{
  "index": "1994-A-5",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "COMB"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Let $(r_n)_{n \\geq 0}$ be a sequence of positive real numbers such that\n$\\lim_{n \\to \\infty} r_n = 0$. Let $S$ be the set of numbers representable\nas a sum\n\\[\nr_{i_1} + r_{i_2} + \\cdots + r_{i_{1994}},\n\\]\nwith $i_1 < i_2 < \\cdots < i_{1994}$. Show that every nonempty interval\n$(a,b)$ contains a nonempty subinterval $(c,d)$ that does not intersect $S$.",
  "solution": "Solution 1. We may permute the \\( r_{i} \\) to assume \\( r_{0} \\geq r_{1} \\geq \\cdots \\). This does not change \\( S \\) or the convergence to 0 . If \\( b \\leq 0 \\), the result is clear, so we assume \\( b>0 \\).\n\nSince \\( r_{n} \\rightarrow 0 \\), only finitely many \\( r_{n} \\) exceed \\( b / 2 \\). Thus we may choose a positive number \\( a_{1} \\) so that \\( a<a_{1}<b \\) and \\( r_{n} \\notin\\left[a_{1}, b\\right) \\) for all \\( n \\). Then for an element of \\( S \\cap\\left(a_{1}, b\\right) \\), there are only a finite number of possibilities for \\( i_{1} \\) (since \\( 0<a_{1} / 1994 \\leq \\) \\( \\left.r_{i_{1}}<a_{1}\\right) \\); let \\( I_{1} \\) be the set of such \\( i_{1} \\).\n\nChoose \\( a_{2} \\) so that \\( a_{1}<a_{2}<b \\) and \\( r_{i_{1}}+r_{n} \\notin\\left[a_{2}, b\\right) \\) for all \\( i_{1} \\in I_{1} \\) and \\( n \\geq 0 \\). Then for each \\( i_{1} \\), there are only a finite number of possibilities for \\( i_{2} \\) (since \\( \\left.0<\\left(a_{2}-r_{i_{1}}\\right) / 1993 \\leq r_{i_{2}}<a_{2}-r_{i_{1}}\\right) \\); let \\( I_{2} \\) be the set of ordered pairs \\( \\left(i_{1}, i_{2}\\right) \\) of possibilities.\n\nSimilarly, inductively choose \\( a_{m} \\) so that \\( a_{m-1}<a_{m}<b \\) and \\( r_{i_{1}}+\\cdots+r_{i_{m-1}}+r_{n} \\notin \\) \\( \\left[a_{m}, b\\right) \\) for all \\( \\left(i_{1}, \\ldots, i_{m-1}\\right) \\in I_{m-1} \\) and \\( n \\geq 0 \\). The set \\( I_{m} \\) of ordered \\( m \\)-tuples \\( \\left(i_{1}, \\ldots, i_{m}\\right) \\) of possibilities is finite.\n\nThen \\( (c, d)=\\left(a_{1994}, b\\right) \\) does not intersect \\( S \\).\nRemark. A cleaner variation is to show that if \\( A \\) is a nowhere dense subset of \\( \\mathbb{R} \\), and \\( \\left(r_{n}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) converges to 0 , then \\( A+\\left\\{r_{n}\\right\\} \\) is also nowhere dense (where \\( A+\\left\\{r_{n}\\right\\} \\) denotes the set of numbers of the form \\( a+r_{n} \\), where \\( a \\in A \\) ). Then the result follows by induction.\n\nSolution 2. It suffices to show that any sequence in \\( S \\) contains a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence. For then, letting \\( \\left(t_{n}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) be any strictly increasing sequence within \\( (a, b) \\), some (in fact, all but a finite number) of the intersections \\( S \\cap\\left(t_{n}, t_{n+1}\\right) \\) would have to be empty. Otherwise, one could form a strictly increasing sequence \\( \\left(s_{n}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) by taking \\( S_{n} \\in S \\cap\\left(t_{n}, t_{n+1}\\right) \\).\n\nLet \\( \\left(s_{n}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) be a sequence in \\( S \\). For \\( n=0,1,2, \\ldots \\), write\n\\[\ns_{n}=r_{f(n, 1)}+r_{f(n, 2)}+\\cdots+r_{f(n, 1994)} \\quad \\text { with } \\quad f(n, 1)<f(n, 2)<\\cdots<f(n, 1994) .\n\\]\n\nThe sequence \\( \\left(r_{f(n, 1)}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) has a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence (since \\( \\left(r_{n}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) is a positive sequence converging to 0 ). Thus we may replace \\( \\left(s_{n}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) by a subsequence for which \\( \\left(r_{f(n, 1)}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) is monotonically nonincreasing. In a similar fashion, we pass to subsequences so that, successively, each of \\( \\left(r_{f(n, 2)}\\right)_{n \\geq 0},\\left(r_{f(n, 3)}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\), \\( \\ldots,\\left(r_{f(n, 1994)}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) may be assumed to be monotonically nonincreasing. The resulting \\( \\left(s_{n}\\right)_{n \\geq 0} \\) is monotonically nonincreasing.