{
  "index": "1967-A-3",
  "type": "ALG",
  "tag": [
    "ALG",
    "NT"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "A-3. Consider polynomial forms \\( a x^{2}-b x+c \\) with integer coefficients which have two distinct zeros in the open interval \\( 0<x<1 \\). Exhibit with a proof the least positive integer value of \\( a \\) for which such a polynomial exists.",
  "solution": "A-3 Let \\( f(x)=a x^{2}-b x+c=a(x-r)(x-s) \\). Then \\( f(0) \\cdot f(1)=a^{2} r(r-1) \\) \\( \\cdot s(s-1) \\). The graph of \\( r(r-1) \\) shows that \\( 0<r<1 \\) implies \\( 0<r(r-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\), with equality if and only if \\( r=\\frac{1}{2} \\). Similarly, \\( 0<s(s-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\). Since \\( r \\neq s, r(r-1) s(s-1) \\) \\( <1 / 16 \\) and \\( 0<f(0) \\cdot f(1)<a^{2} / 16 \\). The coefficients \\( a, b, c \\) are integers and thus \\( 1 \\leqq f(0) \\cdot f(1) \\). Consequently \\( a^{2}>16 \\), i.e. \\( a \\geqq 5 \\).\n\nThe discriminant \\( b^{2}-4 a c \\) shows that the minimum possible value for \\( b \\) is 5 . Furthermore, \\( 5 x^{2}-5 x+1 \\) has two distinct roots between 0 and 1.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "r",
    "s",
    "f"
  ],
  "params": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "c"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "variable",
        "r": "firstroot",
        "s": "secondroot",
        "f": "function",
        "a": "leading",
        "b": "middle",
        "c": "constant"
      },
      "question": "A-3. Consider polynomial forms \\( leading variable^{2}-middle variable+constant \\) with integer coefficients which have two distinct zeros in the open interval \\( 0<variable<1 \\). Exhibit with a proof the least positive integer value of \\( leading \\) for which such a polynomial exists.",
      "solution": "A-3 Let \\( function(variable)=leading variable^{2}-middle variable+constant=leading(variable-firstroot)(variable-secondroot) \\). Then \\( function(0) \\cdot function(1)=leading^{2} firstroot(firstroot-1) \\) \\( \\cdot secondroot(secondroot-1) \\). The graph of \\( firstroot(firstroot-1) \\) shows that \\( 0<firstroot<1 \\) implies \\( 0<firstroot(firstroot-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\), with equality if and only if \\( firstroot=\\frac{1}{2} \\). Similarly, \\( 0<secondroot(secondroot-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\). Since \\( firstroot \\neq secondroot, firstroot(firstroot-1) secondroot(secondroot-1) \\) \\( <1 / 16 \\) and \\( 0<function(0) \\cdot function(1)<leading^{2} / 16 \\). The coefficients \\( leading, middle, constant \\) are integers and thus \\( 1 \\leqq function(0) \\cdot function(1) \\). Consequently \\( leading^{2}>16 \\), i.e. \\( leading \\geqq 5 \\).\n\nThe discriminant \\( middle^{2}-4 leading constant \\) shows that the minimum possible value for \\( middle \\) is 5. Furthermore, \\( 5 variable^{2}-5 variable+1 \\) has two distinct roots between 0 and 1."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "elderberry",
        "r": "sandstone",
        "s": "snowflake",
        "f": "firestone",
        "a": "lighthouse",
        "b": "tambourine",
        "c": "bookshelf"
      },
      "question": "A-3. Consider polynomial forms \\( lighthouse elderberry^{2}-tambourine elderberry+bookshelf \\) with integer coefficients which have two distinct zeros in the open interval \\( 0<elderberry<1 \\). Exhibit with a proof the least positive integer value of \\( lighthouse \\) for which such a polynomial exists.",
