{
  "index": "1968-B-2",
  "type": "ALG",
  "tag": [
    "ALG",
    "COMB"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "B-2. \\( A \\) is a subset of a finite group \\( G \\) (with group operation called multiplication), and \\( A^{-} \\)contains more than one half of the elements of \\( G \\). Prove that each element of \\( G \\) is the product of two elements of \\( A \\).",
  "solution": "B-2 Let \\( g \\) be any element of \\( G \\). The set \\( \\left\\{g a^{-1} \\mid a \\in A\\right\\} \\) has the same number of elements as \\( A \\). If these two sets are disjoint, their union would contain more elements than \\( G \\). Thus there exist \\( a_{1}, a_{2} \\in A \\) such that \\( a_{1}=g a_{2}^{-1} \\) and \\( g=a_{1} a_{2} \\).\n\nAlternate Solution: Let \\( G \\) have \\( n \\) elements, \\( A \\) have \\( m \\) elements, and consider the multiplication table of \\( G \\). An element \\( g \\) in \\( G \\) must appear exactly once in each row and column of the multiplication table. It appears at most \\( 2(n-m) \\) times outside the table for \\( A \\) and \\( n \\) times in the table for \\( G \\). Thus it appears at least \\( n-2(n-m)=2 m-n \\) times in the table for \\( A \\), and we are given that \\( 2 m>n \\).",
  "vars": [
    "A",
    "G",
    "g",
    "a",
    "a_1",
    "a_2",
    "n",
    "m"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "A": "bigseta",
        "G": "wholegrp",
        "g": "grpelem",
        "a": "subelem",
        "a_1": "firstsub",
        "a_2": "secondsub",
        "n": "groupsize",
        "m": "subsetsz"
      },
      "question": "B-2. \\( bigseta \\) is a subset of a finite group \\( wholegrp \\) (with group operation called multiplication), and \\( bigseta^{-} \\) contains more than one half of the elements of \\( wholegrp \\). Prove that each element of \\( wholegrp \\) is the product of two elements of \\( bigseta \\).",
      "solution": "B-2 Let \\( grpelem \\) be any element of \\( wholegrp \\). The set \\( \\left\\{grpelem\\,subelem^{-1} \\mid subelem \\in bigseta\\right\\} \\) has the same number of elements as \\( bigseta \\). If these two sets are disjoint, their union would contain more elements than \\( wholegrp \\). Thus there exist \\( firstsub, secondsub \\in bigseta \\) such that \\( firstsub = grpelem\\,secondsub^{-1} \\) and \\( grpelem = firstsub\\,secondsub \\).\n\nAlternate Solution: Let \\( wholegrp \\) have \\( groupsize \\) elements, \\( bigseta \\) have \\( subsetsz \\) elements, and consider the multiplication table of \\( wholegrp \\). An element \\( grpelem \\) in \\( wholegrp \\) must appear exactly once in each row and column of the multiplication table. It appears at most \\( 2(groupsize-subsetsz) \\) times outside the table for \\( bigseta \\) and \\( groupsize \\) times in the table for \\( wholegrp \\). Thus it appears at least \\( groupsize-2(groupsize-subsetsz)=2\\,subsetsz-groupsize \\) times in the table for \\( bigseta \\), and we are given that \\( 2\\,subsetsz>groupsize \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "A": "carburetor",
        "G": "lampshade",
        "g": "sputniks",
        "a": "pendulum",
        "a_1": "pendulumone",
        "a_2": "pendulumtwo",
        "n": "caterpillar",
        "m": "hammocks"
      },
      "question": "B-2. \\( carburetor \\) is a subset of a finite group \\( lampshade \\) (with group operation called multiplication), and \\( carburetor^{-} \\)contains more than one half of the elements of \\( lampshade \\). Prove that each element of \\( lampshade \\) is the product of two elements of \\( carburetor \\).",
