{
  "index": "1965-B-1",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { B-1. Evaluate }\\\\\n\\lim _{n \\rightarrow \\infty} \\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 n}\\left(x_{1}+x_{2}+\\cdots x_{n}\\right)\\right\\} d x_{1} d x_{2} \\cdots d x_{n}\n\\end{array}",
  "solution": "B-1. The change of variables \\( x_{k} \\rightarrow 1-x_{k} \\) yields\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots & \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 n}\\left(x_{1}+x_{2}+\\cdots+x_{n}\\right)\\right\\} d x_{1} d x_{2} \\cdots d x_{n} \\\\\n& =\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\sin ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 n}\\left(x_{1}+x_{2}+\\cdots+x_{n}\\right)\\right\\} d x_{1} d x_{2} \\cdots d x_{n}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nEach of these expressions, being equal to half their sum, must equal \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\). The limit is also \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\).",
  "vars": [
    "x_1",
    "x_2",
    "x_k",
    "x_n"
  ],
  "params": [
    "n"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x_1": "firstvar",
        "x_2": "secondv",
        "x_k": "midvar",
        "x_n": "nthvar",
        "n": "dimsize"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { B-1. Evaluate }\\\\\n\\lim _{dimsize \\rightarrow \\infty} \\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 dimsize}\\left(firstvar+secondv+\\cdots+nthvar\\right)\\right\\} d firstvar d secondv \\cdots d nthvar\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "B-1. The change of variables \\( midvar \\rightarrow 1-midvar \\) yields\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots & \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 dimsize}\\left(firstvar+secondv+\\cdots+nthvar\\right)\\right\\} d firstvar d secondv \\cdots d nthvar \\\\\n& =\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\sin ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 dimsize}\\left(firstvar+secondv+\\cdots+nthvar\\right)\\right\\} d firstvar d secondv \\cdots d nthvar\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nEach of these expressions, being equal to half their sum, must equal \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\). The limit is also \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x_1": "lemonseed",
        "x_2": "candlewick",
        "x_k": "harmonica",
        "x_n": "tumbleweed",
        "n": "blueparrot"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { B-1. Evaluate }\\\\\n\\lim _{blueparrot \\rightarrow \\infty} \\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 blueparrot}\\left(lemonseed+candlewick+\\cdots tumbleweed\\right)\\right\\} d lemonseed d candlewick \\cdots d tumbleweed\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "B-1. The change of variables \\( harmonica \\rightarrow 1-harmonica \\) yields\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots & \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 blueparrot}\\left(lemonseed+candlewick+\\cdots+tumbleweed\\right)\\right\\} d lemonseed d candlewick \\cdots d tumbleweed \\\\\n& =\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\sin ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 blueparrot}\\left(lemonseed+candlewick+\\cdots+tumbleweed\\right)\\right\\} d lemonseed d candlewick \\cdots d tumbleweed\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nEach of these expressions, being equal to half their sum, must equal \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\). The limit is also \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x_1": "constantone",
        "x_2": "constanttwo",
        "x_k": "constantgeneric",
        "x_n": "constantfinal",
