{
  "index": "2021-B-2",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Determine the maximum value of the sum\n\\[\nS = \\sum_{n=1}^\\infty \\frac{n}{2^n} (a_1 a_2 \\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\n\\]\nover all sequences $a_1, a_2, a_3, \\cdots$ of nonnegative real numbers satisfying\n\\[\n\\sum_{k=1}^\\infty a_k = 1.\n\\]",
  "solution": "The answer is $2/3$. \n\nBy AM-GM, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n2^{n+1}(a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n} &= \\left((4a_1)(4^2a_2)\\cdots (4^na_n)\\right)^{1/n}\\\\\n& \\leq \\frac{\\sum_{k=1}^n (4^k a_k)}{n}.\n\\end{align*}\nThus\n\\begin{align*}\n2S &\\leq \\sum_{n=1}^\\infty \\frac{\\sum_{k=1}^n (4^k a_k)}{4^n} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{n=1}^\\infty \\sum_{k=1}^n (4^{k-n}a_k) = \\sum_{k=1}^\\infty \\sum_{n=k}^\\infty (4^{k-n}a_k) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{k=1}^\\infty \\frac{4a_k}{3}  = \\frac{4}{3}\n\\end{align*}\nand $S \\leq 2/3$. Equality is achieved when $a_k=\\frac{3}{4^k}$ for all $k$, since in this case $4a_1=4^2a_2=\\cdots=4^na_n$ for all $n$.",
  "vars": [
    "S",
    "n",
    "a_1",
    "a_2",
    "a_3",
    "a_k",
    "k",
    "a_n"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "S": "summax",
        "n": "loopvarn",
        "a_1": "seqelemone",
        "a_2": "seqelemtwo",
        "a_3": "seqelemthr",
        "a_k": "seqelemvar",
        "k": "loopvark",
        "a_n": "seqelemind"
      },
      "question": "Determine the maximum value of the sum\n\\[\nsummax = \\sum_{loopvarn=1}^\\infty \\frac{loopvarn}{2^{loopvarn}} (seqelemone\\, seqelemtwo \\cdots seqelemind)^{1/loopvarn}\n\\]\nover all sequences $seqelemone, seqelemtwo, seqelemthr, \\cdots$ of nonnegative real numbers satisfying\n\\[\n\\sum_{loopvark=1}^\\infty seqelemvar = 1.\n\\]",
      "solution": "The answer is $2/3$. \n\nBy AM-GM, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n2^{loopvarn+1}(seqelemone\\cdots seqelemind)^{1/loopvarn} &= \\left((4seqelemone)(4^2seqelemtwo)\\cdots (4^{loopvarn}seqelemind)\\right)^{1/loopvarn}\\\\\n& \\leq \\frac{\\sum_{loopvark=1}^{loopvarn} (4^{loopvark} seqelemvar)}{loopvarn}.\n\\end{align*}\nThus\n\\begin{align*}\n2summax &\\leq \\sum_{loopvarn=1}^\\infty \\frac{\\sum_{loopvark=1}^{loopvarn} (4^{loopvark} seqelemvar)}{4^{loopvarn}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{loopvarn=1}^\\infty \\sum_{loopvark=1}^{loopvarn} (4^{loopvark-loopvarn}seqelemvar) = \\sum_{loopvark=1}^\\infty \\sum_{loopvarn=loopvark}^\\infty (4^{loopvark-loopvarn}seqelemvar) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{loopvark=1}^\\infty \\frac{4seqelemvar}{3}  = \\frac{4}{3}\n\\end{align*}\nand $summax \\leq 2/3$. Equality is achieved when $seqelemvar=\\frac{3}{4^{loopvark}}$ for all $loopvark$, since in this case $4seqelemone=4^2seqelemtwo=\\cdots=4^{loopvarn}seqelemind$ for all $loopvarn$.\n"
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "S": "quadratic",
        "n": "latitude",
        "a_1": "pineapple",
        "a_2": "strawberry",
        "a_3": "blueberry",
        "a_k": "raspberry",
        "k": "altitude",
        "a_n": "cranberry"
      },