      "solution": "B-2 Let \\( sputniks \\) be any element of \\( lampshade \\). The set \\( \\left\\{ sputniks pendulum^{-1} \\mid pendulum \\in carburetor \\right\\} \\) has the same number of elements as \\( carburetor \\). If these two sets are disjoint, their union would contain more elements than \\( lampshade \\). Thus there exist \\( pendulumone, pendulumtwo \\in carburetor \\) such that \\( pendulumone = sputniks pendulumtwo^{-1} \\) and \\( sputniks = pendulumone pendulumtwo \\).\n\nAlternate Solution: Let \\( lampshade \\) have \\( caterpillar \\) elements, \\( carburetor \\) have \\( hammocks \\) elements, and consider the multiplication table of \\( lampshade \\). An element \\( sputniks \\) in \\( lampshade \\) must appear exactly once in each row and column of the multiplication table. It appears at most \\( 2(caterpillar-hammocks) \\) times outside the table for \\( carburetor \\) and \\( caterpillar \\) times in the table for \\( lampshade \\). Thus it appears at least \\( caterpillar-2(caterpillar-hammocks)=2 hammocks-caterpillar \\) times in the table for \\( carburetor \\), and we are given that \\( 2 hammocks>caterpillar \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "A": "superset",
        "G": "nongroup",
        "g": "nonelement",
        "a": "nonmember",
        "a_1": "nonmemberone",
        "a_2": "nonmembertwo",
        "n": "emptiness",
        "m": "vastness"
      },
      "question": "B-2. \\( superset \\) is a subset of a finite group \\( nongroup \\) (with group operation called multiplication), and \\( superset^{-} \\) contains more than one half of the elements of \\( nongroup \\). Prove that each element of \\( nongroup \\) is the product of two elements of \\( superset \\).",
      "solution": "B-2 Let \\( nonelement \\) be any element of \\( nongroup \\). The set \\( \\left\\{nonelement nonmember^{-1} \\mid nonmember \\in superset\\right\\} \\) has the same number of elements as \\( superset \\). If these two sets are disjoint, their union would contain more elements than \\( nongroup \\). Thus there exist \\( nonmemberone, nonmembertwo \\in superset \\) such that \\( nonmemberone = nonelement nonmembertwo^{-1} \\) and \\( nonelement = nonmemberone nonmembertwo \\).\n\nAlternate Solution: Let \\( nongroup \\) have \\( emptiness \\) elements, \\( superset \\) have \\( vastness \\) elements, and consider the multiplication table of \\( nongroup \\). An element \\( nonelement \\) in \\( nongroup \\) must appear exactly once in each row and column of the multiplication table. It appears at most \\( 2(emptiness-vastness) \\) times outside the table for \\( superset \\) and \\( emptiness \\) times in the table for \\( nongroup \\). Thus it appears at least \\( emptiness-2(emptiness-vastness)=2 vastness-emptiness \\) times in the table for \\( superset \\), and we are given that \\( 2 vastness>emptiness \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "A": "qzxwvtnp",
        "G": "hjgrksla",
        "g": "mndtqfva",
        "a": "rplsjkce",
        "a_1": "lxqfprji",
        "a_2": "btrnsgyu",
        "n": "vczmdhko",
        "m": "pdylqrea"
      },
      "question": "B-2. \\( qzxwvtnp \\) is a subset of a finite group \\( hjgrksla \\) (with group operation called multiplication), and \\( qzxwvtnp^{-} \\) contains more than one half of the elements of \\( hjgrksla \\). Prove that each element of \\( hjgrksla \\) is the product of two elements of \\( qzxwvtnp \\).",
