{
  "index": "1994-B-3",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Find the set of all real numbers $k$ with the following property: For any\npositive, differentiable function $f$ that satisfies $f'(x) > f(x)$\nfor all $x$, there is some number $N$ such that\n$f(x) > e^{kx}$ for all $x > N$.",
  "solution": "Solution. Let \\( h(x)=\\ln f(x)-x \\). Then the problem becomes that of determining for which \\( k \\) the following holds: if a real-valued function \\( h(x) \\) satisfies \\( h^{\\prime}(x)>0 \\) for all \\( x \\), then there exists a number \\( N \\) such that \\( h(x)>(k-1) x \\) for all \\( x>N \\).\n\nThe function \\( -e^{-x} \\) is always negative, but has positive derivative, so no number \\( k \\geq 1 \\) is in the set. (This corresponds to the function \\( f(x)=e^{x-e^{-x}} \\).) On the other hand any \\( k<1 \\) is in the set: choose \\( N \\) such that \\( (k-1) N<h(0) \\); then for \\( x>N \\), \\( h(x)>h(0)>(k-1) N>(k-1) x \\).",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "f",
    "h"
  ],
  "params": [
    "k",
    "N"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "e"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "variable",
        "f": "function",
        "h": "auxiliary",
        "k": "threshold",
        "N": "boundary"
      },
      "question": "Find the set of all real numbers $threshold$ with the following property: For any\npositive, differentiable function $function$ that satisfies $function'(variable) > function(variable)$\nfor all $variable$, there is some number $boundary$ such that\n$function(variable) > e^{threshold variable}$ for all $variable > boundary$.",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( auxiliary(variable)=\\ln function(variable)-variable \\). Then the problem becomes that of determining for which \\( threshold \\) the following holds: if a real-valued function \\( auxiliary(variable) \\) satisfies \\( auxiliary^{\\prime}(variable)>0 \\) for all \\( variable \\), then there exists a number \\( boundary \\) such that \\( auxiliary(variable)>(threshold-1) variable \\) for all \\( variable>boundary \\).\n\nThe function \\( -e^{-variable} \\) is always negative, but has positive derivative, so no number \\( threshold \\geq 1 \\) is in the set. (This corresponds to the function \\( function(variable)=e^{variable-e^{-variable}} \\).) On the other hand any \\( threshold<1 \\) is in the set: choose \\( boundary \\) such that \\( (threshold-1) boundary<auxiliary(0) \\); then for \\( variable>boundary \\), \\( auxiliary(variable)>auxiliary(0)>(threshold-1) boundary>(threshold-1) variable \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "marzipan",
        "f": "chandelier",
        "h": "quagmire",
        "k": "lemonade",
        "N": "tortoise"
      },
      "question": "Find the set of all real numbers $lemonade$ with the following property: For any\npositive, differentiable function $chandelier$ that satisfies $chandelier'(marzipan) > chandelier(marzipan)$\nfor all $marzipan$, there is some number $tortoise$ such that\n$chandelier(marzipan) > e^{lemonade marzipan}$ for all $marzipan > tortoise$.",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( quagmire(marzipan)=\\ln chandelier(marzipan)-marzipan \\). Then the problem becomes that of determining for which \\( lemonade \\) the following holds: if a real-valued function \\( quagmire(marzipan) \\) satisfies \\( quagmire^{\\prime}(marzipan)>0 \\) for all \\( marzipan \\), then there exists a number \\( tortoise \\) such that \\( quagmire(marzipan)>(lemonade-1) marzipan \\) for all \\( marzipan>tortoise \\).\n\nThe function \\( -e^{-marzipan} \\) is always negative, but has positive derivative, so no number \\( lemonade \\geq 1 \\) is in the set. (This corresponds to the function \\( chandelier(marzipan)=e^{marzipan-e^{-marzipan}} \\).) On the other hand any \\( lemonade<1 \\) is in the set: choose \\( tortoise \\) such that \\( (lemonade-1) tortoise<quagmire(0) \\); then for \\( marzipan>tortoise \\), \\( quagmire(marzipan)>quagmire(0)>(lemonade-1) tortoise>(lemonade-1) marzipan \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "constantvalue",
