{
  "index": "1968-A-5",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "A-5. Let \\( V \\) be the collection of all quadratic polynomials \\( P \\) with real coefficients such that \\( |P(x)| \\leqq 1 \\) for all \\( x \\) on the closed interval \\( [0,1] \\). Determine\n\\[\n\\sup \\left\\{\\left|P^{\\prime}(0)\\right|: P \\in V\\right\\}\n\\]",
  "solution": "A-5 (1.1) Let \\( f(x)=a x^{2}+b x+c \\) be an arbitrary quadratic polynomial. Then \\( f(0)=c, f\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)=\\frac{1}{4} a+\\frac{1}{2} b+c \\), and \\( f(1)=a+b+c . f^{\\prime}(0)=b=4 f\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)-3 f(0)-f(1) \\). Using the given conditions, \\( \\left|P^{\\prime}(0)\\right| \\leqq 4\\left|P\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\right|+3|P(0)|+|P(1)| \\leqq 8 \\). Furthermore, \\( P(x)=8 x^{2}-8 x+1 \\) satisfies the given conditions and has \\( \\left|P^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=8 \\).",
  "vars": [
    "V",
    "P",
    "x",
    "f"
  ],
  "params": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "c"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "V": "polyset",
        "P": "polyfunc",
        "x": "variable",
        "f": "quadpoly",
        "a": "leadcoefficient",
        "b": "linearcoeff",
        "c": "constantterm"
      },
      "question": "A-5. Let \\( polyset \\) be the collection of all quadratic polynomials \\( polyfunc \\) with real coefficients such that \\( |polyfunc(variable)| \\leqq 1 \\) for all \\( variable \\) on the closed interval \\( [0,1] \\). Determine\n\\[\n\\sup \\left\\{\\left|polyfunc^{\\prime}(0)\\right|: polyfunc \\in polyset\\right\\}\n\\]",
      "solution": "A-5 (1.1) Let \\( quadpoly(variable)=leadcoefficient variable^{2}+linearcoeff variable+constantterm \\) be an arbitrary quadratic polynomial. Then \\( quadpoly(0)=constantterm, quadpoly\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)=\\frac{1}{4} leadcoefficient+\\frac{1}{2} linearcoeff+constantterm \\), and \\( quadpoly(1)=leadcoefficient+linearcoeff+constantterm . quadpoly^{\\prime}(0)=linearcoeff=4 quadpoly\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)-3 quadpoly(0)-quadpoly(1) \\). Using the given conditions, \\( \\left|polyfunc^{\\prime}(0)\\right| \\leqq 4\\left|polyfunc\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\right|+3|polyfunc(0)|+|polyfunc(1)| \\leqq 8 \\). Furthermore, \\( polyfunc(variable)=8 variable^{2}-8 variable+1 \\) satisfies the given conditions and has \\( \\left|polyfunc^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=8 \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "V": "meadowland",
        "P": "seashells",
        "x": "lanternfly",
        "f": "buttercup",
        "a": "turnpike",
        "b": "cinnamon",
        "c": "driftwood"
      },
      "question": "A-5. Let \\( meadowland \\) be the collection of all quadratic polynomials \\( seashells \\) with real coefficients such that \\( |seashells(lanternfly)| \\leqq 1 \\) for all \\( lanternfly \\) on the closed interval \\( [0,1] \\). Determine\n\\[\n\\sup \\left\\{\\left|seashells^{\\prime}(0)\\right|: seashells \\in meadowland\\right\\}\n\\]",