\n\nSolution 3. Let \\( C \\) be the set \\( \\left\\{r_{n}: n \\geq 0\\right\\} \\cup\\{0\\} \\). Then \\( C \\) is closed and bounded, so \\( C \\) is compact. Hence \\( C^{1994} \\) is compact, and its image \\( S^{\\prime} \\) under the \"sum the coordinates\" map \\( \\mathbb{R}^{1994} \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R} \\) is compact. Clearly \\( S \\subset S^{\\prime} \\).\n\nLet \\( (a, b) \\) be a nonempty open interval. Since \\( S^{\\prime} \\) is countable, \\( (a, b)-S^{\\prime} \\) is nonempty; it is open since \\( S^{\\prime} \\) is closed. Hence \\( (a, b)-S^{\\prime} \\) includes a nonempty open interval.",
  "vars": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "c",
    "d",
    "a_1",
    "a_2",
    "a_m",
    "a_m-1",
    "i",
    "i_1",
    "i_2",
    "i_1994",
    "i_m-1",
    "i_m",
    "t_n",
    "t_n+1",
    "s_n",
    "n",
    "m",
    "f"
  ],
  "params": [
    "r_n",
    "r_0",
    "r_1",
    "r_i",
    "r_i_1",
    "r_i_2",
    "r_i_{1994}",
    "r_i_{m-1}",
    "r_i_{m}",
    "r_f(n,1)",
    "r_f(n,2)",
    "r_f(n,3)",
    "S",
    "S_n",
    "I_1",
    "I_2",
    "I_m",
    "C"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "a": "leftbound",
        "b": "rightbound",
        "c": "subleft",
        "d": "subright",
        "a_1": "alphaone",
        "a_2": "alphatwo",
        "a_m": "alpham",
        "a_m-1": "alphamminusone",
        "i": "indexi",
        "i_1": "indexone",
        "i_2": "indextwo",
        "i_1994": "indexfinal",
        "i_m-1": "indexmminusone",
        "i_m": "indexm",
        "t_n": "tstepn",
        "t_n+1": "tstepnplus",
        "s_n": "sseriesn",
        "n": "indexn",
        "m": "mainindex",
        "f": "mapfunc",
        "r_n": "radiusn",
        "r_0": "radiuszero",
        "r_1": "radiusone",
        "r_i": "radiusi",
        "r_i_1": "radiusione",
        "r_i_2": "radiusitwo",
        "r_i_{1994}": "radiusifinal",
        "r_i_{m-1}": "radiusimminusone",
        "r_i_{m}": "radiusim",
        "r_f(n,1)": "radiusfone",
        "r_f(n,2)": "radiusftwo",
        "r_f(n,3)": "radiusfthree",
        "S": "setsum",
        "S_n": "setelem",
        "I_1": "indexsetone",
        "I_2": "indexsettwo",
        "I_m": "indexsetm",
        "C": "setcomp"
      },
      "question": "Let $(radiusn)_{indexn \\geq 0}$ be a sequence of positive real numbers such that $\\lim_{indexn \\to \\infty} radiusn = 0$. Let $setsum$ be the set of numbers representable as a sum\n\\[\nradiusione + radiusitwo + \\cdots + radiusifinal,\n\\]\nwith $indexone < indextwo < \\cdots < indexfinal$. Show that every nonempty interval $(leftbound,rightbound)$ contains a nonempty subinterval $(subleft,subright)$ that does not intersect $setsum$.",
      "solution": "Solution 1. We may permute the $ radiusi $ to assume $ radiuszero \\geq radiusone \\geq \\cdots $. This does not change $ setsum $ or the convergence to $0$. If $ rightbound \\leq 0 $, the result is clear, so we assume $ rightbound>0 $.\n\nSince $ radiusn \\rightarrow 0 $, only finitely many $ radiusn $ exceed $ rightbound / 2 $. Thus we may choose a positive number $ alphaone $ so that $ leftbound<alphaone<rightbound $ and $ radiusn \\notin[alphaone, rightbound) $ for all $ indexn $. Then for an element of $ setsum \\cap(alphaone, rightbound) $, there are only a finite number of possibilities for $ indexone $ (since $ 0<alphaone / 1994 \\leq radiusione<alphaone $); let $ indexsetone $ be the set of such $ indexone $.\n\nChoose $ alphatwo $ so that $ alphaone<alphatwo<rightbound $ and $ radiusione+radiusn \\notin[alphatwo, rightbound) $ for all $ indexone \\in indexsetone $ and $ indexn \\geq 0 $. Then for each $ indexone $, there are only a finite number of possibilities for $ indextwo $ (since $ 0<(alphatwo-radiusione) / 1993 \\leq radiusitwo<alphatwo-radiusione $); let $ indexsettwo $ be the set of ordered pairs $ (indexone, indextwo) $ of possibilities.\n\nSimilarly, inductively choose $ alpham $ so that $ alphamminusone<alpham<rightbound $ and $ radiusione+\\cdots+radiusimminusone+radiusn \\notin[alpham, rightbound) $ for all $ (indexone, \\ldots, indexmminusone) \\in I_{m-1} $ and $ indexn \\geq 0 $. The set $ indexsetm $ of ordered $ mainindex $-tuples $ (indexone, \\ldots, indexm) $ of possibilities is finite.