      "solution": "A-3 Let \\( firestone(elderberry)=lighthouse elderberry^{2}-tambourine elderberry+bookshelf=lighthouse(elderberry-sandstone)(elderberry-snowflake) \\). Then \\( firestone(0) \\cdot firestone(1)=lighthouse^{2} sandstone(sandstone-1) \\) \\( \\cdot snowflake(snowflake-1) \\). The graph of \\( sandstone(sandstone-1) \\) shows that \\( 0<sandstone<1 \\) implies \\( 0<sandstone(sandstone-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\), with equality if and only if \\( sandstone=\\frac{1}{2} \\). Similarly, \\( 0<snowflake(snowflake-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\). Since \\( sandstone \\neq snowflake, sandstone(sandstone-1) snowflake(snowflake-1) \\) \\( <1 / 16 \\) and \\( 0<firestone(0) \\cdot firestone(1)<lighthouse^{2} / 16 \\). The coefficients \\( lighthouse, tambourine, bookshelf \\) are integers and thus \\( 1 \\leqq firestone(0) \\cdot firestone(1) \\). Consequently \\( lighthouse^{2}>16 \\), i.e. \\( lighthouse \\geqq 5 \\).\n\nThe discriminant \\( tambourine^{2}-4 lighthouse bookshelf \\) shows that the minimum possible value for \\( tambourine \\) is 5 . Furthermore, \\( 5 elderberry^{2}-5 elderberry+1 \\) has two distinct roots between 0 and 1."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "constantval",
        "r": "crownpoint",
        "s": "leafnode",
        "f": "staticval",
        "a": "endcoeff",
        "b": "edgecoeff",
        "c": "varyingterm"
      },
      "question": "A-3. Consider polynomial forms \\( endcoeff constantval^{2}-edgecoeff constantval+varyingterm \\) with integer coefficients which have two distinct zeros in the open interval \\( 0<constantval<1 \\). Exhibit with a proof the least positive integer value of \\( endcoeff \\) for which such a polynomial exists.",
      "solution": "A-3 Let \\( staticval(constantval)=endcoeff constantval^{2}-edgecoeff constantval+varyingterm=endcoeff(constantval-crownpoint)(constantval-leafnode) \\). Then \\( staticval(0) \\cdot staticval(1)=endcoeff^{2} crownpoint(crownpoint-1) \\cdot leafnode(leafnode-1) \\). The graph of \\( crownpoint(crownpoint-1) \\) shows that \\( 0<crownpoint<1 \\) implies \\( 0<crownpoint(crownpoint-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\), with equality if and only if \\( crownpoint=\\frac{1}{2} \\). Similarly, \\( 0<leafnode(leafnode-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\). Since \\( crownpoint \\neq leafnode, crownpoint(crownpoint-1) leafnode(leafnode-1) <1 / 16 \\) and \\( 0<staticval(0) \\cdot staticval(1)<endcoeff^{2} / 16 \\). The coefficients \\( endcoeff, edgecoeff, varyingterm \\) are integers and thus \\( 1 \\leqq staticval(0) \\cdot staticval(1) \\). Consequently \\( endcoeff^{2}>16 \\), i.e. \\( endcoeff \\geqq 5 \\).\n\nThe discriminant \\( edgecoeff^{2}-4 endcoeff varyingterm \\) shows that the minimum possible value for \\( edgecoeff \\) is 5 . Furthermore, \\( 5 constantval^{2}-5 constantval+1 \\) has two distinct roots between 0 and 1."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "r": "hjgrksla",
        "s": "mvcldrqo",
        "f": "bznptkwe",
        "a": "xmnfgqrz",
        "b": "ldkjshvw",
        "c": "vhrgploe"
      },
      "question": "Consider polynomial forms \\( xmnfgqrz qzxwvtnp^{2}-ldkjshvw qzxwvtnp+vhrgploe \\) with integer coefficients which have two distinct zeros in the open interval \\( 0<qzxwvtnp<1 \\). Exhibit with a proof the least positive integer value of \\( xmnfgqrz \\) for which such a polynomial exists.",
