{
  "index": "2010-A-5",
  "type": "ALG",
  "tag": [
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Let $G$ be a group, with operation $*$. Suppose that\n\\begin{enumerate}\n\\item[(i)]\n$G$ is a subset of $\\mathbb{R}^3$ (but $*$ need not be related to addition of vectors);\n\\item[(ii)]\nFor each $\\mathbf{a},\\mathbf{b} \\in G$, either $\\mathbf{a}\\times \\mathbf{b} = \\mathbf{a}*\\mathbf{b}$\nor $\\mathbf{a}\\times \\mathbf{b} = 0$ (or\nboth), where $\\times$ is the usual cross product in $\\mathbb{R}^3$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $\\mathbf{a} \\times \\mathbf{b} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{a}, \\mathbf{b} \\in G$.",
  "solution": "We start with three lemmas.\n\\setcounter{lemma}{0}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{x},\\mathbf{y} \\in G$ are nonzero orthogonal vectors, then $\\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{x}$ is parallel to $\\mathbf{y}$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nPut $\\mathbf{z} = \\mathbf{x} \\times \\mathbf{y} \\neq 0$, so that $\\mathbf{x},\\mathbf{y}$, and $\\mathbf{z} = \\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{y}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal.\nThen $\\mathbf{w} = \\mathbf{x} \\times \\mathbf{z} \\neq 0$, so $\\mathbf{w} = \\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{z}$ is nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{x}$ and $\\mathbf{z}$.\nHowever, if $(\\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{x}) \\times \\mathbf{y} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{w} = \\mathbf{x}*(\\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{y}) = (\\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{x})*\\mathbf{y} = (\\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{x}) \\times \\mathbf{y}$ is also orthogonal to $\\mathbf{y}$, a contradiction.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{x} \\in G$ is nonzero, and there exists $\\mathbf{y} \\in G$ nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{x}$, then $\\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{x} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nLemma~1 implies that $\\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{x}$ is parallel to both $\\mathbf{y}$ and $\\mathbf{x} \\times \\mathbf{y}$, so it must be zero.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{x},\\mathbf{y} \\in G$ commute, then $\\mathbf{x} \\times \\mathbf{y} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nIf $\\mathbf{x} \\times \\mathbf{y} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{y} \\times \\mathbf{x}$ is nonzero\nand distinct from $\\mathbf{x} \\times \\mathbf{y}$. Consequently,\n$\\mathbf{x}*\\mathbf{y} = \\mathbf{x} \\times \\mathbf{y}$\nand $\\mathbf{y}*\\mathbf{x} = \\mathbf{y} \\times \\mathbf{x} \\neq \\mathbf{x} * \\mathbf{y}$.\n\\end{proof}\n\nWe proceed now to the proof. Assume by way of contradiction that there exist $\\mathbf{a},\\mathbf{b} \\in G$ with $\\mathbf{a} \\times \\mathbf{b}\n\\neq 0$. Put $\\mathbf{c} = \\mathbf{a}\\times \\mathbf{b} = \\mathbf{a}*\\mathbf{b}$, so that $\\mathbf{a},\\mathbf{b},\\mathbf{c}$ are nonzero and linearly independent. Let $\\mathbf{e}$ be the identity\nelement of $G$. Since $\\mathbf{e}$ commutes with $\\mathbf{a},\\mathbf{b},\\mathbf{c}$, by Lemma~3 we have $\\mathbf{e} \\times \\mathbf{a} = \\mathbf{e} \\times \\mathbf{b} = \\mathbf{e} \\times \\mathbf{c} = 0$.\nSince $\\mathbf{a},\\mathbf{b},\\mathbf{c}$ span $\\RR^3$, $\\mathbf{e} \\times \\mathbf{x} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{x} \\in \\RR^3$, so $\\mathbf{e} = 0$.\n\nSince $\\mathbf{b},\\mathbf{c}$, and $\\mathbf{b} \\times \\mathbf{c} = \\mathbf{b}*\\mathbf{c}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal, Lemma~2 implies\n\\[\n\\mathbf{b}*\\mathbf{b} = \\mathbf{c}*\\mathbf{c} = (\\mathbf{b}*\\mathbf{c})*(\\mathbf{b}*\\mathbf{c}) = 0 = \\mathbf{e}.\n\\]\nHence $\\mathbf{b}*\\mathbf{c} = \\mathbf{c}*\\mathbf{b}$, contradicting Lemma~3 because $\\mathbf{b} \\times \\mathbf{c} \\neq 0$.\nThe desired result follows.",
