{
  "index": "1993-A-5",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "\\begin{gather*}\n\\int_{-100}^{-10} \\left( \\frac{x^2 - x}{x^3 - 3x + 1} \\right)^2\\,dx + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{\\frac{1}{11}} \\left( \\frac{x^2 - x}{x^3 - 3x + 1} \\right)^2\\,dx + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{\\frac{11}{10}} \\left( \\frac{x^2 - x}{x^3 - 3x + 1} \\right)^2\\,dx\n\\end{gather*}\nis a rational number.",
  "solution": "Solution 1. The polynomial \\( x^{3}-3 x+1 \\) changes sign in each of the intervals \\( [-2,-1],[1 / 3,1 / 2],[3 / 2,2] \\), so it has no zeros outside these intervals. Hence in the problem, the integrand is continuous on the three ranges of integration.\n\nBy the substitutions \\( x=1 /(1-t) \\) and \\( x=1-1 / t \\), the integrals over \\( [1 / 101,1 / 11] \\) and \\( [101 / 100,11 / 10] \\) are respectively converted into integrals over \\( [-100,-10] \\). The integrand\n\\[\nQ(x)=\\left(\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3 x+1}\\right)^{2}\n\\]\nis invariant under each of the substitutions \\( x \\rightarrow 1 /(1-x) \\) and \\( x \\rightarrow 1-1 / x \\). Hence the sum of the three given integrals is expressible as\n\\[\n\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3 x+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{x^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-x)^{2}}\\right) d x .\n\\]\n\nBut\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{Q(x)}=\\left(x+1-\\frac{1}{x}-\\frac{1}{x-1}\\right)^{2},\n\\]\nso the last integral is of the form \\( \\int u^{-2} d u \\). Hence its value is\n\\[\n-\\left.\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3 x+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10},\n\\]\nwhich is rational.\nSolution 2. Set\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf(t)= & \\int_{-100}^{t}\\left(\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3 x+1}\\right)^{2} d x+\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{1 /(1-t)}\\left(\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3 x+1}\\right)^{2} d x \\\\\n& +\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{1-1 / t}\\left(\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3 x+1}\\right)^{2} d x\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nfor \\( -100 \\leq t \\leq-10 \\). We want \\( f(-10) \\). By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,\n\\[\nf^{\\prime}(t)=Q(t)+Q\\left(\\frac{1}{1-t}\\right) \\frac{1}{(1-t)^{2}}+Q\\left(1-\\frac{1}{t}\\right) \\frac{1}{t^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe find that \\( Q(1 /(1-x))=Q(1-1 / x)=Q(x)( \\) in fact \\( x \\mapsto 1 /(1-x) \\) and \\( x \\mapsto 1-1 / x \\) are inverses of each other), so\n\\[\nf(-10)=\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3 x+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{x^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-x)^{2}}\\right) d x .\n\\]\n\nThe integrand equals\n\\[\n\\frac{x^{4}-2 x^{3}+3 x^{2}-2 x+1}{\\left(x^{3}-3 x+1\\right)^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe guess that this is the derivative of a quotient\n\\[\n\\frac{A x^{2}+B x+C}{x^{3}-3 x+1}\n\\]\nand solve for the undetermined coefficients, obtaining \\( A=-1, B=1, C=0 \\). Thus\n\\[\nf(-10)=\\left.\\frac{-x^{2}+x}{x^{3}-3 x+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10}\n\\]\nwhich is rational.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "t",
    "u"
  ],
  "params": [
    "Q",
    "f",
    "A",
    "B",
    "C"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "unknownx",
        "t": "unknownt",
        "u": "unknownu",
        "Q": "integrandfunc",
        "f": "sumfunction",
        "A": "coeffalpha",
        "B": "coeffbeta",
        "C": "coeffgamma"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{gather*}\n\\int_{-100}^{-10} \\left( \\frac{unknownx^2 - unknownx}{unknownx^3 - 3 unknownx + 1} \\right)^2\\,d unknownx + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{\\frac{1}{11}} \\left( \\frac{unknownx^2 - unknownx}{unknownx^3 - 3 unknownx + 1} \\right)^2\\,d unknownx + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{\\frac{11}{10}} \\left( \\frac{unknownx^2 - unknownx}{unknownx^3 - 3 unknownx + 1} \\right)^2\\,d unknownx\n\\end{gather*}\nis a rational number.",