      "solution": "A-3 Let \\( bznptkwe(qzxwvtnp)=xmnfgqrz qzxwvtnp^{2}-ldkjshvw qzxwvtnp+vhrgploe=xmnfgqrz(qzxwvtnp-hjgrksla)(qzxwvtnp-mvcldrqo) \\). Then \\( bznptkwe(0) \\cdot bznptkwe(1)=xmnfgqrz^{2} hjgrksla(hjgrksla-1) \\cdot mvcldrqo(mvcldrqo-1) \\). The graph of \\( hjgrksla(hjgrksla-1) \\) shows that \\( 0<hjgrksla<1 \\) implies \\( 0<hjgrksla(hjgrksla-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\), with equality if and only if \\( hjgrksla=\\frac{1}{2} \\). Similarly, \\( 0<mvcldrqo(mvcldrqo-1) \\leqq \\frac{1}{4} \\). Since \\( hjgrksla \\neq mvcldrqo, hjgrksla(hjgrksla-1) mvcldrqo(mvcldrqo-1) <1 / 16 \\) and \\( 0<bznptkwe(0) \\cdot bznptkwe(1)<xmnfgqrz^{2} / 16 \\). The coefficients \\( xmnfgqrz, ldkjshvw, vhrgploe \\) are integers and thus \\( 1 \\leqq bznptkwe(0) \\cdot bznptkwe(1) \\). Consequently \\( xmnfgqrz^{2}>16 \\), i.e. \\( xmnfgqrz \\geqq 5 \\).\n\nThe discriminant \\( ldkjshvw^{2}-4 xmnfgqrz vhrgploe \\) shows that the minimum possible value for \\( ldkjshvw \\) is 5. Furthermore, \\( 5 qzxwvtnp^{2}-5 qzxwvtnp+1 \\) has two distinct roots between 0 and 1."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $a,b,c,d\\in\\mathbb Z$ with $a>0$ and\n\\[\n\\gcd(a,b,c,d)=1 .\n\\]\nDetermine the least positive integer $a$ for which one can find\nintegers $b,c,d$ and three pairwise–distinct rational numbers\n\\[\n2<r<s<t<3\n\\]\nsuch that the cubic polynomial\n\\[\nP(x)=a\\,x^{3}-b\\,x^{2}+c\\,x-d\n\\]\nsatisfies\n\\[\nP(r)=P(s)=P(t)=0 .\n\\]\nGive that minimal value of $a$, exhibit an explicit polynomial that\nattains it, and prove rigorously that no smaller positive value of $a$\nis possible.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "solution": "1.  Notation and Vieta relations  \n\nWrite all three roots in lowest terms,\n\\[\nr=\\frac{p_{1}}{q_{1}},\\qquad\ns=\\frac{p_{2}}{q_{2}},\\qquad\nt=\\frac{p_{3}}{q_{3}},\\qquad\n\\gcd(p_{i},q_{i})=1,\\;q_{i}>0 .\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\nPut\n\\[\n\\Sigma_{1}=r+s+t,\\qquad\n\\Sigma_{2}=rs+rt+st,\\qquad\n\\Sigma_{3}=rst .\n\\]\nBecause\n\\[\nP(x)=a(x-r)(x-s)(x-t),\n\\]\nVieta’s formulas yield\n\\begin{equation}\nb=a\\Sigma_{1},\\qquad c=a\\Sigma_{2},\\qquad d=a\\Sigma_{3}.\n\\tag{2}\n\\end{equation}\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n2.  Two crucial arithmetic lemmas  \n\nLemma 1 (Uniqueness of denominator $2$).\nIn the open interval $(2,3)$ there is exactly one reduced fraction with\ndenominator $2$, namely $5/2$.\n\nProof.  A number $p/2\\in(2,3)$ satisfies $4<p<6$.\nFor odd $p$ this forces $p=5$. ∎  \n\nLemma 2 (Complete denominator divisibility).\nWith the notation of (1) one has\n\\[\nq_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\mid a .\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\nProof.  Clearing denominators inside\n\\[\nP(x)=a(x-r)(x-s)(x-t)\n     =\\frac{a}{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}\\,\n       \\bigl(q_{1}x-p_{1}\\bigr)\n       \\bigl(q_{2}x-p_{2}\\bigr)\n       \\bigl(q_{3}x-p_{3}\\bigr),\n\\]\nwe see that every coefficient of\n$\\dfrac{a}{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}\n       (q_{1}x-p_{1})(q_{2}x-p_{2})(q_{3}x-p_{3})$\nmust be an integer.  Since the three linear factors are pairwise\ncoprime in $\\mathbb Z[x]$, the content of their product is $1$, hence\n$q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\mid a$. ∎  \n\nCorollary.\nEvery denominator satisfies $q_{i}\\mid a$ and $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\le a$.\nBecause each $q_{i}\\ge 2$, necessarily\n\\[\na\\ge q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\ge 8 .\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n3.  Searching for small values of $a$  \n\nWe prove that $a<18$ is impossible.  \nBy Lemma 2 we must have $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\mid a$ and\n$q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\le a\\le 17$.  Thus $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}$ can only be one\nof the positive integers less than $18$ that can be expressed as a\nproduct of three integers each $\\ge 2$.  