{
  "index": "2000-A-3",
  "type": "GEO",
  "tag": [
    "GEO"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "The octagon $P_1P_2P_3P_4P_5P_6P_7P_8$ is inscribed in a circle, with\nthe\nvertices around the circumference in the given order.  Given that the\npolygon\n$P_1P_3P_5P_7$ is a square of area 5, and the polygon $P_2P_4P_6P_8$ is a\nrectangle of area 4, find the maximum possible area of the octagon.",
  "solution": "The maximum area is $3 \\sqrt{5}$.\n\nWe deduce from the area of $P_1P_3P_5P_7$ that the radius of the circle\nis $\\sqrt{5/2}$.  An easy calculation using the Pythagorean Theorem then\nshows that the rectangle $P_2P_4P_6P_8$ has sides $\\sqrt{2}$ and\n$2\\sqrt{2}$.\nFor notational ease, denote the area of a polygon by putting brackets\naround the name of the polygon.\n\nBy symmetry, the area of the octagon can be expressed as\n\\[\n[P_2P_4P_6P_8] + 2[P_2P_3P_4] + 2[P_4P_5P_6].\n\\]\nNote that $[P_2P_3P_4]$ is $\\sqrt{2}$ times\nthe distance from $P_3$ to $P_2P_4$, which is maximized when $P_3$\nlies on the midpoint of arc $P_2P_4$; similarly, $[P_4P_5P_6]$ is\n$\\sqrt{2}/2$ times the distance from $P_5$ to $P_4P_6$, which is\nmaximized when $P_5$ lies on the midpoint of arc $P_4P_6$. Thus the\narea of the octagon is maximized when $P_3$ is the\nmidpoint of arc $P_2P_4$ and $P_5$ is the midpoint of arc $P_4P_6$.\nIn this case, it is easy to calculate that $[P_2P_3P_4] = \\sqrt{5}-1$\nand $[P_4P_5P_6] = \\sqrt{5}/2-1$, and so the area of the octagon is\n$3\\sqrt{5}$.",
  "vars": [
    "P_1",
    "P_2",
    "P_3",
    "P_4",
    "P_5",
    "P_6",
    "P_7",
    "P_8"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "P_1": "pointone",
        "P_2": "pointtwo",
        "P_3": "pointthree",
        "P_4": "pointfour",
        "P_5": "pointfive",
        "P_6": "pointsix",
        "P_7": "pointseven",
        "P_8": "pointeight"
      },
      "question": "The octagon $pointonepointtwopointthreepointfourpointfivepointsixpointsevenpointeight$ is inscribed in a circle, with\nthe\nvertices around the circumference in the given order.  Given that the\npolygon\n$pointonepointthreepointfivepointseven$ is a square of area 5, and the polygon $pointtwopointfourpointsixpointeight$ is a\nrectangle of area 4, find the maximum possible area of the octagon.",
      "solution": "The maximum area is $3 \\sqrt{5}$.\n\nWe deduce from the area of $pointonepointthreepointfivepointseven$ that the radius of the circle\nis $\\sqrt{5/2}$.  An easy calculation using the Pythagorean Theorem then\nshows that the rectangle $pointtwopointfourpointsixpointeight$ has sides $\\sqrt{2}$ and\n$2\\sqrt{2}$.\nFor notational ease, denote the area of a polygon by putting brackets\naround the name of the polygon.\n\nBy symmetry, the area of the octagon can be expressed as\n\\[\n[pointtwopointfourpointsixpointeight] + 2[pointtwopointthreepointfour] + 2[pointfourpointfivepointsix].\n\\]\nNote that $[pointtwopointthreepointfour]$ is $\\sqrt{2}$ times\nthe distance from $pointthree$ to $pointtwopointfour$, which is maximized when $pointthree$\nlies on the midpoint of arc $pointtwopointfour$; similarly, $[pointfourpointfivepointsix]$ is\n$\\sqrt{2}/2$ times the distance from $pointfive$ to $pointfourpointsix$, which is\nmaximized when $pointfive$ lies on the midpoint of arc $pointfourpointsix$. Thus the\narea of the octagon is maximized when $pointthree$ is the\nmidpoint of arc $pointtwopointfour$ and $pointfive$ is the midpoint of arc $pointfourpointsix$.\nIn this case, it is easy to calculate that $[pointtwopointthreepointfour] = \\sqrt{5}-1$\nand $[pointfourpointfivepointsix] = \\sqrt{5}/2-1$, and so the area of the octagon is\n$3\\sqrt{5}$."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "P_1": "cinnamon",
        "P_2": "elephant",
        "P_3": "notebook",
        "P_4": "avalanche",
        "P_5": "blueberry",
        "P_6": "lighthouse",
        "P_7": "triangle",
        "P_8": "daffodil"
      },
      "question": "The octagon $cinnamonelephantnotebookavalancheblueberrylighthousetriangledaffodil$ is inscribed in a circle, with\nthe\nvertices around the circumference in the given order.  Given that the\npolygon\n$cinnamonnotebookblueberrytriangle$ is a square of area 5, and the polygon $elephantavalanchelighthous edaffodil$ is a\nrectangle of area 4, find the maximum possible area of the octagon.",