        "f": "nonfunction",
        "h": "depthvalue",
        "k": "imaginarynumber",
        "N": "infinitesimal"
      },
      "question": "Find the set of all real numbers $\\imaginarynumber$ with the following property: For any\npositive, differentiable function $\\nonfunction$ that satisfies $\\nonfunction'(\\constantvalue) > \\nonfunction(\\constantvalue)$\nfor all $\\constantvalue$, there is some number $\\infinitesimal$ such that\n$\\nonfunction(\\constantvalue) > e^{\\imaginarynumber\\,\\constantvalue}$ for all $\\constantvalue > \\infinitesimal$.",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( \\depthvalue(\\constantvalue)=\\ln \\nonfunction(\\constantvalue)-\\constantvalue \\). Then the problem becomes that of determining for which \\( \\imaginarynumber \\) the following holds: if a real-valued function \\( \\depthvalue(\\constantvalue) \\) satisfies \\( \\depthvalue^{\\prime}(\\constantvalue)>0 \\) for all \\constantvalue, then there exists a number \\infinitesimal such that \\( \\depthvalue(\\constantvalue)>(\\imaginarynumber-1)\\,\\constantvalue \\) for all \\constantvalue>\\infinitesimal.\n\nThe function \\( -e^{-\\constantvalue} \\) is always negative, but has positive derivative, so no number \\( \\imaginarynumber \\geq 1 \\) is in the set. (This corresponds to the function \\( \\nonfunction(\\constantvalue)=e^{\\constantvalue-e^{-\\constantvalue}} \\).) On the other hand any \\imaginarynumber<1 is in the set: choose \\infinitesimal such that \\( (\\imaginarynumber-1)\\,\\infinitesimal<\\depthvalue(0) \\); then for \\constantvalue>\\infinitesimal, \\( \\depthvalue(\\constantvalue)>\\depthvalue(0)>(\\imaginarynumber-1)\\,\\infinitesimal>(\\imaginarynumber-1)\\,\\constantvalue \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "f": "hjgrksla",
        "h": "brqfmlsz",
        "k": "dpnqrsot",
        "N": "wlxzgabm"
      },
      "question": "Find the set of all real numbers $dpnqrsot$ with the following property: For any\npositive, differentiable function $hjgrksla$ that satisfies $hjgrksla'(qzxwvtnp) > hjgrksla(qzxwvtnp)$\nfor all $qzxwvtnp$, there is some number $wlxzgabm$ such that\n$hjgrksla(qzxwvtnp) > e^{dpnqrsot qzxwvtnp}$ for all $qzxwvtnp > wlxzgabm$.",
      "solution": "Solution. Let \\( brqfmlsz(qzxwvtnp)=\\ln hjgrksla(qzxwvtnp)-qzxwvtnp \\). Then the problem becomes that of determining for which \\( dpnqrsot \\) the following holds: if a real-valued function \\( brqfmlsz(qzxwvtnp) \\) satisfies \\( brqfmlsz^{\\prime}(qzxwvtnp)>0 \\) for all \\( qzxwvtnp \\), then there exists a number \\( wlxzgabm \\) such that \\( brqfmlsz(qzxwvtnp)>(dpnqrsot-1) qzxwvtnp \\) for all \\( qzxwvtnp>wlxzgabm \\).\n\nThe function \\( -e^{-qzxwvtnp} \\) is always negative, but has positive derivative, so no number \\( dpnqrsot \\geq 1 \\) is in the set. (This corresponds to the function \\( hjgrksla(qzxwvtnp)=e^{qzxwvtnp-e^{-qzxwvtnp}} \\).) On the other hand any \\( dpnqrsot<1 \\) is in the set: choose \\( wlxzgabm \\) such that \\( (dpnqrsot-1) wlxzgabm<brqfmlsz(0) \\); then for \\( qzxwvtnp>wlxzgabm \\), \\( brqfmlsz(qzxwvtnp)>brqfmlsz(0)>(dpnqrsot-1) wlxzgabm>(dpnqrsot-1) qzxwvtnp \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let \\(m\\ge 2\\) and let  \n\\[\nA=\\bigl(a_{ij}\\bigr)_{1\\le i,j\\le m}\\in\\operatorname{Mat}_{m\\times m}(\\mathbb R)\n\\]\nbe a real matrix whose entries are strictly positive.  \nAssume its Perron–Frobenius (PF) eigenvalue equals\n\\[\n\\Lambda = 7 .\n\\]\n\nFor a continuously differentiable map\n\\[\nF:\\mathbb R\\longrightarrow(0,\\infty)^m,\\qquad \nF(x)=\\bigl(F_1(x),\\dots ,F_m(x)\\bigr),\n\\]\nwrite\n\\[\nF'(x)>A\\,F(x)\\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad \nF_i'(x)>\\sum_{j=1}^m a_{ij}F_j(x)\\quad(1\\le i\\le m).\n\\]\n\nDetermine the set of all real numbers \\(k\\) for which the following statement is true:\n\n(P\\(_k\\)) For every \\(C^1\\) map \\(F:(-\\infty,\\infty)\\to(0,\\infty)^m\\) that satisfies  \n\\(F'(x)>A\\,F(x)\\) for every \\(x\\in\\mathbb R\\),  \nthere exists a number \\(N=N_F\\) such that   \n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1=\\sum_{i=1}^{m}F_i(x) \\;>\\; e^{k\\,x}\\qquad\\text{for all }x>N .\n\\]\n\nFind, with proof, all real \\(k\\) for which (P\\(_k\\)) holds.",
      "solution": "Notation and PF-data.\nBecause the entries of \\(A\\) are strictly positive, the PF-theorem yields  \n\n• a unique eigenvalue \\(\\Lambda=7\\) that strictly exceeds the real part of every other eigenvalue;  \n\n• a right eigenvector \\(v\\in(0,\\infty)^m\\) with \\(Av=7v\\);  \n\n• a left eigenvector \\(w\\in(0,\\infty)^m\\) with \\(w^{\\!\\top}A=7\\,w^{\\!\\top}\\).  \n\nSet  \n\\(M:=\\max_{1\\le i\\le m} w_i\\)  and  \\(S:=\\sum_{i=1}^{m} v_i\\),  \nso \\(M,S>0\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1.  Proof that (P\\(_k\\)) holds for every \\(k<7\\).\n\nLet \\(k<7\\) and let \\(F\\) satisfy the differential inequality.  \nDefine the scalar function  \n\\[\ns(x):=w^{\\!\\top}F(x)=\\sum_{i=1}^m w_iF_i(x)>0 .\n\\]\nDifferentiate and use the hypothesis:\n\\[\ns'(x)=w^{\\!\\top}F'(x) > w^{\\!\\top}AF(x)=7\\,w^{\\!\\top}F(x)=7\\,s(x).\n\\]\nHence \\(s'(x)>7\\,s(x)\\) for all \\(x\\).  \nBy comparison with the ODE \\(y'=7y\\) one gets\n\\[\ns(x) > s(0)\\,e^{7x}\\qquad\\text{for all }x\\ge 0. \\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nSince \\(w_i\\le M\\) for every \\(i\\),\n\\[\ns(x)\\le M\\,\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1\\ge\\frac{s(x)}{M}. \n\\]\nInsert (1) to obtain\n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1 > \\frac{s(0)}{M}\\, e^{7x}\\quad(x\\ge 0). \\tag{2}\n\\]\n\nChoose \\(N\\) so large that\n\\(\\dfrac{s(0)}{M}e^{(7-k)N}>1\\).\nThen from (2) we have, for every \\(x>N\\),\n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1\n> \\frac{s(0)}{M}\\, e^{7x}\n\\ge e^{k x}.\n\\]\nThus (P\\(_k\\)) is true whenever \\(k<7\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n2.  Failure of (P\\(_k\\)) for every \\(k\\ge 7\\).\n\nWe construct a single function that violates (P\\(_k\\)) for all \\(k\\ge 7\\).\n\nFix the positive right PF-eigenvector \\(v\\) (normalisation arbitrary) and pick a constant \\(C>0\\) so small that\n\\[\nC\\,S<1 .\n\\]\nDefine\n\\[\nF(x):=C\\,e^{\\,7x-e^{-x}}\\,v\\qquad(x\\in\\mathbb R). \\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n(a)  Positivity:  obvious because \\(C>0\\) and \\(v\\in(0,\\infty)^m\\).\n\n(b)  Differential inequality:\n\\[\nF'(x)=C\\,(7+e^{-x})\\,e^{\\,7x-e^{-x}}\\,v\n        =(7+e^{-x})\\,F(x)\n        >7\\,F(x)=A\\,F(x),\n\\]\nso (3) satisfies the hypothesis.\n\n(c)  Asymptotic growth of the 1-norm:\n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1\n  =C\\,S\\,e^{\\,7x-e^{-x}}\n  < C\\,S\\,e^{7x}\n  < e^{7x}\\qquad(\\text{all }x).\n\\]\nBecause \\(k\\ge 7\\) implies \\(e^{kx}\\ge e^{7x}\\) for every \\(x\\), we have\n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1 < e^{7x} \\le e^{kx}\\qquad(\\text{all }x).\n\\]\nConsequently there is no number \\(N\\) (indeed not even one \\(x\\)) with\n\\(\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1>e^{kx}\\).  \nThus (P\\(_k\\)) fails for every \\(k\\ge 7\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n3.  