{
  "index": "1939-B-7",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG",
    "GEO"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "14. Take either (i) or (ii).\n(i) If\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nu=1+\\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\\frac{x^{6}}{6!}+\\cdots \\\\\nv=\\frac{x}{1!}+\\frac{x^{4}}{4!}+\\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+\\cdots \\\\\nw=\\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\\frac{x^{5}}{5!}+\\frac{x^{8}}{8!}+\\cdots,\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nprove that\n\\[\nu^{3}+v^{3}+w^{3}-3 u v w=1 .\n\\]\n(ii) Consider the central conics\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\left(a x^{2}+b y^{2}\\right)+2(p x+q y)+c=0 \\\\\n\\left(a x^{2}+b y^{2}\\right)+2 \\lambda(p x+q y)+\\lambda^{2} c=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nwhere \\( \\lambda \\) is a given positive constant.\nShow that if all radii from the origin to the first conic are changed in the ratio \\( \\lambda \\) to 1 the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nLet \\( P \\) be the point with coordinates\n\\[\nx=-\\frac{p}{a} \\frac{2 \\lambda}{1+\\lambda}, \\quad y=-\\frac{q}{b} \\frac{2 \\lambda}{1+\\lambda}\n\\]\n\nShow that if all radii from \\( P \\) to the first conic are changed in the ratio \\( \\lambda \\) to 1 and then reversed about \\( P \\) the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nComment on these results in case \\( \\lambda=1 \\).",
  "solution": "First Solution. The power series for \\( u, v \\), and \\( w \\) converge for all \\( x \\), and\n\\[\n\\frac{d u}{d x}=w, \\quad \\frac{d v}{d x}=u, \\quad \\frac{d w}{d x}=v\n\\]\nas we see by differentiating them. Letting \\( f=u^{3}+v^{3}+w^{3}-3 u v w \\), we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf^{\\prime} & =3 u^{2} u^{\\prime}+3 v^{2} v^{\\prime}+3 w^{2} w^{\\prime}-3 u v w^{\\prime}-3 u v^{\\prime} w-3 u^{\\prime} v w \\\\\n& =3 u^{2} w+3 v^{2} u+3 w^{2} v-3 u v^{2}-3 u^{2} w-3 v w^{2}=0 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThus \\( f= \\) constant. But \\( f(0)=[u(0)]^{3}=1 \\), so \\( f(x)=1 \\) for all \\( x \\).\nSecond Solution. Let \\( \\omega=\\exp (2 \\pi i / 3) \\), a primitive cube root of unity. Then \\( 1+\\omega+\\omega^{2}=0 \\). Also\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nu^{3}+v^{3}+w^{2}-3 u v w & =(u+v+w)\\left(u+\\omega v+\\omega^{2} w\\right)\\left(u+\\omega^{2} v+\\omega w\\right) \\\\\n& =(\\exp x)(\\exp \\omega x)\\left(\\exp \\omega^{2} x\\right) \\\\\n& =\\exp \\left[\\left(1+\\omega+\\omega^{2}\\right) x\\right]=\\exp 0=1 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSolution. Call the two conics \\( C \\) and \\( D \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{c}\nC:\\left(a x^{2}+b y^{2}\\right)+2(p x+q y)+c=0 \\\\\nD:\\left(a x^{2}+b y^{2}\\right)+2 \\lambda(p x+q y)+\\lambda^{2} c=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nSuppose a point \\( \\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\\right) \\) is on \\( C \\), and is transformed to \\( \\left(x_{1}, y_{1}\\right) \\) as described, with \\( \\left(x_{1}, y_{1}\\right)=\\left(\\lambda x_{0}, \\lambda y_{0}\\right) \\). Then substituting \\( \\left(x_{1}, y_{1}\\right) \\) in the equation of \\( D \\) we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& a x_{1}^{2}+b y_{1}^{2}+2 \\lambda\\left(p x_{1}+q y_{1}\\right)+\\lambda^{2} c \\\\\n= & \\lambda^{2}\\left[a x_{0}^{2}+b y_{0}^{2}+2\\left(p x_{0}+q y_{0}\\right)+c\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nsince \\( \\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\\right) \\) is on \\( C \\). So \\( \\left(x_{1}, y_{1}\\right) \\) is indeed on \\( D \\). Conversely, if \\( \\left(x_{1}, y_{1}\\right) \\) is on \\( D \\) the same equation shows that ( \\( x_{0}, y_{0} \\) ) is on \\( C \\). [Here we need to divide by \\( \\lambda^{2} \\) and use the hypothesis \\( \\lambda \\neq 0 \\).]\n\nUnder the second transformation a point \\( \\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\\right) \\) becomes the point \\( \\left(x_{2}, y_{2}\\right) \\) where\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nx_{2}=-\\lambda\\left(x_{0}+\\frac{p}{a} \\frac{2 \\lambda}{1+\\lambda}\\right)-\\frac{p}{a} \\frac{2 \\lambda}{1+\\lambda}=-\\lambda\\left(x_{0}+\\frac{2 p}{a}\\right) \\\\\ny_{2}=-\\lambda\\left(y_{0}+\\frac{q}{b} \\frac{2 \\lambda}{1+\\lambda}\\right)-\\frac{q}{b} \\frac{2 \\lambda}{1+\\lambda}=-\\lambda\\left(y_{0}+\\frac{2 q}{b}\\right) .\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThen if \\( \\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\\right) \\) is on \\( C \\), we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& a x_{2}^{2}+b y_{2}^{2}+2 \\lambda\\left(p x_{2}+q y_{2}\\right)+\\lambda^{2} c \\\\\n= & \\lambda^{2}\\left[a x_{0}^{2}+4 p x_{0}+\\frac{4 p^{2}}{a}+b y_{0}^{2}+4 q y_{0}+\\frac{4 q^{2}}{b}\\right. \\\\\n& \\left.-2\\left(p x_{0}+\\frac{2 p^{2}}{a}+q y_{0}+\\frac{2 q^{2}}{b}\\right)+c\\right] \\\\\n= & \\lambda^{2}\\left[a x_{0}^{2}+b y_{0}^{2}+2\\left(p x_{0}+q y_{0}\\right)+c\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand hence \\( \\left(x_{2}, y_{2}\\right) \\) is on \\( D \\). As before, the same procedure shows that if \\( \\left(x_{2}, y_{2}\\right) \\) is on \\( D,\\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\\right) \\) is on \\( C \\).\nIf \\( \\lambda=1 \\), the two conics are the same. This conic has central symmetry about ( \\( -p / a,-q / a \\) ), as we see by writing its equation in the form\n\\[\na\\left(x+\\frac{p}{a}\\right)^{2}+b\\left(y+\\frac{q}{b}\\right)^{2}+c^{\\prime}=0\n\\]\n\nIn this case, the first transformation is.the identity and the second transformation is the central symmetry of the conic.\n\nRemark. If two figures \\( E \\) and \\( F \\) in Euclidean space of any dimension are homothetic about a point \\( O \\) with ratio \\( \\lambda \\neq-1 \\), and \\( E \\) has central symmetry about a point \\( Q \\neq O \\), then \\( E \\) and \\( F \\) are also homothetic about another point \\( P \\) with ratio \\( -\\lambda \\). In fact, the point \\( P \\) is determined by\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{Q P}=\\frac{\\lambda-1}{\\lambda+1} \\overrightarrow{Q O}\n\\]\n\nThis is equivalent to\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{O P}=\\frac{2 \\lambda}{1+\\lambda} \\overrightarrow{O Q}\n\\]\nand from this form the genesis of the problem is obvious.\nThe most familiar form of this result concerns circles in the plane. If two circles have different centers and different radii, they have two centers of similitude.\n\nWhen \\( \\lambda=1, E \\) and \\( F \\) are the same, \\( P \\) coincides with \\( Q \\), and the homothety about \\( P \\) becomes the central symmetry of \\( E \\).\n\nWhen \\( \\lambda=-1 \\), but \\( Q \\neq O \\), the homothety about another point degenerates into a translation (\" \\( P \\) is at infinity\") and the conclusion becomes: \\( F \\) is a translate of \\( E \\). This is because the product of two central symmetries with different centers is a translation. \\( E \\) is mapped onto itself by the central symmetry about \\( Q \\) and then onto \\( F \\) by the central symmetry about \\( O \\); the effect of the two mappings is to map \\( E \\) onto \\( F \\) by a translation.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "u",