      "solution": "The maximum area is $3 \\sqrt{5}$.\n\nWe deduce from the area of $cinnamonnotebookblueberrytriangle$ that the radius of the circle\nis $\\sqrt{5/2}$.  An easy calculation using the Pythagorean Theorem then\nshows that the rectangle $elephantavalanchelighthous edaffodil$ has sides $\\sqrt{2}$ and\n$2\\sqrt{2}$.\nFor notational ease, denote the area of a polygon by putting brackets\naround the name of the polygon.\n\nBy symmetry, the area of the octagon can be expressed as\n\\[\n[elephantavalanchelighthous edaffodil] + 2[elephantnotebookavalanche] + 2[avalancheblueberrylighthouse].\n\\]\nNote that $[elephantnotebookavalanche]$ is $\\sqrt{2}$ times\nthe distance from $notebook$ to $elephantavalanche$, which is maximized when $notebook$\nlies on the midpoint of arc $elephantavalanche$; similarly, $[avalancheblueberrylighthouse]$ is\n$\\sqrt{2}/2$ times the distance from $blueberry$ to $avalanchelighthouse$, which is\nmaximized when $blueberry$ lies on the midpoint of arc $avalanchelighthouse$. Thus the\narea of the octagon is maximized when $notebook$ is the\nmidpoint of arc $elephantavalanche$ and $blueberry$ is the midpoint of arc $avalanchelighthouse$.\nIn this case, it is easy to calculate that $[elephantnotebookavalanche] = \\sqrt{5}-1$\nand $[avalancheblueberrylighthouse] = \\sqrt{5}/2-1$, and so the area of the octagon is\n$3\\sqrt{5}$.}"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "P_1": "diffuseplane",
        "P_2": "expansivefield",
        "P_3": "boundlesswaste",
        "P_4": "infinitevoid",
        "P_5": "endlessspace",
        "P_6": "limitlesszone",
        "P_7": "vastopenness",
        "P_8": "broadcontinuum"
      },
      "question": "The octagon $diffuseplaneexpansivefieldboundlesswasteinfinitevoidendlessspacelimitlesszonevastopennessbroadcontinuum$ is inscribed in a circle, with\nthe\nvertices around the circumference in the given order.  Given that the\npolygon\n$diffuseplaneboundlesswasteendlessspacevastopenness$ is a square of area 5, and the polygon $expansivefieldinfinitevoidlimitlesszonebroadcontinuum$ is a\nrectangle of area 4, find the maximum possible area of the octagon.",
      "solution": "The maximum area is $3 \\sqrt{5}$. \n\nWe deduce from the area of $diffuseplaneboundlesswasteendlessspacevastopenness$ that the radius of the circle\nis $\\sqrt{5/2}$.  An easy calculation using the Pythagorean Theorem then\nshows that the rectangle $expansivefieldinfinitevoidlimitlesszonebroadcontinuum$ has sides $\\sqrt{2}$ and\n$2\\sqrt{2}$. \nFor notational ease, denote the area of a polygon by putting brackets\naround the name of the polygon.\n\nBy symmetry, the area of the octagon can be expressed as\n\\[\n[expansivefieldinfinitevoidlimitlesszonebroadcontinuum] + 2[expansivefieldboundlesswasteinfinitevoid] + 2[infinitevoidendlessspacelimitlesszone].\n\\]\nNote that $[expansivefieldboundlesswasteinfinitevoid]$ is $\\sqrt{2}$ times\nthe distance from $boundlesswaste$ to $expansivefieldinfinitevoid$, which is maximized when $boundlesswaste$\nlies on the midpoint of arc $expansivefieldinfinitevoid$; similarly, $[infinitevoidendlessspacelimitlesszone]$ is\n$\\sqrt{2}/2$ times the distance from $endlessspace$ to $infinitevoidlimitlesszone$, which is\nmaximized when $endlessspace$ lies on the midpoint of arc $infinitevoidlimitlesszone$. Thus the\narea of the octagon is maximized when $boundlesswaste$ is the\nmidpoint of arc $expansivefieldinfinitevoid$ and $endlessspace$ is the midpoint of arc $infinitevoidlimitlesszone$.\nIn this case, it is easy to calculate that $[expansivefieldboundlesswasteinfinitevoid] = \\sqrt{5}-1$\nand $[infinitevoidendlessspacelimitlesszone] = \\sqrt{5}/2-1$, and so the area of the octagon is\n$3\\sqrt{5}$. "
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "P_1": "qzxwvtnp",
        "P_2": "hjgrksla",
        "P_3": "mvchpqtz",
        "P_4": "ksldjfew",
        "P_5": "rgnplxwu",
        "P_6": "vzqtmlay",
        "P_7": "nksowdpi",
        "P_8": "bcflyzra"
      },
      "question": "The octagon $qzxwvtnphjgrkslamvchpqtzksldjfewrgnplxwuvzqtmlaynksowdpibcflyzra$ is inscribed in a circle, with\nthe\nvertices around the circumference in the given order.  Given that the\npolygon\n$qzxwvtnpmvchpqtzrgnplxwunksowdpi$ is a square of area 5, and the polygon $hjgrkslaksldjfewvzqtmlaybcflyzra$ is a\nrectangle of area 4, find the maximum possible area of the octagon.",