      "solution": "A-5 (1.1) Let \\( buttercup(lanternfly)=turnpike lanternfly^{2}+cinnamon lanternfly+driftwood \\) be an arbitrary quadratic polynomial. Then \\( buttercup(0)=driftwood, buttercup\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)=\\frac{1}{4} turnpike+\\frac{1}{2} cinnamon+driftwood \\), and \\( buttercup(1)=turnpike+cinnamon+driftwood . buttercup^{\\prime}(0)=cinnamon=4 buttercup\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)-3 buttercup(0)-buttercup(1) \\). Using the given conditions, \\( \\left|seashells^{\\prime}(0)\\right| \\leqq 4\\left|seashells\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\right|+3|seashells(0)|+|seashells(1)| \\leqq 8 \\). Furthermore, \\( seashells(lanternfly)=8 lanternfly^{2}-8 lanternfly+1 \\) satisfies the given conditions and has \\( \\left|seashells^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=8 \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "V": "emptiness",
        "P": "constant",
        "x": "fixedvalue",
        "f": "scalarval",
        "a": "resultant",
        "b": "steadfast",
        "c": "variable"
      },
      "question": "A-5. Let \\( emptiness \\) be the collection of all quadratic polynomials \\( constant \\) with real coefficients such that \\( |constant(fixedvalue)| \\leqq 1 \\) for all \\( fixedvalue \\) on the closed interval \\( [0,1] \\). Determine\n\\[\n\\sup \\left\\{\\left|constant^{\\prime}(0)\\right|: constant \\in emptiness\\right\\}\n\\]",
      "solution": "A-5 (1.1) Let \\( scalarval(fixedvalue)=resultant fixedvalue^{2}+steadfast fixedvalue+variable \\) be an arbitrary quadratic polynomial. Then \\( scalarval(0)=variable, scalarval\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)=\\frac{1}{4} resultant+\\frac{1}{2} steadfast+variable \\), and \\( scalarval(1)=resultant+steadfast+variable . scalarval^{\\prime}(0)=steadfast=4 scalarval\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)-3 scalarval(0)-scalarval(1) \\). Using the given conditions, \\( \\left|constant^{\\prime}(0)\\right| \\leqq 4\\left|constant\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\right|+3|constant(0)|+|constant(1)| \\leqq 8 \\). Furthermore, \\( constant(fixedvalue)=8 fixedvalue^{2}-8 fixedvalue+1 \\) satisfies the given conditions and has \\( \\left|constant^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=8 \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "V": "zpfmqrsn",
        "P": "klsnqwer",
        "x": "vgjklerp",
        "f": "njdkslqw",
        "a": "rjsmktvq",
        "b": "vcldkjwe",
        "c": "qzmxnrop"
      },
      "question": "A-5. Let \\( zpfmqrsn \\) be the collection of all quadratic polynomials \\( klsnqwer \\) with real coefficients such that \\( |klsnqwer(vgjklerp)| \\leqq 1 \\) for all \\( vgjklerp \\) on the closed interval \\( [0,1] \\). Determine\n\\[\n\\sup \\left\\{\\left|klsnqwer^{\\prime}(0)\\right|: klsnqwer \\in zpfmqrsn\\right\\}\n\\]",