      "solution": "Solution 1. The polynomial \\( unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1 \\) changes sign in each of the intervals \\( [-2,-1],[1 / 3,1 / 2],[3 / 2,2] \\), so it has no zeros outside these intervals. Hence in the problem, the integrand is continuous on the three ranges of integration.\n\nBy the substitutions \\( unknownx=1 /(1-unknownt) \\) and \\( unknownx=1-1 / unknownt \\), the integrals over \\( [1 / 101,1 / 11] \\) and \\( [101 / 100,11 / 10] \\) are respectively converted into integrals over \\( [-100,-10] \\). The integrand\n\\[\nintegrandfunc(unknownx)=\\left(\\frac{unknownx^{2}-unknownx}{unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1}\\right)^{2}\n\\]\nis invariant under each of the substitutions \\( unknownx \\rightarrow 1 /(1-unknownx) \\) and \\( unknownx \\rightarrow 1-1 / unknownx \\). Hence the sum of the three given integrals is expressible as\n\\[\n\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{unknownx^{2}-unknownx}{unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{unknownx^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-unknownx)^{2}}\\right) d unknownx .\n\\]\n\nBut\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{integrandfunc(unknownx)}=\\left(unknownx+1-\\frac{1}{unknownx}-\\frac{1}{unknownx-1}\\right)^{2},\n\\]\nso the last integral is of the form \\( \\int unknownu^{-2} d unknownu \\). Hence its value is\n\\[\n-\\left.\\frac{unknownx^{2}-unknownx}{unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10},\n\\]\nwhich is rational.\n\nSolution 2. Set\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nsumfunction(unknownt)= & \\int_{-100}^{\\unknownt}\\left(\\frac{unknownx^{2}-unknownx}{unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1}\\right)^{2} d unknownx+\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{1 /(1-\\unknownt)}\\left(\\frac{unknownx^{2}-unknownx}{unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1}\\right)^{2} d unknownx \\\\\n& +\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{1-1 / \\unknownt}\\left(\\frac{unknownx^{2}-unknownx}{unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1}\\right)^{2} d unknownx\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nfor \\( -100 \\leq \\unknownt \\leq-10 \\). We want \\( sumfunction(-10) \\). By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,\n\\[\nsumfunction^{\\prime}(\\unknownt)=integrandfunc(\\unknownt)+integrandfunc\\left(\\frac{1}{1-\\unknownt}\\right) \\frac{1}{(1-\\unknownt)^{2}}+integrandfunc\\left(1-\\frac{1}{\\unknownt}\\right) \\frac{1}{\\unknownt^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe find that \\( integrandfunc(1 /(1-unknownx))=integrandfunc(1-1 / unknownx)=integrandfunc(unknownx)( \\) in fact \\( unknownx \\mapsto 1 /(1-unknownx) \\) and \\( unknownx \\mapsto 1-1 / unknownx \\) are inverses of each other), so\n\\[\nsumfunction(-10)=\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{unknownx^{2}-unknownx}{unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{unknownx^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-unknownx)^{2}}\\right) d unknownx .\n\\]\n\nThe integrand equals\n\\[\n\\frac{unknownx^{4}-2 unknownx^{3}+3 unknownx^{2}-2 unknownx+1}{\\left(unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1\\right)^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe guess that this is the derivative of a quotient\n\\[\n\\frac{coeffalpha \\, unknownx^{2}+coeffbeta \\, unknownx+coeffgamma}{unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1}\n\\]\nand solve for the undetermined coefficients, obtaining \\( coeffalpha=-1, coeffbeta=1, coeffgamma=0 \\). Thus\n\\[\nsumfunction(-10)=\\left.\\frac{-unknownx^{2}+unknownx}{unknownx^{3}-3 unknownx+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10}\n\\]\nwhich is rational."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "sunflower",
        "t": "cinnamon",
        "u": "butterfly",
        "Q": "chocolate",
        "f": "marigold",
        "A": "elephant",
        "B": "pineapple",