      "question": "Determine the maximum value of the sum\n\\[\nquadratic = \\sum_{latitude=1}^\\infty \\frac{latitude}{2^{latitude}} (pineapple strawberry \\cdots cranberry)^{1/latitude}\n\\]\nover all sequences $pineapple, strawberry, blueberry, \\cdots$ of nonnegative real numbers satisfying\n\\[\n\\sum_{altitude=1}^\\infty raspberry = 1.\n\\]",
      "solution": "The answer is $2/3$. \n\nBy AM-GM, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n2^{latitude+1}(pineapple\\cdots cranberry)^{1/latitude} &= \\left((4pineapple)(4^2strawberry)\\cdots (4^{latitude}cranberry)\\right)^{1/latitude}\\\\\n& \\leq \\frac{\\sum_{altitude=1}^{latitude} (4^{altitude} raspberry)}{latitude}.\n\\end{align*}\nThus\n\\begin{align*}\n2quadratic &\\leq \\sum_{latitude=1}^\\infty \\frac{\\sum_{altitude=1}^{latitude} (4^{altitude} raspberry)}{4^{latitude}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{latitude=1}^\\infty \\sum_{altitude=1}^{latitude} (4^{altitude-latitude}raspberry) = \\sum_{altitude=1}^\\infty \\sum_{latitude=altitude}^\\infty (4^{altitude-latitude}raspberry) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{altitude=1}^\\infty \\frac{4raspberry}{3}  = \\frac{4}{3}\n\\end{align*}\nand $quadratic \\leq 2/3$. Equality is achieved when $raspberry=\\frac{3}{4^{altitude}}$ for all $altitude$, since in this case $4pineapple=4^2strawberry=\\cdots=4^{latitude}cranberry$ for all $latitude$. "
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "S": "minimumdifference",
        "n": "terminal",
        "a_1": "emptyone",
        "a_2": "emptytwo",
        "a_3": "emptythree",
        "a_k": "vacantterm",
        "k": "beginning",
        "a_n": "emptyitem"
      },
      "question": "Determine the maximum value of the sum\n\\[\nminimumdifference = \\sum_{terminal=1}^\\infty \\frac{terminal}{2^{terminal}} (emptyone emptytwo \\cdots emptyitem)^{1/terminal}\n\\]\nover all sequences $emptyone, emptytwo, emptythree, \\cdots$ of nonnegative real numbers satisfying\n\\[\n\\sum_{beginning=1}^\\infty vacantterm = 1.\n\\]",
      "solution": "The answer is $2/3$. \n\nBy AM-GM, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n2^{terminal+1}(emptyone\\cdots emptyitem)^{1/terminal} &= \\left((4emptyone)(4^2emptytwo)\\cdots (4^{terminal}emptyitem)\\right)^{1/terminal}\\\\\n& \\leq \\frac{\\sum_{beginning=1}^{terminal} (4^{beginning} vacantterm)}{terminal}.\n\\end{align*}\nThus\n\\begin{align*}\n2minimumdifference &\\leq \\sum_{terminal=1}^\\infty \\frac{\\sum_{beginning=1}^{terminal} (4^{beginning-terminal}vacantterm)}{4^{terminal}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{terminal=1}^\\infty \\sum_{beginning=1}^{terminal} (4^{beginning-terminal}vacantterm) = \\sum_{beginning=1}^\\infty \\sum_{terminal=beginning}^\\infty (4^{beginning-terminal}vacantterm) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{beginning=1}^\\infty \\frac{4vacantterm}{3}  = \\frac{4}{3}\n\\end{align*}\nand $minimumdifference \\leq 2/3$. Equality is achieved when $vacantterm=\\frac{3}{4^{beginning}}$ for all $beginning$, since in this case $4emptyone=4^2emptytwo=\\cdots=4^{terminal}emptyitem$ for all $terminal$.",
      "confidence": "0.19"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "S": "qzxwvtnp",
        "n": "hjgrksla",
