{
  "index": "2004-B-5",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Evaluate\n\\[\n\\lim_{x \\to 1^-} \\prod_{n=0}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{1 + x^{n+1}}{1 +\nx^n}\\right)^{x^n}.\n\\]",
  "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\nBy taking logarithms, we see that the desired limit is $\\exp(L)$,\nwhere $L = \\lim_{x\\to 1^-} \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} x^n \\left(\n\\ln(1+x^{n+1}) - \\ln(1+x^n) \\right)$. Now\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{n=0}^N x^n \\left( \\ln(1+x^{n+1}) - \\ln(1+x^n) \\right) \\\\\n& = 1/x\n\\sum_{n=0}^N x^{n+1} \\ln(1+x^{n+1}) - \\sum_{n=0}^N x^n\\ln(1+x^n) \\\\\n&=\nx^N \\ln(1+x^{N+1}) - \\ln 2 + (1/x-1) \\sum_{n=1}^N x^n\\ln(1+x^n);\n\\end{align*}\nsince $\\lim_{N\\to\\infty} (x^N\\ln(1+x^{N+1})) = 0$ for $0<x<1$, we\nconclude that $L = - \\ln 2 + \\lim_{x\\to 1^-} f(x)$, where\n\\begin{align*}\nf(x) &= (1/x-1) \\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty} x^n\\ln(1+x^n) \\\\\n&= (1/x-1)\n\\sum_{n=1}^\\infty \\sum_{m=1}^\\infty (-1)^{m+1} x^{n+mn}/m.\n\\end{align*}\nThis final double sum converges absolutely when $0<x<1$, since\n\\begin{align*}\n\\sum_{n=1}^\\infty \\sum_{m=1}^\\infty x^{n+mn}/m &= \\sum_{n=1}^\\infty\nx^n (-\\ln(1-x^n)) \\\\\n&< \\sum_{n=1}^\\infty x^n (-\\ln(1-x)),\n\\end{align*}\nwhich converges. (Note that $-\\ln(1-x)$ and $-\\ln(1-x^n)$ are\npositive.) Hence we may interchange the summations in $f(x)$ to\nobtain\n\\begin{align*}\nf(x) &= (1/x-1) \\sum_{m=1}^\\infty \\sum_{n=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{m+1}\nx^{(m+1)n}}{m} \\\\\n&= (1/x-1) \\sum_{m=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{m+1}}\n{m}\\left(\\frac{x^m(1-x)}{1-x^{m+1}}\\right).\n\\end{align*}\nThis last sum converges absolutely uniformly in $x$, so it is legitimate\nto take limits term by term.\nSince $\\lim_{x\\to 1^-} \\frac{x^m{1-x}}{1-x^{m+1}} = \\frac{1}{m+1}$\nfor fixed $m$, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n\\lim_{x\\to 1^-} f(x) &= \\sum_{m=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{m+1}}{m(m+1)} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{m=1}^\\infty (-1)^{m+1}\\left( \\frac{1}{m}-\\frac{1}{m+1} \\right) \\\\\n&= 2 \\left( \\sum_{m=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{m+1}}{m} \\right) - 1 \\\\ &= 2\n\\ln 2 - 1,\n\\end{align*}\nand hence $L = \\ln 2 - 1$ and the desired limit is $2/e$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} Note that the last series is not absolutely convergent,\nso the recombination must be done without rearranging terms.\n\n\\textbf{Second solution:}\n(by Greg Price, via Tony Zhang and Anders Kaseorg)\nPut $t_n(x) = \\ln(1 + x^n)$;\nwe can then write $x^n = \\exp(t_n(x)) - 1$, and\n\\[\nL = \\lim_{x \\to 1^-} \\sum_{n=0}^\\infty (t_n(x) - t_{n+1}(x))(1 - \\exp(t_n(x))).\n\\]\nThe expression on the right is a Riemann sum approximating the\nintegral $\\int_0^{\\ln 2} (1-e^t)\\,dt$, over the subdivision of $[0,\\ln(2))$\ngiven by the $t_n(x)$. As $x \\to 1^-$, the maximum difference between\nconsecutive $t_n(x)$ tends to 0, so the Riemann sum tends to the value\nof the integral. Hence $L = \\int_0^{\\ln 2}(1 - e^t)\\,dt = \\ln 2 - 1$, as\ndesired.\n\n\\def\\calA{\\mathcal{A}}\n\\def\\calB{\\mathcal{B}}",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "n",