        "C": "telescope"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{gather*}\n\\int_{-100}^{-10} \\left( \\frac{sunflower^2 - sunflower}{sunflower^3 - 3 sunflower + 1} \\right)^2\\,d sunflower + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{\\frac{1}{11}} \\left( \\frac{sunflower^2 - sunflower}{sunflower^3 - 3 sunflower + 1} \\right)^2\\,d sunflower + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{\\frac{11}{10}} \\left( \\frac{sunflower^2 - sunflower}{sunflower^3 - 3 sunflower + 1} \\right)^2\\,d sunflower\n\\end{gather*}\nis a rational number.",
      "solution": "Solution 1. The polynomial \\( sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1 \\) changes sign in each of the intervals \\( [-2,-1],[1 / 3,1 / 2],[3 / 2,2] \\), so it has no zeros outside these intervals. Hence in the problem, the integrand is continuous on the three ranges of integration.\n\nBy the substitutions \\( sunflower=1 /(1-cinnamon) \\) and \\( sunflower=1-1 / cinnamon \\), the integrals over \\( [1 / 101,1 / 11] \\) and \\( [101 / 100,11 / 10] \\) are respectively converted into integrals over \\( [-100,-10] \\). The integrand\n\\[\nchocolate(sunflower)=\\left(\\frac{sunflower^{2}-sunflower}{sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1}\\right)^{2}\n\\]\nis invariant under each of the substitutions \\( sunflower \\rightarrow 1 /(1-sunflower) \\) and \\( sunflower \\rightarrow 1-1 / sunflower \\). Hence the sum of the three given integrals is expressible as\n\\[\n\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{sunflower^{2}-sunflower}{sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{sunflower^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-sunflower)^{2}}\\right) d sunflower .\n\\]\n\nBut\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{chocolate(sunflower)}=\\left(sunflower+1-\\frac{1}{sunflower}-\\frac{1}{sunflower-1}\\right)^{2},\n\\]\nso the last integral is of the form \\( \\int butterfly^{-2} d butterfly \\). Hence its value is\n\\[\n-\\left.\\frac{sunflower^{2}-sunflower}{sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10},\n\\]\nwhich is rational.\n\nSolution 2. Set\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nmarigold(cinnamon)= & \\int_{-100}^{cinnamon}\\left(\\frac{sunflower^{2}-sunflower}{sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1}\\right)^{2} d sunflower+\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{1 /(1-cinnamon)}\\left(\\frac{sunflower^{2}-sunflower}{sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1}\\right)^{2} d sunflower \\\\\n& +\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{1-1 / cinnamon}\\left(\\frac{sunflower^{2}-sunflower}{sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1}\\right)^{2} d sunflower\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nfor \\( -100 \\leq cinnamon \\leq-10 \\). We want \\( marigold(-10) \\). By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,\n\\[\nmarigold^{\\prime}(cinnamon)=chocolate(cinnamon)+chocolate\\left(\\frac{1}{1-cinnamon}\\right) \\frac{1}{(1-cinnamon)^{2}}+chocolate\\left(1-\\frac{1}{cinnamon}\\right) \\frac{1}{cinnamon^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe find that \\( chocolate(1 /(1-sunflower))=chocolate(1-1 / sunflower)=chocolate(sunflower)( \\) in fact \\( sunflower \\mapsto 1 /(1-sunflower) \\) and \\( sunflower \\mapsto 1-1 / sunflower \\) are inverses of each other), so\n\\[\nmarigold(-10)=\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{sunflower^{2}-sunflower}{sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{sunflower^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-sunflower)^{2}}\\right) d sunflower .\n\\]\n\nThe integrand equals\n\\[\n\\frac{sunflower^{4}-2 sunflower^{3}+3 sunflower^{2}-2 sunflower+1}{\\left(sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1\\right)^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe guess that this is the derivative of a quotient\n\\[\n\\frac{elephant sunflower^{2}+pineapple sunflower+telescope}{sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1}\n\\]\nand solve for the undetermined coefficients, obtaining \\( elephant=-1, pineapple=1, telescope=0 \\). Thus\n\\[\nmarigold(-10)=\\left.\\frac{-sunflower^{2}+sunflower}{sunflower^{3}-3 sunflower+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10}\n\\]\nwhich is rational."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "knownconst",