      "solution": "A-5 (1.1) Let \\( njdkslqw(vgjklerp)=rjsmktvq vgjklerp^{2}+vcldkjwe vgjklerp+qzmxnrop \\) be an arbitrary quadratic polynomial. Then \\( njdkslqw(0)=qzmxnrop, njdkslqw\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)=\\frac{1}{4} rjsmktvq+\\frac{1}{2} vcldkjwe+qzmxnrop \\), and \\( njdkslqw(1)=rjsmktvq+vcldkjwe+qzmxnrop . njdkslqw^{\\prime}(0)=vcldkjwe=4 njdkslqw\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)-3 njdkslqw(0)-njdkslqw(1) \\). Using the given conditions, \\( \\left|klsnqwer^{\\prime}(0)\\right| \\leqq 4\\left|klsnqwer\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\right|+3|klsnqwer(0)|+|klsnqwer(1)| \\leqq 8 \\). Furthermore, \\( klsnqwer(vgjklerp)=8 vgjklerp^{2}-8 vgjklerp+1 \\) satisfies the given conditions and has \\( \\left|klsnqwer^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=8 \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Fix an integer \\(n\\ge 2\\) and denote  \n  \\(\\displaystyle\\mathscr P_{n}= \\bigl\\{P\\in\\mathbb R[x]\\;:\\;\\deg P\\le n,\\;|P(x)|\\le 1\\text{ for every }x\\in[-1,1],\\text{ and }\\int_{-1}^{1}P(x)\\,x^{k}\\,dx=0\\;(k=0,1,\\dots ,n-1)\\bigr\\} .\\)\n\n(a) Determine, in closed form,  \n  \\(\\displaystyle M_{n}= \\sup_{P\\in\\mathscr P_{n}}\\bigl|P^{(n)}(1)\\bigr| .\\)\n\n(b) Describe precisely the set of all polynomials in \\(\\mathscr P_{n}\\) that attain this\nsupremum.",
      "solution": "Notation.  \\(L_{m}\\) denotes the classical (unnormalised) Legendre\npolynomial of degree \\(m\\).  \nFor a continuous function \\(Q\\) on \\([-1,1]\\) we write\n\\(\\|Q\\|_{\\infty}:=\\max_{x\\in[-1,1]}|Q(x)|\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 1.  Dimension of the constraint space.  \nThe real vector space \\(\\mathbb R_{\\le n}[x]\\) of polynomials of\ndegree \\(\\le n\\) has dimension \\(n+1\\).\nThe \\(n\\) linear functionals\n\\[\n\\Lambda_{k}(P):=\\int_{-1}^{1}P(x)\\,x^{k}\\,dx\\qquad(0\\le k\\le n-1)\n\\]\nare linearly independent (because their representing functions\n\\(x^{k}\\) are), so their common kernel\n\\[\nE_{n}:=\\Bigl\\{P\\in\\mathbb R_{\\le n}[x] : \\Lambda_{k}(P)=0\\ (0\\le k\\le\nn-1)\\Bigr\\}\n\\]\nhas dimension \\(1\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 2.  Identification of that one–dimensional subspace.  \nSince the Legendre polynomials are orthogonal in\n\\(L^{2}([-1,1])\\) we have, for every \\(0\\le k\\le n-1\\),\n\\[\n\\Lambda_{k}(L_{n})\n   =\\int_{-1}^{1}L_{n}(x)\\,x^{k}\\,dx\n   =0\n\\quad(\\text{because }k<\\deg L_{n}=n).\n\\]\nHence \\(L_{n}\\in E_{n}\\).  As \\(E_{n}\\) is one–dimensional,\n\\[\nE_{n}=\\{\\lambda\\,L_{n}: \\lambda\\in\\mathbb R\\}.\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 3.  Adding the uniform bound \\(|P(x)|\\le 1\\).  \nFor Legendre polynomials\n\\(\\|L_{n}\\|_{\\infty}=1\\) (maximum attained at \\(x=\\pm1\\)).\nTherefore, for \\(P=\\lambda L_{n}\\) we have\n\\(\\|P\\|_{\\infty}=|\\lambda|\\|L_{n}\\|_{\\infty}=|\\lambda|\\).\nThe constraint \\(\\|P\\|_{\\infty}\\le 1\\) is equivalent to\n\\[\n|\\lambda|\\le 1.\n\\]\nConsequently\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\mathscr P_{n}= \\{\\lambda L_{n}:\\; |\\lambda|\\le 1\\}\\; }.\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 4.  The required derivative.  \nRodrigues’ formula,\n\\(L_{n}(x)=\\dfrac1{2^{n}n!}\\dfrac{d^{\\,n}}{dx^{n}}\\bigl[(x^{2}-1)^{n}\\bigr]\\),\nimplies (differentiate the binomial after expanding or apply Leibniz\ndirectly)\n\\[\nL_{n}^{(n)}(1)=\\frac{(2n)!}{2^{\\,n}n!}.\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\nFor any \\(P=\\lambda L_{n}\\in\\mathscr P_{n}\\),\n\\[\n\\bigl|P^{(n)}(1)\\bigr|\n     =|\\lambda|\\,|L_{n}^{(n)}(1)|\n     =|\\lambda|\\,\\frac{(2n)!