    "m",
    "N",
    "t",
    "t_n",
    "t_n+1"
  ],
  "params": [
    "L",
    "f"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "e"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "variable",
        "n": "indexone",
        "m": "indextwo",
        "N": "indexbig",
        "t": "tempvar",
        "t_n": "tempfunc",
        "t_n+1": "tempfuncnext",
        "L": "limitval",
        "f": "helperf"
      },
      "question": "Evaluate\n\\[\n\\lim_{variable \\to 1^-} \\prod_{indexone=0}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{1 + variable^{indexone+1}}{1 +\nvariable^{indexone}}\\right)^{variable^{indexone}}.\n\\]",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\nBy taking logarithms, we see that the desired limit is $\\exp(limitval)$,\nwhere $limitval = \\lim_{variable\\to 1^-} \\sum_{indexone=0}^{\\infty} variable^{indexone} \\left(\n\\ln(1+variable^{indexone+1}) - \\ln(1+variable^{indexone}) \\right)$. Now\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{indexone=0}^{indexbig} variable^{indexone} \\left( \\ln(1+variable^{indexone+1}) - \\ln(1+variable^{indexone}) \\right) \\\\\n& = 1/variable\n\\sum_{indexone=0}^{indexbig} variable^{indexone+1} \\ln(1+variable^{indexone+1}) - \\sum_{indexone=0}^{indexbig} variable^{indexone}\\ln(1+variable^{indexone}) \\\\\n&=\nvariable^{indexbig} \\ln(1+variable^{indexbig+1}) - \\ln 2 + (1/variable-1) \\sum_{indexone=1}^{indexbig} variable^{indexone}\\ln(1+variable^{indexone});\n\\end{align*}\nsince $\\lim_{indexbig\\to\\infty} (variable^{indexbig}\\ln(1+variable^{indexbig+1})) = 0$ for $0<variable<1$, we\nconclude that $limitval = - \\ln 2 + \\lim_{variable\\to 1^-} helperf(variable)$, where\n\\begin{align*}\nhelperf(variable) &= (1/variable-1) \\sum_{indexone=1}^{\\infty} variable^{indexone}\\ln(1+variable^{indexone}) \\\\\n&= (1/variable-1)\n\\sum_{indexone=1}^\\infty \\sum_{indextwo=1}^\\infty (-1)^{indextwo+1} variable^{indexone+indextwo indexone}/indextwo.\n\\end{align*}\nThis final double sum converges absolutely when $0<variable<1$, since\n\\begin{align*}\n\\sum_{indexone=1}^\\infty \\sum_{indextwo=1}^\\infty variable^{indexone+indextwo indexone}/indextwo &= \\sum_{indexone=1}^\\infty\nvariable^{indexone} (-\\ln(1-variable^{indexone})) \\\\\n&< \\sum_{indexone=1}^\\infty variable^{indexone} (-\\ln(1-variable)),\n\\end{align*}\nwhich converges. (Note that $-\\ln(1-variable)$ and $-\\ln(1-variable^{indexone})$ are\npositive.) Hence we may interchange the summations in $helperf(variable)$ to\nobtain\n\\begin{align*}\nhelperf(variable) &= (1/variable-1) \\sum_{indextwo=1}^\\infty \\sum_{indexone=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{indextwo+1}\nvariable^{(indextwo+1)indexone}}{indextwo} \\\\\n&= (1/variable-1) \\sum_{indextwo=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{indextwo+1}}\n{indextwo}\\left(\\frac{variable^{indextwo}(1-variable)}{1-variable^{indextwo+1}}\\right).\n\\end{align*}\nThis last sum converges absolutely uniformly in variable, so it is legitimate\nto take limits term by term.