      "solution": "B-2 Let \\( mndtqfva \\) be any element of \\( hjgrksla \\). The set \\( \\left\\{mndtqfva \\, rplsjkce^{-1} \\mid rplsjkce \\in qzxwvtnp\\right\\} \\) has the same number of elements as \\( qzxwvtnp \\). If these two sets are disjoint, their union would contain more elements than \\( hjgrksla \\). Thus there exist \\( lxqfprji, btrnsgyu \\in qzxwvtnp \\) such that \\( lxqfprji = mndtqfva\\, btrnsgyu^{-1} \\) and \\( mndtqfva = lxqfprji\\, btrnsgyu \\).\n\nAlternate Solution: Let \\( hjgrksla \\) have \\( vczmdhko \\) elements, \\( qzxwvtnp \\) have \\( pdylqrea \\) elements, and consider the multiplication table of \\( hjgrksla \\). An element \\( mndtqfva \\) in \\( hjgrksla \\) must appear exactly once in each row and column of the multiplication table. It appears at most \\( 2(vczmdhko-pdylqrea) \\) times outside the table for \\( qzxwvtnp \\) and \\( vczmdhko \\) times in the table for \\( hjgrksla \\). Thus it appears at least \\( vczmdhko-2(vczmdhko-pdylqrea)=2 pdylqrea-vczmdhko \\) times in the table for \\( qzxwvtnp \\), and we are given that \\( 2 pdylqrea>vczmdhko \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $m\\ge 2$ be a fixed integer and let $G$ be a finite group written multiplicatively.  \nFor $i=1,2,\\dots ,m$ let  \n\\[\nA_1,\\;A_2,\\;\\dots ,\\;A_m\\subset G\n\\]\nsatisfy  \n\\[\n\\lvert A_i\\rvert>\\Bigl(1-\\tfrac1m\\Bigr)\\lvert G\\rvert \\qquad\\text{for every }i. \\tag{$\\star$}\n\\]\n\nPut $n:=\\lvert G\\rvert$ and $B_i:=G\\setminus A_i$ (so $\\lvert B_i\\rvert<n/m$).\n\n1. (Surjectivity).  Prove that the $m$–fold product set  \n\\[\nA_1A_2\\cdots A_m:=\\{a_1a_2\\cdots a_m\\mid a_i\\in A_i\\}\n\\]\nequals the whole group $G$.\n\n2. (A universal lower bound).  For $g\\in G$ put  \n\\[\nN(g):=\\lvert\\{(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\in A_1\\times\\cdots\\times A_m\\;:\\;\na_1a_2\\cdots a_m=g\\}\\rvert .\n\\]\nShow that for every $g\\in G$ one has  \n\\[\nN(g)\\;\\ge\\;\\bigl(\\lvert A_1\\rvert+\\cdots+\\lvert A_m\\rvert-(m-1)n\\bigr)\\,n^{\\,m-2}. \\tag{$\\dagger$}\n\\]\n\n3. (Equality phenomena).\n\n   (a)  The case $m=2$.  \n        Show that for $m=2$ the bound $(\\dagger)$ is attained for a given\n        $g\\in G$ if and only if $g\\notin B_1B_2$. Consequently $(\\dagger)$\n        holds with equality for every $g$ precisely when\n        at least one of the complements $B_1,B_2$ is empty.\n        (Give an explicit family of examples illustrating both possibilities.)\n\n   (b)  The general case $m\\ge 3$.  \n        (i)  Prove that for any $m\\ge 3$ equality in $(\\dagger)$ holds for a\n             fixed element $g\\in G$ if and only if every solution\n             $(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\in G^m$ with $a_1a_2\\cdots a_m=g$\n             contains at most one index $i$ with $a_i\\in B_i$.  \n\n        (ii) Deduce that if at least two of the complements $B_i$ are non-empty\n             then $(\\dagger)$ is strict for at least one element $g$.  \n\n        (iii) Hence $(\\dagger)$ holds with equality for every $g\\in G$\n              exactly in the “degenerate’’ situation where\n              at most one complement $B_i$ is non-empty, i.e.\\ all but possibly\n              one of the sets $A_i$ coincide with $G$ itself.",