A short factor check gives the\ncomplete list\n\\[\n\\boxed{8,\\;12,\\;16}.\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\nWe rule out each possibility.\n\n(i)  $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}=8$.  \nThe only way to write $8$ as a product of three integers\n$q_{i}\\ge 2$ is $2\\cdot2\\cdot2$, forcing $q_{1}=q_{2}=q_{3}=2$.\nLemma 1 then allows at most one root with denominator $2$, contradicting the\nrequirement that $r,s,t$ be distinct.\n\n(ii) $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}=12$.  \nHere $12=2\\cdot2\\cdot3$, so two denominators equal $2$.\nAgain Lemma 1 violates distinctness.\n\n(iii) $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}=16$.  \nThe only factorisation with all factors at least $2$ is\n$2\\cdot2\\cdot4$, giving two denominators $2$, contradiction as before.\n\nTherefore no triple $(q_{1},q_{2},q_{3})$ is compatible with\n$a\\le 17$.  Consequently\n\\[\na\\ge 18 .\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n4.  Sharpness: an explicit example with $a=18$  \n\nChoose\n\\[\nr=\\frac{5}{2},\\qquad\ns=\\frac{7}{3},\\qquad\nt=\\frac{8}{3},\n\\]\nall lying in $(2,3)$ and pairwise distinct.  Here\n$(q_{1},q_{2},q_{3})=(2,3,3)$ and $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}=18$.\n\nCompute the symmetric sums:\n\\[\n\\Sigma_{1}=r+s+t=\\frac{15}{2},\\qquad\n\\Sigma_{2}=rs+rt+st=\\frac{337}{18},\\qquad\n\\Sigma_{3}=rst=\\frac{140}{9}.\n\\]\nInsert $a=18$ in (2):\n\\[\n(b,c,d)=\\bigl(18\\Sigma_{1},\\;18\\Sigma_{2},\\;18\\Sigma_{3}\\bigr)\n      =(135,\\,337,\\,280).\n\\]\nThus\n\\[\nP(x)=18x^{3}-135x^{2}+337x-280\n     =(2x-5)(3x-7)(3x-8).\n\\]\nA direct check gives\n$\\gcd(18,135,337,280)=1$, so every problem requirement is fulfilled\nwith $a=18$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n5.  Minimality  \n\nSection 3 proves no polynomial with the required properties exists for\n$a\\le 17$, while Section 4 supplies one for $a=18$.  Hence\n\\[\n\\boxed{a_{\\min}=18}.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n6.  Final answer  \n\nA minimal polynomial is\n\\[\nP(x)=18x^{3}-135x^{2}+337x-280\n     =(2x-5)(3x-7)(3x-8),\n\\]\nwhose distinct rational zeros $r=5/2$, $s=7/3$, $t=8/3$ all lie in\n$(2,3)$.  No smaller positive leading coefficient is possible, so\n$a_{\\min}=18$. ∎\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.569467",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "Compared with the original quadratic task, the enhanced problem is\nsubstantially more intricate for several reasons.\n\n• Higher degree & more variables  \n A cubic replaces a quadratic, so one must manage three roots and an\n additional coefficient, greatly enlarging the algebraic complexity.\n\n• Rational-root requirement  \n The explicit stipulation that the zeros be rational forces a delicate\n number-theoretic analysis of denominators, invoking least common\n multiples, divisibility constraints on a, and a careful case distinction\n for which denominators can even occur in (2,3).\n\n• Multiple simultaneous constraints  \n Besides placing the zeros in (2,3) the problem now demands (i) primitive\n coefficients, (ii) positivity of P at both endpoints of the interval,\n and (iii) simple (non-repeated) zeros, which together rule out many\n otherwise plausible constructions.\n\n• Deeper theoretical ingredients  \n The solution requires Vieta’s relations, discriminant considerations,\n detailed rational-interval counting, and elementary but non-trivial\n divisibility arguments to prove the lower bound and to certify that 18\n indeed suffices.