  "vars": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "c",
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",
    "w",
    "e"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "a": "vectoralpha",
        "b": "vectorbeta",
        "c": "vectorgamma",
        "x": "vectorxi",
        "y": "vectorypsilon",
        "z": "vectorzeta",
        "w": "vectoromega",
        "e": "vectoreta"
      },
      "question": "Let $G$ be a group, with operation $*$. Suppose that\n\\begin{enumerate}\n\\item[(i)]\n$G$ is a subset of \\mathbb{R}^3 (but $*$ need not be related to addition of vectors);\n\\item[(ii)]\nFor each $\\mathbf{vectoralpha},\\mathbf{vectorbeta} \\in G$, either $\\mathbf{vectoralpha}\\times \\mathbf{vectorbeta} = \\mathbf{vectoralpha}*\\mathbf{vectorbeta}$\nor $\\mathbf{vectoralpha}\\times \\mathbf{vectorbeta} = 0$ (or\nboth), where $\\times$ is the usual cross product in \\mathbb{R}^3.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $\\mathbf{vectoralpha} \\times \\mathbf{vectorbeta} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{vectoralpha}, \\mathbf{vectorbeta} \\in G$.",
      "solution": "We start with three lemmas.\n\\setcounter{lemma}{0}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{vectorxi},\\mathbf{vectorypsilon} \\in G$ are nonzero orthogonal vectors, then $\\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorxi}$ is parallel to $\\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nPut $\\mathbf{vectorzeta} = \\mathbf{vectorxi} \\times \\mathbf{vectorypsilon} \\neq 0$, so that $\\mathbf{vectorxi},\\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$, and $\\mathbf{vectorzeta} = \\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal.\nThen $\\mathbf{vectoromega} = \\mathbf{vectorxi} \\times \\mathbf{vectorzeta} \\neq 0$, so $\\mathbf{vectoromega} = \\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorzeta}$ is nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{vectorxi}$ and $\\mathbf{vectorzeta}$.\nHowever, if $(\\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorxi}) \\times \\mathbf{vectorypsilon} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{vectoromega} = \\mathbf{vectorxi}*(\\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorypsilon}) = (\\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorxi})*\\mathbf{vectorypsilon} = (\\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorxi}) \\times \\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$ is also orthogonal to $\\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$, a contradiction.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{vectorxi} \\in G$ is nonzero, and there exists $\\mathbf{vectorypsilon} \\in G$ nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{vectorxi}$, then $\\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorxi} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nLemma~1 implies that $\\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorxi}$ is parallel to both $\\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$ and $\\mathbf{vectorxi} \\times \\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$, so it must be zero.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{vectorxi},\\mathbf{vectorypsilon} \\in G$ commute, then $\\mathbf{vectorxi} \\times \\mathbf{vectorypsilon} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nIf $\\mathbf{vectorxi} \\times \\mathbf{vectorypsilon} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{vectorypsilon} \\times \\mathbf{vectorxi}$ is nonzero\nand distinct from $\\mathbf{vectorxi} \\times \\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$. Consequently,\n$\\mathbf{vectorxi}*\\mathbf{vectorypsilon} = \\mathbf{vectorxi} \\times \\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$\nand $\\mathbf{vectorypsilon}*\\mathbf{vectorxi} = \\mathbf{vectorypsilon} \\times \\mathbf{vectorxi} \\neq \\mathbf{vectorxi} * \\mathbf{vectorypsilon}$.