{
  "index": "1958-B-6",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "6. A projectile moves in a resisting medium. The resisting force is a function of the velocity and is directed along the velocity vector. The equation \\( x \\) \\( =f(t) \\) gives the horizontal distance in terms of the time \\( t \\). Show that the vertical distance \\( y \\) is given by\n\\[\ny=-g f(t) \\int \\frac{d t}{f^{\\prime}(t)}+g \\int \\frac{f(t)}{f^{\\prime}(t)} d t+A f(t)+B\n\\]\nwhere \\( A \\) and \\( B \\) are constants and \\( g \\) is the acceleration due to gravity.",
  "solution": "Solution. In vector form the differential equation of the motion is\n\\[\nm\\left\\langle x^{\\prime \\prime}, y^{\\prime \\prime}\\right\\rangle=-R\\left\\langle x^{\\prime}, y^{\\prime}\\right\\rangle-m\\langle 0, g\\rangle,\n\\]\nwhere primes denote differentiation with respect to time and \\( R \\) is the magnitude of the resistance.\n\nSince the \\( x \\)-component of the motion is given by \\( x=f(t) \\), it follows from (1) that\n\\[\nR=-m \\frac{f^{\\prime \\prime}(t)}{f^{\\prime}(t)}\n\\]\nassuming \\( f^{\\prime}(t) \\) does not vanish. Then \\( y \\) satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\ny^{\\prime \\prime}=+\\frac{f^{\\prime \\prime}(t)}{f^{\\prime}(t)} y^{\\prime}-g\n\\]\n\nDividing by \\( f^{\\prime}(t) \\) we get the exact differential form\n\\[\n\\frac{y^{\\prime \\prime}}{f^{\\prime}(t)}-\\frac{f^{\\prime \\prime}(t)}{\\left[f^{\\prime}(t)\\right]^{2}} y^{\\prime}=\\left(\\frac{y^{\\prime}}{f^{\\prime}(t)}\\right)^{\\prime}=-\\frac{g}{f^{\\prime}(t)}\n\\]\n\nThus\n\\[\n\\frac{y^{\\prime}}{f^{\\prime}(t)}=\\frac{y^{\\prime}(0)}{f^{\\prime}(0)}-g \\int_{0}^{1} \\frac{d r}{f^{\\prime}(r)}\n\\]\nand so\n\\[\ny(t)=y(0)+\\frac{y^{\\prime}(0)}{f^{\\prime}(0)}[f(t)-f(0)]-\\left.\\left.g\\right|_{0} ^{1} f^{\\prime}(s)\\right|_{0} ^{s} \\frac{d r}{f^{\\prime}(r)} d s\n\\]\n\nThe last integral can be integrated by parts,\n\\[\nu=\\int_{0}^{s} \\frac{d r}{f^{\\prime}(r)}, \\quad d v=f^{\\prime}(s) d s\n\\]\nto give\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ny(t)= & \\frac{y^{\\prime}(0)}{f^{\\prime}(0)} f(t)+y(0)-\\frac{y^{\\prime}(0) f(0)}{f^{\\prime}(0)} \\\\\n& -g \\cdot f(t) \\int_{0}^{\\prime} \\frac{d r}{f^{\\prime}(r)}+g \\int_{0}^{\\prime \\prime} \\frac{f(s)}{f^{\\prime}(s)} d s\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand this is in the form required.\nThe preceding work depends on the assumption that \\( f^{\\prime}(t) \\neq 0 \\) for any \\( t \\). Let us consider this assumption.\n\nSuppose that the dependence of the resistance on the velocity is given by\n\\[\nR=\\phi\\left(x^{\\prime}, y^{\\prime}\\right)\n\\]\nwhere \\( \\phi: \\mathbf{R}^{2} \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) is a function satisfying the Lipschitz condition\n\\[\n\\left|\\phi\\left(u_{1}, v_{1}\\right)-\\phi\\left(u_{2}, v_{2}\\right)\\right| \\leq K\\left\\{\\left|u_{1}-u_{2}\\right|+\\left|v_{1}-v_{2}\\right|\\right\\}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( K \\). The original differential equation is then\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nx^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{m} \\phi\\left(x^{\\prime}, y^{\\prime}\\right) x^{\\prime} \\\\\ny^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{m} \\phi\\left(x^{\\prime}, y^{\\prime}\\right) y^{\\prime}-g\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nand this system has a unique solution for any initial conditions (even if they are set at a time other than 0 ). It is clear that, if \\( x^{\\prime}\\left(t_{0}\\right)=0 \\), then a solution of (2) can be found by solving\n\\[\ny^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{m} \\phi\\left(0, y^{\\prime}\\right) y^{\\prime}-g\n\\]\nand letting \\( x \\) be constant. Hence from the uniqueness it follows that, if \\( x^{\\prime}\\left(t_{0}\\right)=0 \\) for any \\( t_{0} \\), then \\( x \\) is constant. In terms of the given function \\( f \\). this means that \\( f^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish anywhere unless \\( f \\) is constant. Thus our previous work is justified except in the trivial case of constant \\( f \\). Obviously, we get no information about the nature of \\( R \\) in this case, so there is no way to compute \\( y \\) from \\( f \\).",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "t",
    "f",
    "R",
    "u",
    "v",
    "s",
    "r",
    "u_1",
    "v_1",
