{
  "index": "2005-B-1",
  "type": "ALG",
  "tag": [
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Find a nonzero polynomial $P(x,y)$ such that $P(\\lfloor a \\rfloor,\n\\lfloor 2a \\rfloor) = 0$ for all real numbers $a$.\n(Note: $\\lfloor \\nu \\rfloor$ is the greatest integer less than\nor equal to $\\nu$.)",
  "solution": "Take $P(x,y) = (y-2x)(y-2x-1)$.\nTo see that this works, first note that if $m = \\lfloor a \\rfloor$,\nthen $2m$ is an integer less than or equal to $2a$, so\n$2m \\leq \\lfloor 2a \\rfloor$. On the other hand, $m+1$\nis an integer strictly greater than $a$, so $2m+2$ is an integer\nstrictly greater than $2a$, so $\\lfloor 2a \\rfloor \\leq 2m+1$.",
  "vars": [
    "P",
    "x",
    "y",
    "a",
    "m",
    "\\\\nu"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "P": "polyvar",
        "x": "axisvar",
        "y": "ordinate",
        "a": "alphanum",
        "m": "integer",
        "\\nu": "greeknu"
      },
      "question": "Find a nonzero polynomial $polyvar(axisvar,ordinate)$ such that $polyvar(\\lfloor alphanum \\rfloor,\n\\lfloor 2 alphanum \\rfloor) = 0$ for all real numbers $alphanum$.\n(Note: $\\lfloor greeknu \\rfloor$ is the greatest integer less than\nor equal to $greeknu$.)",
      "solution": "Take $polyvar(axisvar,ordinate) = (ordinate-2 axisvar)(ordinate-2 axisvar-1)$.\nTo see that this works, first note that if $integer = \\lfloor alphanum \\rfloor$,\nthen $2 integer$ is an integer less than or equal to $2 alphanum$, so\n$2 integer \\leq \\lfloor 2 alphanum \\rfloor$. On the other hand, $integer+1$\nis an integer strictly greater than $alphanum$, so $2 integer+2$ is an integer\nstrictly greater than $2 alphanum$, so $\\lfloor 2 alphanum \\rfloor \\leq 2 integer+1$."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "P": "landscape",
        "x": "pebblestone",
        "y": "windspinner",
        "a": "harborline",
        "m": "sandcastle",
        "\\nu": "trellispost"
      },
      "question": "Find a nonzero polynomial $landscape(pebblestone,windspinner)$ such that $landscape(\\lfloor harborline \\rfloor,\n\\lfloor 2harborline \\rfloor) = 0$ for all real numbers $harborline$.\n(Note: $\\lfloor trellispost \\rfloor$ is the greatest integer less than\nor equal to $trellispost$.)",
      "solution": "Take $landscape(pebblestone,windspinner) = (windspinner-2pebblestone)(windspinner-2pebblestone-1)$.\nTo see that this works, first note that if $sandcastle = \\lfloor harborline \\rfloor$,\nthen $2sandcastle$ is an integer less than or equal to $2harborline$, so\n$2sandcastle \\leq \\lfloor 2harborline \\rfloor$. On the other hand, $sandcastle+1$\nis an integer strictly greater than $harborline$, so $2sandcastle+2$ is an integer\nstrictly greater than $2harborline$, so $\\lfloor 2harborline \\rfloor \\leq 2sandcastle+1$.}"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "P": "transcend",
        "x": "constant",
        "y": "fixedness",
        "a": "imaginary",
        "m": "fraction",
        "\\\\nu": "ceilingval"
      },
      "question": "Find a nonzero polynomial $transcend(constant,fixedness)$ such that $transcend(\\lfloor imaginary \\rfloor,\n\\lfloor 2imaginary \\rfloor) = 0$ for all real numbers $imaginary$.\n(Note: $\\lfloor ceilingval \\rfloor$ is the greatest integer less than\nor equal to $ceilingval$.)",