\n\\end{proof}\n\nWe proceed now to the proof. Assume by way of contradiction that there exist $\\mathbf{vectoralpha},\\mathbf{vectorbeta} \\in G$ with $\\mathbf{vectoralpha} \\times \\mathbf{vectorbeta}\n\\neq 0$. Put $\\mathbf{vectorgamma} = \\mathbf{vectoralpha}\\times \\mathbf{vectorbeta} = \\mathbf{vectoralpha}*\\mathbf{vectorbeta}$, so that $\\mathbf{vectoralpha},\\mathbf{vectorbeta},\\mathbf{vectorgamma}$ are nonzero and linearly independent. Let $\\mathbf{vectoreta}$ be the identity\nelement of $G$. Since $\\mathbf{vectoreta}$ commutes with $\\mathbf{vectoralpha},\\mathbf{vectorbeta},\\mathbf{vectorgamma}$, by Lemma~3 we have $\\mathbf{vectoreta} \\times \\mathbf{vectoralpha} = \\mathbf{vectoreta} \\times \\mathbf{vectorbeta} = \\mathbf{vectoreta} \\times \\mathbf{vectorgamma} = 0$.\nSince $\\mathbf{vectoralpha},\\mathbf{vectorbeta},\\mathbf{vectorgamma}$ span \\RR^3, $\\mathbf{vectoreta} \\times \\mathbf{vectorxi} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{vectorxi} \\in \\RR^3$, so $\\mathbf{vectoreta} = 0$.\n\nSince $\\mathbf{vectorbeta},\\mathbf{vectorgamma}$, and $\\mathbf{vectorbeta} \\times \\mathbf{vectorgamma} = \\mathbf{vectorbeta}*\\mathbf{vectorgamma}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal, Lemma~2 implies\n\\[\n\\mathbf{vectorbeta}*\\mathbf{vectorbeta} = \\mathbf{vectorgamma}*\\mathbf{vectorgamma} = (\\mathbf{vectorbeta}*\\mathbf{vectorgamma})*(\\mathbf{vectorbeta}*\\mathbf{vectorgamma}) = 0 = \\mathbf{vectoreta}.\n\\]\nHence $\\mathbf{vectorbeta}*\\mathbf{vectorgamma} = \\mathbf{vectorgamma}*\\mathbf{vectorbeta}$, contradicting Lemma~3 because $\\mathbf{vectorbeta} \\times \\mathbf{vectorgamma} \\neq 0$.\nThe desired result follows."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "a": "pineapple",
        "b": "screwdriver",
        "c": "landscape",
        "x": "watermelon",
        "y": "backpack",
        "z": "celebration",
        "w": "butterfly",
        "e": "hashbrown"
      },
      "question": "Let $G$ be a group, with operation $*$. Suppose that\n\\begin{enumerate}\n\\item[(i)]\n$G$ is a subset of $\\mathbb{R}^3$ (but $*$ need not be related to addition of vectors);\n\\item[(ii)]\nFor each $\\mathbf{pineapple},\\mathbf{screwdriver} \\in G$, either $\\mathbf{pineapple}\\times \\mathbf{screwdriver} = \\mathbf{pineapple}*\\mathbf{screwdriver}$\nor $\\mathbf{pineapple}\\times \\mathbf{screwdriver} = 0$ (or\nboth), where $\\times$ is the usual cross product in $\\mathbb{R}^3$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $\\mathbf{pineapple} \\times \\mathbf{screwdriver} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{pineapple}, \\mathbf{screwdriver} \\in G$.",
      "solution": "We start with three lemmas.\n\\setcounter{lemma}{0}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{watermelon},\\mathbf{backpack} \\in G$ are nonzero orthogonal vectors, then $\\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{watermelon}$ is parallel to $\\mathbf{backpack}$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nPut $\\mathbf{celebration} = \\mathbf{watermelon} \\times \\mathbf{backpack} \\neq 0$, so that $\\mathbf{watermelon},\\mathbf{backpack}$, and $\\mathbf{celebration} = \\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{backpack}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal.\nThen $\\mathbf{butterfly} = \\mathbf{watermelon} \\times \\mathbf{celebration} \\neq 0$, so $\\mathbf{butterfly} = \\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{celebration}$ is nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{watermelon}$ and $\\mathbf{celebration}$.\nHowever, if $(\\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{watermelon}) \\times \\mathbf{backpack} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{butterfly} = \\mathbf{watermelon}*(\\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{backpack}) = (\\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{watermelon})*\\mathbf{backpack} = (\\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{watermelon}) \\times \\mathbf{backpack}$ is also orthogonal to $\\mathbf{backpack}$, a contradiction.