    "u_2",
    "v_2"
  ],
  "params": [
    "m",
    "g",
    "K",
    "A",
    "B",
    "t_0"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "horizcoor",
        "y": "verticoor",
        "t": "timevar",
        "f": "horizfunc",
        "R": "resistforce",
        "u": "firsttemp",
        "v": "secondtemp",
        "s": "paramvar",
        "r": "integrvar",
        "u_1": "firsttempone",
        "v_1": "secondtempone",
        "u_2": "firsttemptwo",
        "v_2": "secondtemptwo",
        "m": "massconst",
        "g": "gravaccel",
        "K": "lipschitz",
        "A": "firstconst",
        "B": "secondconst",
        "t_0": "inittime"
      },
      "question": "6. A projectile moves in a resisting medium. The resisting force is a function of the velocity and is directed along the velocity vector. The equation \\( horizcoor \\) \\( =horizfunc(timevar) \\) gives the horizontal distance in terms of the time \\( timevar \\). Show that the vertical distance \\( verticoor \\) is given by\n\\[\nverticoor=-gravaccel\\, horizfunc(timevar) \\int \\frac{d timevar}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar)}+gravaccel \\int \\frac{horizfunc(timevar)}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar)} d timevar+firstconst\\, horizfunc(timevar)+secondconst\n\\]\nwhere \\( firstconst \\) and \\( secondconst \\) are constants and \\( gravaccel \\) is the acceleration due to gravity.",
      "solution": "Solution. In vector form the differential equation of the motion is\n\\[\nmassconst\\left\\langle horizcoor^{\\prime \\prime}, verticoor^{\\prime \\prime}\\right\\rangle=-resistforce\\left\\langle horizcoor^{\\prime}, verticoor^{\\prime}\\right\\rangle-massconst\\langle 0, gravaccel\\rangle,\n\\]\nwhere primes denote differentiation with respect to time and \\( resistforce \\) is the magnitude of the resistance.\n\nSince the \\( horizcoor \\)-component of the motion is given by \\( horizcoor=horizfunc(timevar) \\), it follows from (1) that\n\\[\nresistforce=-massconst \\frac{horizfunc^{\\prime \\prime}(timevar)}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar)}\n\\]\nassuming \\( horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar) \\) does not vanish. Then \\( verticoor \\) satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nverticoor^{\\prime \\prime}=+\\frac{horizfunc^{\\prime \\prime}(timevar)}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar)} verticoor^{\\prime}-gravaccel\n\\]\n\nDividing by \\( horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar) \\) we get the exact differential form\n\\[\n\\frac{verticoor^{\\prime \\prime}}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar)}-\\frac{horizfunc^{\\prime \\prime}(timevar)}{\\left[horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar)\\right]^{2}} verticoor^{\\prime}=\\left(\\frac{verticoor^{\\prime}}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar)}\\right)^{\\prime}=-\\frac{gravaccel}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar)}\n\\]\n\nThus\n\\[\n\\frac{verticoor^{\\prime}}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar)}=\\frac{verticoor^{\\prime}(0)}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(0)}-gravaccel \\int_{0}^{1} \\frac{d integrvar}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(integrvar)}\n\\]\nand so\n\\[\nverticoor(timevar)=verticoor(0)+\\frac{verticoor^{\\prime}(0)}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(0)}[horizfunc(timevar)-horizfunc(0)]-\\left.\\left.gravaccel\\right|_{0} ^{1} horizfunc^{\\prime}(paramvar)\\right|_{0} ^{paramvar} \\frac{d integrvar}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(integrvar)} d paramvar\n\\]\n\nThe last integral can be integrated by parts,\n\\[\nfirsttemp=\\int_{0}^{paramvar} \\frac{d integrvar}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(integrvar)}, \\quad d secondtemp=horizfunc^{\\prime}(paramvar) d paramvar\n\\]\nto give\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nverticoor(timevar)= & \\frac{verticoor^{\\prime}(0)}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(0)}\\,horizfunc(timevar)+verticoor(0)-\\frac{verticoor^{\\prime}(0) \\,horizfunc(0)}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(0)} \\\\\n& -gravaccel \\cdot horizfunc(timevar) \\int_{0}^{\\prime} \\frac{d integrvar}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(integrvar)}+gravaccel \\int_{0}^{\\prime \\prime} \\frac{horizfunc(paramvar)}{horizfunc^{\\prime}(paramvar)} d paramvar\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand this is in the form required.