\nSince $\\lim_{variable\\to 1^-} \\frac{variable^{indextwo}{1-variable}}{1-variable^{indextwo+1}} = \\frac{1}{indextwo+1}$\nfor fixed indextwo, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n\\lim_{variable\\to 1^-} helperf(variable) &= \\sum_{indextwo=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{indextwo+1}}{indextwo(indextwo+1)} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{indextwo=1}^\\infty (-1)^{indextwo+1}\\left( \\frac{1}{indextwo}-\\frac{1}{indextwo+1} \\right) \\\\\n&= 2 \\left( \\sum_{indextwo=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{indextwo+1}}{indextwo} \\right) - 1 \\\\ &= 2\n\\ln 2 - 1,\n\\end{align*}\nand hence $limitval = \\ln 2 - 1$ and the desired limit is $2/e$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} Note that the last series is not absolutely convergent,\nso the recombination must be done without rearranging terms.\n\n\\textbf{Second solution:}\n(by Greg Price, via Tony Zhang and Anders Kaseorg)\nPut $tempfunc(variable) = \\ln(1 + variable^{indexone})$;\nwe can then write $variable^{indexone} = \\exp(tempfunc(variable)) - 1$, and\n\\[\nlimitval = \\lim_{variable \\to 1^-} \\sum_{indexone=0}^\\infty (tempfunc(variable) - tempfuncnext(variable))(1 - \\exp(tempfunc(variable))).\n\\]\nThe expression on the right is a Riemann sum approximating the\nintegral $\\int_0^{\\ln 2} (1-e^{tempvar})\\,dtempvar$, over the subdivision of $[0,\\ln(2))$\ngiven by the $tempfunc(variable)$. As $variable \\to 1^-$, the maximum difference between\nconsecutive $tempfunc(variable)$ tends to 0, so the Riemann sum tends to the value\nof the integral. Hence $limitval = \\int_0^{\\ln 2}(1 - e^{tempvar})\\,dtempvar = \\ln 2 - 1$, as\ndesired.\n\n\\def\\calA{\\mathcal{A}}\n\\def\\calB{\\mathcal{B}}"
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "carousel",
        "n": "labyrinth",
        "m": "sunflower",
        "N": "porcelain",
        "t": "windstorm",
        "t_n": "panoramic",
        "t_n+1": "heirloomed",
        "L": "gemstone",
        "f": "masquerade"
      },
      "question": "Evaluate\n\\[\n\\lim_{carousel \\to 1^-} \\prod_{labyrinth=0}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{1 + carousel^{labyrinth+1}}{1 +\ncarousel^{labyrinth}}\\right)^{carousel^{labyrinth}}.\n\\]",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\nBy taking logarithms, we see that the desired limit is $\\exp(gemstone)$,\nwhere $gemstone = \\lim_{carousel\\to 1^-} \\sum_{labyrinth=0}^{\\infty} carousel^{labyrinth} \\left(\n\\ln(1+carousel^{labyrinth+1}) - \\ln(1+carousel^{labyrinth}) \\right)$. Now\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{labyrinth=0}^{porcelain} carousel^{labyrinth} \\left( \\ln(1+carousel^{labyrinth+1}) - \\ln(1+carousel^{labyrinth}) \\right) \\\\ & = 1/carousel\n\\sum_{labyrinth=0}^{porcelain} carousel^{labyrinth+1} \\ln(1+carousel^{labyrinth+1}) - \\sum_{labyrinth=0}^{porcelain} carousel^{labyrinth}\\ln(1+carousel^{labyrinth}) \\\\\n&=\ncarousel^{porcelain} \\ln(1+carousel^{porcelain+1}) - \\ln 2 + (1/carousel-1) \\sum_{labyrinth=1}^{porcelain} carousel^{labyrinth}\\ln(1+carousel^{labyrinth});\n\\end{align*}\nsince $\\lim_{porcelain\\to\\infty} (carousel^{porcelain}\\ln(1+carousel^{porcelain+1})) = 0$ for $0<carousel<1$, we\nconclude that $gemstone = - \\ln 2 + \\lim_{carousel\\to 1^-} masquerade(carousel)$, where\n\\begin{align*}\nmasquerade(carousel) &= (1/carousel-1) \\sum_{labyrinth=1}^{\\infty} carousel^{labyrinth}\\ln(1+carousel^{labyrinth}) \\\\\n&= (1/carousel-1)\n\\sum_{labyrinth=1}^\\infty \\sum_{sunflower=1}^\\infty (-1)^{sunflower+1} carousel^{labyrinth+sunflower labyrin­­th}/sunflower.