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{watermelon} \\in G$ is nonzero, and there exists $\\mathbf{backpack} \\in G$ nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{watermelon}$, then $\\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{watermelon} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nLemma~1 implies that $\\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{watermelon}$ is parallel to both $\\mathbf{backpack}$ and $\\mathbf{watermelon} \\times \\mathbf{backpack}$, so it must be zero.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{watermelon},\\mathbf{backpack} \\in G$ commute, then $\\mathbf{watermelon} \\times \\mathbf{backpack} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nIf $\\mathbf{watermelon} \\times \\mathbf{backpack} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{backpack} \\times \\mathbf{watermelon}$ is nonzero\nand distinct from $\\mathbf{watermelon} \\times \\mathbf{backpack}$. Consequently,\n$\\mathbf{watermelon}*\\mathbf{backpack} = \\mathbf{watermelon} \\times \\mathbf{backpack}$\nand $\\mathbf{backpack}*\\mathbf{watermelon} = \\mathbf{backpack} \\times \\mathbf{watermelon} \\neq \\mathbf{watermelon} * \\mathbf{backpack}$.\n\\end{proof}\n\nWe proceed now to the proof. Assume by way of contradiction that there exist $\\mathbf{pineapple},\\mathbf{screwdriver} \\in G$ with $\\mathbf{pineapple} \\times \\mathbf{screwdriver}\n\\neq 0$. Put $\\mathbf{landscape} = \\mathbf{pineapple}\\times \\mathbf{screwdriver} = \\mathbf{pineapple}*\\mathbf{screwdriver}$, so that $\\mathbf{pineapple},\\mathbf{screwdriver},\\mathbf{landscape}$ are nonzero and linearly independent. Let $\\mathbf{hashbrown}$ be the identity\nelement of $G$. Since $\\mathbf{hashbrown}$ commutes with $\\mathbf{pineapple},\\mathbf{screwdriver},\\mathbf{landscape}$, by Lemma~3 we have $\\mathbf{hashbrown} \\times \\mathbf{pineapple} = \\mathbf{hashbrown} \\times \\mathbf{screwdriver} = \\mathbf{hashbrown} \\times \\mathbf{landscape} = 0$.\nSince $\\mathbf{pineapple},\\mathbf{screwdriver},\\mathbf{landscape}$ span $\\RR^3$, $\\mathbf{hashbrown} \\times \\mathbf{watermelon} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{watermelon} \\in \\RR^3$, so $\\mathbf{hashbrown} = 0$.\n\nSince $\\mathbf{screwdriver},\\mathbf{landscape}$, and $\\mathbf{screwdriver} \\times \\mathbf{landscape} = \\mathbf{screwdriver}*\\mathbf{landscape}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal, Lemma~2 implies\n\\[\n\\mathbf{screwdriver}*\\mathbf{screwdriver} = \\mathbf{landscape}*\\mathbf{landscape} = (\\mathbf{screwdriver}*\\mathbf{landscape})*(\\mathbf{screwdriver}*\\mathbf{landscape}) = 0 = \\mathbf{hashbrown}.\n\\]\nHence $\\mathbf{screwdriver}*\\mathbf{landscape} = \\mathbf{landscape}*\\mathbf{screwdriver}$, contradicting Lemma~3 because $\\mathbf{screwdriver} \\times \\mathbf{landscape} \\neq 0$.\nThe desired result follows."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "a": "scalarfield",
        "b": "constantvalue",
        "c": "nullvector",
        "x": "fixpoint",
        "y": "stillness",
        "z": "planarvalue",
        "w": "collinear",
        "e": "alterator"
      },
      "question": "Let $G$ be a group, with operation $*$. Suppose that\n\\begin{enumerate}\n\\item[(i)]\n$G$ is a subset of $\\mathbb{R}^3$ (but $*$ need not be related to addition of vectors);\n\\item[(ii)]\nFor each $\\mathbf{scalarfield},\\mathbf{constantvalue} \\in G$, either $\\mathbf{scalarfield}\\times \\mathbf{constantvalue} = \\mathbf{scalarfield}*\\mathbf{constantvalue}$\nor $\\mathbf{scalarfield}\\times \\mathbf{constantvalue} = 0$ (or\nboth), where $\\times$ is the usual cross product in $\\mathbb{R}^3$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $\\mathbf{scalarfield} \\times \\mathbf{constantvalue} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{scalarfield}, \\mathbf{constantvalue} \\in G$.",