      "solution": "Throughout set $n:=\\lvert G\\rvert$ and $B_i:=G\\setminus A_i$,\nso that $\\lvert B_i\\rvert<n/m$ by $(\\star)$.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n1. Surjectivity of the product map  \n\nFix $g\\in G$.\n\nCase $m=2$.  \nBecause $\\lvert A_1\\rvert+\\lvert A_2\\rvert>n$,\nthe two sets $A_1$ and $gA_2^{-1}$ together contain\nmore than $n$ elements of $G$; hence they intersect.\nChoose $a\\in A_1\\cap gA_2^{-1}$ and write $a=g a_2^{-1}$ with\n$a_2\\in A_2$.  Then $g=a a_2\\in A_1A_2$.\n\nCase $m\\ge 3$.  \nConsider all ordered $m$–tuples $(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\in G^m$\nsatisfying $a_1a_2\\cdots a_m=g$; there are exactly $n^{\\,m-1}$\nof them, since the first $m-1$ coordinates can be chosen freely.\nFor $1\\le i\\le m$ put  \n\\[\nT_i(g):=\\bigl\\{(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\mid a_1\\cdots a_m=g,\\;a_i\\in B_i\\bigr\\}.\n\\]\n\nEvery “bad’’ tuple (one which violates at least one\nmembership condition $a_i\\in A_i$) lies in the union\n$T_1(g)\\cup\\cdots\\cup T_m(g)$.\n\nExact counting of $T_i(g)$.  \nFix $a_i\\in B_i$ (at most $n/m$ possibilities) and choose\nany $m-2$ of the remaining coordinates freely\n($n^{\\,m-2}$ possibilities); the last coordinate is then forced.\nThus  \n\\[\n\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert=\\lvert B_i\\rvert\\,n^{\\,m-2}<\\frac{n}{m}\\,n^{\\,m-2}\n=\\frac{n^{\\,m-1}}{m}.\n\\]\n\nBecause $\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert B_i\\rvert<n$ (each $\\lvert B_i\\rvert<n/m$),\nwe have  \n\\[\n\\bigl\\lvert T_1(g)\\cup\\cdots\\cup T_m(g)\\bigr\\rvert\n\\le\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert\n=\\Bigl(\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert B_i\\rvert\\Bigr)n^{\\,m-2}<n\\cdot n^{\\,m-2}=n^{\\,m-1}.\n\\]\n\nHence the complement of this union in the set of all solutions\nis non-empty; that is, there exists an ordered $m$–tuple\n$(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)$ with product $g$ and \\emph{all}\n$a_i\\in A_i$.  Consequently $g\\in A_1A_2\\cdots A_m$.\nSince $g$ was arbitrary, we conclude $A_1A_2\\cdots A_m=G$.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n2. A universal lower bound for $N(g)$  \n\nFix $g\\in G$ and keep the notation  \n\\[\nT_i(g):=\\{(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\mid a_1\\cdots a_m=g,\\;a_i\\in B_i\\}.\n\\]\nAs above,\n\\[\n\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert=\\lvert B_i\\rvert\\,n^{\\,m-2}. \\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nBecause the family $\\{T_i(g)\\}_{i=1}^m$ covers precisely those\nordered solutions that violate at least one condition $a_i\\in A_i$,\nwe have  \n\\[\nN(g)=n^{\\,m-1}-\\bigl\\lvert T_1(g)\\cup\\cdots\\cup T_m(g)\\bigr\\rvert.\n\\]\n\nApplying the union bound and (1) gives  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nN(g)\n&\\ge n^{\\,m-1}-\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert \\\\[2mm]\n&=n^{\\,m-1}-\\Bigl(\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert B_i\\rvert\\Bigr)n^{\\,m-2} \\\\[2mm]\n&=\\Bigl(\\lvert A_1\\rvert+\\cdots+\\lvert A_m\\rvert-(m-1)n\\Bigr)n^{\\,m-2},\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nestablishing $(\\dagger)$.\nSince $(\\star)$ implies the coefficient in parentheses is positive,\nwe also recover surjectivity.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n3. Equality phenomena  \n\nFor every $g\\in G$ continue to write  \n\\[\nT_i(g):=\\{(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\mid a_1\\cdots a_m=g,\\;a_i\\in B_i\\}.\n\\]\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n3(a)  The case $m=2$  \n\nHere  \n\\[\nT_1(g)=\\{(b_1,a_2)\\mid b_1\\in B_1,\\;b_1a_2=g\\},\\qquad\nT_2(g)=\\{(a_1,b_2)\\mid b_2\\in B_2,\\;a_1b_2=g\\}.\n\\]\nThey are disjoint exactly when there is\nno solution $(b_1,b_2)$ with $b_1\\in B_1$, $b_2\\in B_2$ and\n$b_1b_2=g$, i.e.\\ precisely when $g\\notin B_1B_2$.