        "a_1": "mnbvcxzq",
        "a_2": "lkjhgfdp",
        "a_3": "plokijuh",
        "a_k": "asdfghjq",
        "k": "wertyuio",
        "a_n": "zxcvbnml"
      },
      "question": "Determine the maximum value of the sum\n\\[\nqzxwvtnp = \\sum_{hjgrksla=1}^\\infty \\frac{hjgrksla}{2^{hjgrksla}} (mnbvcxzq lkjhgfdp \\cdots zxcvbnml)^{1/hjgrksla}\n\\]\nover all sequences $mnbvcxzq, lkjhgfdp, plokijuh, \\cdots$ of nonnegative real numbers satisfying\n\\[\n\\sum_{wertyuio=1}^\\infty asdfghjq = 1.\n\\]",
      "solution": "The answer is $2/3$. \n\nBy AM-GM, we have\n\\begin{align*}\n2^{hjgrksla+1}(mnbvcxzq\\cdots zxcvbnml)^{1/hjgrksla} &= \\left((4mnbvcxzq)(4^2lkjhgfdp)\\cdots (4^{hjgrksla}zxcvbnml)\\right)^{1/hjgrksla}\\\\\n& \\leq \\frac{\\sum_{wertyuio=1}^{hjgrksla} (4^{wertyuio} asdfghjq)}{hjgrksla}.\n\\end{align*}\nThus\n\\begin{align*}\n2qzxwvtnp &\\leq \\sum_{hjgrksla=1}^\\infty \\frac{\\sum_{wertyuio=1}^{hjgrksla} (4^{wertyuio} asdfghjq)}{4^{hjgrksla}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{hjgrksla=1}^\\infty \\sum_{wertyuio=1}^{hjgrksla} (4^{wertyuio-hjgrksla} asdfghjq) = \\sum_{wertyuio=1}^\\infty \\sum_{hjgrksla=wertyuio}^\\infty (4^{wertyuio-hjgrksla} asdfghjq) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{wertyuio=1}^\\infty \\frac{4 asdfghjq}{3}  = \\frac{4}{3}\n\\end{align*}\nand $qzxwvtnp \\leq 2/3$. Equality is achieved when $asdfghjq=\\frac{3}{4^{wertyuio}}$ for all $wertyuio$, since in this case $4mnbvcxzq=4^2lkjhgfdp=\\cdots=4^{hjgrksla}zxcvbnml$ for all $hjgrksla$. "
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $d\\ge 1$ be an integer and let $\\mu\\ge \\dfrac43$ be a real number.  \n  \nFor every $j\\in\\{1,\\dots ,d\\}$ let the sequence of non–negative real numbers\n$\\bigl(a_{j,k}\\bigr)_{k\\ge 1}$ satisfy  \n\\[\n\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}a_{j,k}=1,\n\\qquad\n\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}k\\,a_{j,k}=\\mu .\n\\tag{A}\n\\]\n\n(We call such a $d$–tuple \\emph{admissible}.)  Define  \n\\[\nS_{d}\\bigl((a_{j,k})\\bigr)=\n\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\n\\Bigl(a_{1,1}\\,a_{1,2}\\cdots a_{1,n}\\;\n       a_{2,1}\\,a_{2,2}\\cdots a_{2,n}\\;\\cdots\\;\n       a_{d,1}\\,a_{d,2}\\cdots a_{d,n}\\Bigr)^{1/(dn)} .\n\\tag{B}\n\\]\n\n(a)  Prove that the quantity  \n\\[\n\\mathcal M_{d}(\\mu):=\\sup_{\\text{admissible }(a_{j,k})} S_{d}\\bigl((a_{j,k})\\bigr)\n\\]\nis finite for every $\\mu\\ge \\dfrac43$.\n\n(b)  Show that  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\mathcal M_{d}(\\mu)=\\frac23 \\qquad\\bigl(\\mu\\ge\\tfrac43\\bigr)\n\\;}\n\\]\nand determine precisely when the supremum is attained.  In the case where it\nis not attained, describe an explicit family of admissible $d$–tuples whose\n$S_{d}$–value is arbitrarily close to $\\dfrac23$.\n\n(The numerical value of the supremum is \\emph{independent} of $\\mu$ and $d$,\nbut the attainability depends on~$\\mu$.)\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "solution": "Throughout we write  \n\\[\n\\mathbf a=(a_{1,k},\\dots ,a_{d,k})_{k\\ge 1},\n\\qquad\n\\overline a_k:=\\frac1d\\sum_{j=1}^{d}a_{j,k}.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 0.  Reduction to one coordinate.