Conclusion.\n\nProperty (P\\(_k\\)) holds exactly for those real numbers \\(k\\) with \\(k<7\\).  \nTherefore\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\; \\bigl\\{\\,k\\in\\mathbb R : (P_k)\\text{ is true}\\,\\bigr\\} = (-\\infty,\\,7)\\;} .\n\\]",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.737839",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher-dimensional setting: the problem now concerns vector-valued functions in \\((0,\\infty)^m\\) rather than scalar functions, forcing competitors to handle systems of differential inequalities.\n\n2. Matrix-analytic component: resolving the problem requires Perron–Frobenius theory, eigenvectors, eigenvalues, and their interaction with differential inequalities—tools absent from the original version.\n\n3. Construction of counter-examples: contestants must design a positive solution of a *system* whose growth nearly saturates the dominant exponential mode yet stays below a given threshold; doing this uniformly in every component is subtler than in the one-dimensional case.\n\n4. Inequality manipulation in vector form: turning the componentwise inequality \\(F'>AF\\) into a *scalar* differential inequality via a positive left eigenvector is a non-trivial insight.\n\n5. Parameter dependence: the answer is expressed through the spectral radius \\(\\Lambda\\) (here fixed at \\(7\\)), illustrating a deeper structural dependence than the single numeric constant in the original task.\n\nBecause of these added layers—higher dimension, linear-algebraic structure, spectral theory, and sophisticated counter-example construction—the enhanced variant is substantially more technically demanding than both the original problem and the simpler kernel variant."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let \\(m\\ge 2\\) and let  \n\\[\nA=\\bigl(a_{ij}\\bigr)_{1\\le i,j\\le m}\\in\\operatorname{Mat}_{m\\times m}(\\mathbb R)\n\\]\nbe a real matrix whose entries are strictly positive.  \nAssume its Perron–Frobenius (PF) eigenvalue equals\n\\[\n\\Lambda = 7 .\n\\]\n\nFor a continuously differentiable map\n\\[\nF:\\mathbb R\\longrightarrow(0,\\infty)^m,\\qquad \nF(x)=\\bigl(F_1(x),\\dots ,F_m(x)\\bigr),\n\\]\nwrite\n\\[\nF'(x)>A\\,F(x)\\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad \nF_i'(x)>\\sum_{j=1}^m a_{ij}F_j(x)\\quad(1\\le i\\le m).\n\\]\n\nDetermine the set of all real numbers \\(k\\) for which the following statement is true:\n\n(P\\(_k\\)) For every \\(C^1\\) map \\(F:(-\\infty,\\infty)\\to(0,\\infty)^m\\) that satisfies  \n\\(F'(x)>A\\,F(x)\\) for every \\(x\\in\\mathbb R\\),  \nthere exists a number \\(N=N_F\\) such that   \n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1=\\sum_{i=1}^{m}F_i(x) \\;>\\; e^{k\\,x}\\qquad\\text{for all }x>N .\n\\]\n\nFind, with proof, all real \\(k\\) for which (P\\(_k\\)) holds.",
      "solution": "Notation and PF-data.\nBecause the entries of \\(A\\) are strictly positive, the PF-theorem yields  \n\n• a unique eigenvalue \\(\\Lambda=7\\) that strictly exceeds the real part of every other eigenvalue;  \n\n• a right eigenvector \\(v\\in(0,\\infty)^m\\) with \\(Av=7v\\);  \n\n• a left eigenvector \\(w\\in(0,\\infty)^m\\) with \\(w^{\\!\\top}A=7\\,w^{\\!\\top}\\).  \n\nSet  \n\\(M:=\\max_{1\\le i\\le m} w_i\\)  and  \\(S:=\\sum_{i=1}^{m} v_i\\),  \nso \\(M,S>0\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1.  Proof that (P\\(_k\\)) holds for every \\(k<7\\).\n\nLet \\(k<7\\) and let \\(F\\) satisfy the differential inequality.  \nDefine the scalar function  \n\\[\ns(x):=w^{\\!\\top}F(x)=\\sum_{i=1}^m w_iF_i(x)>0 .\n\\]\nDifferentiate and use the hypothesis:\n\\[\ns'(x)=w^{\\!\\top}F'(x) > w^{\\!\\top}AF(x)=7\\,w^{\\!\\top}F(x)=7\\,s(x).\n\\]\nHence \\(s'(x)>7\\,s(x)\\) for all \\(x\\).  \nBy comparison with the ODE \\(y'=7y\\) one gets\n\\[\ns(x) > s(0)\\,e^{7x}\\qquad\\text{for all }x\\ge 0. \\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nSince \\(w_i\\le M\\) for every \\(i\\),\n\\[\ns(x)\\le M\\,\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1\\ge\\frac{s(x)}{M}. \n\\]\nInsert (1) to obtain\n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1 > \\frac{s(0)}{M}\\, e^{7x}\\quad(x\\ge 0). \\tag{2}\n\\]\n\nChoose \\(N\\) so large that\n\\(\\dfrac{s(0)}{M}e^{(7-k)N}>1\\).\nThen from (2) we have, for every \\(x>N\\),\n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1\n> \\frac{s(0)}{M}\\, e^{7x}\n\\ge e^{k x}.\n\\]\nThus (P\\(_k\\)) is true whenever \\(k<7\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n2.  Failure of (P\\(_k\\)) for every \\(k\\ge 7\\).\n\nWe construct a single function that violates (P\\(_k\\)) for all \\(k\\ge 7\\).\n\nFix the positive right PF-eigenvector \\(v\\) (normalisation arbitrary) and pick a constant \\(C>0\\) so small that\n\\[\nC\\,S<1 .\n\\]\nDefine\n\\[\nF(x):=C\\,e^{\\,7x-e^{-x}}\\,v\\qquad(x\\in\\mathbb R). \\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n(a)  Positivity:  obvious because \\(C>0\\) and \\(v\\in(0,\\infty)^m\\).\n\n(b)  Differential inequality:\n\\[\nF'(x)=C\\,(7+e^{-x})\\,e^{\\,7x-e^{-x}}\\,v\n        =(7+e^{-x})\\,F(x)\n        >7\\,F(x)=A\\,F(x),\n\\]\nso (3) satisfies the hypothesis.\n\n(c)  Asymptotic growth of the 1-norm:\n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1\n  =C\\,S\\,e^{\\,7x-e^{-x}}\n  < C\\,S\\,e^{7x}\n  < e^{7x}\\qquad(\\text{all }x).\n\\]\nBecause \\(k\\ge 7\\) implies \\(e^{kx}\\ge e^{7x}\\) for every \\(x\\), we have\n\\[\n\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1 < e^{7x} \\le e^{kx}\\qquad(\\text{all }x).\n\\]\nConsequently there is no number \\(N\\) (indeed not even one \\(x\\)) with\n\\(\\lVert F(x)\\rVert_1>e^{kx}\\).  \nThus (P\\(_k\\)) fails for every \\(k\\ge 7\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n3.  Conclusion.\n\nProperty (P\\(_k\\)) holds exactly for those real numbers \\(k\\) with \\(k<7\\).  \nTherefore\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\; \\bigl\\{\\,k\\in\\mathbb R : (P_k)\\text{ is true}\\,\\bigr\\} = (-\\infty,\\,7)\\;} .\n\\]",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.571244",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher-dimensional setting: the problem now concerns vector-valued functions in \\((0,\\infty)^m\\) rather than scalar functions, forcing competitors to handle systems of differential inequalities.\n\n2. Matrix-analytic component: resolving the problem requires Perron–Frobenius theory, eigenvectors, eigenvalues, and their interaction with differential inequalities—tools absent from the original version.\n\n3. Construction of counter-examples: contestants must design a positive solution of a *system* whose growth nearly saturates the dominant exponential mode yet stays below a given threshold; doing this uniformly in every component is subtler than in the one-dimensional case.\n\n4. Inequality manipulation in vector form: turning the componentwise inequality \\(F'>AF\\) into a *scalar* differential inequality via a positive left eigenvector is a non-trivial insight.\n\n5. Parameter dependence: the answer is expressed through the spectral radius \\(\\Lambda\\) (here fixed at \\(7\\)), illustrating a deeper structural dependence than the single numeric constant in the original task.\n\nBecause of these added layers—higher dimension, linear-algebraic structure, spectral theory, and sophisticated counter-example construction—the enhanced variant is substantially more technically demanding than both the original problem and the simpler kernel variant."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}