    "v",
    "w",
    "f",
    "x_0",
    "y_0",
    "x_1",
    "y_1",
    "x_2",
    "y_2"
  ],
  "params": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "c",
    "p",
    "q",
    "\\\\lambda",
    "C",
    "D",
    "E",
    "F",
    "O",
    "P",
    "Q",
    "\\\\omega"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "i"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "abscissa",
        "y": "ordinate",
        "u": "seriesu",
        "v": "seriesv",
        "w": "seriesw",
        "f": "auxiliary",
        "x_0": "abscissazero",
        "y_0": "ordinatezero",
        "x_1": "abscissaone",
        "y_1": "ordinateone",
        "x_2": "abscissatwo",
        "y_2": "ordinatetwo",
        "a": "coefaquad",
        "b": "coefbquad",
        "c": "coefcquad",
        "p": "coefpline",
        "q": "coefqline",
        "\\lambda": "scalefactor",
        "C": "conicone",
        "D": "conictwo",
        "E": "figureone",
        "F": "figuretwo",
        "O": "centreorig",
        "P": "pointpee",
        "Q": "pointqueue",
        "\\omega": "cuberoot"
      },
      "question": "14. Take either (i) or (ii).\n(i) If\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nseriesu=1+\\frac{abscissa^{3}}{3!}+\\frac{abscissa^{6}}{6!}+\\cdots \\\\\nseriesv=\\frac{abscissa}{1!}+\\frac{abscissa^{4}}{4!}+\\frac{abscissa^{7}}{7!}+\\cdots \\\\\nseriesw=\\frac{abscissa^{2}}{2!}+\\frac{abscissa^{5}}{5!}+\\frac{abscissa^{8}}{8!}+\\cdots,\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nprove that\n\\[\nseriesu^{3}+seriesv^{3}+seriesw^{3}-3\\,seriesu\\,seriesv\\,seriesw=1 .\n\\]\n(ii) Consider the central conics\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\left(coefaquad abscissa^{2}+coefbquad ordinate^{2}\\right)+2\\left(coefpline abscissa+coefqline ordinate\\right)+coefcquad=0 \\\\\n\\left(coefaquad abscissa^{2}+coefbquad ordinate^{2}\\right)+2 scalefactor\\left(coefpline abscissa+coefqline ordinate\\right)+scalefactor^{2} coefcquad=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nwhere $ scalefactor $ is a given positive constant.\nShow that if all radii from the origin to the first conic are changed in the ratio $ scalefactor $ to 1 the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nLet $ pointpee $ be the point with coordinates\n\\[\nabscissa=-\\frac{coefpline}{coefaquad} \\frac{2 scalefactor}{1+scalefactor}, \\quad ordinate=-\\frac{coefqline}{coefbquad} \\frac{2 scalefactor}{1+scalefactor}\n\\]\n\nShow that if all radii from $ pointpee $ to the first conic are changed in the ratio $ scalefactor $ to 1 and then reversed about $ pointpee $ the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nComment on these results in case $ scalefactor=1 $.",
      "solution": "First Solution. The power series for $ seriesu, seriesv $, and $ seriesw $ converge for all $ abscissa $, and\n\\[\n\\frac{d seriesu}{d abscissa}=seriesw,\\quad \\frac{d seriesv}{d abscissa}=seriesu,\\quad \\frac{d seriesw}{d abscissa}=seriesv\n\\]\nas we see by differentiating them. Letting $ auxiliary=seriesu^{3}+seriesv^{3}+seriesw^{3}-3\\,seriesu\\,seriesv\\,seriesw $, we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nauxiliary^{\\prime}&=3\\,seriesu^{2}\\,seriesu^{\\prime}+3\\,seriesv^{2}\\,seriesv^{\\prime}+3\\,seriesw^{2}\\,seriesw^{\\prime}-3\\,seriesu\\,seriesv\\,seriesw^{\\prime}-3\\,seriesu\\,seriesv^{\\prime}\\,seriesw-3\\,seriesu^{\\prime}\\,seriesv\\,seriesw\\\\\n&=3\\,seriesu^{2}\\,seriesw+3\\,seriesv^{2}\\,seriesu+3\\,seriesw^{2}\\,seriesv-3\\,seriesu\\,seriesv^{2}-3\\,seriesu^{2}\\,seriesw-3\\,seriesv\\,seriesw^{2}=0 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThus $ auxiliary $ is constant. But $ auxiliary(0)=[seriesu(0)]^{3}=1 $, so $ auxiliary(abscissa)=1 $ for all $ abscissa $.\n\nSecond Solution. Let $ cuberoot=\\exp (2 \\pi i / 3) $, a primitive cube root of unity. Then $ 1+cuberoot+cuberoot^{2}=0 $. Also\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nseriesu^{3}+seriesv^{3}+seriesw^{2}-3\\,seriesu\\,seriesv\\,seriesw&=(seriesu+seriesv+seriesw)\\left(seriesu+cuberoot seriesv+cuberoot^{2} seriesw\\right)\\left(seriesu+cuberoot^{2} seriesv+cuberoot seriesw\\right)\\\\\n&=(\\exp abscissa)(\\exp cuberoot abscissa)(\\exp cuberoot^{2} abscissa)\\\\\n&=\\exp\\left[(1+cuberoot+cuberoot^{2})abscissa\\right]=\\exp 0=1 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSolution. Call the two conics $ conicone $ and $ conictwo $,\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{c}\nconicone:\\left(coefaquad abscissa^{2}+coefbquad ordinate^{2}\\right)+2\\left(coefpline abscissa+coefqline ordinate\\right)+coefcquad=0 \\\\\nconictwo:\\left(coefaquad abscissa^{2}+coefbquad ordinate^{2}\\right)+2 scalefactor\\left(coefpline abscissa+coefqline ordinate\\right)+scalefactor^{2} coefcquad=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nSuppose a point $ (abscissazero, ordinatezero) $ is on $ conicone $, and is transformed to $ (abscissaone, ordinateone) $ as described, with $ (abscissaone, ordinateone)=(scalefactor abscissazero, scalefactor ordinatezero) $. Then substituting $ (abscissaone, ordinateone) $ in the equation of $ conictwo $ we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& coefaquad abscissaone^{2}+coefbquad ordinateone^{2}+2 scalefactor(coefpline abscissaone+coefqline ordinateone)+scalefactor^{2} coefcquad\\\\\n=& scalefactor^{2}\\left[coefaquad abscissazero^{2}+coefbquad ordinatezero^{2}+2(coefpline abscissazero+coefqline ordinatezero)+coefcquad\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nsince $ (abscissazero, ordinatezero) $ is on $ conicone $. So $ (abscissaone, ordinateone) $ is indeed on $ conictwo $. Conversely, if $ (abscissaone, ordinateone) $ is on $ conictwo $ the same equation shows that $ (abscissazero, ordinatezero) $ is on $ conicone $ (here we need to divide by $ scalefactor^{2} $ and use the hypothesis $ scalefactor \\neq 0 $).