\nEquality in $(\\dagger)$ is equivalent to the\ndisjointness of $T_1(g),T_2(g)$, hence the criterion\njust described.\n\nIf at least one complement is empty then $B_1B_2=\\varnothing$,\nso equality holds for every $g$.\nConversely, if both complements are non-empty then $B_1B_2$\ncertainly contains some element, giving $g$ with strict inequality.\n\nExample.  \nLet $G$ be any finite group of even order $n=2h$\npossessing an index-$2$ subgroup $H$, and let\n$R\\subset H$ with $\\lvert R\\rvert=h-t$, $1\\le t<h$.\nPut $A_1=A_2=G\\setminus R$.\nThen $\\lvert A_i\\rvert=h+t>n/2$, so $(\\star)$ holds.\nFor any $g$ in the coset $G\\setminus H$ one checks directly that\n$g\\notin B_1B_2$ and that $N(g)=2t$,\nequalling the right–hand side of $(\\dagger)$.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n3(b)  The case $m\\ge 3$  \n\n(i)  Equality criterion for one element $g$.  \nBecause each $\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert$ has already been subtracted once,\n$(\\dagger)$ becomes an equality exactly when the sets\n$T_1(g),\\dots ,T_m(g)$ are pairwise disjoint, i.e.\\ when there is\nno ordered solution containing indices $i\\neq j$ with\n$a_i\\in B_i$ \\emph{and} $a_j\\in B_j$.  Equivalently,\n\\[\n(\\dagger)\\text{ holds with equality for }g\n\\;\\Longleftrightarrow\\;\n\\text{every solution }(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\text{ with }\na_1\\cdots a_m=g\\text{ uses at most one }a_i\\in B_i. \\tag{$\\heartsuit$}\n\\]\n\n(ii)  If at least two complements are non-empty, say $B_r,B_s$,\nchoose $b_r\\in B_r$, $b_s\\in B_s$, and pick arbitrary\n$a_k\\in A_k$ for $k\\neq r,s$.  Let  \n\\[\ng_0:=a_1\\cdots a_{r-1}\\,b_r\\,a_{r+1}\\cdots a_{s-1}\\,b_s\\,a_{s+1}\\cdots a_m.\n\\]\nThe displayed tuple is a solution of\n$a_1\\cdots a_m=g_0$ that contains two indices lying in complements,\nso $(\\heartsuit)$ fails for $g=g_0$ and the inequality in\n$(\\dagger)$ is strict for that element.\n\n(iii)  Equality for every $g$.  \nIf at most one complement is non-empty,\nproperty $(\\heartsuit)$ is automatically satisfied for every $g$,\nso $(\\dagger)$ is always an equality.\nConversely, if two complements are non-empty then part (ii) gives\nan element $g$ with strict inequality.\nHence $(\\dagger)$ is tight for all $g\\in G$\nexactly when at most one $B_i$ is non-empty.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\nRemark.  \nTo ensure the coefficient in $(\\dagger)$ is positive we only\nneeded the inequality\n\\[\n\\lvert A_1\\rvert+\\cdots+\\lvert A_m\\rvert\n>m\\Bigl(1-\\tfrac1m\\Bigr)n=(m-1)n,\n\\]\nwhich follows immediately from $(\\star)$.  No additional estimate\nsuch as $\\bigl(1-\\tfrac1m\\bigr)^{m}>\\tfrac1m$ is required\n(the latter is in fact \\emph{false} for $m=3$).",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.578725",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "• Multiple large sets:  Instead of one subset A, the problem involves an arbitrary m-tuple of different sets A₁,…,Aₘ, each near full size.  The interaction among these sets greatly complicates the combinatorics.\n\n• Quantitative requirement:  The task is not merely to show surjectivity of the product map but also to give an explicit lower bound (†) for the number of ordered representations of every group element.  This necessitates refined counting (generalised Kövári inequality / inclusion–exclusion) far beyond the “two-set pigeonhole” argument in the original kernel.\n\n• Extremal characterisation:  Part 3 forces the solver to identify when the lower bound is sharp and to deduce strong algebraic structure (coset decomposition and common subgroup) from equality conditions—a substantial qualitative leap.