}\nBecause the expression in~(B) is symmetric in the $d$ coordinates, the\narithmetic–geometric mean inequality gives  \n\\[\nS_{d}(\\mathbf a)\\le\n\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\n\\bigl(\\overline a_1\\cdots\\overline a_n\\bigr)^{1/n}\n=:S(\\overline{\\mathbf a}),\n\\]\nwith equality exactly when $a_{1,k}=\\dots =a_{d,k}$ for every $k$.\nHence  \n\\[\n\\mathcal M_{d}(\\mu)=\\sup_{\\mathbf a\\text{ admissible}}S(\\mathbf a),\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\nso it suffices to study the one–coordinate functional  \n\\[\nS(a_1,a_2,\\dots)=\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,\n                 (a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\n\\]\nunder  \n\\[\n\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}a_k=1,\n\\qquad\n\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}k\\,a_k=\\mu\\quad(\\mu\\ge\\tfrac43),\n\\qquad a_k\\ge 0.\n\\tag{A'}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 1.  A sharp weighted AM–GM inequality.}\n\n\\emph{Lemma 1.}\nFor every integer $n\\ge 1$, every real $q>1$ and all $b_1,\\dots ,b_n\\ge 0$,  \n\\[\n(b_1\\cdots b_n)^{1/n}\\le\n\\frac{q^{-(n+1)/2}}{n}\\sum_{k=1}^{n}q^{k}\\,b_k,\n\\]\nwith equality iff $q^{k}b_k$ is independent of~$k$.\n\n\\emph{Proof.}  Put $c_k=q^{k}b_k$ and apply the classical AM–GM\ninequality to $c_1,\\dots ,c_n$. $\\square$\n\n\\textbf{Step 2.  A universal \\emph{upper} bound.}\nChoose $q=4$ in Lemma~1, so $q^{-(n+1)/2}=2^{-(n+1)}$.  For every\nsequence that satisfies~(A') we obtain  \n\\[\n\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,(a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\n\\le 2^{-(2n+1)}\\sum_{k=1}^{n}4^{k}a_k .\n\\]\nSumming over $n$ and interchanging the summations,\n\\[\nS(\\mathbf a)\n\\le\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}4^{k}a_k\n   \\sum_{n=k}^{\\infty}2^{-(2n+1)}\n=\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}4^{k}a_k\\cdot\\frac{2}{3}\\,2^{-2k}\n=\\frac23\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}a_k\n=\\frac23 .\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 3.  The equality case.}\nEquality in~(2) forces equality in Lemma~1 for every $n$, whence\n$4^{\\,k}a_k$ is constant.  Together with $\\sum a_k=1$ this gives the\nunique candidate  \n\\[\na_k^{\\star}:=\\frac{3}{4^{\\,k}},\\qquad k\\ge 1.\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\nIts first moment is\n\\[\n\\sum_{k\\ge 1}k\\,a_k^{\\star}= \\frac43 .\n\\]\nConsequently  \n\\[\nS(\\mathbf a)=\\frac23\n\\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad\n\\mathbf a=(a_k^{\\star})_{k\\ge 1}\\text{ and } \\mu=\\frac43.\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\nThus the supremum $\\tfrac23$ is \\emph{attained} precisely when\n$\\mu=\\tfrac43$.\n\n\\textbf{Step 4.  Near–maximisers for arbitrary $\\mu>\\tfrac43$.}\n\nFor $\\mu>\\tfrac43$ we must exhibit admissible sequences whose $S$–value\nis arbitrarily close to $\\tfrac23$.  Fix $\\mu>\\tfrac43$ and\n$\\varepsilon>0$.\n\n\\underline{4.1  How much of $S$ is decided by the first $N$ terms?}\nExactly as in the original proof we choose $N:=\\lceil\\log_{2}(8/\\varepsilon)\\rceil$\nso that  \n\\[\n\\sum_{n>N}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\le\\frac{\\varepsilon}{2}.