\n\nUnder the second transformation a point $ (abscissazero, ordinatezero) $ becomes the point $ (abscissatwo, ordinatetwo) $ where\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nabscissatwo=-scalefactor\\left(abscissazero+\\frac{coefpline}{coefaquad}\\frac{2 scalefactor}{1+scalefactor}\\right)-\\frac{coefpline}{coefaquad}\\frac{2 scalefactor}{1+scalefactor}=-scalefactor\\left(abscissazero+\\frac{2 coefpline}{coefaquad}\\right) \\\\\nordinatetwo=-scalefactor\\left(ordinatezero+\\frac{coefqline}{coefbquad}\\frac{2 scalefactor}{1+scalefactor}\\right)-\\frac{coefqline}{coefbquad}\\frac{2 scalefactor}{1+scalefactor}=-scalefactor\\left(ordinatezero+\\frac{2 coefqline}{coefbquad}\\right) .\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThen if $ (abscissazero, ordinatezero) $ is on $ conicone $, we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& coefaquad abscissatwo^{2}+coefbquad ordinatetwo^{2}+2 scalefactor(coefpline abscissatwo+coefqline ordinatetwo)+scalefactor^{2} coefcquad\\\\\n=& scalefactor^{2}\\left[coefaquad abscissazero^{2}+4 coefpline abscissazero+\\frac{4 coefpline^{2}}{coefaquad}+coefbquad ordinatezero^{2}+4 coefqline ordinatezero+\\frac{4 coefqline^{2}}{coefbquad}\\right.\\\\\n& \\left.-2\\left(coefpline abscissazero+\\frac{2 coefpline^{2}}{coefaquad}+coefqline ordinatezero+\\frac{2 coefqline^{2}}{coefbquad}\\right)+coefcquad\\right]\\\\\n=& scalefactor^{2}\\left[coefaquad abscissazero^{2}+coefbquad ordinatezero^{2}+2(coefpline abscissazero+coefqline ordinatezero)+coefcquad\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nand hence $ (abscissatwo, ordinatetwo) $ is on $ conictwo $. As before, the same procedure shows that if $ (abscissatwo, ordinatetwo) $ is on $ conictwo $, $ (abscissazero, ordinatezero) $ is on $ conicone $.\n\nIf $ scalefactor=1 $, the two conics are the same. This conic has central symmetry about $ (-coefpline/coefaquad,-coefqline/coefbquad) $, as we see by writing its equation in the form\n\\[\ncoefaquad\\left(abscissa+\\frac{coefpline}{coefaquad}\\right)^{2}+coefbquad\\left(ordinate+\\frac{coefqline}{coefbquad}\\right)^{2}+c^{\\prime}=0\n\\]\n\nIn this case, the first transformation is the identity and the second transformation is the central symmetry of the conic.\n\nRemark. If two figures $ figureone $ and $ figuretwo $ in Euclidean space of any dimension are homothetic about a point $ centreorig $ with ratio $ scalefactor \\neq -1 $, and $ figureone $ has central symmetry about a point $ pointqueue \\neq centreorig $, then $ figureone $ and $ figuretwo $ are also homothetic about another point $ pointpee $ with ratio $ -scalefactor $. In fact, the point $ pointpee $ is determined by\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{pointqueue pointpee}=\\frac{scalefactor-1}{scalefactor+1}\\,\\overrightarrow{pointqueue centreorig}\n\\]\n\nThis is equivalent to\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{centreorig pointpee}=\\frac{2 scalefactor}{1+scalefactor}\\,\\overrightarrow{centreorig pointqueue}\n\\]\nand from this form the genesis of the problem is obvious.\nThe most familiar form of this result concerns circles in the plane. If two circles have different centers and different radii, they have two centers of similitude.\n\nWhen $ scalefactor=1, figureone $ and $ figuretwo $ are the same, $ pointpee $ coincides with $ pointqueue $, and the homothety about $ pointpee $ becomes the central symmetry of $ figureone $.\n\nWhen $ scalefactor=-1 $, but $ pointqueue \\neq centreorig $, the homothety about another point degenerates into a translation (\" $ pointpee $ is at infinity\") and the conclusion becomes: $ figuretwo $ is a translate of $ figureone $. This is because the product of two central symmetries with different centers is a translation. $ figureone $ is mapped onto itself by the central symmetry about $ pointqueue $ and then onto $ figuretwo $ by the central symmetry about $ centreorig $; the effect of the two mappings is to map $ figureone $ onto $ figuretwo $ by a translation."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "marigold",
        "y": "honeycomb",
        "u": "tangerine",
        "v": "saxophone",
        "w": "blueberry",
        "f": "carbonate",
        "x_0": "marigoldzero",
        "y_0": "honeycombzero",
        "x_1": "marigoldone",
        "y_1": "honeycombone",
        "x_2": "marigoldtwo",
        "y_2": "honeycombtwo",
        "a": "gallivant",
        "b": "nightfall",
        "c": "quartzite",
        "p": "silhouette",
        "q": "buttercup",
        "\\lambda": "watermelon",
        "C": "pinecone",
        "D": "dragonfly",
        "E": "stargazer",
        "F": "lighthouse",
        "O": "crescent",
        "P": "raincloud",
        "Q": "moonstone",
        "\\omega": "pineapple"
      },
      "question": "14. Take either (i) or (ii).\n(i) If\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\n tangerine=1+\\frac{marigold^{3}}{3!}+\\frac{marigold^{6}}{6!}+\\cdots \\\\\n saxophone=\\frac{marigold}{1!}+\\frac{marigold^{4}}{4!}+\\frac{marigold^{7}}{7!}+\\cdots \\\\\n blueberry=\\frac{marigold^{2}}{2!}+\\frac{marigold^{5}}{5!}+\\frac{marigold^{8}}{8!}+\\cdots,\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nprove that\n\\[\ntangerine^{3}+saxophone^{3}+blueberry^{3}-3 tangerine saxophone blueberry=1 .\n\\]\n(ii) Consider the central conics\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\n \\left(gallivant marigold^{2}+nightfall honeycomb^{2}\\right)+2(silhouette marigold+buttercup honeycomb)+quartzite=0 \\\\\n \\left(gallivant marigold^{2}+nightfall honeycomb^{2}\\right)+2 watermelon(silhouette marigold+buttercup honeycomb)+watermelon^{2} quartzite=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nwhere \\( watermelon \\) is a given positive constant.\nShow that if all radii from the origin to the first conic are changed in the ratio \\( watermelon \\) to 1 the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nLet \\( raincloud \\) be the point with coordinates\n\\[\nmarigold=-\\frac{silhouette}{gallivant} \\frac{2 watermelon}{1+watermelon}, \\quad honeycomb=-\\frac{buttercup}{nightfall} \\frac{2 watermelon}{1+watermelon}\n\\]\n\nShow that if all radii from \\( raincloud \\) to the first conic are changed in the ratio \\( watermelon \\) to 1 and then reversed about \\( raincloud \\) the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nComment on these results in case \\( watermelon=1 \\).",