\n\nThen $ (subleft, subright)=(a_{1994}, rightbound) $ does not intersect $ setsum $.\n\nRemark. A cleaner variation is to show that if $ A $ is a nowhere dense subset of $ \\mathbb{R} $, and $ (radiusn)_{indexn \\geq 0} $ converges to $0$, then $ A+\\{radiusn\\} $ is also nowhere dense (where $ A+\\{radiusn\\} $ denotes the set of numbers of the form $ leftbound+radiusn $, where $ leftbound \\in A $ ). Then the result follows by induction.\n\nSolution 2. It suffices to show that any sequence in $ setsum $ contains a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence. For then, letting $ (tstepn)_{indexn \\geq 0} $ be any strictly increasing sequence within $ (leftbound, rightbound) $, some (in fact, all but a finite number) of the intersections $ setsum \\cap(tstepn, tstepnplus) $ would have to be empty. Otherwise, one could form a strictly increasing sequence $ (sseriesn)_{indexn \\geq 0} $ by taking $ setelem \\in setsum \\cap(tstepn, tstepnplus) $.\n\nLet $ (sseriesn)_{indexn \\geq 0} $ be a sequence in $ setsum $. For $ indexn=0,1,2, \\ldots $, write\n\\[\nsseriesn = radiusfone + radiusftwo + \\cdots + r_{f(indexn, 1994)} \\quad \\text { with } \\quad mapfunc(indexn, 1)<mapfunc(indexn, 2)<\\cdots<mapfunc(indexn, 1994) .\n\\]\n\nThe sequence $ (radiusfone)_{indexn \\geq 0} $ has a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence (since $ (radiusn)_{indexn \\geq 0} $ is a positive sequence converging to $0$). Thus we may replace $ (sseriesn)_{indexn \\geq 0} $ by a subsequence for which $ (radiusfone)_{indexn \\geq 0} $ is monotonically nonincreasing. In a similar fashion, we pass to subsequences so that, successively, each of $ (radiusftwo)_{indexn \\geq 0},(radiusfthree)_{indexn \\geq 0}, \\ldots,(r_{f(indexn, 1994)})_{indexn \\geq 0} $ may be assumed to be monotonically nonincreasing. The resulting $ (sseriesn)_{indexn \\geq 0} $ is monotonically nonincreasing.\n\nSolution 3. Let setcomp be the set $ \\{radiusn: indexn \\geq 0\\} \\cup\\{0\\} $. Then setcomp is closed and bounded, so setcomp is compact. Hence $ setcomp^{1994} $ is compact, and its image $ setsum^{\\prime} $ under the \"sum the coordinates\" map $ \\mathbb{R}^{1994} \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R} $ is compact. Clearly $ setsum \\subset setsum^{\\prime} $.\n\nLet $ (leftbound, rightbound) $ be a nonempty open interval. Since $ setsum^{\\prime} $ is countable, $ (leftbound, rightbound)-setsum^{\\prime} $ is nonempty; it is open since $ setsum^{\\prime} $ is closed. Hence $ (leftbound, rightbound)-setsum^{\\prime} $ includes a nonempty open interval."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "a": "hazelnut",
        "b": "tangerine",
        "c": "woodpecker",
        "d": "aftershave",
        "a_1": "peppermint",
        "a_2": "butterscotch",
        "a_m": "marshmallow",
        "a_m-1": "daydream",
        "i": "rainstorm",
        "i_1": "riverbank",
        "i_2": "soundwave",
        "i_1994": "honeycomb",
        "i_m-1": "locomotive",
        "i_m": "horseshoe",
        "t_n": "gingerbread",
        "t_n+1": "chandelier",
        "s_n": "starflower",
        "n": "sailboat",
        "m": "hummingbird",
        "f": "sledgehammer",
        "r_n": "watermelon",
        "r_0": "dragonfruit",
        "r_1": "blacksmith",
        "r_i": "snowflake",
        "r_i_1": "buttercup",
        "r_i_2": "motherboard",
        "r_i_{1994}": "playground",
        "r_i_{m-1}": "skyscraper",
        "r_i_{m}": "storyteller",
        "r_f(n,1)": "stegosaurus",
        "r_f(n,2)": "houseplant",
        "r_f(n,3)": "campfire",
        "S": "chrysanthemum",
        "S_n": "whistleblower",
        "I_1": "quarterback",
        "I_2": "rhinoceros",
        "I_m": "parchment",
        "C": "velociraptor"
      },
      "question": "Let $(watermelon)_{sailboat \\geq 0}$ be a sequence of positive real numbers such that\n$\\lim_{sailboat \\to \\infty} watermelon = 0$. Let $chrysanthemum$ be the set of numbers representable\nas a sum\n\\[\nbuttercup + motherboard + \\cdots + playground,\n\\]\nwith $riverbank < soundwave < \\cdots < honeycomb$. Show that every nonempty interval\n$(hazelnut,tangerine)$ contains a nonempty subinterval $(woodpecker,aftershave)$ that does not intersect $chrysanthemum$.",