\nThe preceding work depends on the assumption that \\( horizfunc^{\\prime}(timevar) \\neq 0 \\) for any \\( timevar \\). Let us consider this assumption.\n\nSuppose that the dependence of the resistance on the velocity is given by\n\\[\nresistforce=\\phi\\left(horizcoor^{\\prime}, verticoor^{\\prime}\\right)\n\\]\nwhere \\( \\phi: \\mathbf{R}^{2} \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) is a function satisfying the Lipschitz condition\n\\[\n\\left|\\phi\\left(firsttempone, secondtempone\\right)-\\phi\\left(firsttemptwo, secondtemptwo\\right)\\right| \\leq lipschitz\\left\\{\\left|firsttempone-firsttemptwo\\right|+\\left|secondtempone-secondtemptwo\\right|\\right\\}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( lipschitz \\). The original differential equation is then\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nhorizcoor^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{massconst} \\phi\\left(horizcoor^{\\prime}, verticoor^{\\prime}\\right) horizcoor^{\\prime} \\\\\nverticoor^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{massconst} \\phi\\left(horizcoor^{\\prime}, verticoor^{\\prime}\\right) verticoor^{\\prime}-gravaccel\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nand this system has a unique solution for any initial conditions (even if they are set at a time other than 0 ). It is clear that, if \\( horizcoor^{\\prime}\\left(inittime\\right)=0 \\), then a solution of (2) can be found by solving\n\\[\nverticoor^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{massconst} \\phi\\left(0, verticoor^{\\prime}\\right) verticoor^{\\prime}-gravaccel\n\\]\nand letting \\( horizcoor \\) be constant. Hence from the uniqueness it follows that, if \\( horizcoor^{\\prime}\\left(inittime\\right)=0 \\) for any \\( inittime \\), then \\( horizcoor \\) is constant. In terms of the given function \\( horizfunc \\), this means that \\( horizfunc^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish anywhere unless \\( horizfunc \\) is constant. Thus our previous work is justified except in the trivial case of constant \\( horizfunc \\). Obviously, we get no information about the nature of \\( resistforce \\) in this case, so there is no way to compute \\( verticoor \\) from \\( horizfunc \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "sandstone",
        "y": "peppermint",
        "t": "lighthouse",
        "f": "maplewood",
        "R": "butterscotch",
        "u": "raincloud",
        "v": "driftwood",
        "s": "honeycomb",
        "r": "starflower",
        "u_1": "riverstone",
        "v_1": "willowbark",
        "u_2": "ambergrain",
        "v_2": "silverfern",
        "m": "parchment",
        "g": "sailcloth",
        "K": "riverdance",
        "A": "moonlight",
        "B": "treelodge",
        "t_0": "daybreak"
      },
      "question": "6. A projectile moves in a resisting medium. The resisting force is a function of the velocity and is directed along the velocity vector. The equation \\( sandstone \\) \\( = maplewood(lighthouse) \\) gives the horizontal distance in terms of the time \\( lighthouse \\). Show that the vertical distance \\( peppermint \\) is given by\n\\[\npeppermint=-sailcloth\\, maplewood(lighthouse) \\int \\frac{d lighthouse}{maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse)}+sailcloth \\int \\frac{maplewood(lighthouse)}{maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse)} d lighthouse+moonlight\\, maplewood(lighthouse)+treelodge\n\\]\nwhere \\( moonlight \\) and \\( treelodge \\) are constants and \\( sailcloth \\) is the acceleration due to gravity.",
      "solution": "Solution. In vector form the differential equation of the motion is\n\\[\nparchment\\left\\langle sandstone^{\\prime \\prime}, peppermint^{\\prime \\prime}\\right\\rangle=-butterscotch\\left\\langle sandstone^{\\prime}, peppermint^{\\prime}\\right\\rangle-parchment\\langle 0, sailcloth\\rangle,\n\\]\nwhere primes denote differentiation with respect to time and \\( butterscotch \\) is the magnitude of the resistance.