      "solution": "The maximum area is $3 \\sqrt{5}$.\n\nWe deduce from the area of $qzxwvtnpmvchpqtzrgnplxwunksowdpi$ that the radius of the circle\nis $\\sqrt{5/2}$.  An easy calculation using the Pythagorean Theorem then\nshows that the rectangle $hjgrkslaksldjfewvzqtmlaybcflyzra$ has sides $\\sqrt{2}$ and\n$2\\sqrt{2}$.\nFor notational ease, denote the area of a polygon by putting brackets\naround the name of the polygon.\n\nBy symmetry, the area of the octagon can be expressed as\n\\[\n[hjgrkslaksldjfewvzqtmlaybcflyzra] + 2[hjgrkslamvchpqtzksldjfew] + 2[ksldjfewrgnplxwuvzqtmlay].\n\\]\nNote that $[hjgrkslamvchpqtzksldjfew]$ is $\\sqrt{2}$ times\nthe distance from $mvchpqtz$ to $hjgrkslaksldjfew$, which is maximized when $mvchpqtz$\nlies on the midpoint of arc $hjgrkslaksldjfew$; similarly, $[ksldjfewrgnplxwuvzqtmlay]$ is\n$\\sqrt{2}/2$ times the distance from $rgnplxwu$ to $ksldjfewvzqtmlay$, which is\nmaximized when $rgnplxwu$ lies on the midpoint of arc $ksldjfewvzqtmlay$. Thus the\narea of the octagon is maximized when $mvchpqtz$ is the\nmidpoint of arc $hjgrkslaksldjfew$ and $rgnplxwu$ is the midpoint of arc $ksldjfewvzqtmlay$.\nIn this case, it is easy to calculate that $[hjgrkslamvchpqtzksldjfew] = \\sqrt{5}-1$\nand $[ksldjfewrgnplxwuvzqtmlay] = \\sqrt{5}/2-1$, and so the area of the octagon is\n$3\\sqrt{5}$.",
      "cmath": "No changes needed"
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let  \n\n\\[\nP_{1}P_{2}\\dots P_{12}\n\\]\n\nbe a convex dodecagon inscribed in a circle with centre $O$ and radius $3$.  \nThe vertices are labelled consecutively round the circumference.  \nConsider the three “every–third–vertex’’ quadrilaterals  \n\n\\[\nQ_{1}=P_{1}P_{4}P_{7}P_{10},\\qquad   \nQ_{2}=P_{2}P_{5}P_{8}P_{11},\\qquad   \nQ_{3}=P_{3}P_{6}P_{9}P_{12}.\n\\]\n\nIt is known that  \n\n$\\bullet$ $Q_{1}$ is a square whose area is $18$;  \n\n$\\bullet$ $Q_{2}$ is a rectangle whose area is $14$;  \n\n$\\bullet$ $Q_{3}$ is a rhombus whose four sides are equal in length to the\nsides of $Q_{1}$.  \n\nDetermine, correct to three decimal places, the greatest possible area of the\ndodecagon $P_{1}P_{2}\\dots P_{12}$.",
      "solution": "(All indices are taken modulo $12$.)\n\n1.  Central–angle notation  \nLet $\\alpha_{1},\\alpha_{2},\\dots ,\\alpha_{12}$ be the oriented central angles subtended by the edges\n$P_{1}P_{2},P_{2}P_{3},\\dots ,P_{12}P_{1}$, so that  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}+ \\cdots +\\alpha_{12}=2\\pi. \\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nThroughout we shall repeatedly use  \n\n\\[\n\\text{length of a chord}=2R\\sin(\\text{half–subtended–angle}).\n\\]\n\nSince $R=3$ is fixed, “side–length$=3\\sqrt2$’’ is equivalent to  \n\n\\[\n\\text{half–subtended–angle}=\\dfrac{\\pi}{4},\\qquad\n\\text{subtended–angle}=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n2.  Geometry of the square $Q_{1}$  \n\nEach side of $Q_{1}$ has length $\\sqrt{18}=3\\sqrt2$; hence every three consecutive angles\nof the form  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}+\\alpha_{3},\\,\n\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5}+\\alpha_{6},\\,\n\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8}+\\alpha_{9},\\,\n\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11}+\\alpha_{12}\n\\]\n\nequals $\\pi/2$.  Therefore  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}+\\alpha_{3}\n=\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5}+\\alpha_{6}\n=\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8}+\\alpha_{9}\n=\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11}+\\alpha_{12}\n=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}. \\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n3.  Geometry of the rhombus $Q_{3}$  \n\nBecause every side of $Q_{3}$ also has length $3\\sqrt2$, the four sums  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{3}+\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5},\\,\n\\alpha_{6}+\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8},\\,\n\\alpha_{9}+\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11},\\,\n\\alpha_{12}+\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}\n\\]\n\nare all $\\pi/2$ as well:\n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{3}+\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5}\n=\\alpha_{6}+\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8}\n=\\alpha_{9}+\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11}\n=\\alpha_{12}+\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}\n=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}. \\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n4.  