\n     3^{2n}/(2n)! < 3^{2n}/(2^n n!) = (9/2)^n/n!,\n   so\n     cosh(3x) < \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}((9/2)^n x^{2n}/n!) = e^{(9/2)x^2}  for all x.\n\n3.  Sufficiency of d\\ge9/(2\\ln5).\n   If d\\ge9/(2\\ln5) then d\\,\\ln5\\ge9/2, so\n     5^{dx^2} = e^{(d\\,\\ln5)x^2} \\ge e^{(9/2)x^2} \\ge cosh(3x)\n   for every real x.\n\n4.  Necessity of the same condition.\n   For small x expand both sides:\n     5^{dx^2} - cosh(3x) = (1 + d\\,\\ln5 x^2 + O(x^4)) - (1 + (9/2)x^2 + O(x^4))\n     = (d\\,\\ln5 - 9/2)x^2 + O(x^4).\n   For this to be ≥0 for small nonzero x we need d\\,\\ln5 - 9/2 ≥0, i.e. d≥9/(2\\ln5).\n\n5.  Conclusion.\nThe inequality holds for all real x exactly when\n\n   d ≥ 9/(2\\,\\ln5).",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Maclaurin-expand  (e^{x}+e^{-x})/2  = Σ x^{2n}/(2n)! and  e^{c x^{2}}  = Σ c^{n} x^{2n}/n!",
          "Use (2n)! > 2^{n} n!  ⇒  x^{2n}/(2n)! < (x^{2}/2)^{n}/n!  ⇒  cosh x < e^{x^{2}/2}",
          "Monotonicity in c  ⇒  if c ≥ 1/2 then  e^{x^{2}/2} ≤ e^{c x^{2}}  gives sufficiency",
          "Necessity: compare quadratic terms via  lim_{x→0} (e^{c x^{2}}−cosh x)/x^{2} = c−1/2 ≥ 0",
          "Conclude inequality holds  ⇔  c ≥ 1/2"
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Coefficient of x inside the hyperbolic cosine (cosh(kx) instead of cosh x); threshold becomes k^{2}/2 with identical proof",
            "original": "1 (i.e., cosh x = (e^{x}+e^{-x})/2)"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Choice of exponential base; replacing e^{t} by b^{t} merely rescales series coefficients through ln b, leaving the argument unchanged",
            "original": "base e"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}