        "n": "unknownvalue"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { B-1. Evaluate }\\\\\n\\lim _{unknownvalue \\rightarrow \\infty} \\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 unknownvalue}\\left(constantone+constanttwo+\\cdots+constantfinal\\right)\\right\\} d constantone d constanttwo \\cdots d constantfinal\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "B-1. The change of variables \\( constantgeneric \\rightarrow 1-constantgeneric \\) yields\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots & \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 unknownvalue}\\left(constantone+constanttwo+\\cdots+constantfinal\\right)\\right\\} d constantone d constanttwo \\cdots d constantfinal \\\\\n& =\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\sin ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 unknownvalue}\\left(constantone+constanttwo+\\cdots+constantfinal\\right)\\right\\} d constantone d constanttwo \\cdots d constantfinal\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nEach of these expressions, being equal to half their sum, must equal \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\). The limit is also \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x_1": "qzxwvtnp",
        "x_2": "hjgrksla",
        "x_k": "mvnslqer",
        "x_n": "bwpcdfoh",
        "n": "fkjdlswe"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { B-1. Evaluate }\\\\\n\\lim _{fkjdlswe \\rightarrow \\infty} \\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 fkjdlswe}\\left(qzxwvtnp+hjgrksla+\\cdots bwpcdfoh\\right)\\right\\} d qzxwvtnp d hjgrksla \\cdots d bwpcdfoh\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "B-1. The change of variables \\( mvnslqer \\rightarrow 1-mvnslqer \\) yields\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots & \\int_{0}^{1} \\cos ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 fkjdlswe}\\left(qzxwvtnp+hjgrksla+\\cdots+bwpcdfoh\\right)\\right\\} d qzxwvtnp d hjgrksla \\cdots d bwpcdfoh \\\\\n& =\\int_{0}^{1} \\int_{0}^{1} \\cdots \\int_{0}^{1} \\sin ^{2}\\left\\{\\frac{\\pi}{2 fkjdlswe}\\left(qzxwvtnp+hjgrksla+\\cdots+bwpcdfoh\\right)\\right\\} d qzxwvtnp d hjgrksla \\cdots d bwpcdfoh\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nEach of these expressions, being equal to half their sum, must equal \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\). The limit is also \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let n\\ge 1 be an integer.  Evaluate\n\\[\nI_n\\;=\\;\\int_{0}^{1}\\!\\int_{0}^{1}\\!\\cdots\\!\\int_{0}^{1} \\sin^{2}\\Bigl(\\frac{\\pi}{2n}(x_1+x_2+\\cdots+x_n)\\Bigr)\\,dx_1\\,dx_2\\cdots dx_n.\n\\]\nShow that the value of I_n is the same for every n and determine this common value.",
      "solution": "Set up the n–fold integral\n\nI_n = ∫_{[0,1]^n} sin^2\\bigl(\\tfrac{π}{2n}(x_1 + ⋯ + x_n)\\bigr) d x_1…d x_n.\n\n1. Symmetry substitution. For each coordinate make the change of variables x_k → 1−x_k.  The Jacobian is 1, and [0,1]^n is mapped onto itself, so\n\n  I_n = ∫_{[0,1]^n} sin^2\\bigl(\\tfrac{π}{2n}((1−x_1)+…+(1−x_n))\\bigr) d x\n      = ∫_{[0,1]^n} sin^2\\bigl(\\tfrac{π}{2n}(n−(x_1+…+x_n))\\bigr) d x.\n\nSince sin(π/2 − θ) = cos θ, the integrand becomes\n\n  cos^2\\bigl(\\tfrac{π}{2n}(x_1+…+x_n)\\bigr).\n\nHence\n\n  I_n = ∫_{[0,1]^n} cos^2\\bigl(\\tfrac{π}{2n}(x_1+…+x_n)\\bigr) d x.\n\n2. Complementary integrals. We now have both\n\n  I_n = ∫ sin^2(…) d x\n  and\n  I_n = ∫ cos^2(…) d x.\n\nAdding gives\n\n  2I_n = ∫(sin^2 + cos^2) d x = ∫1 d x = 1,\n\nsince the volume of [0,1]^n is 1.\n\n3. Therefore\n\n  I_n = 1/2.\n\nConclusion: For every positive integer n, I_n = 1/2, independent of n.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Exploit symmetry of the cube via the substitution x_k → 1 − x_k.",
          "Under this change, cos²(θ) turns into sin²(θ) with the same θ.",
          "Since cos²θ + sin²θ = 1, the two equal integrals each equal 1/2.",
          "Integral value is independent of n, so the stated limit is 1/2."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Which squared trig function is written in the statement; the proof works identically if the other one is used, because the change of variables swaps them.",
            "original": "cos²"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Whether the problem asks for the value for a fixed n, for all n, or for the limit as n → ∞; the integral is independent of n so this wording change has no effect on the argument.",
            "original": "lim_{n→∞}"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "calculation"
}