      "solution": "First Solution. The power series for \\( tangerine, saxophone \\), and \\( blueberry \\) converge for all \\( marigold \\), and\n\\[\n\\frac{d tangerine}{d marigold}=blueberry, \\quad \\frac{d saxophone}{d marigold}=tangerine, \\quad \\frac{d blueberry}{d marigold}=saxophone\n\\]\nas we see by differentiating them. Letting \\( carbonate=tangerine^{3}+saxophone^{3}+blueberry^{3}-3 tangerine saxophone blueberry \\), we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ncarbonate^{\\prime} & =3 tangerine^{2} tangerine^{\\prime}+3 saxophone^{2} saxophone^{\\prime}+3 blueberry^{2} blueberry^{\\prime}-3 tangerine saxophone blueberry^{\\prime}-3 tangerine saxophone^{\\prime} blueberry-3 tangerine^{\\prime} saxophone blueberry \\\\\n& =3 tangerine^{2} blueberry+3 saxophone^{2} tangerine+3 blueberry^{2} saxophone-3 tangerine saxophone^{2}-3 tangerine^{2} blueberry-3 saxophone blueberry^{2}=0 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThus \\( carbonate=\\) constant. But \\( carbonate(0)=[tangerine(0)]^{3}=1 \\), so \\( carbonate(marigold)=1 \\) for all \\( marigold \\).\n\nSecond Solution. Let \\( pineapple=\\exp (2 \\pi i / 3) \\), a primitive cube root of unity. Then \\( 1+pineapple+pineapple^{2}=0 \\). Also\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ntangerine^{3}+saxophone^{3}+blueberry^{2}-3 tangerine saxophone blueberry & =(tangerine+saxophone+blueberry)\\left(tangerine+pineapple saxophone+pineapple^{2} blueberry\\right)\\left(tangerine+pineapple^{2} saxophone+pineapple blueberry\\right) \\\\\n& =(\\exp marigold)(\\exp pineapple marigold)\\left(\\exp pineapple^{2} marigold\\right) \\\\\n& =\\exp \\left[\\left(1+pineapple+pineapple^{2}\\right) marigold\\right]=\\exp 0=1 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSolution. Call the two conics \\( pinecone \\) and \\( dragonfly \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{c}\npinecone:\\left(gallivant marigold^{2}+nightfall honeycomb^{2}\\right)+2(silhouette marigold+buttercup honeycomb)+quartzite=0 \\\\\ndragonfly:\\left(gallivant marigold^{2}+nightfall honeycomb^{2}\\right)+2 watermelon(silhouette marigold+buttercup honeycomb)+watermelon^{2} quartzite=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nSuppose a point \\( \\left(marigoldzero, honeycombzero\\right) \\) is on \\( pinecone \\), and is transformed to \\( \\left(marigoldone, honeycombone\\right) \\) as described, with \\( \\left(marigoldone, honeycombone\\right)=\\left(watermelon marigoldzero, watermelon honeycombzero\\right) \\). Then substituting \\( \\left(marigoldone, honeycombone\\right) \\) in the equation of \\( dragonfly \\) we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& gallivant\\, marigoldone^{2}+nightfall\\, honeycombone^{2}+2 watermelon\\left(silhouette\\, marigoldone+buttercup\\, honeycombone\\right)+watermelon^{2} quartzite \\\\\n= & watermelon^{2}\\left[gallivant\\, marigoldzero^{2}+nightfall\\, honeycombzero^{2}+2\\left(silhouette\\, marigoldzero+buttercup\\, honeycombzero\\right)+quartzite\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nsince \\( \\left(marigoldzero, honeycombzero\\right) \\) is on \\( pinecone \\). So \\( \\left(marigoldone, honeycombone\\right) \\) is indeed on \\( dragonfly \\). Conversely, if \\( \\left(marigoldone, honeycombone\\right) \\) is on \\( dragonfly \\) the same equation shows that \\( \\left(marigoldzero, honeycombzero\\right) \\) is on \\( pinecone \\). [Here we need to divide by \\( watermelon^{2} \\) and use the hypothesis \\( watermelon \\neq 0 \\).]\n\nUnder the second transformation a point \\( \\left(marigoldzero, honeycombzero\\right) \\) becomes the point \\( \\left(marigoldtwo, honeycombtwo\\right) \\) where\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nmarigoldtwo=-watermelon\\left(marigoldzero+\\frac{silhouette}{gallivant} \\frac{2 watermelon}{1+watermelon}\\right)-\\frac{silhouette}{gallivant} \\frac{2 watermelon}{1+watermelon}=-watermelon\\left(marigoldzero+\\frac{2\\, silhouette}{gallivant}\\right) \\\\\nhoneycombtwo=-watermelon\\left(honeycombzero+\\frac{buttercup}{nightfall} \\frac{2 watermelon}{1+watermelon}\\right)-\\frac{buttercup}{nightfall} \\frac{2 watermelon}{1+watermelon}=-watermelon\\left(honeycombzero+\\frac{2\\, buttercup}{nightfall}\\right) .\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThen if \\( \\left(marigoldzero, honeycombzero\\right) \\) is on \\( pinecone \\), we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& gallivant\\, marigoldtwo^{2}+nightfall\\, honeycombtwo^{2}+2 watermelon\\left(silhouette\\, marigoldtwo+buttercup\\, honeycombtwo\\right)+watermelon^{2} quartzite \\\\\n= & watermelon^{2}\\left[gallivant\\, marigoldzero^{2}+4\\, silhouette\\, marigoldzero+\\frac{4\\, silhouette^{2}}{gallivant}+nightfall\\, honeycombzero^{2}+4\\, buttercup\\, honeycombzero+\\frac{4\\, buttercup^{2}}{nightfall}\\right. \\\\\n& \\left.-2\\left(silhouette\\, marigoldzero+\\frac{2\\, silhouette^{2}}{gallivant}+buttercup\\, honeycombzero+\\frac{2\\, buttercup^{2}}{nightfall}\\right)+quartzite\\right] \\\\\n= & watermelon^{2}\\left[gallivant\\, marigoldzero^{2}+nightfall\\, honeycombzero^{2}+2\\left(silhouette\\, marigoldzero+buttercup\\, honeycombzero\\right)+quartzite\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand hence \\( \\left(marigoldtwo, honeycombtwo\\right) \\) is on \\( dragonfly \\). As before, the same procedure shows that if \\( \\left(marigoldtwo, honeycombtwo\\right) \\) is on \\( dragonfly,\\left(marigoldzero, honeycombzero\\right) \\) is on \\( pinecone \\).\nIf \\( watermelon=1 \\), the two conics are the same. This conic has central symmetry about \\( \\left(-\\silhouette / gallivant,-\\buttercup / nightfall\\right) \\), as we see by writing its equation in the form\n\\[\ngallivant\\left(marigold+\\frac{\\silhouette}{gallivant}\\right)^{2}+nightfall\\left(honeycomb+\\frac{\\buttercup}{nightfall}\\right)^{2}+quartzite^{\\prime}=0\n\\]\n\nIn this case, the first transformation is the identity and the second transformation is the central symmetry of the conic.\n\nRemark. If two figures \\( stargazer \\) and \\( lighthouse \\) in Euclidean space of any dimension are homothetic about a point \\( crescent \\) with ratio \\( watermelon \\neq-1 \\), and \\( stargazer \\) has central symmetry about a point \\( moonstone \\neq crescent \\), then \\( stargazer \\) and \\( lighthouse \\) are also homothetic about another point \\( raincloud \\) with ratio \\( -watermelon \\). In fact, the point \\( raincloud \\) is determined by\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{moonstone raincloud}=\\frac{watermelon-1}{watermelon+1} \\overrightarrow{moonstone crescent}\n\\]\n\nThis is equivalent to\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{crescent raincloud}=\\frac{2\\, watermelon}{1+watermelon} \\overrightarrow{crescent moonstone}\n\\]\nand from this form the genesis of the problem is obvious.\nThe most familiar form of this result concerns circles in the plane. If two circles have different centers and different radii, they have two centers of similitude.\n\nWhen \\( watermelon=1, stargazer \\) and \\( lighthouse \\) are the same, \\( raincloud \\) coincides with \\( moonstone \\), and the homothety about \\( raincloud \\) becomes the central symmetry of \\( stargazer \\).\n\nWhen \\( watermelon=-1 \\), but \\( moonstone \\neq crescent \\), the homothety about another point degenerates into a translation (\" \\( raincloud \\) is at infinity\") and the conclusion becomes: \\( lighthouse \\) is a translate of \\( stargazer \\). This is because the product of two central symmetries with different centers is a translation. \\( stargazer \\) is mapped onto itself by the central symmetry about \\( moonstone \\) and then onto \\( lighthouse \\) by the central symmetry about \\( crescent \\); the effect of the two mappings is to map \\( stargazer \\) onto \\( lighthouse \\) by a translation."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "verticalaxis",