\n\\end{align*}\nThis final double sum converges absolutely when $0<carousel<1$, since\n\\begin{align*}\n\\sum_{labyrinth=1}^\\infty \\sum_{sunflower=1}^\\infty carousel^{labyrinth+sunflower labyrinth}/sunflower &= \\sum_{labyrinth=1}^\\infty\ncarousel^{labyrinth} (-\\ln(1-carousel^{labyrinth})) \\\\\n&< \\sum_{labyrinth=1}^\\infty carousel^{labyrinth} (-\\ln(1-carousel)),\n\\end{align*}\nwhich converges. (Note that $-\\ln(1-carousel)$ and $-\\ln(1-carousel^{labyrinth})$ are\npositive.) Hence we may interchange the summations in $masquerade(carousel)$ to\nobtain\n\\begin{align*}\nmasquerade(carousel) &= (1/carousel-1) \\sum_{sunflower=1}^\\infty \\sum_{labyrinth=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{sunflower+1}\ncarousel^{(sunflower+1)labyrinth}}{sunflower} \\\\\n&= (1/carousel-1) \\sum_{sunflower=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{sunflower+1}}\n{sunflower}\\left(\\frac{carousel^{sunflower}(1-carousel)}{1-carousel^{sunflower+1}}\\right).\n\\end{align*}\nThis last sum converges absolutely uniformly in $carousel$, so it is legitimate\nto take limits term by term.\nSince $\\lim_{carousel\\to 1^-} \\frac{carousel^{sunflower}{1-carousel}}{1-carousel^{sunflower+1}} = \\frac{1}{sunflower+1}$\nfor fixed $sunflower$, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n\\lim_{carousel\\to 1^-} masquerade(carousel) &= \\sum_{sunflower=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{sunflower+1}}{sunflower(sunflower+1)} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{sunflower=1}^\\infty (-1)^{sunflower+1}\\left( \\frac{1}{sunflower}-\\frac{1}{sunflower+1} \\right) \\\\\n&= 2 \\left( \\sum_{sunflower=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{sunflower+1}}{sunflower} \\right) - 1 \\\\ &= 2\n\\ln 2 - 1,\n\\end{align*}\nand hence $gemstone = \\ln 2 - 1$ and the desired limit is $2/e$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} Note that the last series is not absolutely convergent,\nso the recombination must be done without rearranging terms.\n\n\\textbf{Second solution:}\n(by Greg Price, via Tony Zhang and Anders Kaseorg)\nPut $panoramic(carousel) = \\ln(1 + carousel^{labyrinth})$;\nwe can then write $carousel^{labyrinth} = \\exp(panoramic(carousel)) - 1$, and\n\\[\ngemstone = \\lim_{carousel \\to 1^-} \\sum_{labyrinth=0}^\\infty (panoramic(carousel) - heirloomed(carousel))(1 - \\exp(panoramic(carousel))).\n\\]\nThe expression on the right is a Riemann sum approximating the\nintegral $\\int_0^{\\ln 2} (1-e^{windstorm})\\,dwindstorm$, over the subdivision of $[0,\\ln(2))$\ngiven by the $panoramic(carousel)$. As $carousel \\to 1^-$, the maximum difference between\nconsecutive $panoramic(carousel)$ tends to 0, so the Riemann sum tends to the value\nof the integral. Hence $gemstone = \\int_0^{\\ln 2}(1 - e^{windstorm})\\,dwindstorm = \\ln 2 - 1$, as\ndesired.\n\n\\def\\calA{\\mathcal{A}}\n\\def\\calB{\\mathcal{B}}"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "steadyvalue",