\n\nSince the \\( sandstone \\)-component of the motion is given by \\( sandstone=maplewood(lighthouse) \\), it follows from (1) that\n\\[\nbutterscotch=-parchment \\frac{maplewood^{\\prime \\prime}(lighthouse)}{maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse)}\n\\]\nassuming \\( maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse) \\) does not vanish. Then \\( peppermint \\) satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\npeppermint^{\\prime \\prime}=+\\frac{maplewood^{\\prime \\prime}(lighthouse)}{maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse)}\\, peppermint^{\\prime}-sailcloth\n\\]\n\nDividing by \\( maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse) \\) we get the exact differential form\n\\[\n\\frac{peppermint^{\\prime \\prime}}{maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse)}-\\frac{maplewood^{\\prime \\prime}(lighthouse)}{\\left[maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse)\\right]^{2}}\\, peppermint^{\\prime}=\\left(\\frac{peppermint^{\\prime}}{maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse)}\\right)^{\\prime}=-\\frac{sailcloth}{maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse)}\n\\]\n\nThus\n\\[\n\\frac{peppermint^{\\prime}}{maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse)}=\\frac{peppermint^{\\prime}(0)}{maplewood^{\\prime}(0)}-sailcloth \\int_{0}^{1} \\frac{d starflower}{maplewood^{\\prime}(starflower)}\n\\]\nand so\n\\[\npeppermint(lighthouse)=peppermint(0)+\\frac{peppermint^{\\prime}(0)}{maplewood^{\\prime}(0)}[maplewood(lighthouse)-maplewood(0)]-\\left.\\left.sailcloth\\right|_{0} ^{1} maplewood^{\\prime}(honeycomb)\\right|_{0} ^{honeycomb} \\frac{d starflower}{maplewood^{\\prime}(starflower)} d honeycomb\n\\]\n\nThe last integral can be integrated by parts,\n\\[\nraincloud=\\int_{0}^{honeycomb} \\frac{d starflower}{maplewood^{\\prime}(starflower)}, \\quad d driftwood=maplewood^{\\prime}(honeycomb) d honeycomb\n\\]\nto give\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\npeppermint(lighthouse)= & \\frac{peppermint^{\\prime}(0)}{maplewood^{\\prime}(0)}\\, maplewood(lighthouse)+peppermint(0)-\\frac{peppermint^{\\prime}(0)\\, maplewood(0)}{maplewood^{\\prime}(0)} \\\\\n& -sailcloth \\cdot maplewood(lighthouse) \\int_{0}^{\\prime} \\frac{d starflower}{maplewood^{\\prime}(starflower)}+sailcloth \\int_{0}^{\\prime \\prime} \\frac{maplewood(honeycomb)}{maplewood^{\\prime}(honeycomb)} d honeycomb\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand this is in the form required.\nThe preceding work depends on the assumption that \\( maplewood^{\\prime}(lighthouse) \\neq 0 \\) for any \\( lighthouse \\). Let us consider this assumption.\n\nSuppose that the dependence of the resistance on the velocity is given by\n\\[\nbutterscotch=\\phi\\left(raincloud^{\\prime}, driftwood^{\\prime}\\right)\n\\]\nwhere \\( \\phi: \\mathbf{R}^{2} \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) is a function satisfying the Lipschitz condition\n\\[\n\\left|\\phi\\left(riverstone, willowbark\\right)-\\phi\\left(ambergrain, silverfern\\right)\\right| \\leq riverdance\\left\\{\\left|riverstone-ambergrain\\right|+\\left|willowbark-silverfern\\right|\\right\\}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( riverdance \\). The original differential equation is then\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nsandstone^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{parchment} \\phi\\left(sandstone^{\\prime}, peppermint^{\\prime}\\right) sandstone^{\\prime} \\\\\npeppermint^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{parchment} \\phi\\left(sandstone^{\\prime}, peppermint^{\\prime}\\right) peppermint^{\\prime}-sailcloth\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nand this system has a unique solution for any initial conditions (even if they are set at a time other than 0 ). It is clear that, if \\( sandstone^{\\prime}(daybreak)=0 \\), then a solution of (2) can be found by solving\n\\[\npeppermint^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{parchment} \\phi\\left(0, peppermint^{\\prime}\\right) peppermint^{\\prime}-sailcloth\n\\]\nand letting \\( sandstone \\) be constant. Hence from the uniqueness it follows that, if \\( sandstone^{\\prime}(daybreak)=0 \\) for any \\( daybreak \\), then \\( sandstone \\) is constant. In terms of the given function \\( maplewood \\). this means that \\( maplewood^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish anywhere unless \\( maplewood \\) is constant. Thus our previous work is justified except in the trivial case of constant \\( maplewood \\). Obviously, we get no information about the nature of \\( butterscotch \\) in this case, so there is no way to compute \\( peppermint \\) from \\( maplewood \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "verticaldist",