Consequences of (2) and (3)  \n\nSubtracting each relation in (3) from the preceding one in (2) yields  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{3}=\\alpha_{6}=\\alpha_{9}=\\alpha_{12}\\;(:=z),\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\\[\n\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}\n=\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5}\n=\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8}\n=\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11}\\;(:=S).\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\nAdding the four equalities of (4) and (5) and using (1) gives  \n\n\\[\n4z+4S=2\\pi\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad z+S=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2},\\qquad 0<z<\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}. \\tag{6}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n5.  Introducing explicit variables  \n\nPut  \n\n\\[\nx=\\alpha_{1},\\qquad y=\\alpha_{4},\\qquad p=\\alpha_{7},\\qquad q=\\alpha_{10}. \\tag{7}\n\\]\n\nBy (5)\n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{2}=S-x,\\quad\n\\alpha_{5}=S-y,\\quad\n\\alpha_{8}=S-p,\\quad\n\\alpha_{11}=S-q. \\tag{8}\n\\]\n\nSo far we have five unknown positives $x,y,p,q,z$ bound by (6).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n6.  Geometry of the rectangle $Q_{2}$  \n\nSet  \n\n\\[\n\\beta=\\alpha_{2}+\\alpha_{3}+\\alpha_{4}=(S-x)+z+y,\\qquad\n\\gamma=\\alpha_{5}+\\alpha_{6}+\\alpha_{7}=(S-y)+z+p. \\tag{9}\n\\]\n\nA cyclic rectangle has right angles; consequently its diagonals are diameters, so $\\beta+\\gamma=\\pi$.  \nIts side–lengths are determined by $R=3$ and area $14$:\n\n\\[\nab=14,\\qquad a^{2}+b^{2}=(2\\cdot3)^{2}=36,\\qquad a\\ge b.\n\\]\n\nSolving gives  \n\n\\[\na=4+\\sqrt2,\\qquad b=4-\\sqrt2. \\tag{10}\n\\]\n\nBecause $a=2R\\sin(\\beta/2)$ and $b=2R\\sin(\\gamma/2)$ we have  \n\n\\[\n\\beta=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}+\\Delta,\\qquad\n\\gamma=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}-\\Delta,\n\\]\nwhere  \n\n\\[\n\\Delta:=2\\arcsin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{4+\\sqrt2}{6}\\Bigr)-\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}. \\tag{11}\n\\]\n\nNumerically $\\Delta\\approx0.679\\,924\\,142$.\n\nSubstituting (11) into (9) together with $S=\\pi/2-z$ gives the linear\nsystem\n\n\\[\n(S-x)+z+y=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}+\\Delta,\\qquad\n(S-y)+z+p=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}-\\Delta,\n\\]\n\nwhose solution is  \n\n\\[\ny=x+\\Delta,\\qquad p=x. \\tag{12}\n\\]\n\nEquality of the opposite sides $P_{8}P_{11}$ and $P_{2}P_{5}$ of $Q_{2}$ supplies one\nmore relation:\n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{8}+\\alpha_{9}+\\alpha_{10}=\\beta.\n\\]\n\nUsing (4), (6) and (8) this becomes  \n\n\\[\n(S-p)+z+q=(S-x)+z+y\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad q=y. \\tag{13}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n7.  Counting the angles correctly  \n\nCollecting (4), (6), (8), (12) and (13) we obtain  \n\\[\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\text{four angles}&=z,\\\\\n\\text{two angles}&=x,\\quad\\text{two angles}=S-x,\\\\\n\\text{two angles}&=x+\\Delta,\\quad\\text{two angles}=S-x-\\Delta. \n\\end{array}\\tag{14}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n8.  Optimising $x$ for fixed $z$  \n\nFor fixed $z$ (hence fixed $S$) define  \n\n\\[\nf(x)=\\sin x+\\sin(S-x)+\\sin(x+\\Delta)+\\sin(S-x-\\Delta),\\qquad 0<x<S-\\Delta. \\tag{15}\n\\]\n\nDifferentiate:\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf'(x)&=\\cos x-\\cos(S-x)+\\cos(x+\\Delta)-\\cos(S-x-\\Delta)\\\\[2pt]\n&=4\\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{S}{2}\\Bigr)\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr)\n        \\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}-x\\Bigr). \\tag{16}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nBecause the factor  \n$4\\sin(S/2)\\cos(\\Delta/2)$ is positive on the admissible domain,\n$f'(x)=0$ is equivalent to  \n\n\\[\nx=\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}. \\tag{17}\n\\]\n\nMoreover  \n\n\\[\nf''(x)=-4\\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{S}{2}\\Bigr)\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr)\n        \\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}-x\\Bigr),\n\\]\n\nso $f''\\!\\left(\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\right)<0$,\nconfirming that the critical point (17) gives the global maximum of $f$ for fixed $z$.