      "solution": "We start with three lemmas.\n\\setcounter{lemma}{0}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{fixpoint},\\mathbf{stillness} \\in G$ are nonzero orthogonal vectors, then $\\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{fixpoint}$ is parallel to $\\mathbf{stillness}$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nPut $\\mathbf{planarvalue} = \\mathbf{fixpoint} \\times \\mathbf{stillness} \\neq 0$, so that $\\mathbf{fixpoint},\\mathbf{stillness}$, and $\\mathbf{planarvalue} = \\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{stillness}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal.\nThen $\\mathbf{collinear} = \\mathbf{fixpoint} \\times \\mathbf{planarvalue} \\neq 0$, so $\\mathbf{collinear} = \\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{planarvalue}$ is nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{fixpoint}$ and $\\mathbf{planarvalue}$.\nHowever, if $(\\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{fixpoint}) \\times \\mathbf{stillness} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{collinear} = \\mathbf{fixpoint}*(\\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{stillness}) = (\\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{fixpoint})*\\mathbf{stillness} = (\\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{fixpoint}) \\times \\mathbf{stillness}$ is also orthogonal to $\\mathbf{stillness}$, a contradiction.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{fixpoint} \\in G$ is nonzero, and there exists $\\mathbf{stillness} \\in G$ nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{fixpoint}$, then $\\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{fixpoint} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nLemma~1 implies that $\\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{fixpoint}$ is parallel to both $\\mathbf{stillness}$ and $\\mathbf{fixpoint} \\times \\mathbf{stillness}$, so it must be zero.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{fixpoint},\\mathbf{stillness} \\in G$ commute, then $\\mathbf{fixpoint} \\times \\mathbf{stillness} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nIf $\\mathbf{fixpoint} \\times \\mathbf{stillness} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{stillness} \\times \\mathbf{fixpoint}$ is nonzero\nand distinct from $\\mathbf{fixpoint} \\times \\mathbf{stillness}$. Consequently,\n$\\mathbf{fixpoint}*\\mathbf{stillness} = \\mathbf{fixpoint} \\times \\mathbf{stillness}$\nand $\\mathbf{stillness}*\\mathbf{fixpoint} = \\mathbf{stillness} \\times \\mathbf{fixpoint} \\neq \\mathbf{fixpoint} * \\mathbf{stillness}$.\n\\end{proof}\n\nWe proceed now to the proof. Assume by way of contradiction that there exist $\\mathbf{scalarfield},\\mathbf{constantvalue} \\in G$ with $\\mathbf{scalarfield} \\times \\mathbf{constantvalue}\n\\neq 0$. Put $\\mathbf{nullvector} = \\mathbf{scalarfield}\\times \\mathbf{constantvalue} = \\mathbf{scalarfield}*\\mathbf{constantvalue}$, so that $\\mathbf{scalarfield},\\mathbf{constantvalue},\\mathbf{nullvector}$ are nonzero and linearly independent. Let $\\mathbf{alterator}$ be the identity\nelement of $G$. Since $\\mathbf{alterator}$ commutes with $\\mathbf{scalarfield},\\mathbf{constantvalue},\\mathbf{nullvector}$, by Lemma~3 we have $\\mathbf{alterator} \\times \\mathbf{scalarfield} = \\mathbf{alterator} \\times \\mathbf{constantvalue} = \\mathbf{alterator} \\times \\mathbf{nullvector} = 0$.\nSince $\\mathbf{scalarfield},\\mathbf{constantvalue},\\mathbf{nullvector}$ span $\\RR^3$, $\\mathbf{alterator} \\times \\mathbf{x} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{x} \\in \\RR^3$, so $\\mathbf{alterator} = 0$.