      "solution": "Solution 1. We may permute the \\( snowflake \\) to assume \\( dragonfruit \\geq blacksmith \\geq \\cdots \\). This does not change \\( chrysanthemum \\) or the convergence to 0 . If \\( tangerine \\leq 0 \\), the result is clear, so we assume \\( tangerine>0 \\).\n\nSince \\( watermelon \\rightarrow 0 \\), only finitely many \\( watermelon \\) exceed \\( tangerine / 2 \\). Thus we may choose a positive number \\( peppermint \\) so that \\( hazelnut<peppermint<tangerine \\) and \\( watermelon \\notin\\left[peppermint, tangerine\\right) \\) for all \\( sailboat \\). Then for an element of \\( chrysanthemum \\cap\\left(peppermint, tangerine\\right) \\), there are only a finite number of possibilities for \\( riverbank \\) (since \\( 0<peppermint / 1994 \\leq \\left.buttercup<peppermint\\right) \\); let \\( quarterback \\) be the set of such \\( riverbank \\).\n\nChoose \\( butterscotch \\) so that \\( peppermint<butterscotch<tangerine \\) and \\( buttercup+watermelon \\notin\\left[butterscotch, tangerine\\right) \\) for all \\( riverbank \\in quarterback \\) and \\( sailboat \\geq 0 \\). Then for each \\( riverbank \\), there are only a finite number of possibilities for \\( soundwave \\) (since \\( 0<\\left(butterscotch-buttercup\\right) / 1993 \\leq motherboard<butterscotch-buttercup \\)); let \\( rhinoceros \\) be the set of ordered pairs \\( \\left(riverbank, soundwave\\right) \\) of possibilities.\n\nSimilarly, inductively choose \\( marshmallow \\) so that \\( daydream<marshmallow<tangerine \\) and \\( buttercup+\\cdots+skyscraper+watermelon \\notin \\left[marshmallow, tangerine\\right) \\) for all \\( \\left(riverbank, \\ldots, locomotive\\right) \\in I_{m-1} \\) and \\( sailboat \\geq 0 \\). The set \\( parchment \\) of ordered \\( hummingbird \\)-tuples \\( \\left(riverbank, \\ldots, horseshoe\\right) \\) of possibilities is finite.\n\nThen \\( (woodpecker, aftershave)=\\left(a_{1994}, tangerine\\right) \\) does not intersect \\( chrysanthemum \\).\n\nRemark. A cleaner variation is to show that if \\( A \\) is a nowhere dense subset of \\( \\mathbb{R} \\), and \\( \\left(watermelon\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) converges to 0 , then \\( A+\\left\\{watermelon\\right\\} \\) is also nowhere dense (where \\( A+\\left\\{watermelon\\right\\} \\) denotes the set of numbers of the form \\( a+watermelon \\), where \\( a \\in A \\) ). Then the result follows by induction.\n\nSolution 2. It suffices to show that any sequence in \\( chrysanthemum \\) contains a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence. For then, letting \\( \\left(gingerbread\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) be any strictly increasing sequence within \\( (hazelnut, tangerine) \\), some (in fact, all but a finite number) of the intersections \\( chrysanthemum \\cap\\left(gingerbread, chandelier\\right) \\) would have to be empty. Otherwise, one could form a strictly increasing sequence \\( \\left(starflower\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) by taking \\( whistleblower \\in chrysanthemum \\cap\\left(gingerbread, chandelier\\right) \\).\n\nLet \\( \\left(starflower\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) be a sequence in \\( chrysanthemum \\). For \\( sailboat=0,1,2, \\ldots \\), write\n\\[\nstarflower = stegosaurus+houseplant+\\cdots+r_{sledgehammer(sailboat, 1994)} \\quad \\text { with } \\quad sledgehammer(sailboat, 1)<sledgehammer(sailboat, 2)<\\cdots<sledgehammer(sailboat, 1994) .\n\\]\n\nThe sequence \\( \\left(stegosaurus\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) has a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence (since \\( \\left(watermelon\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) is a positive sequence converging to 0 ). Thus we may replace \\( \\left(starflower\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) by a subsequence for which \\( \\left(stegosaurus\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) is monotonically nonincreasing. In a similar fashion, we pass to subsequences so that, successively, each of \\( \\left(houseplant\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0},\\left(campfire\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\), \\( \\ldots,\\left(r_{sledgehammer(sailboat, 1994)}\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) may be assumed to be monotonically nonincreasing. The resulting \\( \\left(starflower\\right)_{sailboat \\geq 0} \\) is monotonically nonincreasing.