\nConsequently  \n\n\\[\nx=\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2},\\qquad y=\\dfrac{S}{2}+\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}. \\tag{18}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n9.  The area as a function of $z$ alone  \n\nInsert (4) and (18) into  \n\n\\[\n\\sum_{i=1}^{12}\\sin\\alpha_{i}\n      =4\\sin z\n       +2\\bigl[\\sin x+\\sin(S-x)+\\sin(x+\\Delta)+\\sin(S-x-\\Delta)\\bigr].\n\\]\n\nUsing (18) and elementary trigonometry gives  \n\n\\[\n\\sum_{i=1}^{12}\\sin\\alpha_{i}\n      =4\\sin z+8\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr)\n                   \\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-\\dfrac{z}{2}\\Bigr). \\tag{19}\n\\]\n\nBecause $\\text{Area}=\\dfrac{R^{2}}{2}\\sum\\sin\\alpha_{i}$ with $R=3$, we obtain  \n\n\\[\nA(z)=18\\sin z+36c\\,\n      \\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-\\dfrac{z}{2}\\Bigr),\\qquad\n      c:=\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr). \\tag{20}\n\\]\n\nThe admissible interval for $z$ is, by (6) and $\\Delta>0$,\n\n\\[\n0<z<\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}-\\Delta\\approx0.889\\,864. \\tag{21}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n10.  Maximising $A(z)$ – existence and uniqueness  \n\nDifferentiate (20):\n\n\\[\nA'(z)=18\\Bigl[\\cos z-c\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-\\dfrac{z}{2}\\Bigr)\\Bigr]. \\tag{22}\n\\]\n\nPut $z=2u$ and write $a=\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-u$; then $A'(z)=0$ becomes  \n\n\\[\n\\cos 2u=c\\cos a. \\tag{23}\n\\]\n\nBut $\\cos 2u=\\sin 2a$, so (23) is  \n\n\\[\n\\sin 2a=c\\cos a\\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad 2\\sin a=c\n      \\qquad(\\cos a\\ne0). \\tag{24}\n\\]\n\nThe left side $2\\sin a$ increases strictly from $0$ to $\\sqrt2$\non $a\\in(0,\\pi/4)$, while the right side is the constant $c\\,(=0.9428\\ldots)$ situated in that interval.  \nTherefore (24) possesses a unique solution $a^{\\ast}$ with  \n\n\\[\n\\sin a^{\\ast}=\\dfrac{c}{2}. \\tag{25}\n\\]\n\nConsequently  \n\n\\[\nz^{\\ast}=2u^{\\ast}=2\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-a^{\\ast}\\Bigr) \\tag{26}\n\\]\n\nis the unique critical point of $A$ on (21).  \nBecause $A'(0)>0$ and $A'(\\pi/2-\\Delta)<0$, $z^{\\ast}$ is the global maximiser.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n11.  Computing the maximal area exactly  \n\nPut  \n\n\\[\ns:=\\dfrac{4+\\sqrt2}{6}.\n\\]\n\nFrom (11) we have $\\Delta=2\\arcsin s-\\pi/2$, whence  \n\n\\[\nc=\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr)\n  =\\sqrt{\\dfrac{1+\\cos\\Delta}{2}}. \\tag{27}\n\\]\n\nUsing $\\cos\\Delta=\\sin(2\\arcsin s)=2s\\sqrt{1-s^{2}}$ we get  \n\n\\[\nc^{2}=\\dfrac{1+2s\\sqrt{1-s^{2}}}{2}. \\tag{28}\n\\]\n\nAt the maximiser (24) gives $\\sin a^{\\ast}=c/2$, and a short calculation shows  \n\n\\[\nA_{\\max}=18+9c^{2}. \\tag{29}\n\\]\n\nNow  \n\n\\[\ns=\\dfrac{4+\\sqrt2}{6},\\qquad\n1-s^{2}=\\dfrac{9-4\\sqrt2}{18},\\qquad\ns\\sqrt{1-s^{2}}=\\dfrac{7}{18}\\quad\\text{(exact)}.\n\\]\n\nTherefore  \n\n\\[\nc^{2}=\\dfrac{1+2\\cdot\\dfrac{7}{18}}{2}\n      =\\dfrac{1+\\dfrac{7}{9}}{2}\n      =\\dfrac{16/9}{2}\n      =\\dfrac{8}{9},\n\\]\n\nand thus  \n\n\\[\nA_{\\max}=18+9\\cdot\\dfrac{8}{9}=18+8=26. \\tag{30}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n12.  Final answer  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\,\\text{Maximum area}=26.000\\;(\\text{to three decimal places})\\,}. \\qquad\\blacksquare\n\\]",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.768480",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1.  Higher dimension of the search space: three independent arcs (x,y,z) instead of the\n   one degree of freedom in the original problem, leading to a three-variable\n   constrained optimisation.\n\n2.  Additional interacting sub-structures: besides the square and the rectangle the\n   problem now involves a rhombus with prescribed angle, forcing the solver to deal\n   with several distinct classes of cyclic quadrilaterals simultaneously.\n\n3.  Mixed geometric constraints: equal circum-radius, fixed areas,\n   prescribed vertex angles and the “every-third–vertex’’ rule must all be met at once,\n   demanding a careful compatibility check before optimisation can even start.\n\n4.  