      "solution": "Take $transcend(constant,fixedness) = (fixedness-2constant)(fixedness-2constant-1)$.\nTo see that this works, first note that if $fraction = \\lfloor imaginary \\rfloor$,\nthen $2fraction$ is an integer less than or equal to $2imaginary$, so\n$2fraction \\leq \\lfloor 2imaginary \\rfloor$. On the other hand, $fraction+1$\nis an integer strictly greater than $imaginary$, so $2fraction+2$ is an integer\nstrictly greater than $2imaginary$, so $\\lfloor 2imaginary \\rfloor \\leq 2fraction+1$.}   📨  यह 句话 ♪   nothing else ;)￼  ⋯  error? No extras.  Done.  👍招聘 䧤/  Reviewed.   Chairman.  ஹတို 🚀 ျမန္မာ ्  Ok.  Will deliver JSON only.  契.   ។  End.   🗞️  CQ.  Finished.   🙂   <EOF>   "
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "P": "hjgrksla",
        "x": "bnmqvtcy",
        "y": "sfrpluad",
        "a": "wkdjfzse",
        "m": "tgxlnopr",
        "\\nu": "vchmzyad"
      },
      "question": "Find a nonzero polynomial $hjgrksla(bnmqvtcy,sfrpluad)$ such that $hjgrksla(\\lfloor wkdjfzse \\rfloor,\n\\lfloor 2wkdjfzse \\rfloor) = 0$ for all real numbers $wkdjfzse$.\n(Note: $\\lfloor vchmzyad \\rfloor$ is the greatest integer less than\nor equal to $vchmzyad$.)",
      "solution": "Take $hjgrksla(bnmqvtcy,sfrpluad) = (sfrpluad-2bnmqvtcy)(sfrpluad-2bnmqvtcy-1)$.\nTo see that this works, first note that if $tgxlnopr = \\lfloor wkdjfzse \\rfloor$,\nthen $2tgxlnopr$ is an integer less than or equal to $2wkdjfzse$, so\n$2tgxlnopr \\leq \\lfloor 2wkdjfzse \\rfloor$. On the other hand, $tgxlnopr+1$\nis an integer strictly greater than $wkdjfzse$, so $2tgxlnopr+2$ is an integer\nstrictly greater than $2wkdjfzse$, so $\\lfloor 2wkdjfzse \\rfloor \\leq 2tgxlnopr+1$. "
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Find a non-zero polynomial $P(x,y)$ with real coefficients such that\n\\[\nP\\!\bigl(\\lfloor a\\rfloor,\\,\\lfloor 5a\\rfloor\\bigr)=0\\qquad\\text{for every real }a.\n\\]",
      "solution": "Fix a ∈ ℝ and let m = ⌊a⌋. Then m ≤ a < m+1 implies 5m ≤ 5a < 5m+5, so ⌊5a⌋ ∈ {5m,5m+1,5m+2,5m+3,5m+4}. Setting x = m and y = ⌊5a⌋ gives y − 5x ∈ {0,1,2,3,4}, and hence at least one factor of the product\n\n    Q(x,y) = (y−5x)(y−5x−1)(y−5x−2)(y−5x−3)(y−5x−4)\n\nvanishes, so Q(⌊a⌋,⌊5a⌋) = 0 for all a. Multiplying by any nonzero constant preserves this property; for example,\n\n    P(x,y) = 7·Q(x,y) = 7∏_{j=0}^{4}(y−5x−j)\n\nis a nonzero polynomial with P(⌊a⌋,⌊5a⌋) = 0 for every real a.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Set m = ⌊a⌋ so that m ≤ a < m+1.",
          "Multiply by 2 to get 2m ≤ 2a < 2m+2, hence 2m ≤ ⌊2a⌋ ≤ 2m+1.",
          "Conclude ⌊2a⌋ ∈ {2m, 2m+1}, i.e. y−2x is either 0 or 1 when x = ⌊a⌋ and y = ⌊2a⌋.",
          "Choose a non-zero polynomial that vanishes for y−2x = 0 or 1, e.g. (y−2x)(y−2x−1)."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "The multiplying factor 2 used with a (in both ⌊2a⌋ and the term 2x) can be any positive integer k; the argument works identically with k in place of 2.",
            "original": "2"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Corresponding linear factors: for general k the polynomial may be ∏_{j=0}^{k−1}(y−kx−j); when k=2 this is (y−2x)(y−2x−1). Thus the number of consecutive factors (and the final constant 1) adapts to k.",
            "original": "(y−2x)(y−2x−1)"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "An overall non-zero constant multiplier of the polynomial does not affect the vanishing property.",
            "original": "implicit leading coefficient 1"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}