\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\n\\underline{4.2  Freezing the prefix.}\nWe keep the first $N$ terms at the optimal values:\n\\[\na_k:=a_k^{\\star},\\qquad 1\\le k\\le N.\n\\]\nPut  \n\\[\np_N:=\\sum_{k=1}^{N}a_k^{\\star},\n\\qquad\nq_N:=\\sum_{k=1}^{N}k\\,a_k^{\\star},\n\\qquad\nr_N:=1-p_N>0,\n\\qquad\n\\Delta_N:=\\mu-q_N>0,\n\\]\nwhere the positivity of $\\Delta_N$ is guaranteed by $\\mu>\\tfrac43>q_N$.\n\n\\underline{4.3  Designing the tail.}\nChoose $k_1:=N+1$ and then take an integer $k_2\\gg k_1$ so large that  \n\\[\nk_2\\,r_N>\\Delta_N.\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\n(The left side tends to $\\infty$ with $k_2$, so this is always possible.)\nNow write\n\\[\nt:=\\frac{k_2\\,r_N-\\Delta_N}{k_2-k_1}\\in(0,r_N),\n\\qquad\na_{k_1}:=t,\\qquad\na_{k_2}:=r_N-t,\n\\qquad\na_k:=0\\;(k\\notin\\{1,\\dots ,N,k_1,k_2\\}).\n\\]\nA direct calculation shows that both constraints  \n$\\sum a_k=1$ and $\\sum k\\,a_k=\\mu$ are satisfied, so $(a_k)$ is\nadmissible.\n\n\\underline{4.4  Estimating $S$.}\nBecause $(a_k)$ and $(a_k^{\\star})$ coincide up to index $N$,\n\\[\n\\sum_{n=1}^{N}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,(a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\n=\\sum_{n=1}^{N}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,(a_1^{\\star}\\cdots a_n^{\\star})^{1/n}.\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\nFor $n>N$ we only use $(a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\\le 1$ and~(5):\n\\[\n\\sum_{n=N+1}^{\\infty}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,(a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\n\\le\\frac{\\varepsilon}{2}.\n\\tag{8}\n\\]\nSince $S\\bigl((a_k^{\\star})\\bigr)=\\dfrac23$, we deduce\n\\[\nS\\bigl((a_k)\\bigr)\\ge\\frac23-\\varepsilon.\n\\tag{9}\n\\]\nTogether with the universal upper bound~(2) this implies\n\\[\n\\frac23-\\varepsilon<S\\bigl((a_k)\\bigr)\\le\\frac23 .\n\\]\nBecause $\\varepsilon>0$ was arbitrary, the family\nconstructed above has $S$–values converging to $\\tfrac23$.\n\n\\textbf{Step 5.  Completion of the proof.}\nThe bound~(2) and the $\\varepsilon$–approximation from Step~4 yield  \n\\[\n\\sup_{\\text{ admissible }}S=\\frac23 ,\\qquad\\forall\\,\\mu\\ge\\frac43.\n\\]\nUsing the reduction~(1) we conclude  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\mathcal M_{d}(\\mu)=\\frac23\\qquad\\bigl(\\mu\\ge\\tfrac43\\bigr)\n\\;}\n\\]\nand that the supremum is attained \\emph{iff} $\\mu=\\dfrac43$, in which\ncase the unique maximiser is  \n\\[\na_{j,k}=a_k^{\\star}=\\frac{3}{4^{\\,k}}\n\\quad(k\\ge 1,\\;1\\le j\\le d).\n\\]\nOtherwise the sequences produced in Step~4 (taken independently in each\ncoordinate) form an explicit family of admissible $d$–tuples whose\n$S_{d}$–values are arbitrarily close to~$\\dfrac23$.\n\n\\hfill$\\square$\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.875491",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "•  Higher-dimensional optimisation: instead of a single sequence, one\n  must optimise simultaneously over $d$ independent sequences, which\n  greatly enlarges the feasible set.