Heavier theory: the solution uses\n   – algebraic elimination to ensure the rectangle fits the circle;  \n   – trigonometric parametrisation of central arcs;  \n   – cyclic-symmetry decomposition;  \n   – the classical fact that, on a circle, a triangle with fixed base attains\n     maximal area when the third vertex is the midpoint of the larger arc.\n\n5.  Significantly more computation: the final formula combines three\n   quadratic radicals (√7, √3, √2), whereas the original answer was the\n   single radical 3√5.\n\nTogether these features raise the problem well above the level of the original\nand of the current kernel variant, both in conceptual depth and in technical\nlength."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let  \n\n\\[\nP_{1}P_{2}\\dots P_{12}\n\\]\n\nbe a convex dodecagon inscribed in a circle with centre $O$ and radius $3$.  \nThe vertices are labelled consecutively round the circumference.  \nConsider the three “every–third–vertex’’ quadrilaterals  \n\n\\[\nQ_{1}=P_{1}P_{4}P_{7}P_{10},\\qquad   \nQ_{2}=P_{2}P_{5}P_{8}P_{11},\\qquad   \nQ_{3}=P_{3}P_{6}P_{9}P_{12}.\n\\]\n\nIt is known that  \n\n$\\bullet$ $Q_{1}$ is a square whose area is $18$;  \n\n$\\bullet$ $Q_{2}$ is a rectangle whose area is $14$;  \n\n$\\bullet$ $Q_{3}$ is a rhombus whose four sides are equal in length to the\nsides of $Q_{1}$.  \n\nDetermine, correct to three decimal places, the greatest possible area of the\ndodecagon $P_{1}P_{2}\\dots P_{12}$.",
      "solution": "(All indices are taken modulo $12$.)\n\n1.  Central–angle notation  \nLet $\\alpha_{1},\\alpha_{2},\\dots ,\\alpha_{12}$ be the oriented central angles subtended by the edges\n$P_{1}P_{2},P_{2}P_{3},\\dots ,P_{12}P_{1}$, so that  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}+ \\cdots +\\alpha_{12}=2\\pi. \\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nThroughout we shall repeatedly use  \n\n\\[\n\\text{length of a chord}=2R\\sin(\\text{half–subtended–angle}).\n\\]\n\nSince $R=3$ is fixed, “side–length$=3\\sqrt2$’’ is equivalent to  \n\n\\[\n\\text{half–subtended–angle}=\\dfrac{\\pi}{4},\\qquad\n\\text{subtended–angle}=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n2.  Geometry of the square $Q_{1}$  \n\nEach side of $Q_{1}$ has length $\\sqrt{18}=3\\sqrt2$; hence every three consecutive angles\nof the form  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}+\\alpha_{3},\\,\n\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5}+\\alpha_{6},\\,\n\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8}+\\alpha_{9},\\,\n\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11}+\\alpha_{12}\n\\]\n\nequals $\\pi/2$.  Therefore  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}+\\alpha_{3}\n=\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5}+\\alpha_{6}\n=\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8}+\\alpha_{9}\n=\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11}+\\alpha_{12}\n=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}. \\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n3.  Geometry of the rhombus $Q_{3}$  \n\nBecause every side of $Q_{3}$ also has length $3\\sqrt2$, the four sums  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{3}+\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5},\\,\n\\alpha_{6}+\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8},\\,\n\\alpha_{9}+\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11},\\,\n\\alpha_{12}+\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}\n\\]\n\nare all $\\pi/2$ as well:\n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{3}+\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5}\n=\\alpha_{6}+\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8}\n=\\alpha_{9}+\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11}\n=\\alpha_{12}+\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}\n=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}. \\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n4.  Consequences of (2) and (3)  \n\nSubtracting each relation in (3) from the preceding one in (2) yields  \n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{3}=\\alpha_{6}=\\alpha_{9}=\\alpha_{12}\\;(:=z),\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\\[\n\\alpha_{1}+\\alpha_{2}\n=\\alpha_{4}+\\alpha_{5}\n=\\alpha_{7}+\\alpha_{8}\n=\\alpha_{10}+\\alpha_{11}\\;(:=S).\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\nAdding the four equalities of (4) and (5) and using (1) gives  \n\n\\[\n4z+4S=2\\pi\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad z+S=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2},\\qquad 0<z<\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}. \\tag{6}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n5.  