        "t": "timeless",
        "u": "fixedvalue",
        "Q": "productfun",
        "f": "steadyval",
        "A": "exponentc",
        "B": "intercept",
        "C": "variating"
      },
      "question": "Problem:\n<<<\n\\begin{gather*}\n\\int_{-100}^{-10} \\left( \\frac{knownconst^2 - knownconst}{knownconst^3 - 3knownconst + 1} \\right)^2\\,dknownconst + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{\\frac{1}{11}} \\left( \\frac{knownconst^2 - knownconst}{knownconst^3 - 3knownconst + 1} \\right)^2\\,dknownconst + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{\\frac{11}{10}} \\left( \\frac{knownconst^2 - knownconst}{knownconst^3 - 3knownconst + 1} \\right)^2\\,dknownconst\n\\end{gather*}\nis a rational number.\n>>>\n",
      "solution": "Solution:\n<<<\nSolution 1. The polynomial \\( knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1 \\) changes sign in each of the intervals \\( [-2,-1],[1 / 3,1 / 2],[3 / 2,2] \\), so it has no zeros outside these intervals. Hence in the problem, the integrand is continuous on the three ranges of integration.\n\nBy the substitutions \\( knownconst=1 /(1-timeless) \\) and \\( knownconst=1-1 / timeless \\), the integrals over \\( [1 / 101,1 / 11] \\) and \\( [101 / 100,11 / 10] \\) are respectively converted into integrals over \\( [-100,-10] \\). The integrand\n\\[\nproductfun(knownconst)=\\left(\\frac{knownconst^{2}-knownconst}{knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1}\\right)^{2}\n\\]\nis invariant under each of the substitutions \\( knownconst \\rightarrow 1 /(1-knownconst) \\) and \\( knownconst \\rightarrow 1-1 / knownconst \\). Hence the sum of the three given integrals is expressible as\n\\[\n\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{knownconst^{2}-knownconst}{knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{knownconst^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-knownconst)^{2}}\\right) d knownconst .\n\\]\n\nBut\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{productfun(knownconst)}=\\left(knownconst+1-\\frac{1}{knownconst}-\\frac{1}{knownconst-1}\\right)^{2},\n\\]\nso the last integral is of the form \\( \\int fixedvalue^{-2} d fixedvalue \\). Hence its value is\n\\[\n-\\left.\\frac{knownconst^{2}-knownconst}{knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10},\n\\]\nwhich is rational.\nSolution 2. Set\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nsteadyval(timeless)= & \\int_{-100}^{timeless}\\left(\\frac{knownconst^{2}-knownconst}{knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1}\\right)^{2} d knownconst+\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{1 /(1-timeless)}\\left(\\frac{knownconst^{2}-knownconst}{knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1}\\right)^{2} d knownconst \\\\\n& +\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{1-1 / timeless}\\left(\\frac{knownconst^{2}-knownconst}{knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1}\\right)^{2} d knownconst\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nfor \\( -100 \\leq timeless \\leq-10 \\). We want \\( steadyval(-10) \\). By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,\n\\[\nsteadyval^{\\prime}(timeless)=productfun(timeless)+productfun\\left(\\frac{1}{1-timeless}\\right) \\frac{1}{(1-timeless)^{2}}+productfun\\left(1-\\frac{1}{timeless}\\right) \\frac{1}{timeless^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe find that \\( productfun(1 /(1-knownconst))=productfun(1-1 / knownconst)=productfun(knownconst)( \\) in fact \\( knownconst \\mapsto 1 /(1-knownconst) \\) and \\( knownconst \\mapsto 1-1 / knownconst \\) are inverses of each other), so\n\\[\nsteadyval(-10)=\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{knownconst^{2}-knownconst}{knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{knownconst^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-knownconst)^{2}}\\right) d knownconst .