\n\n•  Two nested layers of inequalities: the solution needs an\n  intra-sequence arithmetic–geometric comparison {\\it and} an\n  inter-sequence arithmetic–geometric comparison, then has to keep\n  track of both layers through the summation manipulations.\n\n•  Careful double counting: after inserting the estimates the sums\n  must be rearranged twice and telescoped, a non-trivial exercise with\n  $d$ free indices.\n\n•  Extremal structure: attaining the bound forces two different sets\n  of equalities to hold simultaneously, yielding a uniqueness result\n  for the maximisers—considerably subtler than in the original\n  problem.\n\nThese additional technical layers make the variant substantially\nharder than the original single-sequence task while preserving its\ncore idea (clever use of weighted AM–GM and telescoping)."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $d\\ge 1$ be an integer and let $\\mu\\ge \\dfrac43$ be a real number.  \n  \nFor every $j\\in\\{1,\\dots ,d\\}$ let the sequence of non–negative real numbers\n$\\bigl(a_{j,k}\\bigr)_{k\\ge 1}$ satisfy  \n\\[\n\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}a_{j,k}=1,\n\\qquad\n\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}k\\,a_{j,k}=\\mu .\n\\tag{A}\n\\]\n\n(We call such a $d$–tuple \\emph{admissible}.)  Define  \n\\[\nS_{d}\\bigl((a_{j,k})\\bigr)=\n\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\n\\Bigl(a_{1,1}\\,a_{1,2}\\cdots a_{1,n}\\;\n       a_{2,1}\\,a_{2,2}\\cdots a_{2,n}\\;\\cdots\\;\n       a_{d,1}\\,a_{d,2}\\cdots a_{d,n}\\Bigr)^{1/(dn)} .\n\\tag{B}\n\\]\n\n(a)  Prove that the quantity  \n\\[\n\\mathcal M_{d}(\\mu):=\\sup_{\\text{admissible }(a_{j,k})} S_{d}\\bigl((a_{j,k})\\bigr)\n\\]\nis finite for every $\\mu\\ge \\dfrac43$.\n\n(b)  Show that  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\mathcal M_{d}(\\mu)=\\frac23 \\qquad\\bigl(\\mu\\ge\\tfrac43\\bigr)\n\\;}\n\\]\nand determine precisely when the supremum is attained.  In the case where it\nis not attained, describe an explicit family of admissible $d$–tuples whose\n$S_{d}$–value is arbitrarily close to $\\dfrac23$.\n\n(The numerical value of the supremum is \\emph{independent} of $\\mu$ and $d$,\nbut the attainability depends on~$\\mu$.)\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "solution": "Throughout we write  \n\\[\n\\mathbf a=(a_{1,k},\\dots ,a_{d,k})_{k\\ge 1},\n\\qquad\n\\overline a_k:=\\frac1d\\sum_{j=1}^{d}a_{j,k}.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 0.  Reduction to one coordinate.}\nBecause the expression in~(B) is symmetric in the $d$ coordinates, the\narithmetic–geometric mean inequality gives  \n\\[\nS_{d}(\\mathbf a)\\le\n\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\n\\bigl(\\overline a_1\\cdots\\overline a_n\\bigr)^{1/n}\n=:S(\\overline{\\mathbf a}),\n\\]\nwith equality exactly when $a_{1,k}=\\dots =a_{d,k}$ for every $k$.\nHence  \n\\[\n\\mathcal M_{d}(\\mu)=\\sup_{\\mathbf a\\text{ admissible}}S(\\mathbf a),\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\nso it suffices to study the one–coordinate functional  \n\\[\nS(a_1,a_2,\\dots)=\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,\n                 (a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\n\\]\nunder  \n\\[\n\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}a_k=1,\n\\qquad\n\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}k\\,a_k=\\mu\\quad(\\mu\\ge\\tfrac43),\n\\qquad a_k\\ge 0.