}{2^{\\,n}n!}.\n\\]\nBecause \\(|\\lambda|\\le 1\\), the maximal value is achieved when\n\\(|\\lambda|=1\\).\n\nHence\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\,M_{n}= \\dfrac{(2n)!}{2^{\\,n}n!}\\,}.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 5.  Extremisers.  \nFrom (2) and the discussion above, the supremum is attained exactly\nwhen \\(|\\lambda|=1\\); that is, for the two polynomials\n\\[\nP(x)=\\pm L_{n}(x).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nAnswer.  \n\n(a) \\( \\displaystyle M_{n}= \\dfrac{(2n)!}{2^{\\,n}n!}.\\)\n\n(b) The only maximising polynomials are \\(P(x)= L_{n}(x)\\) and\n\\(P(x)=-L_{n}(x)\\).\n\n∎",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.577718",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1.  Higher order: the problem asks for the n-th derivative (instead of the first) at the edge of the interval.  \n2.  Higher dimension in constraint space: besides the sup-norm bound, n separate integral (orthogonality) constraints are imposed.  \n3.  Deeper theory: the solution requires recognising Legendre polynomials, using their orthogonality, and invoking a precise closed-form derivative formula (Rodriguez’ formula or generating-function methods).  \n4.  Existence/uniqueness reasoning: a Hilbert-space‐type extremal argument (or a Lagrange-multiplier/moment method) is needed to prove that the extremiser must be a scaled Legendre polynomial.  \n5.  Symbolic complexity: the final answer involves the factorial expression (2n)!/(2ⁿ n!), far more intricate than the constants 8 or 16 occurring in the original/kernel versions.  \n\nThese layers of additional structure and theory make the enhanced variant substantially more demanding than both the original problem and its previous kernel extension."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Fix an integer \\(n\\ge 2\\) and denote  \n  \\(\\displaystyle\\mathscr P_{n}= \\bigl\\{P\\in\\mathbb R[x]\\;:\\;\\deg P\\le n,\\;|P(x)|\\le 1\\text{ for every }x\\in[-1,1],\\text{ and }\\int_{-1}^{1}P(x)\\,x^{k}\\,dx=0\\;(k=0,1,\\dots ,n-1)\\bigr\\} .\\)\n\n(a) Determine, in closed form,  \n  \\(\\displaystyle M_{n}= \\sup_{P\\in\\mathscr P_{n}}\\bigl|P^{(n)}(1)\\bigr| .\\)\n\n(b) Describe precisely the set of all polynomials in \\(\\mathscr P_{n}\\) that attain this\nsupremum.",
      "solution": "Notation.  \\(L_{m}\\) denotes the classical (unnormalised) Legendre\npolynomial of degree \\(m\\).  \nFor a continuous function \\(Q\\) on \\([-1,1]\\) we write\n\\(\\|Q\\|_{\\infty}:=\\max_{x\\in[-1,1]}|Q(x)|\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 1.  Dimension of the constraint space.  \nThe real vector space \\(\\mathbb R_{\\le n}[x]\\) of polynomials of\ndegree \\(\\le n\\) has dimension \\(n+1\\).\nThe \\(n\\) linear functionals\n\\[\n\\Lambda_{k}(P):=\\int_{-1}^{1}P(x)\\,x^{k}\\,dx\\qquad(0\\le k\\le n-1)\n\\]\nare linearly independent (because their representing functions\n\\(x^{k}\\) are), so their common kernel\n\\[\nE_{n}:=\\Bigl\\{P\\in\\mathbb R_{\\le n}[x] : \\Lambda_{k}(P)=0\\ (0\\le k\\le\nn-1)\\Bigr\\}\n\\]\nhas dimension \\(1\\).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 2.  Identification of that one–dimensional subspace.  \nSince the Legendre polynomials are orthogonal in\n\\(L^{2}([-1,1])\\) we have, for every \\(0\\le k\\le n-1\\),\n\\[\n\\Lambda_{k}(L_{n})\n   =\\int_{-1}^{1}L_{n}(x)\\,x^{k}\\,dx\n   =0\n\\quad(\\text{because }k<\\deg L_{n}=n).\n\\]\nHence \\(L_{n}\\in E_{n}\\).  As \\(E_{n}\\) is one–dimensional,\n\\[\nE_{n}=\\{\\lambda\\,L_{n}: \\lambda\\in\\mathbb R\\}.\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 3.  Adding the uniform bound \\(|P(x)|\\le 1\\).  \nFor Legendre polynomials\n\\(\\|L_{n}\\|_{\\infty}=1\\) (maximum attained at \\(x=\\pm1\\)).\nTherefore, for \\(P=\\lambda L_{n}\\) we have\n\\(\\|P\\|_{\\infty}=|\\lambda|\\|L_{n}\\|_{\\infty}=|\\lambda|\\).\nThe constraint \\(\\|P\\|_{\\infty}\\le 1\\) is equivalent to\n\\[\n|\\lambda|\\le 1.\n\\]\nConsequently\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\mathscr P_{n}= \\{\\lambda L_{n}:\\; |\\lambda|\\le 1\\}\\; }.\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 4.  The required derivative.  \nRodrigues’ formula,\n\\(L_{n}(x)=\\dfrac1{2^{n}n!}\\dfrac{d^{\\,n}}{dx^{n}}\\bigl[(x^{2}-1)^{n}\\bigr]\\),\nimplies (differentiate the binomial after expanding or apply Leibniz\ndirectly)\n\\[\nL_{n}^{(n)}(1)=\\frac{(2n)!}{2^{\\,n}n!}.\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\nFor any \\(P=\\lambda L_{n}\\in\\mathscr P_{n}\\),\n\\[\n\\bigl|P^{(n)}(1)\\bigr|\n     =|\\lambda|\\,|L_{n}^{(n)}(1)|\n     =|\\lambda|\\,\\frac{(2n)!}{2^{\\,n}n!}.\n\\]\nBecause \\(|\\lambda|\\le 1\\), the maximal value is achieved when\n\\(|\\lambda|=1\\).\n\nHence\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\,M_{n}= \\dfrac{(2n)!}{2^{\\,n}n!}\\,}.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nStep 5.  Extremisers.  \nFrom (2) and the discussion above, the supremum is attained exactly\nwhen \\(|\\lambda|=1\\); that is, for the two polynomials\n\\[\nP(x)=\\pm L_{n}(x).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nAnswer.  \n\n(a) \\( \\displaystyle M_{n}= \\dfrac{(2n)!}{2^{\\,n}n!}.\\)\n\n(b) The only maximising polynomials are \\(P(x)= L_{n}(x)\\) and\n\\(P(x)=-L_{n}(x)\\).\n\n∎",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.467334",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1.  Higher order: the problem asks for the n-th derivative (instead of the first) at the edge of the interval.  \n2.  Higher dimension in constraint space: besides the sup-norm bound, n separate integral (orthogonality) constraints are imposed.  \n3.  Deeper theory: the solution requires recognising Legendre polynomials, using their orthogonality, and invoking a precise closed-form derivative formula (Rodriguez’ formula or generating-function methods).  \n4.  Existence/uniqueness reasoning: a Hilbert-space‐type extremal argument (or a Lagrange-multiplier/moment method) is needed to prove that the extremiser must be a scaled Legendre polynomial.  \n5.  Symbolic complexity: the final answer involves the factorial expression (2n)!/(2ⁿ n!), far more intricate than the constants 8 or 16 occurring in the original/kernel versions.  \n\nThese layers of additional structure and theory make the enhanced variant substantially more demanding than both the original problem and its previous kernel extension."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}