\n\\]\n\nThe integrand equals\n\\[\n\\frac{knownconst^{4}-2 knownconst^{3}+3 knownconst^{2}-2 knownconst+1}{\\left(knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1\\right)^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe guess that this is the derivative of a quotient\n\\[\n\\frac{exponentc knownconst^{2}+intercept knownconst+variating}{knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1}\n\\]\nand solve for the undetermined coefficients, obtaining \\( exponentc=-1, intercept=1, variating=0 \\). Thus\n\\[\nsteadyval(-10)=\\left.\\frac{-knownconst^{2}+knownconst}{knownconst^{3}-3 knownconst+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10}\n\\]\nwhich is rational.\n>>>\n"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "t": "hjgrksla",
        "u": "mvdljrqe",
        "Q": "lfkndpwo",
        "f": "sbhrmkju",
        "A": "gdvplzre",
        "B": "nqxdrsaf",
        "C": "twlmgbvi"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{gather*}\n\\int_{-100}^{-10} \\left( \\frac{qzxwvtnp^2 - qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^3 - 3qzxwvtnp + 1} \\right)^2\\,dqzxwvtnp + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{\\frac{1}{11}} \\left( \\frac{qzxwvtnp^2 - qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^3 - 3qzxwvtnp + 1} \\right)^2\\,dqzxwvtnp + \\\\\n\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{\\frac{11}{10}} \\left( \\frac{qzxwvtnp^2 - qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^3 - 3qzxwvtnp + 1} \\right)^2\\,dqzxwvtnp\n\\end{gather*}\nis a rational number.",
      "solution": "Solution 1. The polynomial \\( qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1 \\) changes sign in each of the intervals \\( [-2,-1],[1 / 3,1 / 2],[3 / 2,2] \\), so it has no zeros outside these intervals. Hence in the problem, the integrand is continuous on the three ranges of integration.\n\nBy the substitutions \\( qzxwvtnp=1 /(1-hjgrksla) \\) and \\( qzxwvtnp=1-1 / hjgrksla \\), the integrals over \\( [1 / 101,1 / 11] \\) and \\( [101 / 100,11 / 10] \\) are respectively converted into integrals over \\( [-100,-10] \\). The integrand\n\\[\nlfkndpwo(qzxwvtnp)=\\left(\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2}-qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1}\\right)^{2}\n\\]\nis invariant under each of the substitutions \\( qzxwvtnp \\rightarrow 1 /(1-qzxwvtnp) \\) and \\( qzxwvtnp \\rightarrow 1-1 / qzxwvtnp \\). Hence the sum of the three given integrals is expressible as\n\\[\n\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2}-qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{qzxwvtnp^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-qzxwvtnp)^{2}}\\right) d qzxwvtnp .\n\\]\n\nBut\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{lfkndpwo(qzxwvtnp)}=\\left(qzxwvtnp+1-\\frac{1}{qzxwvtnp}-\\frac{1}{qzxwvtnp-1}\\right)^{2},\n\\]\nso the last integral is of the form \\( \\int mvdljrqe^{-2} d mvdljrqe \\). Hence its value is\n\\[\n-\\left.\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2}-qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10},\n\\]\nwhich is rational.\n\nSolution 2. Set\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nsbhrmkju(hjgrksla)= & \\int_{-100}^{hjgrksla}\\left(\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2}-qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1}\\right)^{2} d qzxwvtnp+\\int_{\\frac{1}{101}}^{1 /(1-hjgrksla)}\\left(\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2}-qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1}\\right)^{2} d qzxwvtnp \\\\\n& +\\int_{\\frac{101}{100}}^{1-1 / hjgrksla}\\left(\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2}-qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1}\\right)^{2} d qzxwvtnp\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nfor \\( -100 \\leq hjgrksla \\leq-10 \\). We want \\( sbhrmkju(-10) \\). By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,\n\\[\nsbhrmkju^{\\prime}(hjgrksla)=lfkndpwo(hjgrksla)+lfkndpwo\\left(\\frac{1}{1-hjgrksla}\\right) \\frac{1}{(1-hjgrksla)^{2}}+lfkndpwo\\left(1-\\frac{1}{hjgrksla}\\right) \\frac{1}{hjgrksla^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe find that \\( lfkndpwo(1 /(1-qzxwvtnp))=lfkndpwo(1-1 / qzxwvtnp)=lfkndpwo(qzxwvtnp)( \\) in fact \\( qzxwvtnp \\mapsto 1 /(1-qzxwvtnp) \\) and \\( qzxwvtnp \\mapsto 1-1 / qzxwvtnp \\) are inverses of each other), so\n\\[\nsbhrmkju(-10)=\\int_{-100}^{-10}\\left(\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2}-qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1}\\right)^{2}\\left(1+\\frac{1}{qzxwvtnp^{2}}+\\frac{1}{(1-qzxwvtnp)^{2}}\\right) d qzxwvtnp .