\n\\tag{A'}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 1.  A sharp weighted AM–GM inequality.}\n\n\\emph{Lemma 1.}\nFor every integer $n\\ge 1$, every real $q>1$ and all $b_1,\\dots ,b_n\\ge 0$,  \n\\[\n(b_1\\cdots b_n)^{1/n}\\le\n\\frac{q^{-(n+1)/2}}{n}\\sum_{k=1}^{n}q^{k}\\,b_k,\n\\]\nwith equality iff $q^{k}b_k$ is independent of~$k$.\n\n\\emph{Proof.}  Put $c_k=q^{k}b_k$ and apply the classical AM–GM\ninequality to $c_1,\\dots ,c_n$. $\\square$\n\n\\textbf{Step 2.  A universal \\emph{upper} bound.}\nChoose $q=4$ in Lemma~1, so $q^{-(n+1)/2}=2^{-(n+1)}$.  For every\nsequence that satisfies~(A') we obtain  \n\\[\n\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,(a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\n\\le 2^{-(2n+1)}\\sum_{k=1}^{n}4^{k}a_k .\n\\]\nSumming over $n$ and interchanging the summations,\n\\[\nS(\\mathbf a)\n\\le\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}4^{k}a_k\n   \\sum_{n=k}^{\\infty}2^{-(2n+1)}\n=\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}4^{k}a_k\\cdot\\frac{2}{3}\\,2^{-2k}\n=\\frac23\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}a_k\n=\\frac23 .\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 3.  The equality case.}\nEquality in~(2) forces equality in Lemma~1 for every $n$, whence\n$4^{\\,k}a_k$ is constant.  Together with $\\sum a_k=1$ this gives the\nunique candidate  \n\\[\na_k^{\\star}:=\\frac{3}{4^{\\,k}},\\qquad k\\ge 1.\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\nIts first moment is\n\\[\n\\sum_{k\\ge 1}k\\,a_k^{\\star}= \\frac43 .\n\\]\nConsequently  \n\\[\nS(\\mathbf a)=\\frac23\n\\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad\n\\mathbf a=(a_k^{\\star})_{k\\ge 1}\\text{ and } \\mu=\\frac43.\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\nThus the supremum $\\tfrac23$ is \\emph{attained} precisely when\n$\\mu=\\tfrac43$.\n\n\\textbf{Step 4.  Near–maximisers for arbitrary $\\mu>\\tfrac43$.}\n\nFor $\\mu>\\tfrac43$ we must exhibit admissible sequences whose $S$–value\nis arbitrarily close to $\\tfrac23$.  Fix $\\mu>\\tfrac43$ and\n$\\varepsilon>0$.\n\n\\underline{4.1  How much of $S$ is decided by the first $N$ terms?}\nExactly as in the original proof we choose $N:=\\lceil\\log_{2}(8/\\varepsilon)\\rceil$\nso that  \n\\[\n\\sum_{n>N}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\le\\frac{\\varepsilon}{2}.\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\n\\underline{4.2  Freezing the prefix.}\nWe keep the first $N$ terms at the optimal values:\n\\[\na_k:=a_k^{\\star},\\qquad 1\\le k\\le N.\n\\]\nPut  \n\\[\np_N:=\\sum_{k=1}^{N}a_k^{\\star},\n\\qquad\nq_N:=\\sum_{k=1}^{N}k\\,a_k^{\\star},\n\\qquad\nr_N:=1-p_N>0,\n\\qquad\n\\Delta_N:=\\mu-q_N>0,\n\\]\nwhere the positivity of $\\Delta_N$ is guaranteed by $\\mu>\\tfrac43>q_N$.\n\n\\underline{4.3  Designing the tail.}\nChoose $k_1:=N+1$ and then take an integer $k_2\\gg k_1$ so large that  \n\\[\nk_2\\,r_N>\\Delta_N.\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\n(The left side tends to $\\infty$ with $k_2$, so this is always possible.)