\n\nSolution 3. Let \\( velociraptor \\) be the set \\( \\left\\{watermelon: sailboat \\geq 0\\right\\} \\cup\\{0\\} \\). Then \\( velociraptor \\) is closed and bounded, so \\( velociraptor \\) is compact. Hence \\( velociraptor^{1994} \\) is compact, and its image \\( S^{\\prime} \\) under the \"sum the coordinates\" map \\( \\mathbb{R}^{1994} \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R} \\) is compact. Clearly \\( chrysanthemum \\subset S^{\\prime} \\).\n\nLet \\( (hazelnut, tangerine) \\) be a nonempty open interval. Since \\( S^{\\prime} \\) is countable, \\( (hazelnut, tangerine)-S^{\\prime} \\) is nonempty; it is open since \\( S^{\\prime} \\) is closed. Hence \\( (hazelnut, tangerine)-S^{\\prime} \\) includes a nonempty open interval."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "a": "terminalval",
        "b": "originval",
        "c": "outerbound",
        "d": "innerbound",
        "a_1": "endnumone",
        "a_2": "endnumtwo",
        "a_m": "endnummany",
        "a_m-1": "endnummprev",
        "i": "nonindex",
        "i_1": "nonindexone",
        "i_2": "nonindextwo",
        "i_1994": "nonindexmany",
        "i_m-1": "nonindprev",
        "i_m": "nonindnext",
        "t_n": "staticvaln",
        "t_n+1": "staticvalnext",
        "s_n": "constantseq",
        "n": "stagnate",
        "m": "nonnumber",
        "f": "constantmap",
        "r_n": "infiniteval",
        "r_0": "infinitezero",
        "r_1": "infiniteone",
        "r_i": "infinitei",
        "r_i_1": "infinitefirst",
        "r_i_2": "infinitesecond",
        "r_i_{1994}": "infinitemany",
        "r_i_{m-1}": "infiniteprior",
        "r_i_{m}": "infinitecurrent",
        "r_f(n,1)": "infifunone",
        "r_f(n,2)": "infifuntwo",
        "r_f(n,3)": "infifunthr",
        "S": "negativeset",
        "S_n": "negativesetn",
        "I_1": "unlikelyfirst",
        "I_2": "unlikelysecond",
        "I_m": "unlikelymany",
        "C": "noncompact"
      },
      "question": "Let $(infiniteval)_{stagnate \\geq 0}$ be a sequence of positive real numbers such that\n$\\lim_{stagnate \\to \\infty} infiniteval = 0$. Let $negativeset$ be the set of numbers representable\nas a sum\n\\[\ninfinitefirst + infinitesecond + \\cdots + infinitemany,\n\\]\nwith $nonindexone < nonindextwo < \\cdots < nonindexmany$. Show that every nonempty interval\n$(terminalval,originval)$ contains a nonempty subinterval $(outerbound,innerbound)$ that does not intersect $negativeset$.",
      "solution": "Solution 1. We may permute the \\( infinitei \\) to assume \\( infinitezero \\geq infiniteone \\geq \\cdots \\). This does not change \\( negativeset \\) or the convergence to 0. If \\( originval \\leq 0 \\), the result is clear, so we assume \\( originval>0 \\).\n\nSince \\( infiniteval \\rightarrow 0 \\), only finitely many \\( infiniteval \\) exceed \\( originval / 2 \\). Thus we may choose a positive number \\( endnumone \\) so that \\( terminalval<endnumone<originval \\) and \\( infiniteval \\notin\\left[endnumone, originval\\right) \\) for all \\( stagnate \\). Then for an element of \\( negativeset \\cap\\left(endnumone, originval\\right) \\), there are only a finite number of possibilities for \\( nonindexone \\) (since \\( 0<endnumone / 1994 \\leq infinitefirst<endnumone \\) ); let \\( unlikelyfirst \\) be the set of such \\( nonindexone \\).\n\nChoose \\( endnumtwo \\) so that \\( endnumone<endnumtwo<originval \\) and \\( infinitefirst+infiniteval \\notin\\left[endnumtwo, originval\\right) \\) for all \\( nonindexone \\in unlikelyfirst \\) and \\( stagnate \\geq 0 \\). Then for each \\( nonindexone \\), there are only a finite number of possibilities for \\( nonindextwo \\) (since \\( 0<\\left(endnumtwo-infinitefirst\\right) / 1993 \\leq infinitesecond<endnumtwo-infinitefirst \\) ); let \\( unlikelysecond \\) be the set of ordered pairs \\( \\left(nonindexone, nonindextwo\\right) \\) of possibilities.