        "y": "horizontaldist",
        "t": "timeless",
        "f": "constantvalue",
        "R": "propulsion",
        "u": "constantpart",
        "v": "staticpiece",
        "s": "actualindex",
        "r": "fixedpoint",
        "u_1": "globalone",
        "v_1": "globaltwo",
        "u_2": "globalthree",
        "v_2": "globalfour",
        "m": "weightless",
        "g": "levitation",
        "K": "variablefactor",
        "A": "variableelement",
        "B": "variation",
        "t_0": "eternityend"
      },
      "question": "6. A projectile moves in a resisting medium. The resisting force is a function of the velocity and is directed along the velocity vector. The equation \\( verticaldist =constantvalue(timeless) \\) gives the horizontal distance in terms of the time \\( timeless \\). Show that the vertical distance \\( horizontaldist \\) is given by\n\\[\nhorizontaldist=-levitation \\, constantvalue(timeless) \\int \\frac{d \\, timeless}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless)}+levitation \\int \\frac{constantvalue(timeless)}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless)} d \\, timeless+variableelement \\, constantvalue(timeless)+variation\n\\]\nwhere \\( variableelement \\) and \\( variation \\) are constants and \\( levitation \\) is the acceleration due to gravity.",
      "solution": "Solution. In vector form the differential equation of the motion is\n\\[\nweightless\\left\\langle verticaldist^{\\prime \\prime}, horizontaldist^{\\prime \\prime}\\right\\rangle=-propulsion\\left\\langle verticaldist^{\\prime}, horizontaldist^{\\prime}\\right\\rangle-weightless\\langle 0, levitation\\rangle,\n\\]\nwhere primes denote differentiation with respect to time and \\( propulsion \\) is the magnitude of the resistance.\n\nSince the \\( verticaldist \\)-component of the motion is given by \\( verticaldist=constantvalue(timeless) \\), it follows from (1) that\n\\[\npropulsion=-weightless \\frac{constantvalue^{\\prime \\prime}(timeless)}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless)}\n\\]\nassuming \\( constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless) \\) does not vanish. Then \\( horizontaldist \\) satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nhorizontaldist^{\\prime \\prime}=+\\frac{constantvalue^{\\prime \\prime}(timeless)}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless)} horizontaldist^{\\prime}-levitation\n\\]\n\nDividing by \\( constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless) \\) we get the exact differential form\n\\[\n\\frac{horizontaldist^{\\prime \\prime}}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless)}-\\frac{constantvalue^{\\prime \\prime}(timeless)}{\\left[constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless)\\right]^{2}} horizontaldist^{\\prime}=\\left(\\frac{horizontaldist^{\\prime}}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless)}\\right)^{\\prime}=-\\frac{levitation}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless)}\n\\]\n\nThus\n\\[\n\\frac{horizontaldist^{\\prime}}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless)}=\\frac{horizontaldist^{\\prime}(0)}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(0)}-levitation \\int_{0}^{1} \\frac{d \\, fixedpoint}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(fixedpoint)}\n\\]\nand so\n\\[\nhorizontaldist(timeless)=horizontaldist(0)+\\frac{horizontaldist^{\\prime}(0)}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(0)}[constantvalue(timeless)-constantvalue(0)]-\\left.\\left.levitation\\right|_{0} ^{1} constantvalue^{\\prime}(actualindex)\\right|_{0} ^{actualindex} \\frac{d \\, fixedpoint}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(fixedpoint)} d \\, actualindex\n\\]\n\nThe last integral can be integrated by parts,\n\\[\nconstantpart=\\int_{0}^{actualindex} \\frac{d \\, fixedpoint}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(fixedpoint)}, \\quad d staticpiece=constantvalue^{\\prime}(actualindex) d \\, actualindex\n\\]\nto give\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nhorizontaldist(timeless)= & \\frac{horizontaldist^{\\prime}(0)}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(0)} constantvalue(timeless)+horizontaldist(0)-\\frac{horizontaldist^{\\prime}(0) constantvalue(0)}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(0)} \\\\\n& -levitation \\cdot constantvalue(timeless) \\int_{0}^{\\prime} \\frac{d \\, fixedpoint}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(fixedpoint)}+levitation \\int_{0}^{\\prime \\prime} \\frac{constantvalue(actualindex)}{constantvalue^{\\prime}(actualindex)} d \\, actualindex\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand this is in the form required.