\n\n• Non-routine construction  \n An explicit polynomial had to be engineered so that several numerical\n conditions (integrality, gcd, sign conditions) all hold at once; this\n necessitates non-obvious simultaneous control of three symmetric sums.\n\nTaken together, these added layers of algebra, number theory and careful\nconstruction make the enhanced variant markedly harder than both the\noriginal and the earlier kernel version."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $a,b,c,d\\in\\mathbb Z$ with $a>0$ and\n\\[\n\\gcd(a,b,c,d)=1 .\n\\]\nDetermine the least positive integer $a$ for which one can find\nintegers $b,c,d$ and three pairwise–distinct rational numbers\n\\[\n2<r<s<t<3\n\\]\nsuch that the cubic polynomial\n\\[\nP(x)=a\\,x^{3}-b\\,x^{2}+c\\,x-d\n\\]\nsatisfies\n\\[\nP(r)=P(s)=P(t)=0 .\n\\]\nGive that minimal value of $a$, exhibit an explicit polynomial that\nattains it, and prove rigorously that no smaller positive value of $a$\nis possible.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "solution": "1.  Notation and Vieta relations  \n\nWrite all three roots in lowest terms,\n\\[\nr=\\frac{p_{1}}{q_{1}},\\qquad\ns=\\frac{p_{2}}{q_{2}},\\qquad\nt=\\frac{p_{3}}{q_{3}},\\qquad\n\\gcd(p_{i},q_{i})=1,\\;q_{i}>0 .\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\nPut\n\\[\n\\Sigma_{1}=r+s+t,\\qquad\n\\Sigma_{2}=rs+rt+st,\\qquad\n\\Sigma_{3}=rst .\n\\]\nBecause\n\\[\nP(x)=a(x-r)(x-s)(x-t),\n\\]\nVieta’s formulas yield\n\\begin{equation}\nb=a\\Sigma_{1},\\qquad c=a\\Sigma_{2},\\qquad d=a\\Sigma_{3}.\n\\tag{2}\n\\end{equation}\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n2.  Two crucial arithmetic lemmas  \n\nLemma 1 (Uniqueness of denominator $2$).\nIn the open interval $(2,3)$ there is exactly one reduced fraction with\ndenominator $2$, namely $5/2$.\n\nProof.  A number $p/2\\in(2,3)$ satisfies $4<p<6$.\nFor odd $p$ this forces $p=5$. ∎  \n\nLemma 2 (Complete denominator divisibility).\nWith the notation of (1) one has\n\\[\nq_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\mid a .\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\nProof.  Clearing denominators inside\n\\[\nP(x)=a(x-r)(x-s)(x-t)\n     =\\frac{a}{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}\\,\n       \\bigl(q_{1}x-p_{1}\\bigr)\n       \\bigl(q_{2}x-p_{2}\\bigr)\n       \\bigl(q_{3}x-p_{3}\\bigr),\n\\]\nwe see that every coefficient of\n$\\dfrac{a}{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}\n       (q_{1}x-p_{1})(q_{2}x-p_{2})(q_{3}x-p_{3})$\nmust be an integer.  Since the three linear factors are pairwise\ncoprime in $\\mathbb Z[x]$, the content of their product is $1$, hence\n$q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\mid a$. ∎  \n\nCorollary.\nEvery denominator satisfies $q_{i}\\mid a$ and $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\le a$.\nBecause each $q_{i}\\ge 2$, necessarily\n\\[\na\\ge q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\ge 8 .\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n3.  Searching for small values of $a$  \n\nWe prove that $a<18$ is impossible.  \nBy Lemma 2 we must have $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\mid a$ and\n$q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\\le a\\le 17$.  Thus $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}$ can only be one\nof the positive integers less than $18$ that can be expressed as a\nproduct of three integers each $\\ge 2$.  A short factor check gives the\ncomplete list\n\\[\n\\boxed{8,\\;12,\\;16}.\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\nWe rule out each possibility.\n\n(i)  $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}=8$.  \nThe only way to write $8$ as a product of three integers\n$q_{i}\\ge 2$ is $2\\cdot2\\cdot2$, forcing $q_{1}=q_{2}=q_{3}=2$.