\nNow write\n\\[\nt:=\\frac{k_2\\,r_N-\\Delta_N}{k_2-k_1}\\in(0,r_N),\n\\qquad\na_{k_1}:=t,\\qquad\na_{k_2}:=r_N-t,\n\\qquad\na_k:=0\\;(k\\notin\\{1,\\dots ,N,k_1,k_2\\}).\n\\]\nA direct calculation shows that both constraints  \n$\\sum a_k=1$ and $\\sum k\\,a_k=\\mu$ are satisfied, so $(a_k)$ is\nadmissible.\n\n\\underline{4.4  Estimating $S$.}\nBecause $(a_k)$ and $(a_k^{\\star})$ coincide up to index $N$,\n\\[\n\\sum_{n=1}^{N}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,(a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\n=\\sum_{n=1}^{N}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,(a_1^{\\star}\\cdots a_n^{\\star})^{1/n}.\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\nFor $n>N$ we only use $(a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\\le 1$ and~(5):\n\\[\n\\sum_{n=N+1}^{\\infty}\\frac{n}{2^{n}}\\,(a_1\\cdots a_n)^{1/n}\n\\le\\frac{\\varepsilon}{2}.\n\\tag{8}\n\\]\nSince $S\\bigl((a_k^{\\star})\\bigr)=\\dfrac23$, we deduce\n\\[\nS\\bigl((a_k)\\bigr)\\ge\\frac23-\\varepsilon.\n\\tag{9}\n\\]\nTogether with the universal upper bound~(2) this implies\n\\[\n\\frac23-\\varepsilon<S\\bigl((a_k)\\bigr)\\le\\frac23 .\n\\]\nBecause $\\varepsilon>0$ was arbitrary, the family\nconstructed above has $S$–values converging to $\\tfrac23$.\n\n\\textbf{Step 5.  Completion of the proof.}\nThe bound~(2) and the $\\varepsilon$–approximation from Step~4 yield  \n\\[\n\\sup_{\\text{ admissible }}S=\\frac23 ,\\qquad\\forall\\,\\mu\\ge\\frac43.\n\\]\nUsing the reduction~(1) we conclude  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\mathcal M_{d}(\\mu)=\\frac23\\qquad\\bigl(\\mu\\ge\\tfrac43\\bigr)\n\\;}\n\\]\nand that the supremum is attained \\emph{iff} $\\mu=\\dfrac43$, in which\ncase the unique maximiser is  \n\\[\na_{j,k}=a_k^{\\star}=\\frac{3}{4^{\\,k}}\n\\quad(k\\ge 1,\\;1\\le j\\le d).\n\\]\nOtherwise the sequences produced in Step~4 (taken independently in each\ncoordinate) form an explicit family of admissible $d$–tuples whose\n$S_{d}$–values are arbitrarily close to~$\\dfrac23$.\n\n\\hfill$\\square$\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.662618",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "•  Higher-dimensional optimisation: instead of a single sequence, one\n  must optimise simultaneously over $d$ independent sequences, which\n  greatly enlarges the feasible set.\n\n•  Two nested layers of inequalities: the solution needs an\n  intra-sequence arithmetic–geometric comparison {\\it and} an\n  inter-sequence arithmetic–geometric comparison, then has to keep\n  track of both layers through the summation manipulations.\n\n•  Careful double counting: after inserting the estimates the sums\n  must be rearranged twice and telescoped, a non-trivial exercise with\n  $d$ free indices.\n\n•  Extremal structure: attaining the bound forces two different sets\n  of equalities to hold simultaneously, yielding a uniqueness result\n  for the maximisers—considerably subtler than in the original\n  problem.\n\nThese additional technical layers make the variant substantially\nharder than the original single-sequence task while preserving its\ncore idea (clever use of weighted AM–GM and telescoping)."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}