\n\n• Advanced techniques:  The solution blends combinatorial set theory, convolution in the group ring, and structural group arguments.  None of these appear in the original problem, whose proof fits into a single easy counting step.\n\nTogether, these enhancements raise the problem well above the level of the original and current kernel variants, demanding deeper insight, heavier notation, and several distinct ideas working in concert."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $m\\ge 2$ be a fixed integer and let $G$ be a finite group written multiplicatively.  \nFor $i=1,2,\\dots ,m$ let  \n\\[\nA_1,\\;A_2,\\;\\dots ,\\;A_m\\subset G\n\\]\nsatisfy  \n\\[\n\\lvert A_i\\rvert>\\Bigl(1-\\tfrac1m\\Bigr)\\lvert G\\rvert \\qquad\\text{for every }i. \\tag{$\\star$}\n\\]\n\nPut $n:=\\lvert G\\rvert$ and $B_i:=G\\setminus A_i$ (so $\\lvert B_i\\rvert<n/m$).\n\n1. (Surjectivity).  Prove that the $m$–fold product set  \n\\[\nA_1A_2\\cdots A_m:=\\{a_1a_2\\cdots a_m\\mid a_i\\in A_i\\}\n\\]\nequals the whole group $G$.\n\n2. (A universal lower bound).  For $g\\in G$ put  \n\\[\nN(g):=\\lvert\\{(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\in A_1\\times\\cdots\\times A_m\\;:\\;\na_1a_2\\cdots a_m=g\\}\\rvert .\n\\]\nShow that for every $g\\in G$ one has  \n\\[\nN(g)\\;\\ge\\;\\bigl(\\lvert A_1\\rvert+\\cdots+\\lvert A_m\\rvert-(m-1)n\\bigr)\\,n^{\\,m-2}. \\tag{$\\dagger$}\n\\]\n\n3. (Equality phenomena).\n\n   (a)  The case $m=2$.  \n        Show that for $m=2$ the bound $(\\dagger)$ is attained for a given\n        $g\\in G$ if and only if $g\\notin B_1B_2$. Consequently $(\\dagger)$\n        holds with equality for every $g$ precisely when\n        at least one of the complements $B_1,B_2$ is empty.\n        (Give an explicit family of examples illustrating both possibilities.)\n\n   (b)  The general case $m\\ge 3$.  \n        (i)  Prove that for any $m\\ge 3$ equality in $(\\dagger)$ holds for a\n             fixed element $g\\in G$ if and only if every solution\n             $(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\in G^m$ with $a_1a_2\\cdots a_m=g$\n             contains at most one index $i$ with $a_i\\in B_i$.  \n\n        (ii) Deduce that if at least two of the complements $B_i$ are non-empty\n             then $(\\dagger)$ is strict for at least one element $g$.  \n\n        (iii) Hence $(\\dagger)$ holds with equality for every $g\\in G$\n              exactly in the “degenerate’’ situation where\n              at most one complement $B_i$ is non-empty, i.e.\\ all but possibly\n              one of the sets $A_i$ coincide with $G$ itself.",
      "solution": "Throughout set $n:=\\lvert G\\rvert$ and $B_i:=G\\setminus A_i$,\nso that $\\lvert B_i\\rvert<n/m$ by $(\\star)$.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n1. Surjectivity of the product map  \n\nFix $g\\in G$.\n\nCase $m=2$.  \nBecause $\\lvert A_1\\rvert+\\lvert A_2\\rvert>n$,\nthe two sets $A_1$ and $gA_2^{-1}$ together contain\nmore than $n$ elements of $G$; hence they intersect.\nChoose $a\\in A_1\\cap gA_2^{-1}$ and write $a=g a_2^{-1}$ with\n$a_2\\in A_2$.  Then $g=a a_2\\in A_1A_2$.\n\nCase $m\\ge 3$.  \nConsider all ordered $m$–tuples $(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\in G^m$\nsatisfying $a_1a_2\\cdots a_m=g$; there are exactly $n^{\\,m-1}$\nof them, since the first $m-1$ coordinates can be chosen freely.\nFor $1\\le i\\le m$ put  \n\\[\nT_i(g):=\\bigl\\{(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\mid a_1\\cdots a_m=g,\\;a_i\\in B_i\\bigr\\}.