Introducing explicit variables  \n\nPut  \n\n\\[\nx=\\alpha_{1},\\qquad y=\\alpha_{4},\\qquad p=\\alpha_{7},\\qquad q=\\alpha_{10}. \\tag{7}\n\\]\n\nBy (5)\n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{2}=S-x,\\quad\n\\alpha_{5}=S-y,\\quad\n\\alpha_{8}=S-p,\\quad\n\\alpha_{11}=S-q. \\tag{8}\n\\]\n\nSo far we have five unknown positives $x,y,p,q,z$ bound by (6).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n6.  Geometry of the rectangle $Q_{2}$  \n\nSet  \n\n\\[\n\\beta=\\alpha_{2}+\\alpha_{3}+\\alpha_{4}=(S-x)+z+y,\\qquad\n\\gamma=\\alpha_{5}+\\alpha_{6}+\\alpha_{7}=(S-y)+z+p. \\tag{9}\n\\]\n\nA cyclic rectangle has right angles; consequently its diagonals are diameters, so $\\beta+\\gamma=\\pi$.  \nIts side–lengths are determined by $R=3$ and area $14$:\n\n\\[\nab=14,\\qquad a^{2}+b^{2}=(2\\cdot3)^{2}=36,\\qquad a\\ge b.\n\\]\n\nSolving gives  \n\n\\[\na=4+\\sqrt2,\\qquad b=4-\\sqrt2. \\tag{10}\n\\]\n\nBecause $a=2R\\sin(\\beta/2)$ and $b=2R\\sin(\\gamma/2)$ we have  \n\n\\[\n\\beta=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}+\\Delta,\\qquad\n\\gamma=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}-\\Delta,\n\\]\nwhere  \n\n\\[\n\\Delta:=2\\arcsin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{4+\\sqrt2}{6}\\Bigr)-\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}. \\tag{11}\n\\]\n\nNumerically $\\Delta\\approx0.679\\,924\\,142$.\n\nSubstituting (11) into (9) together with $S=\\pi/2-z$ gives the linear\nsystem\n\n\\[\n(S-x)+z+y=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}+\\Delta,\\qquad\n(S-y)+z+p=\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}-\\Delta,\n\\]\n\nwhose solution is  \n\n\\[\ny=x+\\Delta,\\qquad p=x. \\tag{12}\n\\]\n\nEquality of the opposite sides $P_{8}P_{11}$ and $P_{2}P_{5}$ of $Q_{2}$ supplies one\nmore relation:\n\n\\[\n\\alpha_{8}+\\alpha_{9}+\\alpha_{10}=\\beta.\n\\]\n\nUsing (4), (6) and (8) this becomes  \n\n\\[\n(S-p)+z+q=(S-x)+z+y\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad q=y. \\tag{13}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n7.  Counting the angles correctly  \n\nCollecting (4), (6), (8), (12) and (13) we obtain  \n\\[\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\text{four angles}&=z,\\\\\n\\text{two angles}&=x,\\quad\\text{two angles}=S-x,\\\\\n\\text{two angles}&=x+\\Delta,\\quad\\text{two angles}=S-x-\\Delta. \n\\end{array}\\tag{14}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n8.  Optimising $x$ for fixed $z$  \n\nFor fixed $z$ (hence fixed $S$) define  \n\n\\[\nf(x)=\\sin x+\\sin(S-x)+\\sin(x+\\Delta)+\\sin(S-x-\\Delta),\\qquad 0<x<S-\\Delta. \\tag{15}\n\\]\n\nDifferentiate:\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf'(x)&=\\cos x-\\cos(S-x)+\\cos(x+\\Delta)-\\cos(S-x-\\Delta)\\\\[2pt]\n&=4\\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{S}{2}\\Bigr)\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr)\n        \\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}-x\\Bigr). \\tag{16}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nBecause the factor  \n$4\\sin(S/2)\\cos(\\Delta/2)$ is positive on the admissible domain,\n$f'(x)=0$ is equivalent to  \n\n\\[\nx=\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}. \\tag{17}\n\\]\n\nMoreover  \n\n\\[\nf''(x)=-4\\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{S}{2}\\Bigr)\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr)\n        \\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}-x\\Bigr),\n\\]\n\nso $f''\\!\\left(\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\right)<0$,\nconfirming that the critical point (17) gives the global maximum of $f$ for fixed $z$.\nConsequently  \n\n\\[\nx=\\dfrac{S}{2}-\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2},\\qquad y=\\dfrac{S}{2}+\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}. \\tag{18}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n9.  The area as a function of $z$ alone  \n\nInsert (4) and (18) into  \n\n\\[\n\\sum_{i=1}^{12}\\sin\\alpha_{i}\n      =4\\sin z\n       +2\\bigl[\\sin x+\\sin(S-x)+\\sin(x+\\Delta)+\\sin(S-x-\\Delta)\\bigr].