        "y": "horizontalaxis",
        "u": "downvalue",
        "v": "stillness",
        "w": "deepvalue",
        "f": "nonfunction",
        "x_0": "verticalaxiszero",
        "y_0": "horizontalaxiszero",
        "x_1": "verticalaxisone",
        "y_1": "horizontalaxisone",
        "x_2": "verticalaxistwo",
        "y_2": "horizontalaxistwo",
        "a": "anticircle",
        "b": "antiparallel",
        "c": "anticonstant",
        "p": "antifocus",
        "q": "antipivot",
        "\\lambda": "counterratio",
        "C": "nullconic",
        "D": "voidconic",
        "E": "emptyshell",
        "F": "hollowform",
        "O": "nonorigin",
        "P": "antipoint",
        "Q": "nullpoint",
        "\\omega": "nonomega"
      },
      "question": "14. Take either (i) or (ii).\n(i) If\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\ndownvalue=1+\\frac{verticalaxis^{3}}{3!}+\\frac{verticalaxis^{6}}{6!}+\\cdots \\\\\nstillness=\\frac{verticalaxis}{1!}+\\frac{verticalaxis^{4}}{4!}+\\frac{verticalaxis^{7}}{7!}+\\cdots \\\\\ndeepvalue=\\frac{verticalaxis^{2}}{2!}+\\frac{verticalaxis^{5}}{5!}+\\frac{verticalaxis^{8}}{8!}+\\cdots,\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nprove that\n\\[\ndownvalue^{3}+stillness^{3}+deepvalue^{3}-3 downvalue\\,stillness\\,deepvalue=1 .\n\\]\n(ii) Consider the central conics\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\left(anticircle\\,verticalaxis^{2}+antiparallel\\,horizontalaxis^{2}\\right)+2(antifocus\\,verticalaxis+antipivot\\,horizontalaxis)+anticonstant=0 \\\\\n\\left(anticircle\\,verticalaxis^{2}+antiparallel\\,horizontalaxis^{2}\\right)+2\\,counterratio(antifocus\\,verticalaxis+antipivot\\,horizontalaxis)+counterratio^{2}\\,anticonstant=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nwhere \\( counterratio \\) is a given positive constant.\nShow that if all radii from the origin to the first conic are changed in the ratio \\( counterratio \\) to 1 the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nLet \\( antipoint \\) be the point with coordinates\n\\[\nverticalaxis=-\\frac{antifocus}{anticircle} \\frac{2 \\,counterratio}{1+counterratio}, \\quad horizontalaxis=-\\frac{antipivot}{antiparallel} \\frac{2 \\,counterratio}{1+counterratio}\n\\]\n\nShow that if all radii from \\( antipoint \\) to the first conic are changed in the ratio \\( counterratio \\) to 1 and then reversed about \\( antipoint \\) the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nComment on these results in case \\( counterratio=1 \\).",
      "solution": "First Solution. The power series for \\( downvalue, stillness \\), and \\( deepvalue \\) converge for all \\( verticalaxis \\), and\n\\[\n\\frac{d\\,downvalue}{d\\,verticalaxis}=deepvalue, \\quad \\frac{d\\,stillness}{d\\,verticalaxis}=downvalue, \\quad \\frac{d\\,deepvalue}{d\\,verticalaxis}=stillness\n\\]\nas we see by differentiating them. Letting \\( nonfunction=downvalue^{3}+stillness^{3}+deepvalue^{3}-3\\,downvalue\\,stillness\\,deepvalue \\), we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nnonfunction^{\\prime} &=3\\,downvalue^{2}\\,downvalue^{\\prime}+3\\,stillness^{2}\\,stillness^{\\prime}+3\\,deepvalue^{2}\\,deepvalue^{\\prime}-3\\,downvalue\\,stillness\\,deepvalue^{\\prime}-3\\,downvalue\\,stillness^{\\prime}\\,deepvalue-3\\,downvalue^{\\prime}\\,stillness\\,deepvalue \\\\\n&=3\\,downvalue^{2}\\,deepvalue+3\\,stillness^{2}\\,downvalue+3\\,deepvalue^{2}\\,stillness-3\\,downvalue\\,stillness^{2}-3\\,downvalue^{2}\\,deepvalue-3\\,stillness\\,deepvalue^{2}=0 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nThus \\( nonfunction= \\) constant. But \\( nonfunction(0)=[downvalue(0)]^{3}=1 \\), so \\( nonfunction(verticalaxis)=1 \\) for all \\( verticalaxis \\).\n\nSecond Solution. Let \\( nonomega=\\exp (2 \\pi i / 3) \\), a primitive cube root of unity. Then \\( 1+nonomega+nonomega^{2}=0 \\). Also\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ndownvalue^{3}+stillness^{3}+deepvalue^{2}-3\\,downvalue\\,stillness\\,deepvalue & =(downvalue+stillness+deepvalue)\\left(downvalue+nonomega\\,stillness+nonomega^{2}\\,deepvalue\\right)\\left(downvalue+nonomega^{2}\\,stillness+nonomega\\,deepvalue\\right) \\\\\n& =(\\exp verticalaxis)(\\exp nonomega\\,verticalaxis)\\left(\\exp nonomega^{2}\\,verticalaxis\\right) \\\\\n& =\\exp \\left[\\left(1+nonomega+nonomega^{2}\\right) verticalaxis\\right]=\\exp 0=1 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSolution. Call the two conics \\( nullconic \\) and \\( voidconic \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{c}\nnullconic:\\left(anticircle\\,verticalaxis^{2}+antiparallel\\,horizontalaxis^{2}\\right)+2(antifocus\\,verticalaxis+antipivot\\,horizontalaxis)+anticonstant=0 \\\\\nvoidconic:\\left(anticircle\\,verticalaxis^{2}+antiparallel\\,horizontalaxis^{2}\\right)+2\\,counterratio(antifocus\\,verticalaxis+antipivot\\,horizontalaxis)+counterratio^{2}\\,anticonstant=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nSuppose a point \\( \\left(verticalaxiszero, horizontalaxiszero\\right) \\) is on \\( nullconic \\), and is transformed to \\( \\left(verticalaxisone, horizontalaxisone\\right) \\) as described, with \\( \\left(verticalaxisone, horizontalaxisone\\right)=\\left(counterratio\\,verticalaxiszero,\\,counterratio\\,horizontalaxiszero\\right) \\). Then substituting \\( \\left(verticalaxisone, horizontalaxisone\\right) \\) in the equation of \\( voidconic \\) we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& anticircle\\,verticalaxisone^{2}+antiparallel\\,horizontalaxisone^{2}+2\\,counterratio\\left(antifocus\\,verticalaxisone+antipivot\\,horizontalaxisone\\right)+counterratio^{2}\\,anticonstant \\\\\n=& counterratio^{2}\\left[anticircle\\,verticalaxiszero^{2}+antiparallel\\,horizontalaxiszero^{2}+2\\left(antifocus\\,verticalaxiszero+antipivot\\,horizontalaxiszero\\right)+anticonstant\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nsince \\( \\left(verticalaxiszero, horizontalaxiszero\\right) \\) is on \\( nullconic \\). So \\( \\left(verticalaxisone, horizontalaxisone\\right) \\) is indeed on \\( voidconic \\). Conversely, if \\( \\left(verticalaxisone, horizontalaxisone\\right) \\) is on \\( voidconic \\) the same equation shows that (\\( verticalaxiszero, horizontalaxiszero \\)) is on \\( nullconic \\). [Here we need to divide by \\( counterratio^{2} \\) and use the hypothesis \\( counterratio \\neq 0 \\).]