\n\\]\n\nEvery “bad’’ tuple (one which violates at least one\nmembership condition $a_i\\in A_i$) lies in the union\n$T_1(g)\\cup\\cdots\\cup T_m(g)$.\n\nExact counting of $T_i(g)$.  \nFix $a_i\\in B_i$ (at most $n/m$ possibilities) and choose\nany $m-2$ of the remaining coordinates freely\n($n^{\\,m-2}$ possibilities); the last coordinate is then forced.\nThus  \n\\[\n\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert=\\lvert B_i\\rvert\\,n^{\\,m-2}<\\frac{n}{m}\\,n^{\\,m-2}\n=\\frac{n^{\\,m-1}}{m}.\n\\]\n\nBecause $\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert B_i\\rvert<n$ (each $\\lvert B_i\\rvert<n/m$),\nwe have  \n\\[\n\\bigl\\lvert T_1(g)\\cup\\cdots\\cup T_m(g)\\bigr\\rvert\n\\le\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert\n=\\Bigl(\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert B_i\\rvert\\Bigr)n^{\\,m-2}<n\\cdot n^{\\,m-2}=n^{\\,m-1}.\n\\]\n\nHence the complement of this union in the set of all solutions\nis non-empty; that is, there exists an ordered $m$–tuple\n$(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)$ with product $g$ and \\emph{all}\n$a_i\\in A_i$.  Consequently $g\\in A_1A_2\\cdots A_m$.\nSince $g$ was arbitrary, we conclude $A_1A_2\\cdots A_m=G$.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n2. A universal lower bound for $N(g)$  \n\nFix $g\\in G$ and keep the notation  \n\\[\nT_i(g):=\\{(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\mid a_1\\cdots a_m=g,\\;a_i\\in B_i\\}.\n\\]\nAs above,\n\\[\n\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert=\\lvert B_i\\rvert\\,n^{\\,m-2}. \\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nBecause the family $\\{T_i(g)\\}_{i=1}^m$ covers precisely those\nordered solutions that violate at least one condition $a_i\\in A_i$,\nwe have  \n\\[\nN(g)=n^{\\,m-1}-\\bigl\\lvert T_1(g)\\cup\\cdots\\cup T_m(g)\\bigr\\rvert.\n\\]\n\nApplying the union bound and (1) gives  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nN(g)\n&\\ge n^{\\,m-1}-\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert \\\\[2mm]\n&=n^{\\,m-1}-\\Bigl(\\sum_{i=1}^m\\lvert B_i\\rvert\\Bigr)n^{\\,m-2} \\\\[2mm]\n&=\\Bigl(\\lvert A_1\\rvert+\\cdots+\\lvert A_m\\rvert-(m-1)n\\Bigr)n^{\\,m-2},\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nestablishing $(\\dagger)$.\nSince $(\\star)$ implies the coefficient in parentheses is positive,\nwe also recover surjectivity.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n3. Equality phenomena  \n\nFor every $g\\in G$ continue to write  \n\\[\nT_i(g):=\\{(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\mid a_1\\cdots a_m=g,\\;a_i\\in B_i\\}.\n\\]\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n3(a)  The case $m=2$  \n\nHere  \n\\[\nT_1(g)=\\{(b_1,a_2)\\mid b_1\\in B_1,\\;b_1a_2=g\\},\\qquad\nT_2(g)=\\{(a_1,b_2)\\mid b_2\\in B_2,\\;a_1b_2=g\\}.\n\\]\nThey are disjoint exactly when there is\nno solution $(b_1,b_2)$ with $b_1\\in B_1$, $b_2\\in B_2$ and\n$b_1b_2=g$, i.e.\\ precisely when $g\\notin B_1B_2$.\nEquality in $(\\dagger)$ is equivalent to the\ndisjointness of $T_1(g),T_2(g)$, hence the criterion\njust described.\n\nIf at least one complement is empty then $B_1B_2=\\varnothing$,\nso equality holds for every $g$.\nConversely, if both complements are non-empty then $B_1B_2$\ncertainly contains some element, giving $g$ with strict inequality.\n\nExample.  \nLet $G$ be any finite group of even order $n=2h$\npossessing an index-$2$ subgroup $H$, and let\n$R\\subset H$ with $\\lvert R\\rvert=h-t$, $1\\le t<h$.\nPut $A_1=A_2=G\\setminus R$.