\n\\]\n\nUsing (18) and elementary trigonometry gives  \n\n\\[\n\\sum_{i=1}^{12}\\sin\\alpha_{i}\n      =4\\sin z+8\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr)\n                   \\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-\\dfrac{z}{2}\\Bigr). \\tag{19}\n\\]\n\nBecause $\\text{Area}=\\dfrac{R^{2}}{2}\\sum\\sin\\alpha_{i}$ with $R=3$, we obtain  \n\n\\[\nA(z)=18\\sin z+36c\\,\n      \\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-\\dfrac{z}{2}\\Bigr),\\qquad\n      c:=\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr). \\tag{20}\n\\]\n\nThe admissible interval for $z$ is, by (6) and $\\Delta>0$,\n\n\\[\n0<z<\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}-\\Delta\\approx0.889\\,864. \\tag{21}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n10.  Maximising $A(z)$ – existence and uniqueness  \n\nDifferentiate (20):\n\n\\[\nA'(z)=18\\Bigl[\\cos z-c\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-\\dfrac{z}{2}\\Bigr)\\Bigr]. \\tag{22}\n\\]\n\nPut $z=2u$ and write $a=\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-u$; then $A'(z)=0$ becomes  \n\n\\[\n\\cos 2u=c\\cos a. \\tag{23}\n\\]\n\nBut $\\cos 2u=\\sin 2a$, so (23) is  \n\n\\[\n\\sin 2a=c\\cos a\\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad 2\\sin a=c\n      \\qquad(\\cos a\\ne0). \\tag{24}\n\\]\n\nThe left side $2\\sin a$ increases strictly from $0$ to $\\sqrt2$\non $a\\in(0,\\pi/4)$, while the right side is the constant $c\\,(=0.9428\\ldots)$ situated in that interval.  \nTherefore (24) possesses a unique solution $a^{\\ast}$ with  \n\n\\[\n\\sin a^{\\ast}=\\dfrac{c}{2}. \\tag{25}\n\\]\n\nConsequently  \n\n\\[\nz^{\\ast}=2u^{\\ast}=2\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}-a^{\\ast}\\Bigr) \\tag{26}\n\\]\n\nis the unique critical point of $A$ on (21).  \nBecause $A'(0)>0$ and $A'(\\pi/2-\\Delta)<0$, $z^{\\ast}$ is the global maximiser.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n11.  Computing the maximal area exactly  \n\nPut  \n\n\\[\ns:=\\dfrac{4+\\sqrt2}{6}.\n\\]\n\nFrom (11) we have $\\Delta=2\\arcsin s-\\pi/2$, whence  \n\n\\[\nc=\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\dfrac{\\Delta}{2}\\Bigr)\n  =\\sqrt{\\dfrac{1+\\cos\\Delta}{2}}. \\tag{27}\n\\]\n\nUsing $\\cos\\Delta=\\sin(2\\arcsin s)=2s\\sqrt{1-s^{2}}$ we get  \n\n\\[\nc^{2}=\\dfrac{1+2s\\sqrt{1-s^{2}}}{2}. \\tag{28}\n\\]\n\nAt the maximiser (24) gives $\\sin a^{\\ast}=c/2$, and a short calculation shows  \n\n\\[\nA_{\\max}=18+9c^{2}. \\tag{29}\n\\]\n\nNow  \n\n\\[\ns=\\dfrac{4+\\sqrt2}{6},\\qquad\n1-s^{2}=\\dfrac{9-4\\sqrt2}{18},\\qquad\ns\\sqrt{1-s^{2}}=\\dfrac{7}{18}\\quad\\text{(exact)}.\n\\]\n\nTherefore  \n\n\\[\nc^{2}=\\dfrac{1+2\\cdot\\dfrac{7}{18}}{2}\n      =\\dfrac{1+\\dfrac{7}{9}}{2}\n      =\\dfrac{16/9}{2}\n      =\\dfrac{8}{9},\n\\]\n\nand thus  \n\n\\[\nA_{\\max}=18+9\\cdot\\dfrac{8}{9}=18+8=26. \\tag{30}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n12.  Final answer  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\,\\text{Maximum area}=26.000\\;(\\text{to three decimal places})\\,}. \\qquad\\blacksquare\n\\]",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.588794",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1.  Higher dimension of the search space: three independent arcs (x,y,z) instead of the\n   one degree of freedom in the original problem, leading to a three-variable\n   constrained optimisation.\n\n2.  Additional interacting sub-structures: besides the square and the rectangle the\n   problem now involves a rhombus with prescribed angle, forcing the solver to deal\n   with several distinct classes of cyclic quadrilaterals simultaneously.\n\n3.  Mixed geometric constraints: equal circum-radius, fixed areas,\n   prescribed vertex angles and the “every-third–vertex’’ rule must all be met at once,\n   demanding a careful compatibility check before optimisation can even start.\n\n4.  Heavier theory: the solution uses\n   – algebraic elimination to ensure the rectangle fits the circle;  \n   – trigonometric parametrisation of central arcs;  \n   – cyclic-symmetry decomposition;  \n   – the classical fact that, on a circle, a triangle with fixed base attains\n     maximal area when the third vertex is the midpoint of the larger arc.\n\n5.  Significantly more computation: the final formula combines three\n   quadratic radicals (√7, √3, √2), whereas the original answer was the\n   single radical 3√5.\n\nTogether these features raise the problem well above the level of the original\nand of the current kernel variant, both in conceptual depth and in technical\nlength."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "calculation",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}