        "n": "wholeindex",
        "m": "partindex",
        "N": "lowerbound",
        "t": "spacevar",
        "t_n": "staticterm",
        "t_{n+1}": "statictermnext",
        "L": "beginvalue",
        "f": "constant"
      },
      "question": "Evaluate\n\\[\n\\lim_{steadyvalue \\to 1^-} \\prod_{wholeindex=0}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{1 + steadyvalue^{wholeindex+1}}{1 +\nsteadyvalue^{wholeindex}}\\right)^{steadyvalue^{wholeindex}}.\n\\]",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\nBy taking logarithms, we see that the desired limit is $\\exp(beginvalue)$,\nwhere $beginvalue = \\lim_{steadyvalue\\to 1^-} \\sum_{wholeindex=0}^{\\infty} steadyvalue^{wholeindex} \\left(\n\\ln(1+steadyvalue^{wholeindex+1}) - \\ln(1+steadyvalue^{wholeindex}) \\right)$. Now\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{wholeindex=0}^{lowerbound} steadyvalue^{wholeindex} \\left( \\ln(1+steadyvalue^{wholeindex+1}) - \\ln(1+steadyvalue^{wholeindex}) \\right) \\\\\n& = 1/steadyvalue\n\\sum_{wholeindex=0}^{lowerbound} steadyvalue^{wholeindex+1} \\ln(1+steadyvalue^{wholeindex+1}) - \\sum_{wholeindex=0}^{lowerbound} steadyvalue^{wholeindex}\\ln(1+steadyvalue^{wholeindex}) \\\\\n&=\nsteadyvalue^{lowerbound} \\ln(1+steadyvalue^{lowerbound+1}) - \\ln 2 + (1/steadyvalue-1) \\sum_{wholeindex=1}^{lowerbound} steadyvalue^{wholeindex}\\ln(1+steadyvalue^{wholeindex});\n\\end{align*}\nsince $\\lim_{lowerbound\\to\\infty} (steadyvalue^{lowerbound}\\ln(1+steadyvalue^{lowerbound+1})) = 0$ for $0<steadyvalue<1$, we\nconclude that $beginvalue = - \\ln 2 + \\lim_{steadyvalue\\to 1^-} constant(steadyvalue)$, where\n\\begin{align*}\nconstant(steadyvalue) &= (1/steadyvalue-1) \\sum_{wholeindex=1}^{\\infty} steadyvalue^{wholeindex}\\ln(1+steadyvalue^{wholeindex}) \\\\\n&= (1/steadyvalue-1)\n\\sum_{wholeindex=1}^\\infty \\sum_{partindex=1}^\\infty (-1)^{partindex+1} steadyvalue^{wholeindex+partindexwholeindex}/partindex.\n\\end{align*}\nThis final double sum converges absolutely when $0<steadyvalue<1$, since\n\\begin{align*}\n\\sum_{wholeindex=1}^\\infty \\sum_{partindex=1}^\\infty steadyvalue^{wholeindex+partindexwholeindex}/partindex &= \\sum_{wholeindex=1}^\\infty\nsteadyvalue^{wholeindex} (-\\ln(1-steadyvalue^{wholeindex})) \\\\\n&< \\sum_{wholeindex=1}^\\infty steadyvalue^{wholeindex} (-\\ln(1-steadyvalue)),\n\\end{align*}\nwhich converges. (Note that $-\\ln(1-steadyvalue)$ and $-\\ln(1-steadyvalue^{wholeindex})$ are\npositive.) Hence we may interchange the summations in $constant(steadyvalue)$ to\nobtain\n\\begin{align*}\nconstant(steadyvalue) &= (1/steadyvalue-1) \\sum_{partindex=1}^\\infty \\sum_{wholeindex=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{partindex+1}\nsteadyvalue^{(partindex+1)wholeindex}}{partindex} \\\\\n&= (1/steadyvalue-1) \\sum_{partindex=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{partindex+1}}\n{partindex}\\left(\\frac{steadyvalue^{partindex}(1-steadyvalue)}{1-steadyvalue^{partindex+1}}\\right).