\nThen $\\lvert A_i\\rvert=h+t>n/2$, so $(\\star)$ holds.\nFor any $g$ in the coset $G\\setminus H$ one checks directly that\n$g\\notin B_1B_2$ and that $N(g)=2t$,\nequalling the right–hand side of $(\\dagger)$.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n3(b)  The case $m\\ge 3$  \n\n(i)  Equality criterion for one element $g$.  \nBecause each $\\lvert T_i(g)\\rvert$ has already been subtracted once,\n$(\\dagger)$ becomes an equality exactly when the sets\n$T_1(g),\\dots ,T_m(g)$ are pairwise disjoint, i.e.\\ when there is\nno ordered solution containing indices $i\\neq j$ with\n$a_i\\in B_i$ \\emph{and} $a_j\\in B_j$.  Equivalently,\n\\[\n(\\dagger)\\text{ holds with equality for }g\n\\;\\Longleftrightarrow\\;\n\\text{every solution }(a_1,\\dots ,a_m)\\text{ with }\na_1\\cdots a_m=g\\text{ uses at most one }a_i\\in B_i. \\tag{$\\heartsuit$}\n\\]\n\n(ii)  If at least two complements are non-empty, say $B_r,B_s$,\nchoose $b_r\\in B_r$, $b_s\\in B_s$, and pick arbitrary\n$a_k\\in A_k$ for $k\\neq r,s$.  Let  \n\\[\ng_0:=a_1\\cdots a_{r-1}\\,b_r\\,a_{r+1}\\cdots a_{s-1}\\,b_s\\,a_{s+1}\\cdots a_m.\n\\]\nThe displayed tuple is a solution of\n$a_1\\cdots a_m=g_0$ that contains two indices lying in complements,\nso $(\\heartsuit)$ fails for $g=g_0$ and the inequality in\n$(\\dagger)$ is strict for that element.\n\n(iii)  Equality for every $g$.  \nIf at most one complement is non-empty,\nproperty $(\\heartsuit)$ is automatically satisfied for every $g$,\nso $(\\dagger)$ is always an equality.\nConversely, if two complements are non-empty then part (ii) gives\nan element $g$ with strict inequality.\nHence $(\\dagger)$ is tight for all $g\\in G$\nexactly when at most one $B_i$ is non-empty.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------\nRemark.  \nTo ensure the coefficient in $(\\dagger)$ is positive we only\nneeded the inequality\n\\[\n\\lvert A_1\\rvert+\\cdots+\\lvert A_m\\rvert\n>m\\Bigl(1-\\tfrac1m\\Bigr)n=(m-1)n,\n\\]\nwhich follows immediately from $(\\star)$.  No additional estimate\nsuch as $\\bigl(1-\\tfrac1m\\bigr)^{m}>\\tfrac1m$ is required\n(the latter is in fact \\emph{false} for $m=3$).",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.467727",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "• Multiple large sets:  Instead of one subset A, the problem involves an arbitrary m-tuple of different sets A₁,…,Aₘ, each near full size.  The interaction among these sets greatly complicates the combinatorics.\n\n• Quantitative requirement:  The task is not merely to show surjectivity of the product map but also to give an explicit lower bound (†) for the number of ordered representations of every group element.  This necessitates refined counting (generalised Kövári inequality / inclusion–exclusion) far beyond the “two-set pigeonhole” argument in the original kernel.\n\n• Extremal characterisation:  Part 3 forces the solver to identify when the lower bound is sharp and to deduce strong algebraic structure (coset decomposition and common subgroup) from equality conditions—a substantial qualitative leap.\n\n• Advanced techniques:  The solution blends combinatorial set theory, convolution in the group ring, and structural group arguments.  None of these appear in the original problem, whose proof fits into a single easy counting step.\n\nTogether, these enhancements raise the problem well above the level of the original and current kernel variants, demanding deeper insight, heavier notation, and several distinct ideas working in concert."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}