\n\nUnder the second transformation a point \\( \\left(verticalaxiszero, horizontalaxiszero\\right) \\) becomes the point \\( \\left(verticalaxistwo, horizontalaxistwo\\right) \\) where\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nverticalaxistwo=-counterratio\\left(verticalaxiszero+\\frac{antifocus}{anticircle} \\frac{2\\,counterratio}{1+counterratio}\\right)-\\frac{antifocus}{anticircle} \\frac{2\\,counterratio}{1+counterratio}=-counterratio\\left(verticalaxiszero+\\frac{2\\,antifocus}{anticircle}\\right) \\\\\nhorizontalaxistwo=-counterratio\\left(horizontalaxiszero+\\frac{antipivot}{antiparallel} \\frac{2\\,counterratio}{1+counterratio}\\right)-\\frac{antipivot}{antiparallel} \\frac{2\\,counterratio}{1+counterratio}=-counterratio\\left(horizontalaxiszero+\\frac{2\\,antipivot}{antiparallel}\\right) .\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThen if \\( \\left(verticalaxiszero, horizontalaxiszero\\right) \\) is on \\( nullconic \\), we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& anticircle\\,verticalaxistwo^{2}+antiparallel\\,horizontalaxistwo^{2}+2\\,counterratio\\left(antifocus\\,verticalaxistwo+antipivot\\,horizontalaxistwo\\right)+counterratio^{2}\\,anticonstant \\\\\n=& counterratio^{2}\\left[anticircle\\,verticalaxiszero^{2}+4\\,antifocus\\,verticalaxiszero+\\frac{4\\,antifocus^{2}}{anticircle}+antiparallel\\,horizontalaxiszero^{2}+4\\,antipivot\\,horizontalaxiszero+\\frac{4\\,antipivot^{2}}{antiparallel}\\right. \\\\\n& \\left.-2\\left(antifocus\\,verticalaxiszero+\\frac{2\\,antifocus^{2}}{anticircle}+antipivot\\,horizontalaxiszero+\\frac{2\\,antipivot^{2}}{antiparallel}\\right)+anticonstant\\right] \\\\\n=& counterratio^{2}\\left[anticircle\\,verticalaxiszero^{2}+antiparallel\\,horizontalaxiszero^{2}+2\\left(antifocus\\,verticalaxiszero+antipivot\\,horizontalaxiszero\\right)+anticonstant\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand hence \\( \\left(verticalaxistwo, horizontalaxistwo\\right) \\) is on \\( voidconic \\). As before, the same procedure shows that if \\( \\left(verticalaxistwo, horizontalaxistwo\\right) \\) is on \\( voidconic,\\left(verticalaxiszero, horizontalaxiszero\\right) \\) is on \\( nullconic \\).\nIf \\( counterratio=1 \\), the two conics are the same. This conic has central symmetry about ( \\( -antifocus / anticircle,-antipivot / antiparallel \\) ), as we see by writing its equation in the form\n\\[\nanticircle\\left(verticalaxis+\\frac{antifocus}{anticircle}\\right)^{2}+antiparallel\\left(horizontalaxis+\\frac{antipivot}{antiparallel}\\right)^{2}+anticonstant^{\\prime}=0\n\\]\n\nIn this case, the first transformation is the identity and the second transformation is the central symmetry of the conic.\n\nRemark. If two figures \\( emptyshell \\) and \\( hollowform \\) in Euclidean space of any dimension are homothetic about a point \\( nonorigin \\) with ratio \\( counterratio \\neq-1 \\), and \\( emptyshell \\) has central symmetry about a point \\( nullpoint \\neq nonorigin \\), then \\( emptyshell \\) and \\( hollowform \\) are also homothetic about another point \\( antipoint \\) with ratio \\( -counterratio \\). In fact, the point \\( antipoint \\) is determined by\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{nullpoint\\,antipoint}=\\frac{counterratio-1}{counterratio+1} \\overrightarrow{nullpoint\\,nonorigin}\n\\]\nThis is equivalent to\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{nonorigin\\,antipoint}=\\frac{2\\,counterratio}{1+counterratio} \\overrightarrow{nonorigin\\,nullpoint}\n\\]\nand from this form the genesis of the problem is obvious.\nThe most familiar form of this result concerns circles in the plane. If two circles have different centers and different radii, they have two centers of similitude.\n\nWhen \\( counterratio=1, emptyshell \\) and \\( hollowform \\) are the same, \\( antipoint \\) coincides with \\( nullpoint \\), and the homothety about \\( antipoint \\) becomes the central symmetry of \\( emptyshell \\).\n\nWhen \\( counterratio=-1 \\), but \\( nullpoint \\neq nonorigin \\), the homothety about another point degenerates into a translation (\" \\( antipoint \\) is at infinity\") and the conclusion becomes: \\( hollowform \\) is a translate of \\( emptyshell \\). This is because the product of two central symmetries with different centers is a translation. \\( emptyshell \\) is mapped onto itself by the central symmetry about \\( nullpoint \\) and then onto \\( hollowform \\) by the central symmetry about \\( nonorigin \\); the effect of the two mappings is to map \\( emptyshell \\) onto \\( hollowform \\) by a translation."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "y": "hjgrksla",
        "u": "nbsdfyui",
        "v": "pytlzkqa",
        "w": "rjmfecdu",
        "f": "skdvqane",
        "x_0": "vbncxzas",
        "y_0": "qlspdnev",
        "x_1": "mhgtplae",
        "y_1": "wzorifut",
        "x_2": "clwepvsy",
        "y_2": "jdkaxorn",
        "a": "lzkurpma",
        "b": "sdnxqoti",
        "c": "agvhtpwe",
        "p": "jwrnsfci",
        "q": "hsvopdte",
        "\\lambda": "znmrtela",
        "C": "pqdshvmo",
        "D": "lscmveaw",
        "E": "goknrihp",
        "F": "nyqdajsu",
        "O": "rqkmabdu",
        "P": "txzleimc",
        "Q": "ibhvysno",
        "\\omega": "tufwzqel"
      },