\n\\end{align*}\nThis last sum converges absolutely uniformly in $steadyvalue$, so it is legitimate\nto take limits term by term.\nSince $\\lim_{steadyvalue\\to 1^-} \\frac{steadyvalue^{partindex}{1-steadyvalue}}{1-steadyvalue^{partindex+1}} = \\frac{1}{partindex+1}$\nfor fixed $partindex$, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n\\lim_{steadyvalue\\to 1^-} constant(steadyvalue) &= \\sum_{partindex=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{partindex+1}}{partindex(partindex+1)} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{partindex=1}^\\infty (-1)^{partindex+1}\\left( \\frac{1}{partindex}-\\frac{1}{partindex+1} \\right) \\\\\n&= 2 \\left( \\sum_{partindex=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{partindex+1}}{partindex} \\right) - 1 \\\\ &= 2\n\\ln 2 - 1,\n\\end{align*}\nand hence $beginvalue = \\ln 2 - 1$ and the desired limit is $2/e$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} Note that the last series is not absolutely convergent,\nso the recombination must be done without rearranging terms.\n\n\\textbf{Second solution:}\n(by Greg Price, via Tony Zhang and Anders Kaseorg)\nPut $staticterm(steadyvalue) = \\ln(1 + steadyvalue^{wholeindex})$;\nwe can then write $steadyvalue^{wholeindex} = \\exp(staticterm(steadyvalue)) - 1$, and\n\\[\nbeginvalue = \\lim_{steadyvalue \\to 1^-} \\sum_{wholeindex=0}^\\infty (staticterm(steadyvalue) - statictermnext(steadyvalue))(1 - \\exp(staticterm(steadyvalue))).\n\\]\nThe expression on the right is a Riemann sum approximating the\nintegral $\\int_0^{\\ln 2} (1-e^{spacevar})\\,dspacevar$, over the subdivision of $[0,\\ln(2))$\ngiven by the $staticterm(steadyvalue)$. As $steadyvalue \\to 1^-$, the maximum difference between\nconsecutive $staticterm(steadyvalue)$ tends to 0, so the Riemann sum tends to the value\nof the integral. Hence $beginvalue = \\int_0^{\\ln 2}(1 - e^{spacevar})\\,dspacevar = \\ln 2 - 1$, as\ndesired.\n\n\\def\\calA{\\mathcal{A}}\n\\def\\calB{\\mathcal{B}}"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "kdfjowpq",
        "n": "wlerizua",
        "m": "ghtabnxc",
        "N": "ruvyqasp",
        "t": "poicmezl",
        "t_n": "hjgbafmz",
        "t_n+1": "qlerdxtz",
        "L": "zdnuvyso",
        "f": "basumtek"
      },
      "question": "Evaluate\n\\[\n\\lim_{kdfjowpq \\to 1^-} \\prod_{wlerizua=0}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{1 + kdfjowpq^{wlerizua+1}}{1 +\nkdfjowpq^{wlerizua}}\\right)^{kdfjowpq^{wlerizua}}.\n\\]",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\nBy taking logarithms, we see that the desired limit is $\\exp(\\zdnuvyso)$,\nwhere $\\zdnuvyso = \\lim_{kdfjowpq\\to 1^-} \\sum_{wlerizua=0}^{\\infty} kdfjowpq^{wlerizua} \\left(\n\\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{wlerizua+1}) - \\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{wlerizua}) \\right)$. Now\n\\begin{align*}\n&\\sum_{wlerizua=0}^{\\ruvyqasp} kdfjowpq^{wlerizua} \\left( \\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{wlerizua+1}) - \\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{wlerizua}) \\right) \\\\\n& = 