\nLemma 1 then allows at most one root with denominator $2$, contradicting the\nrequirement that $r,s,t$ be distinct.\n\n(ii) $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}=12$.  \nHere $12=2\\cdot2\\cdot3$, so two denominators equal $2$.\nAgain Lemma 1 violates distinctness.\n\n(iii) $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}=16$.  \nThe only factorisation with all factors at least $2$ is\n$2\\cdot2\\cdot4$, giving two denominators $2$, contradiction as before.\n\nTherefore no triple $(q_{1},q_{2},q_{3})$ is compatible with\n$a\\le 17$.  Consequently\n\\[\na\\ge 18 .\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n4.  Sharpness: an explicit example with $a=18$  \n\nChoose\n\\[\nr=\\frac{5}{2},\\qquad\ns=\\frac{7}{3},\\qquad\nt=\\frac{8}{3},\n\\]\nall lying in $(2,3)$ and pairwise distinct.  Here\n$(q_{1},q_{2},q_{3})=(2,3,3)$ and $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}=18$.\n\nCompute the symmetric sums:\n\\[\n\\Sigma_{1}=r+s+t=\\frac{15}{2},\\qquad\n\\Sigma_{2}=rs+rt+st=\\frac{337}{18},\\qquad\n\\Sigma_{3}=rst=\\frac{140}{9}.\n\\]\nInsert $a=18$ in (2):\n\\[\n(b,c,d)=\\bigl(18\\Sigma_{1},\\;18\\Sigma_{2},\\;18\\Sigma_{3}\\bigr)\n      =(135,\\,337,\\,280).\n\\]\nThus\n\\[\nP(x)=18x^{3}-135x^{2}+337x-280\n     =(2x-5)(3x-7)(3x-8).\n\\]\nA direct check gives\n$\\gcd(18,135,337,280)=1$, so every problem requirement is fulfilled\nwith $a=18$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n5.  Minimality  \n\nSection 3 proves no polynomial with the required properties exists for\n$a\\le 17$, while Section 4 supplies one for $a=18$.  Hence\n\\[\n\\boxed{a_{\\min}=18}.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n6.  Final answer  \n\nA minimal polynomial is\n\\[\nP(x)=18x^{3}-135x^{2}+337x-280\n     =(2x-5)(3x-7)(3x-8),\n\\]\nwhose distinct rational zeros $r=5/2$, $s=7/3$, $t=8/3$ all lie in\n$(2,3)$.  No smaller positive leading coefficient is possible, so\n$a_{\\min}=18$. ∎\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.463800",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "Compared with the original quadratic task, the enhanced problem is\nsubstantially more intricate for several reasons.\n\n• Higher degree & more variables  \n A cubic replaces a quadratic, so one must manage three roots and an\n additional coefficient, greatly enlarging the algebraic complexity.\n\n• Rational-root requirement  \n The explicit stipulation that the zeros be rational forces a delicate\n number-theoretic analysis of denominators, invoking least common\n multiples, divisibility constraints on a, and a careful case distinction\n for which denominators can even occur in (2,3).\n\n• Multiple simultaneous constraints  \n Besides placing the zeros in (2,3) the problem now demands (i) primitive\n coefficients, (ii) positivity of P at both endpoints of the interval,\n and (iii) simple (non-repeated) zeros, which together rule out many\n otherwise plausible constructions.\n\n• Deeper theoretical ingredients  \n The solution requires Vieta’s relations, discriminant considerations,\n detailed rational-interval counting, and elementary but non-trivial\n divisibility arguments to prove the lower bound and to certify that 18\n indeed suffices.\n\n• Non-routine construction  \n An explicit polynomial had to be engineered so that several numerical\n conditions (integrality, gcd, sign conditions) all hold at once; this\n necessitates non-obvious simultaneous control of three symmetric sums.\n\nTaken together, these added layers of algebra, number theory and careful\nconstruction make the enhanced variant markedly harder than both the\noriginal and the earlier kernel version."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}