\n\\]\n\nThe integrand equals\n\\[\n\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{4}-2 qzxwvtnp^{3}+3 qzxwvtnp^{2}-2 qzxwvtnp+1}{\\left(qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1\\right)^{2}} .\n\\]\n\nWe guess that this is the derivative of a quotient\n\\[\n\\frac{gdvplzre qzxwvtnp^{2}+nqxdrsaf qzxwvtnp+twlmgbvi}{qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1}\n\\]\nand solve for the undetermined coefficients, obtaining \\( gdvplzre=-1, nqxdrsaf=1, twlmgbvi=0 \\). Thus\n\\[\nsbhrmkju(-10)=\\left.\\frac{-qzxwvtnp^{2}+qzxwvtnp}{qzxwvtnp^{3}-3 qzxwvtnp+1}\\right|_{-100} ^{-10}\n\\]\nwhich is rational."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let\n\\[\nI\\;=\\;\\int_{-150}^{-15}\\!\\left(\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3x+1}\\right)^{2}dx \n\\;\\;\\;+\n\\int_{\\frac1{151}}^{\\frac1{16}}\\!\\left(\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3x+1}\\right)^{2}dx \n\\;\\;\\;+\n\\int_{\\frac{151}{150}}^{\\frac{16}{15}}\\!\\left(\\frac{x^{2}-x}{x^{3}-3x+1}\\right)^{2}dx .\n\\]\nShow that $I$ is a rational number and determine its exact value.",
      "solution": "Define Q(x)=((x^2-x)/(x^3-3x+1))^2.\n\nStep 1 (invariance).\nThe Möbius transformations\nT_1(x)=1/(1-x),  T_2(x)=1-1/x\nare mutual inverses and satisfy Q(T_1(x))=Q(T_2(x))=Q(x).  A direct substitution verifies this.\n\nStep 2 (sending the positive intervals to the negative one).\nNote that\nT_1([-150,-15])=[1/(1+150),1/(1+15)]=[1/151,1/16],\nT_2([-150,-15])=[1-1/(-150),1-1/(-15)]=[151/150,16/15].\nHence performing T_1 in the second integral and T_2 in the third\nintegral transports both to the interval [-150,-15] and multiplies the\nintegrands by the appropriate Jacobians:\n\nI=∫_{-150}^{-15} Q(x)(1+1/x^2+1/(1-x)^2) dx.\n\nStep 3 (recognising a derivative).\nAn explicit calculation gives\n\nQ(x)(1+1/x^2+1/(1-x)^2)\n = d/dx[(-x^2+x)/(x^3-3x+1)].\n\nStep 4 (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus).\nTherefore\n\nI=[(-x^2+x)/(x^3-3x+1)]_{x=-150}^{x=-15}\n = F(-15)-F(-150)\nwhere F(x)=(-x^2+x)/(x^3-3x+1).\n\nStep 5 (endpoint evaluation).\nCompute the two fractions:\n\nF(-15)=(-225-15)/(-3375+45+1)=(-240)/(-3329)=240/3329,\nF(-150)=(-22500-150)/(-3375000+450+1)=(-22650)/(-3374549)=22650/3374549.\nHence\n\nI=240/3329 - 22650/3374549\n = 734489910/11233873621.\n\nIn particular, I is rational, and\n\nI=734489910/11233873621.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Observe that Q(x)=((x^2−x)/(x^3−3x+1))^2 is invariant under the Möbius maps T₁:x↦1/(1−x) and T₂:x↦1−1/x.",
          "Use T₁ and T₂ to send the two ‘positive’ intervals onto the chosen ‘negative’ interval, so the three given integrals collapse to one integral over that single interval.",
          "After substitution the common integrand becomes Q(x)·(1+1/x²+1/(1−x)²).",
          "Verify algebraically that Q(x)·(1+1/x²+1/(1−x)²)=d/dx[ (−x²+x)/(x³−3x+1) ].",
          "Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the integral via endpoint values, yielding a rational number."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Left endpoint magnitude of the negative-interval (must be > slot2 and lie left of −1 so the denominator has no zero there).",
            "original": "100"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Right endpoint magnitude of the negative-interval (positive number < slot1 but still <1 so its negative lies left of −1).",
            "original": "10"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "The two positive intervals’ endpoints, determined uniquely from slots 1 and 2 by the maps T₁ and T₂: 1/(1+slot1), 1/(1+slot2), (1+slot1)/slot1, (1+slot2)/slot2.",
            "original": "1/101, 1/11, 101/100, 11/10"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}