\n\nThe preceding work depends on the assumption that \\( constantvalue^{\\prime}(timeless) \\neq 0 \\) for any \\( timeless \\). Let us consider this assumption.\n\nSuppose that the dependence of the resistance on the velocity is given by\n\\[\npropulsion=\\phi\\left(verticaldist^{\\prime}, horizontaldist^{\\prime}\\right)\n\\]\nwhere \\( \\phi: \\mathbf{R}^{2} \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) is a function satisfying the Lipschitz condition\n\\[\n\\left|\\phi\\left(globalone, globaltwo\\right)-\\phi\\left(globalthree, globalfour\\right)\\right| \\leq variablefactor\\left\\{\\left|globalone-globalthree\\right|+\\left|globaltwo-globalfour\\right|\\right\\}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( variablefactor \\). The original differential equation is then\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nverticaldist^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{weightless} \\phi\\left(verticaldist^{\\prime}, horizontaldist^{\\prime}\\right) verticaldist^{\\prime} \\\\\nhorizontaldist^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{weightless} \\phi\\left(verticaldist^{\\prime}, horizontaldist^{\\prime}\\right) horizontaldist^{\\prime}-levitation\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nand this system has a unique solution for any initial conditions (even if they are set at a time other than 0 ). It is clear that, if \\( verticaldist^{\\prime}\\left(eternityend\\right)=0 \\), then a solution of (2) can be found by solving\n\\[\nhorizontaldist^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{weightless} \\phi\\left(0, horizontaldist^{\\prime}\\right) horizontaldist^{\\prime}-levitation\n\\]\nand letting \\( verticaldist \\) be constant. Hence from the uniqueness it follows that, if \\( verticaldist^{\\prime}\\left(eternityend\\right)=0 \\) for any \\( eternityend \\), then \\( verticaldist \\) is constant. In terms of the given function \\( constantvalue \\), this means that \\( constantvalue^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish anywhere unless \\( constantvalue \\) is constant. Thus our previous work is justified except in the trivial case of constant \\( constantvalue \\). Obviously, we get no information about the nature of \\( propulsion \\) in this case, so there is no way to compute \\( horizontaldist \\) from \\( constantvalue \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "y": "hjgrksla",
        "t": "vbmncxzd",
        "f": "lkjhgfdp",
        "R": "asdfqwer",
        "u": "pqowieyr",
        "v": "zmcnxbvl",
        "s": "ajskdlfh",
        "r": "qldkfjwe",
        "u_1": "mbvcxzas",
        "v_1": "poiulkjh",
        "u_2": "qwerasdf",
        "v_2": "zxcvbnml",
        "m": "rtyuioop",
        "g": "ghjkerty",
        "K": "oiuytrew",
        "A": "mnbsazxc",
        "B": "pkjlhgfd",
        "t_0": "aslpqwer"
      },
      "question": "6. A projectile moves in a resisting medium. The resisting force is a function of the velocity and is directed along the velocity vector. The equation \\( qzxwvtnp \\) \\( = lkjhgfdp(vbmncxzd) \\) gives the horizontal distance in terms of the time \\( vbmncxzd \\). Show that the vertical distance \\( hjgrksla \\) is given by\n\\[\nhjgrksla=-ghjkerty\\,lkjhgfdp(vbmncxzd) \\int \\frac{d vbmncxzd}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd)}+ghjkerty \\int \\frac{lkjhgfdp(vbmncxzd)}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd)} d vbmncxzd+mnbsazxc \\,lkjhgfdp(vbmncxzd)+pkjlhgfd\n\\]\nwhere \\( mnbsazxc \\) and \\( pkjlhgfd \\) are constants and \\( ghjkerty \\) is the acceleration due to gravity.",