1/kdfjowpq\n\\sum_{wlerizua=0}^{\\ruvyqasp} kdfjowpq^{wlerizua+1} \\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{wlerizua+1}) - \\sum_{wlerizua=0}^{\\ruvyqasp} kdfjowpq^{wlerizua}\\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{wlerizua}) \\\\\n&=\nkdfjowpq^{\\ruvyqasp} \\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{\\ruvyqasp+1}) - \\ln 2 + (1/kdfjowpq-1) \\sum_{wlerizua=1}^{\\ruvyqasp} kdfjowpq^{wlerizua}\\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{wlerizua});\n\\end{align*}\nsince $\\lim_{\\ruvyqasp\\to\\infty} (kdfjowpq^{\\ruvyqasp}\\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{\\ruvyqasp+1})) = 0$ for $0<kdfjowpq<1$, we\nconclude that $\\zdnuvyso = - \\ln 2 + \\lim_{kdfjowpq\\to 1^-} \\basumtek(kdfjowpq)$, where\n\\begin{align*}\n\\basumtek(kdfjowpq) &= (1/kdfjowpq-1) \\sum_{wlerizua=1}^{\\infty} kdfjowpq^{wlerizua}\\ln(1+kdfjowpq^{wlerizua}) \\\\\n&= (1/kdfjowpq-1)\n\\sum_{wlerizua=1}^\\infty \\sum_{ghtabnxc=1}^\\infty (-1)^{ghtabnxc+1} kdfjowpq^{wlerizua+ghtabnxc wlerizua}/ghtabnxc.\n\\end{align*}\nThis final double sum converges absolutely when $0<kdfjowpq<1$, since\n\\begin{align*}\n\\sum_{wlerizua=1}^\\infty \\sum_{ghtabnxc=1}^\\infty kdfjowpq^{wlerizua+ghtabnxc wlerizua}/ghtabnxc &= \\sum_{wlerizua=1}^\\infty\nkdfjowpq^{wlerizua} (-\\ln(1-kdfjowpq^{wlerizua})) \\\\\n&< \\sum_{wlerizua=1}^\\infty kdfjowpq^{wlerizua} (-\\ln(1-kdfjowpq)),\n\\end{align*}\nwhich converges. (Note that $-\\ln(1-kdfjowpq)$ and $-\\ln(1-kdfjowpq^{wlerizua})$ are\npositive.) Hence we may interchange the summations in $\\basumtek(kdfjowpq)$ to\nobtain\n\\begin{align*}\n\\basumtek(kdfjowpq) &= (1/kdfjowpq-1) \\sum_{ghtabnxc=1}^\\infty \\sum_{wlerizua=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{ghtabnxc+1}\nkdfjowpq^{(ghtabnxc+1)wlerizua}}{ghtabnxc} \\\\\n&= (1/kdfjowpq-1) \\sum_{ghtabnxc=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{ghtabnxc+1}}\n{ghtabnxc}\\left(\\frac{kdfjowpq^{ghtabnxc}(1-kdfjowpq)}{1-kdfjowpq^{ghtabnxc+1}}\\right).\n\\end{align*}\nThis last sum converges absolutely uniformly in $kdfjowpq$, so it is legitimate\nto take limits term by term.\nSince $\\lim_{kdfjowpq\\to 1^-} \\frac{kdfjowpq^{ghtabnxc}{1-kdfjowpq}}{1-kdfjowpq^{ghtabnxc+1}} = \\frac{1}{ghtabnxc+1}$\nfor fixed $ghtabnxc$, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n\\lim_{kdfjowpq\\to 1^-} \\basumtek(kdfjowpq) &= \\sum_{ghtabnxc=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{ghtabnxc+1}}{ghtabnxc(ghtabnxc+1)} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{ghtabnxc=1}^\\infty (-1)^{ghtabnxc+1}\\left( \\frac{1}{ghtabnxc}-\\frac{1}{ghtabnxc+1} \\right) \\\\\n&= 2 \\left( \\sum_{ghtabnxc=1}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^{ghtabnxc+1}}{ghtabnxc} \\right) - 1 \\\\ &= 2\n\\ln 2 - 1,\n\\end{align*}\nand hence $\\zdnuvyso = \\ln 2 - 1$ and the desired limit is $2/e$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} Note that the last series is not absolutely convergent,\nso the recombination must be done without rearranging terms.\n\n\\textbf{Second solution:}\n(by Greg Price, via Tony Zhang and Anders Kaseorg)\nPut $\\hjgbafmz(kdfjowpq) = \\ln(1 + kdfjowpq^{wlerizua})$;\nwe can then write $kdfjowpq^{wlerizua} = \\exp(\\hjgbafmz(kdfjowpq)) - 1$, and\n\\[\n\\zdnuvyso = \\lim_{kdfjowpq \\to 1^-} \\sum_{wlerizua=0}^\\infty (\\hjgbafmz(kdfjowpq) - \\qlerdxtz(kdfjowpq))(1 - \\exp(\\hjgbafmz(kdfjowpq))).