      "question": "14. Take either (i) or (ii).\n(i) If\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nnbsdfyui=1+\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{3}}{3!}+\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{6}}{6!}+\\cdots \\\\\npytlzkqa=\\frac{qzxwvtnp}{1!}+\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{4}}{4!}+\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{7}}{7!}+\\cdots \\\\\nrjmfecdu=\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{2}}{2!}+\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{5}}{5!}+\\frac{qzxwvtnp^{8}}{8!}+\\cdots,\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nprove that\n\\[\nnbsdfyui^{3}+pytlzkqa^{3}+rjmfecdu^{3}-3 nbsdfyui\\,pytlzkqa\\,rjmfecdu=1 .\n\\]\n(ii) Consider the central conics\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\left(lzkurpma\\,qzxwvtnp^{2}+sdnxqoti\\,hjgrksla^{2}\\right)+2(jwrnsfci\\,qzxwvtnp+hsvopdte\\,hjgrksla)+agvhtpwe=0 \\\\\n\\left(lzkurpma\\,qzxwvtnp^{2}+sdnxqoti\\,hjgrksla^{2}\\right)+2 \\,znmrtela\\,(jwrnsfci\\,qzxwvtnp+hsvopdte\\,hjgrksla)+znmrtela^{2}\\,agvhtpwe=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nwhere \\( znmrtela \\) is a given positive constant.\nShow that if all radii from the origin to the first conic are changed in the ratio \\( znmrtela \\) to 1 the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nLet \\( txzleimc \\) be the point with coordinates\n\\[\nqzxwvtnp=-\\frac{jwrnsfci}{lzkurpma}\\frac{2\\,znmrtela}{1+znmrtela}, \\quad\nhjgrksla=-\\frac{hsvopdte}{sdnxqoti}\\frac{2\\,znmrtela}{1+znmrtela}\n\\]\n\nShow that if all radii from \\( txzleimc \\) to the first conic are changed in the ratio \\( znmrtela \\) to 1 and then reversed about \\( txzleimc \\) the tips of these new radii generate the second conic.\n\nComment on these results in case \\( znmrtela=1 \\).",
      "solution": "First Solution. The power series for nbsdfyui, pytlzkqa, and rjmfecdu converge for all qzxwvtnp, and\n\\[\n\\frac{d nbsdfyui}{d qzxwvtnp}=rjmfecdu, \\quad \\frac{d pytlzkqa}{d qzxwvtnp}=nbsdfyui, \\quad \\frac{d rjmfecdu}{d qzxwvtnp}=pytlzkqa\n\\]\nas we see by differentiating them. Letting \\( skdvqane=nbsdfyui^{3}+pytlzkqa^{3}+rjmfecdu^{3}-3 nbsdfyui\\,pytlzkqa\\,rjmfecdu \\), we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nskdvqane^{\\prime}\n& =3 nbsdfyui^{2} nbsdfyui^{\\prime}+3 pytlzkqa^{2} pytlzkqa^{\\prime}+3 rjmfecdu^{2} rjmfecdu^{\\prime}\\\\\n&\\quad-3 nbsdfyui\\,pytlzkqa\\,rjmfecdu^{\\prime}-3 nbsdfyui\\,pytlzkqa^{\\prime}\\,rjmfecdu-3 nbsdfyui^{\\prime}\\,pytlzkqa\\,rjmfecdu \\\\\n& =3 nbsdfyui^{2} rjmfecdu+3 pytlzkqa^{2} nbsdfyui+3 rjmfecdu^{2} pytlzkqa\\\\\n&\\quad-3 nbsdfyui\\,pytlzkqa^{2}-3 nbsdfyui^{2} rjmfecdu-3 pytlzkqa\\,rjmfecdu^{2}=0 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThus \\( skdvqane= \\) constant. But \\( skdvqane(0)=[nbsdfyui(0)]^{3}=1 \\), so \\( skdvqane(qzxwvtnp)=1 \\) for all \\( qzxwvtnp \\).\n\nSecond Solution. Let \\( tufwzqel=\\exp (2 \\pi i / 3) \\), a primitive cube root of unity. Then \\( 1+tufwzqel+tufwzqel^{2}=0 \\). Also\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nnbsdfyui^{3}+pytlzkqa^{3}+rjmfecdu^{2}-3 nbsdfyui\\,pytlzkqa\\,rjmfecdu\n& =(nbsdfyui+pytlzkqa+rjmfecdu)\\left(nbsdfyui+tufwzqel\\,pytlzkqa+tufwzqel^{2}\\,rjmfecdu\\right)\\\\\n&\\quad\\left(nbsdfyui+tufwzqel^{2}\\,pytlzkqa+tufwzqel\\,rjmfecdu\\right) \\\\\n& =(\\exp qzxwvtnp)(\\exp (tufwzqel\\,qzxwvtnp))(\\exp (tufwzqel^{2}\\,qzxwvtnp)) \\\\\n& =\\exp \\left[\\left(1+tufwzqel+tufwzqel^{2}\\right) qzxwvtnp\\right]=\\exp 0=1 .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSolution. Call the two conics \\( pqdshvmo \\) and \\( lscmveaw \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{c}\npqdshvmo:\\left(lzkurpma\\,qzxwvtnp^{2}+sdnxqoti\\,hjgrksla^{2}\\right)+2(jwrnsfci\\,qzxwvtnp+hsvopdte\\,hjgrksla)+agvhtpwe=0 \\\\\nlscmveaw:\\left(lzkurpma\\,qzxwvtnp^{2}+sdnxqoti\\,hjgrksla^{2}\\right)+2\\,znmrtela\\,(jwrnsfci\\,qzxwvtnp+hsvopdte\\,hjgrksla)+znmrtela^{2}\\,agvhtpwe=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nSuppose a point \\( (vbncxzas, qlspdnev) \\) is on \\( pqdshvmo \\), and is transformed to \\( (mhgtplae, wzorifut) \\) as described, with \\( (mhgtplae, wzorifut)=(znmrtela\\,vbncxzas,\\,znmrtela\\,qlspdnev) \\). Then substituting \\( (mhgtplae, wzorifut) \\) in the equation of \\( lscmveaw \\) we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& lzkurpma\\,mhgtplae^{2}+sdnxqoti\\,wzorifut^{2}+2\\,znmrtela\\,(jwrnsfci\\,mhgtplae+hsvopdte\\,wzorifut)+znmrtela^{2}\\,agvhtpwe \\\\\n= & znmrtela^{2}\\left[lzkurpma\\,vbncxzas^{2}+sdnxqoti\\,qlspdnev^{2}+2\\,(jwrnsfci\\,vbncxzas+hsvopdte\\,qlspdnev)+agvhtpwe\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nsince \\( (vbncxzas, qlspdnev) \\) is on \\( pqdshvmo \\). So \\( (mhgtplae, wzorifut) \\) is indeed on \\( lscmveaw \\). Conversely, if \\( (mhgtplae, wzorifut) \\) is on \\( lscmveaw \\) the same equation shows that \\( (vbncxzas, qlspdnev) \\) is on \\( pqdshvmo \\). [Here we need to divide by \\( znmrtela^{2} \\) and use the hypothesis \\( znmrtela \\neq 0 \\).]\n\nUnder the second transformation a point \\( (vbncxzas, qlspdnev) \\) becomes the point \\( (clwepvsy, jdkaxorn) \\) where\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nclwepvsy=-znmrtela\\left(vbncxzas+\\frac{jwrnsfci}{lzkurpma}\\frac{2\\,znmrtela}{1+znmrtela}\\right)-\\frac{jwrnsfci}{lzkurpma}\\frac{2\\,znmrtela}{1+znmrtela}=-znmrtela\\left(vbncxzas+\\frac{2\\,jwrnsfci}{lzkurpma}\\right) \\\\\njdkaxorn=-znmrtela\\left(qlspdnev+\\frac{hsvopdte}{sdnxqoti}\\frac{2\\,znmrtela}{1+znmrtela}\\right)-\\frac{hsvopdte}{sdnxqoti}\\frac{2\\,znmrtela}{1+znmrtela}=-znmrtela\\left(qlspdnev+\\frac{2\\,hsvopdte}{sdnxqoti}\\right) .\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThen if \\( (vbncxzas, qlspdnev) \\) is on \\( pqdshvmo \\), we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n& lzkurpma\\,clwepvsy^{2}+sdnxqoti\\,jdkaxorn^{2}+2\\,znmrtela\\,(jwrnsfci\\,clwepvsy+hsvopdte\\,jdkaxorn)+znmrtela^{2}\\,agvhtpwe \\\\\n= & znmrtela^{2}\\biggl[lzkurpma\\,vbncxzas^{2}+4\\,jwrnsfci\\,vbncxzas+\\frac{4\\,jwrnsfci^{2}}{lzkurpma}+sdnxqoti\\,qlspdnev^{2}+4\\,hsvopdte\\,qlspdnev+\\frac{4\\,hsvopdte^{2}}{sdnxqoti}\\\\\n& \\qquad-2\\left(jwrnsfci\\,vbncxzas+\\frac{2\\,jwrnsfci^{2}}{lzkurpma}+hsvopdte\\,qlspdnev+\\frac{2\\,hsvopdte^{2}}{sdnxqoti}\\right)+agvhtpwe\\biggr] \\\\\n= & znmrtela^{2}\\left[lzkurpma\\,vbncxzas^{2}+sdnxqoti\\,qlspdnev^{2}+2\\left(jwrnsfci\\,vbncxzas+hsvopdte\\,qlspdnev\\right)+agvhtpwe\\right]=0\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand hence \\( (clwepvsy, jdkaxorn) \\) is on \\( lscmveaw \\). As before, the same procedure shows that if \\( (clwepvsy, jdkaxorn) \\) is on \\( lscmveaw \\), \\( (vbncxzas, qlspdnev) \\) is on \\( pqdshvmo \\).\n\nIf \\( znmrtela=1 \\), the two conics are the same. This conic has central symmetry about \\( (-jwrnsfci/lzkurpma,-hsvopdte/sdnxqoti) \\), as we see by writing its equation in the form\n\\[\nlzkurpma\\left(qzxwvtnp+\\frac{jwrnsfci}{lzkurpma}\\right)^{2}+sdnxqoti\\left(hjgrksla+\\frac{hsvopdte}{sdnxqoti}\\right)^{2}+c^{\\prime}=0\n\\]\n\nIn this case, the first transformation is the identity and the second transformation is the central symmetry of the conic.