\n\nSimilarly, inductively choose \\( endnummany \\) so that \\( endnummprev<endnummany<originval \\) and \\( infinitefirst+\\cdots+infiniteprior+infiniteval \\notin\\left[endnummany, originval\\right) \\) for all \\( \\left(nonindexone, \\ldots, nonindprev\\right) \\in unlikelysecond \\) and \\( stagnate \\geq 0 \\). The set \\( unlikelymany \\) of ordered \\( nonnumber \\)-tuples \\( \\left(nonindexone, \\ldots, nonindnext\\right) \\) of possibilities is finite.\n\nThen \\( (outerbound, innerbound)=\\left(endnummany, originval\\right) \\) does not intersect \\( negativeset \\).\n\nRemark. A cleaner variation is to show that if \\( A \\) is a nowhere dense subset of \\( \\mathbb{R} \\), and \\( \\left(infiniteval\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) converges to 0 , then \\( A+\\left\\{infiniteval\\right\\} \\) is also nowhere dense (where \\( A+\\left\\{infiniteval\\right\\} \\) denotes the set of numbers of the form \\( a+infiniteval \\), where \\( a \\in A \\) ). Then the result follows by induction.\n\nSolution 2. It suffices to show that any sequence in \\( negativeset \\) contains a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence. For then, letting \\( \\left(staticvaln\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) be any strictly increasing sequence within \\( (terminalval, originval) \\), some (in fact, all but a finite number) of the intersections \\( negativeset \\cap\\left(staticvaln, staticvalnext\\right) \\) would have to be empty. Otherwise, one could form a strictly increasing sequence \\( \\left(constantseq\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) by taking \\( negativesetn \\in negativeset \\cap\\left(staticvaln, staticvalnext\\right) \\).\n\nLet \\( \\left(constantseq\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) be a sequence in \\( negativeset \\). For \\( stagnate=0,1,2, \\ldots \\), write\n\\[\nconstantseq =infifunone+infifuntwo+\\cdots+infifunthr \\quad \\text { with } \\quad constantmap(stagnate, 1)<constantmap(stagnate, 2)<\\cdots<constantmap(stagnate, 1994) .\n\\]\n\nThe sequence \\( \\left(infifunone\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) has a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence (since \\( \\left(infiniteval\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) is a positive sequence converging to 0 ). Thus we may replace \\( \\left(constantseq\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) by a subsequence for which \\( \\left(infifunone\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) is monotonically nonincreasing. In a similar fashion, we pass to subsequences so that, successively, each of \\( \\left(infifuntwo\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0},\\left(r_{constantmap(stagnate, 3)}\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0}, \\ldots,\\left(r_{constantmap(stagnate, 1994)}\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) may be assumed to be monotonically nonincreasing. The resulting \\( \\left(constantseq\\right)_{stagnate \\geq 0} \\) is monotonically nonincreasing.\n\nSolution 3. Let \\( noncompact \\) be the set \\( \\left\\{infiniteval: stagnate \\geq 0\\right\\} \\cup\\{0\\} \\). Then \\( noncompact \\) is closed and bounded, so \\( noncompact \\) is compact. Hence \\( noncompact^{1994} \\) is compact, and its image \\( negativeset^{\\prime} \\) under the \"sum the coordinates\" map \\( \\mathbb{R}^{1994} \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R} \\) is compact. Clearly \\( negativeset \\subset negativeset^{\\prime} \\).\n\nLet \\( (terminalval, originval) \\) be a nonempty open interval. Since \\( negativeset^{\\prime} \\) is countable, \\( (terminalval, originval)-negativeset^{\\prime} \\) is nonempty; it is open since \\( negativeset^{\\prime} \\) is closed. Hence \\( (terminalval, originval)-negativeset^{\\prime} \\) includes a nonempty open interval."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "a": "qzxwvtnp",
        "b": "hjgrksla",
        "c": "mfyqxebe",
        "d": "tucjplob",
        "a_1": "snveikur",
        "a_2": "zelqiwon",
        "a_m": "xotbgrac",
        "a_m-1": "vnpazeki",
        "i": "rcdlojqm",
        "i_1": "bhtouqse",
        "i_2": "yjksapmn",
        "i_1994": "lqenibzr",
        "i_m-1": "wscamuhy",
        "i_m": "gekruzfo",
        "t_n": "oahmjxle",
        "t_n+1": "pqundtvs",
        "s_n": "figswora",
        "n": "drxqplme",
        "m": "guhsatkc",
        "f": "upzalder",
        "r_n": "kydrocep",
        "r_0": "abmnirvo",