      "solution": "Solution. In vector form the differential equation of the motion is\n\\[\nrtyuioop\\left\\langle qzxwvtnp^{\\prime \\prime}, hjgrksla^{\\prime \\prime}\\right\\rangle=-asdfqwer\\left\\langle qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}, hjgrksla^{\\prime}\\right\\rangle-rtyuioop\\langle 0, ghjkerty\\rangle,\n\\]\nwhere primes denote differentiation with respect to time and \\( asdfqwer \\) is the magnitude of the resistance.\n\nSince the \\( qzxwvtnp \\)-component of the motion is given by \\( qzxwvtnp = lkjhgfdp(vbmncxzd) \\), it follows from (1) that\n\\[\nasdfqwer=-rtyuioop \\frac{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime \\prime}(vbmncxzd)}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd)}\n\\]\nassuming \\( lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd) \\) does not vanish. Then \\( hjgrksla \\) satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nhjgrksla^{\\prime \\prime}=+\\frac{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime \\prime}(vbmncxzd)}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd)} hjgrksla^{\\prime}-ghjkerty\n\\]\n\nDividing by \\( lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd) \\) we get the exact differential form\n\\[\n\\frac{hjgrksla^{\\prime \\prime}}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd)}-\\frac{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime \\prime}(vbmncxzd)}{\\left[ lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd) \\right]^{2}} hjgrksla^{\\prime}=\\left(\\frac{hjgrksla^{\\prime}}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd)}\\right)^{\\prime}=-\\frac{ghjkerty}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd)}\n\\]\n\nThus\n\\[\n\\frac{hjgrksla^{\\prime}}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd)}=\\frac{hjgrksla^{\\prime}(0)}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(0)}-ghjkerty \\int_{0}^{1} \\frac{d qldkfjwe}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(qldkfjwe)}\n\\]\nand so\n\\[\nhjgrksla(vbmncxzd)=hjgrksla(0)+\\frac{hjgrksla^{\\prime}(0)}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(0)}[lkjhgfdp(vbmncxzd)-lkjhgfdp(0)]-\\left.\\left.ghjkerty\\right|_{0}^{1} lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(ajskdlfh)\\right|_{0}^{ajskdlfh} \\frac{d qldkfjwe}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(qldkfjwe)} d ajskdlfh\n\\]\n\nThe last integral can be integrated by parts,\n\\[\npqowieyr=\\int_{0}^{ajskdlfh} \\frac{d qldkfjwe}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(qldkfjwe)}, \\quad d zmcnxbvl=lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(ajskdlfh) d ajskdlfh\n\\]\nto give\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nhjgrksla(vbmncxzd)= & \\frac{hjgrksla^{\\prime}(0)}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(0)} lkjhgfdp(vbmncxzd)+hjgrksla(0)-\\frac{hjgrksla^{\\prime}(0) lkjhgfdp(0)}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(0)} \\\\\n& -ghjkerty \\cdot lkjhgfdp(vbmncxzd) \\int_{0}^{\\prime} \\frac{d qldkfjwe}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(qldkfjwe)}+ghjkerty \\int_{0}^{\\prime \\prime} \\frac{lkjhgfdp(ajskdlfh)}{lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(ajskdlfh)} d ajskdlfh\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand this is in the form required.\nThe preceding work depends on the assumption that \\( lkjhgfdp^{\\prime}(vbmncxzd) \\neq 0 \\) for any \\( vbmncxzd \\). Let us consider this assumption.\n\nSuppose that the dependence of the resistance on the velocity is given by\n\\[\nasdfqwer=\\phi\\left(qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}, hjgrksla^{\\prime}\\right)\n\\]\nwhere \\( \\phi: \\mathbf{R}^{2} \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R} \\) is a function satisfying the Lipschitz condition\n\\[\n\\left|\\phi\\left(mbvcxzas, poiulkjh\\right)-\\phi\\left(qwerasdf, zxcvbnml\\right)\\right| \\leq oiuytrew\\left\\{\\left|mbvcxzas-qwerasdf\\right|+\\left|poiulkjh-zxcvbnml\\right|\\right\\}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( oiuytrew \\). The original differential equation is then\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nqzxwvtnp^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{rtyuioop} \\phi\\left(qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}, hjgrksla^{\\prime}\\right) qzxwvtnp^{\\prime} \\\\\nhjgrksla^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{rtyuioop} \\phi\\left(qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}, hjgrksla^{\\prime}\\right) hjgrksla^{\\prime}-ghjkerty\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nand this system has a unique solution for any initial conditions (even if they are set at a time other than 0). It is clear that, if \\( qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}(aslpqwer)=0 \\), then a solution of (2) can be found by solving\n\\[\nhjgrksla^{\\prime \\prime}=-\\frac{1}{rtyuioop} \\phi\\left(0, hjgrksla^{\\prime}\\right) hjgrksla^{\\prime}-ghjkerty\n\\]\nand letting \\( qzxwvtnp \\) be constant. Hence from the uniqueness it follows that, if \\( qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}(aslpqwer)=0 \\) for any \\( aslpqwer \\), then \\( qzxwvtnp \\) is constant. In terms of the given function \\( lkjhgfdp \\) this means that \\( lkjhgfdp^{\\prime} \\) does not vanish anywhere unless \\( lkjhgfdp \\) is constant. Thus our previous work is justified except in the trivial case of constant \\( lkjhgfdp \\). Obviously, we get no information about the nature of \\( asdfqwer \\) in this case, so there is no way to compute \\( hjgrksla \\) from \\( lkjhgfdp \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "───────────────────\nA particle of mass M moves in the x z–plane.  \nFor all t it is acted on  \n• Gravity F_g = –M γ 𝐤 (γ > 0),  \n• A drag force –R(|𝐯|) 𝐯/|𝐯| whose magnitude R depends only on the speed s:=|𝐯| and is always opposite to the velocity 𝐯(t).\n\nThroughout the motion the vertical coordinate is prescribed and never stationary:  \n  z(t)=h(t), h∈C², h′(t)≠0 for every t.  \nFix an arbitrary reference instant t₀.\n\nDefine H(t):=h″(t)+γ.\n\n(a)  Show that the horizontal coordinate satisfies the linear first-order ODE  \n\n  ẍ = H(t) ẋ / h′(t)                     (A)\n\nand that along the trajectory the unknown drag magnitude is\n\n  R(|𝐯(t)|) = –M H(t) |𝐯(t)| / h′(t).  (B)\n\n(b)  Solve (A) with the datum ẋ(t₀)=u₀ and obtain  \n\n  ẋ(t)=u₀ h′(t) h′(t₀)⁻¹ exp [ γ∫_{t₀}^{t} ds / h′(s) ].  \nHence write the speed explicitly,\n\n  |𝐯(t)| = h′(t)√{1 + κ² exp[2γ∫_{t₀}^{t} ds / h′(s)] } , κ:=u₀/h′(t₀).\n\n(c)  The law R(s) is required to be the same function of s for *all* solutions.  \nShow that this is possible only when H(t)/h′(t) is a constant κ₀.  \nDeduce that h satisfies the first-order ODE  \n\n  h″+γ = κ₀ h′, solve it, and prove that then necessarily  \n\n  R(s)=M κ₀ s  (linear resistance).\n\nDetermine the resulting horizontal position x(t) and discuss the monotonicity of the motion.",
      "solution": "────────────────────\nLet 𝐫(t)=x(t)𝐢+h(t)𝐤 and 𝐯(t)=ẋ𝐢+h′𝐤.  Newton’s law gives  \n\n M ẍ = –R(s) ẋ/s,  M h″ = –R(s) h′/s – M γ.              (1)\n\nSince h′≠0, divide the second equation by h′ to isolate the unknown ratio R/s:\n\n R(s)/s = –M (h″+γ)/h′ = –M H/h′.                          (2)\n\nInserting (2) into the horizontal component of (1) eliminates R:\n\n M ẍ = –[–M H/h′] ẋ = M H ẋ/h′,  \n\nand division by M yields the linear ODE (A).  Relation (2) simultaneously furnishes (B), completing part (a).\n\nNote that (A) is first–order in ẋ.  Putting u:=ẋ it reads u′ = (H/h′)u.  Since u may change sign we divide by u whenever u≠0, integrate from t₀ to t and use ∫h″/h′=ln|h′|:\n\n ln |u/u₀| = ln|h′/h′(t₀)| + γ∫_{t₀}^{t} ds/h′(s).\n\nExponentiating and regrouping produces\n\n ẋ(t)=u₀ h′(t) h′(t₀)⁻¹ exp[ γ∫_{t₀}^{t} ds/h′(s) ],             (3)\n\nwhich is the required expression in part (b).  The speed is s=|𝐯|=√{ẋ²+h′²}; inserting (3) gives the quoted formula.\n\nObserve next that (B) must, by hypothesis, define *one and the same* function R(s) independent of the specific instant.  Hence the right–hand side of (B) may not depend on t once s has been fixed.  Because s already involves the factor exp[γ∫ ds/h′] while H/h′ is a purely time–dependent scalar, the only escape from an explicit t–dependence is\n\n H(t)/h′(t) = κ₀  for some constant κ₀.                     (4)\n\nSince γ>0 this constant cannot vanish unless h″+γ≡0, excluded by h′≠0.  \nEquation (4) rewrites as the first-order linear ODE h″+γ=κ₀ h′.  Solving,\n\n h′(t)=C e^{κ₀t} – γ/κ₀,  h(t)=C κ₀⁻¹ e^{κ₀t} – γt/κ₀ + D,  \n\nwith integration constants C,D (κ₀≠0; the limit κ₀→0 reproduces parabolic free fall).\n\nSubstituting (4) into (B) eliminates all time variables and yields\n\n R(s)=M κ₀ s,                                                (5)\n\nso the drag is necessarily linear in the speed.  Conversely (5) obviously satisfies (1) together with (4); hence the linear law is both necessary and sufficient.  Uniqueness follows from (2).\n\nFinally, integrating (3) with the explicit exponential factor exp(κ₀t) gives\n\n x(t)=x(t₀)+κ C∫_{t₀}^{t} e^{κ₀s} ds = x(t₀)+u₀ κ₀⁻¹(e^{κ₀(t–t₀)}–1).\n\nBecause κ₀>0 the exponential factor is positive; thus ẋ keeps the sign of u₀ and the horizontal motion is monotone.  All requirements are met.",
      "_replacement_note": {
        "replaced_at": "2025-07-05T22:17:12.053863",
        "reason": "Original kernel variant was too easy compared to the original problem"
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}