\n\nSince $\\mathbf{constantvalue},\\mathbf{nullvector}$, and $\\mathbf{constantvalue} \\times \\mathbf{nullvector} = \\mathbf{constantvalue}*\\mathbf{nullvector}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal, Lemma~2 implies\n\\[\n\\mathbf{constantvalue}*\\mathbf{constantvalue} = \\mathbf{nullvector}*\\mathbf{nullvector} = (\\mathbf{constantvalue}*\\mathbf{nullvector})*(\\mathbf{constantvalue}*\\mathbf{nullvector}) = 0 = \\mathbf{alterator}.\n\\]\nHence $\\mathbf{constantvalue}*\\mathbf{nullvector} = \\mathbf{nullvector}*\\mathbf{constantvalue}$, contradicting Lemma~3 because $\\mathbf{constantvalue} \\times \\mathbf{nullvector} \\neq 0$.\nThe desired result follows."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "a": "qzxwvtnp",
        "b": "hjgrksla",
        "c": "uoeypldm",
        "x": "nvfskaer",
        "y": "bcqtdlmn",
        "z": "pxrugvho",
        "w": "ietqrsav",
        "e": "kmnoyhpd"
      },
      "question": "Let $G$ be a group, with operation $*$. Suppose that\n\\begin{enumerate}\n\\item[(i)]\n$G$ is a subset of $\\mathbb{R}^3$ (but $*$ need not be related to addition of vectors);\n\\item[(ii)]\nFor each $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp},\\mathbf{hjgrksla} \\in G$, either $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp}\\times \\mathbf{hjgrksla} = \\mathbf{qzxwvtnp}*\\mathbf{hjgrksla}$\nor $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp}\\times \\mathbf{hjgrksla} = 0$ (or\nboth), where $\\times$ is the usual cross product in $\\mathbb{R}^3$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp} \\times \\mathbf{hjgrksla} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp}, \\mathbf{hjgrksla} \\in G$.",
      "solution": "We start with three lemmas.\n\\setcounter{lemma}{0}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{nvfskaer},\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} \\in G$ are nonzero orthogonal vectors, then $\\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{nvfskaer}$ is parallel to $\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nPut $\\mathbf{pxrugvho} = \\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\times \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} \\neq 0$, so that $\\mathbf{nvfskaer},\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$, and $\\mathbf{pxrugvho} = \\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal.\nThen $\\mathbf{ietqrsav} = \\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\times \\mathbf{pxrugvho} \\neq 0$, so $\\mathbf{ietqrsav} = \\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{pxrugvho}$ is nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{nvfskaer}$ and $\\mathbf{pxrugvho}$.\nHowever, if $(\\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{nvfskaer}) \\times \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{ietqrsav} = \\mathbf{nvfskaer}*(\\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}) = (\\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{nvfskaer})*\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} = (\\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{nvfskaer}) \\times \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$ is also orthogonal to $\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$, a contradiction.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\in G$ is nonzero, and there exists $\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} \\in G$ nonzero and orthogonal to $\\mathbf{nvfskaer}$, then $\\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{nvfskaer} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nLemma~1 implies that $\\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{nvfskaer}$ is parallel to both $\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$ and $\\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\times \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$, so it must be zero.