        "r_1": "fexduqam",
        "r_i": "kejtrawo",
        "r_i_1": "qmoglste",
        "r_i_2": "nicsopuz",
        "r_i_{1994}": "wyhbekoz",
        "r_i_{m-1}": "dvxhquni",
        "r_i_{m}": "zuvyknor",
        "r_f(n,1)": "gfatxple",
        "r_f(n,2)": "lodwryqa",
        "r_f(n,3)": "srimugpa",
        "S": "ovqnesuj",
        "S_n": "bnquxipf",
        "I_1": "sjtypqar",
        "I_2": "vuldbkjo",
        "I_m": "kwrzncga",
        "C": "ypcsarbd"
      },
      "question": "Let $(kydrocep)_{drxqplme \\geq 0}$ be a sequence of positive real numbers such that\n$\\lim_{drxqplme \\to \\infty} kydrocep = 0$. Let $ovqnesuj$ be the set of numbers representable\nas a sum\n\\[\nqmoglste + nicsopuz + \\cdots + wyhbekoz,\n\\]\nwith $bhtouqse < yjksapmn < \\cdots < lqenibzr$. Show that every nonempty interval\n$(qzxwvtnp,hjgrksla)$ contains a nonempty subinterval $(mfyqxebe,tucjplob)$ that does not intersect $ovqnesuj$.",
      "solution": "Solution 1. We may permute the \\( kejtrawo \\) to assume \\( abmnirvo \\geq fexduqam \\geq \\cdots \\). This does not change \\( ovqnesuj \\) or the convergence to 0. If \\( hjgrksla \\leq 0 \\), the result is clear, so we assume \\( hjgrksla>0 \\).\n\nSince \\( kydrocep \\rightarrow 0 \\), only finitely many \\( kydrocep \\) exceed \\( hjgrksla / 2 \\). Thus we may choose a positive number \\( snveikur \\) so that \\( qzxwvtnp<snveikur<hjgrksla \\) and \\( kydrocep \\notin\\left[snveikur, hjgrksla\\right) \\) for all \\( drxqplme \\). Then for an element of \\( ovqnesuj \\cap\\left(snveikur, hjgrksla\\right) \\), there are only a finite number of possibilities for \\( bhtouqse \\) (since \\( 0<snveikur / 1994 \\leq \\left.qmoglste<snveikur\\right) \\); let \\( sjtypqar \\) be the set of such \\( bhtouqse \\).\n\nChoose \\( zelqiwon \\) so that \\( snveikur<zelqiwon<hjgrksla \\) and \\( qmoglste+kydrocep \\notin\\left[zelqiwon, hjgrksla\\right) \\) for all \\( bhtouqse \\in sjtypqar \\) and \\( drxqplme \\geq 0 \\). Then for each \\( bhtouqse \\), there are only a finite number of possibilities for \\( yjksapmn \\) (since \\( 0<\\left(zelqiwon-qmoglste\\right) / 1993 \\leq nicsopuz<zelqiwon-qmoglste \\)); let \\( vuldbkjo \\) be the set of ordered pairs \\( \\left(bhtouqse, yjksapmn\\right) \\) of possibilities.\n\nSimilarly, inductively choose \\( xotbgrac \\) so that \\( vnpazeki<xotbgrac<hjgrksla \\) and \\( qmoglste+\\cdots+dvxhquni+kydrocep \\notin \\left[xotbgrac, hjgrksla\\right) \\) for all \\( \\left(bhtouqse, \\ldots, wscamuhy\\right) \\in kwrzncga \\) and \\( drxqplme \\geq 0 \\). The set \\( kwrzncga \\) of ordered \\( guhsatkc \\)-tuples \\( \\left(bhtouqse, \\ldots, gekruzfo\\right) \\) of possibilities is finite.\n\nThen \\( (mfyqxebe, tucjplob)=\\left(a_{1994}, hjgrksla\\right) \\) does not intersect \\( ovqnesuj \\).\n\nRemark. A cleaner variation is to show that if \\( A \\) is a nowhere dense subset of \\( \\mathbb{R} \\), and \\( (kydrocep)_{drxqplme \\geq 0} \\) converges to 0, then \\( A+\\{kydrocep\\} \\) is also nowhere dense (where \\( A+\\{kydrocep\\} \\) denotes the set of numbers of the form \\( qzxwvtnp+kydrocep \\), where \\( qzxwvtnp \\in A \\) ). Then the result follows by induction.\n\nSolution 2. It suffices to show that any sequence in \\( ovqnesuj \\) contains a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence. For then, letting \\( (oahmjxle)_{drxqplme \\geq 0} \\) be any strictly increasing sequence within \\( (qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla) \\), some (in fact, all but a finite number) of the intersections \\( ovqnesuj \\cap\\left(oahmjxle, pqundtvs\\right) \\) would have to be empty. Otherwise, one could form a strictly increasing sequence \\( (figswora)_{drxqplme \\geq 0} \\) by taking \\( bnquxipf \\in ovqnesuj \\cap\\left(oahmjxle, pqundtvs\\right) \\).\n\nLet \\( (figswora_{drxqplme})_{drxqplme \\geq 0} \\) be a sequence in \\( ovqnesuj \\). For \\( drxqplme=0,1,2, \\ldots \\), write\n\\[\nfigswora_{drxqplme}=gfatxple+lodwryqa+\\cdots+srimugpa \\quad \\text { with } \\quad upzalder(drxqplme, 1)<upzalder(drxqplme, 2)<\\cdots<upzalder(drxqplme, 1994) .