\n\\]\nThe expression on the right is a Riemann sum approximating the\nintegral $\\int_0^{\\ln 2} (1-e^{\\poicmezl})\\,d\\poicmezl$, over the subdivision of $[0,\\ln(2))$\ngiven by the $\\hjgbafmz(kdfjowpq)$. As $kdfjowpq \\to 1^-$, the maximum difference between\nconsecutive $\\hjgbafmz(kdfjowpq)$ tends to 0, so the Riemann sum tends to the value\nof the integral. Hence $\\zdnuvyso = \\int_0^{\\ln 2}(1 - e^{\\poicmezl})\\,d\\poicmezl = \\ln 2 - 1$, as\ndesired.\n\n\\def\\calA{\\mathcal{A}}\n\\def\\calB{\\mathcal{B}}"
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Evaluate\n\\[\n\\lim_{x\\to 1^-} \\prod_{n=2}^{\\infty}\\left(\\frac{2 + x^{n+2}}{2 + x^{n}}\\right)^{x^{n}}.\n\\]",
      "solution": "Define\n  P(x)=∏_{n=2}^∞\\Bigl(\\frac{2+x^{n+2}}{2+x^n}\\Bigr)^{x^n},\nso we seek L=lim_{x→1^-}P(x).  Take logarithms:\n  L(x)=ln P(x)=∑_{n=2}^∞ x^n[ln(2+x^{n+2})−ln(2+x^n)].\nTelescoping gives\n  L(x)=−x^2ln(2+x^2)−x^3ln(2+x^3)\n        +\\bigl(1/x^2−1\\bigr)\\sum_{n=4}^∞ x^n ln(2+x^n).\nNext expand\n  ln(2+x^n)=ln 2+∑_{m=1}^∞(−1)^{m+1}x^{mn}/(m·2^m),\nso that\n  ∑_{n=4}^∞ x^n ln(2+x^n)\n    =ln2·x^4/(1−x)\n     +∑_{m=1}^∞(−1)^{m+1}/(m·2^m)·x^{4(m+1)}/(1−x^{m+1}).\nAs x→1⁻ one checks:\n  x^2ln(2+x^2)+x^3ln(2+x^3)→2 ln 3,\n  (1/x^2−1)~2(1−x),\n  x^4/(1−x)~1/(1−x),\n  x^{4(m+1)}/(1−x^{m+1})~1/[(m+1)(1−x)].\nHence the ln 2-term contributes 2 ln 2, and the m-sum contributes\n  2\\sum_{m=1}^∞(−1)^{m+1}/[m(m+1)2^m].\nSet\n  S=∑_{m=1}^∞(−1)^{m+1}/[m(m+1)2^m].\nOne finds\n  ∑_{m=1}^∞(−1)^{m+1}/(m 2^m)=ln(3/2),\n  ∑_{m=1}^∞(−1)^{m+1}/((m+1)2^m)=−2 ln(3/2)+1,\nso S=3 ln(3/2)−1.  Therefore\n  L=lim_{x→1^-}L(x)=−2 ln 3+2 ln 2+2S\n    =4 ln(3/2)−2 = ln((3/2)^4)−2.\nExponentiating gives the desired limit\n  lim_{x→1^-}P(x)=e^L=(3/2)^4 e^{−2}=(81/16)e^{−2}.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Logarithm converts the infinite product into a single series.",
          "A summation-by-parts (telescoping) rewrite isolates a factor (1/x−1) times ∑ xⁿ ln(1+xⁿ).",
          "Absolute convergence lets the two infinite sums be interchanged safely.",
          "Take the term-by-term limit as x→1⁻ to obtain an alternating series with rational terms.",
          "Evaluate that alternating telescoping series (giving ln 2−1) and exponentiate to get the final limit."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "The constant added inside the logarithm, i.e. the “+1” in ln(1+xⁿ). Replacing it by any fixed positive constant c would carry the same argument through (yielding ln(c+1) in place of ln 2).",
            "original": "1"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "The one-step index shift between numerator and denominator, i.e. using n+1 versus n. Any fixed shift k≥1 (so numerator uses n+k) still permits the same telescoping manipulation.",
            "original": "1 (the ‘+1’ in n+1)"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "The starting index of the product/series. Beginning at n=m instead of 0 only changes the constant term but leaves the chain of lemmas untouched.",
            "original": "0"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "calculation"
}