\n\\end{proof}\n\\begin{lemma}\nIf $\\mathbf{nvfskaer},\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} \\in G$ commute, then $\\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\times \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} = 0$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\nIf $\\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\times \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} \\neq 0$, then $\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} \\times \\mathbf{nvfskaer}$ is nonzero\nand distinct from $\\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\times \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$. Consequently,\n$\\mathbf{nvfskaer}*\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} = \\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\times \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$\nand $\\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}*\\mathbf{nvfskaer} = \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn} \\times \\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\neq \\mathbf{nvfskaer} * \\mathbf{bcqtdlmn}$.\n\\end{proof}\n\nWe proceed now to the proof. Assume by way of contradiction that there exist $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp},\\mathbf{hjgrksla} \\in G$ with $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp} \\times \\mathbf{hjgrksla}\n\\neq 0$. Put $\\mathbf{uoeypldm} = \\mathbf{qzxwvtnp}\\times \\mathbf{hjgrksla} = \\mathbf{qzxwvtnp}*\\mathbf{hjgrksla}$, so that $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp},\\mathbf{hjgrksla},\\mathbf{uoeypldm}$ are nonzero and linearly independent. Let $\\mathbf{kmnoyhpd}$ be the identity\nelement of $G$. Since $\\mathbf{kmnoyhpd}$ commutes with $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp},\\mathbf{hjgrksla},\\mathbf{uoeypldm}$, by Lemma~3 we have $\\mathbf{kmnoyhpd} \\times \\mathbf{qzxwvtnp} = \\mathbf{kmnoyhpd} \\times \\mathbf{hjgrksla} = \\mathbf{kmnoyhpd} \\times \\mathbf{uoeypldm} = 0$.\nSince $\\mathbf{qzxwvtnp},\\mathbf{hjgrksla},\\mathbf{uoeypldm}$ span $\\RR^3$, $\\mathbf{kmnoyhpd} \\times \\mathbf{nvfskaer} = 0$ for all $\\mathbf{nvfskaer} \\in \\RR^3$, so $\\mathbf{kmnoyhpd} = 0$.\n\nSince $\\mathbf{hjgrksla},\\mathbf{uoeypldm}$, and $\\mathbf{hjgrksla} \\times \\mathbf{uoeypldm} = \\mathbf{hjgrksla}*\\mathbf{uoeypldm}$ are nonzero and mutually orthogonal, Lemma~2 implies\n\\[\n\\mathbf{hjgrksla}*\\mathbf{hjgrksla} = \\mathbf{uoeypldm}*\\mathbf{uoeypldm} = (\\mathbf{hjgrksla}*\\mathbf{uoeypldm})*(\\mathbf{hjgrksla}*\\mathbf{uoeypldm}) = 0 = \\mathbf{kmnoyhpd}.\n\\]\nHence $\\mathbf{hjgrksla}*\\mathbf{uoeypldm} = \\mathbf{uoeypldm}*\\mathbf{hjgrksla}$, contradicting Lemma~3 because $\\mathbf{hjgrksla} \\times \\mathbf{uoeypldm} \\neq 0$.\nThe desired result follows."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let G be a group with binary operation *. Assume\n(i) G ⊆ ℝ³ (no relation between * and the usual vector addition is assumed);\n(ii) for every u , v ∈ G we have  u×v = u*v  or  u×v = 0  (or both), where × denotes the usual cross–product in ℝ³.\n\nProve that u×v = 0 for every pair u , v ∈ G.",
      "solution": "Throughout, × is the usual cross–product in ℝ³, * is the group operation in G and e denotes the identity element of G.\n\nLemma 1.  If x , y ∈ G are non-zero and x·y = 0, then x*x is either the zero vector or it is parallel to y.\n\nProof.  Put z := x×y.  Because x ⟂ y and both are non-zero, z ≠ 0; hypothesis (ii) gives\n                 z = x*y.                                                    (1)\nSet\n                 s := (x*x)*y.                                               (2)\nBy associativity and (1),\n                 s = x*(x*y) = x*z.                                          (3)\nBy (ii), x*z is either 0 or x×z.  A triple–product computation shows\n                 x×z = x×(x×y) = –‖x‖² y,                                   (4)\nso x×z (if non-zero) is parallel to y; 0 is of course also parallel to y. Hence s is parallel to y.  Now apply (ii) to the pair (x*x , y).  Either (x*x)×y = 0 or\n                 (x*x)×y = (x*x)*y = s.                                     (5)\nIf (x*x)×y ≠ 0, then (5) would say that a non–zero cross–product is parallel to y, impossible because every non-zero cross–product is perpendicular to its two factors.  Therefore (x*x)×y = 0, so x*x is 0 or parallel to y. ∎\n\nLemma 2.  If x ∈ G\\{0} admits a non-zero y ∈ G with x·y = 0, then x*x = 0.\n\nProof.  Lemma 1 applied to (x , y) tells us that x*x is 0 or parallel to y.  Apply Lemma 1 again to (x , x×y) (note that x×y ≠ 0 because x and y are non-zero and orthogonal).  Now x*x is 0 or parallel to x×y.  Because y and x×y are not parallel, the only possibility is x*x = 0. ∎\n\nLemma 3.  If two elements x , y ∈ G commute, then x×y = 0.\n\nProof.  Assume x×y ≠ 0.  Then by (ii) we have x*y = x×y and y*x = y×x = –x×y ≠ x*y, contradicting xy = yx.  Hence x×y = 0. ∎\n\nMain proof.  Suppose, toward a contradiction, that there exist a , b ∈ G with a×b ≠ 0.  Put\n                 c := a×b = a*b.                                             (6)\nThe vector c is orthogonal to both a and b and is non-zero.  Therefore {a , b , c} is a linearly independent set of three vectors in ℝ³ and hence a basis of ℝ³.\n\nStep 1.  The identity element is the zero vector.\nBecause e commutes with every element of G, Lemma 3 yields\n                 e×a = e×b = e×c = 0.                                       (7)\nSince a , b , c span ℝ³, equation (7) forces e×v = 0 for every v ∈ ℝ³.  The only vector whose cross-product with every vector is zero is the zero vector itself, so e = 0.                         (8)\n\nStep 2.  Some squares are zero.\nThe vectors b , c and b×c are mutually orthogonal and non-zero; moreover b×c ≠ 0 implies, by (ii),\n                 b×c = b*c ∈ G.                                              (9)\nApplying Lemma 2 to the orthogonal pairs (b , c), (c , b×c) and (b*c , b) we get\n                 b*b = 0,      c*c = 0,      (b*c)*(b*c) = 0.                (10)\nBecause e = 0, (10) reads\n                 b² = c² = (b*c)² = e.                                      (11)\nIn particular, b and c are their own inverses.\n\nStep 3.  The elements b and c commute — contradiction.\nFrom (11) we have b⁻¹ = b and c⁻¹ = c, so\n                 (b*c)⁻¹ = c⁻¹ b⁻¹ = c*b.                                   (12)\nBut (b*c)² = e implies (b*c)⁻¹ = b*c, whence b*c = c*b.  Lemma 3 then forces b×c = 0.  This contradicts the fact that b×c ≠ 0 (because b ⟂ c and both are non-zero).\n\nThe contradiction shows that our initial assumption a×b ≠ 0 is impossible.  Therefore u×v = 0 for all u , v ∈ G. ∎",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Orthogonal-pair lemma: for non-zero x ⟂ y, the element x*x is forced to be parallel to y (via the cross-product alternatives).",
          "Zero-square lemma: if some non-zero y ⟂ x exists, then x*x must actually be 0.",
          "Commutativity lemma: if two group elements commute, their cross product must vanish.",
          "Contradiction setup: pick a,b with a×b ≠ 0, set c = a×b = a*b; the identity e commutes with a,b,c, so Lemma 3 gives e×v = 0 for every v ⇒ e = 0.",
          "Final clash: Lemma 2 forces b*b = c*c = 0, so b*c = c*b, violating Lemma 3; hence no initial pair with non-zero cross product can exist."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Symbol chosen for the group operation.",
            "original": "*"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Letters used to denote the three key non-zero vectors employed in the contradiction (currently a, b, c).",
            "original": "a, b, c"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "Letter used for the group identity element.",
            "original": "e"
          },
          "slot4": {
            "description": "Explicit division of the argument into exactly three separately-named lemmas (they could be merged or renumbered without affecting the logic).",
            "original": "Lemma 1, Lemma 2, Lemma 3"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}