\n\\]\n\nThe sequence \\( (gfatxple)_{drxqplme \\geq 0} \\) has a monotonically nonincreasing subsequence (since \\( (kydrocep)_{drxqplme \\geq 0} \\) is a positive sequence converging to 0 ). Thus we may replace \\( (figswora_{drxqplme})_{drxqplme \\geq 0} \\) by a subsequence for which \\( (gfatxple)_{drxqplme \\geq 0} \\) is monotonically nonincreasing. In a similar fashion, we pass to subsequences so that, successively, each of \\( (lodwryqa)_{drxqplme \\geq 0},(srimugpa)_{drxqplme \\geq 0}, \\ldots \\) may be assumed to be monotonically nonincreasing. The resulting \\( (figswora_{drxqplme})_{drxqplme \\geq 0} \\) is monotonically nonincreasing.\n\nSolution 3. Let \\( ypcsarbd \\) be the set \\( \\{kydrocep: drxqplme \\geq 0\\} \\cup\\{0\\} \\). Then \\( ypcsarbd \\) is closed and bounded, so \\( ypcsarbd \\) is compact. Hence \\( ypcsarbd^{1994} \\) is compact, and its image \\( ovqnesuj^{\\prime} \\) under the \"sum the coordinates\" map \\( \\mathbb{R}^{1994} \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R} \\) is compact. Clearly \\( ovqnesuj \\subset ovqnesuj^{\\prime} \\).\n\nLet \\( (qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla) \\) be a nonempty open interval. Since \\( ovqnesuj^{\\prime} \\) is countable, \\( (qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla)-ovqnesuj^{\\prime} \\) is nonempty; it is open since \\( ovqnesuj^{\\prime} \\) is closed. Hence \\( (qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla)-ovqnesuj^{\\prime} \\) includes a nonempty open interval."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $(x_n)_{n\\ge 0}$ be a sequence of real numbers that converges to $1$.  For the fixed integer $k=2024$, define\n\\[\nT=\\Bigl\\{\\,x_{i_1}+x_{i_2}+\\dots+x_{i_{2024}} : i_1,i_2,\\dots ,i_{2024}\\ge 0\\Bigr\\},\n\\]\nwhere repetitions of indices are allowed (that is, $i_p=i_q$ is permitted for $p\\ne q$).  Prove that every non-empty open interval $(a,b)$ in $\\mathbb R$ contains a non-empty open subinterval $(c,d)$ that is disjoint from $T$.",
      "solution": "Step 1 – A compact countable set.\nBecause (xₙ) converges, it is bounded, so the set\n  C = {xₙ : n ≥ 0} ∪ {1}\nis closed (its only accumulation point 1 is included) and bounded, hence compact.  It is also countable.\n\nStep 2 – Cartesian power and the sum map.\nConsider the Cartesian power C^{2024} and the continuous map\n  φ : C^{2024} → ℝ,\n  φ(y₁,…,y_{2024}) = y₁ + ⋯ + y_{2024}.\nSince C^{2024} is compact and φ is continuous, the image\n  T' := φ(C^{2024})\nis compact (hence closed) and countable (a finite product of countable sets is countable, and a continuous image of a countable set is at most countable).\n\nStep 3 – Relationship between T and T'.\nEvery element of T is the sum of 2024 terms x_{i_j}, so (x_{i₁},…,x_{i_{2024}})∈C^{2024} and therefore\n  x_{i₁}+⋯+x_{i_{2024}} ∈ T',\nwhence T⊆T'.\n\nStep 4 – Closed countable sets have empty interior.\nA closed countable subset of ℝ has empty interior.  Consequently, for any open interval (a,b), the set\n  (a,b) \n  T'\nis a nonempty open subset of ℝ and thus contains some open subinterval (c,d).\n\nStep 5 – Finishing the proof.\nSince (c,d)∩T' = ∅ and T⊆T', it follows that (c,d)∩T = ∅.  Hence every open interval in ℝ contains an open subinterval avoiding T, as required.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Collect C = {0} ∪ {r_n}; C is compact (convergent sequence) and countable",
          "Take Cartesian power C^k (k = 1994) and apply continuous ‘sum of coordinates’ map → S' (compact ⇒ closed, still countable)",
          "Note S ⊆ S'",
          "Closed countable subsets of ℝ have empty interior; hence every open interval (a,b) contains an open subinterval disjoint from S'",
          "That same subinterval is disjoint from S, completing the proof"
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Number k of terms being summed",
            "original": "1994"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Requirement that the r_n be positive; only boundedness/convergence is needed",
            "original": "positive real numbers"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "Indices in the sum are forced to be distinct; allowing repetitions merely enlarges S and leaves the argument intact",
            "original": "i_1 < i_2 < ⋯ < i_k (all distinct)"
          },
          "slot4": {
            "description": "The limit value of the sequence; any finite limit works",
            "original": "limit = 0"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}