\n\nRemark. If two figures \\( goknrihp \\) and \\( nyqdajsu \\) in Euclidean space of any dimension are homothetic about a point \\( rqkmabdu \\) with ratio \\( znmrtela \\neq-1 \\), and \\( goknrihp \\) has central symmetry about a point \\( ibhvysno \\neq rqkmabdu \\), then \\( goknrihp \\) and \\( nyqdajsu \\) are also homothetic about another point \\( txzleimc \\) with ratio \\( -znmrtela \\). In fact, the point \\( txzleimc \\) is determined by\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{ibhvysno txzleimc}=\\frac{znmrtela-1}{znmrtela+1}\\,\\overrightarrow{ibhvysno rqkmabdu}\n\\]\n\nThis is equivalent to\n\\[\n\\overrightarrow{rqkmabdu txzleimc}=\\frac{2\\,znmrtela}{1+znmrtela}\\,\\overrightarrow{rqkmabdu ibhvysno}\n\\]\nand from this form the genesis of the problem is obvious.\nThe most familiar form of this result concerns circles in the plane. If two circles have different centers and different radii, they have two centers of similitude.\n\nWhen \\( znmrtela=1 \\), \\( goknrihp \\) and \\( nyqdajsu \\) are the same, \\( txzleimc \\) coincides with \\( ibhvysno \\), and the homothety about \\( txzleimc \\) becomes the central symmetry of \\( goknrihp \\).\n\nWhen \\( znmrtela=-1 \\), but \\( ibhvysno \\neq rqkmabdu \\), the homothety about another point degenerates into a translation (\" \\( txzleimc \\) is at infinity\") and the conclusion becomes: \\( nyqdajsu \\) is a translate of \\( goknrihp \\). This is because the product of two central symmetries with different centers is a translation. \\( goknrihp \\) is mapped onto itself by the central symmetry about \\( ibhvysno \\) and then onto \\( nyqdajsu \\) by the central symmetry about \\( rqkmabdu \\); the effect of the two mappings is to map \\( goknrihp \\) onto \\( nyqdajsu \\) by a translation."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Problem.\n\n(i)  Define three power series\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nU(x)&=2+\\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\\frac{x^{6}}{6!}+\\frac{x^{9}}{9!}+\\cdots,\\\\[4pt]\nV(x)&=\\frac{x}{1!}+\\frac{x^{4}}{4!}+\\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+\\frac{x^{10}}{10!}+\\cdots,\\\\[4pt]\nW(x)&=\\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\\frac{x^{5}}{5!}+\\frac{x^{8}}{8!}+\\frac{x^{11}}{11!}+\\cdots .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nShow that, for every real $x$, \n\\[\nU^{3}+V^{3}+W^{3}-3UVW = 8.\n\\]\n\n(ii)  Let $\\kappa>0$ be fixed and consider the two central conics\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nC:& \\ (\\alpha x^{2}+\\beta y^{2})+2(r x+s y)+d=0,\\\\\nD:& \\ (\\alpha x^{2}+\\beta y^{2})+2\\kappa(r x+s y)+\\kappa^{2}d=0,\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nwhere $\\alpha,\\beta\\,(\\neq0),\\,r,\\,s,\\,d$ are real constants.\n\n(a)  Show that multiplying every radius vector from the origin to $C$ by the factor $\\kappa$ sends $C$ onto $D$.\n\n(b)  Let\n\\[\nP\\Bigl(-\\,\\tfrac{2\\kappa}{1+\\kappa}\\,\\frac{r}{\\alpha},\\,-\\,\\tfrac{2\\kappa}{1+\\kappa}\\,\\frac{s}{\\beta}\\Bigr).\n\\]\nProve that if each radius vector from $P$ to $C$ is first multiplied by $\\kappa$ and then reversed (i.e. multiplied by $-1$), the resulting tips trace exactly the conic $D$.\n\n(c)  Discuss what happens in parts (a) and (b) when $\\kappa=1$.\n",
      "solution": "Corrected Solution.\n\nWe treat (i) by the standard “cube‐root‐of‐unity” factorization of A^3+B^3+C^3−3ABC and the three exponential series.\n\nLet ω = e^{2πi/3}, so 1+ω+ω^2=0 and ω^3=1.  One checks the algebraic identity\n\n  A^3 + B^3 + C^3 − 3ABC\n    = (A + B + C)\n      · (A + ωB + ω^2C)\n      · (A + ω^2B + ωC).\n\nNow define the three real power‐series\n\n  U(x) = 2 + x^3/3! + x^6/6! + ⋯,\n  V(x) = x/1! + x^4/4! + x^7/7! + ⋯,\n  W(x) = x^2/2! + x^5/5! + x^8/8! + ⋯.\n\nObserve that the full exponential series e^x = ∑_{n≥0} x^n/n! splits into three subseries by n mod 3.  A direct check shows\n\n  U(x) + V(x) + W(x)\n    = 2 + (e^x − 1)\n    = 1 + e^x,\n\n  U(x) + ωV(x) + ω^2W(x)\n    = 1 + e^{ωx},\n\n  U(x) + ω^2V(x) + ωW(x)\n    = 1 + e^{ω^2x}.\n\nHence by the cube‐factorization,\n\n  U^3 + V^3 + W^3 − 3UVW\n    = (U+V+W)\n      (U + ωV + ω^2W)\n      (U + ω^2V + ωW)\n    = (1 + e^x)\n      (1 + e^{ωx})\n      (1 + e^{ω^2x}).\n\nBut e^x·e^{ωx}·e^{ω^2x} = e^{(1+ω+ω^2)x} = e^0 = 1, and one easily checks (for instance by evaluating at x=0 and noting the derivative vanishes) that the product (1+e^x)(1+e^{ωx})(1+e^{ω^2x}) is the constant 8.  Therefore for all real x,\n\n  U(x)^3 + V(x)^3 + W(x)^3 − 3 U(x)V(x)W(x) = 8.\n\n(ii)  Write the two central conics as\n\n  C:  (α x^2 + β y^2) + 2(r x + s y) + d  = 0,\n  D:  (α x^2 + β y^2) + 2κ(r x + s y) + κ^2 d = 0.\n\n(a)  If (x₀,y₀) lies on C, set (x₁,y₁) = (κ x₀, κ y₀).  Then\n\n  G(x₁,y₁)\n    = α(κ x₀)^2 + β(κ y₀)^2\n      + 2κ[r(κ x₀) + s(κ y₀)] + κ^2 d\n    = κ^2[α x₀^2 + β y₀^2 + 2(r x₀ + s y₀) + d]\n    = κ^2·0 = 0,\n\nso (x₁,y₁) ∈ D.  Thus the homothety about the origin with ratio κ carries C onto D.\n\n(b)  Let\n\n  P = ( −2κr/[(1+κ)α],  −2κs/[(1+κ)β] ).\n\nFor any Q = (x₀,y₀) on C form the vector →PQ, multiply it by κ, then reverse it.  Equivalently,\n\n  (x₂,y₂)\n    = P − κ(Q − P)\n    = (1+κ)P − κQ\n    = ( −κ[x₀ + 2r/α],  −κ[y₀ + 2s/β] ).\n\nSubstituting into the equation of D gives\n\n  G(x₂,y₂)\n    = κ^2[α x₀^2 + β y₀^2 + 2(r x₀ + s y₀) + d]\n    = κ^2·0 = 0,\n\nso (x₂,y₂) ∈ D.  Reversibility shows this is a bijection C → D.\n\n(c)  If κ = 1 then D = C.  In (a) the map is the identity.  In (b) P = (−r/α, −s/β) is the center of C, and the transformation is the half‐turn about P, which indeed fixes C.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Establish the cyclic differential identities u' = w, v' = u, w' = v from the definitions of u, v, w.",
          "Form f = u^3 + v^3 + w^3 − 3uvw and show f' = 0 by substituting the above identities, hence f is constant.",
          "Evaluate at x = 0 to pin down the constant (f(0) = 1), giving f(x) ≡ 1.",
          "Observe that the homothety (x,y) → (λx, λy) sends every point of the first conic C to a point of the second conic D (and conversely) by direct substitution.",
          "Rewrite the second mapping as a homothety of ratio −λ about P; substituting its coordinate formulas again shows C ↔ D, completing the proof."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Homothety (scaling) factor between the two conics",
            "original": "λ (positive constant)"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Quadratic coefficients of x² and y² in the conic equations",
            "original": "a, b"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "Linear coefficients and constant term in the conic C",
            "original": "p, q, c"
          },
          "slot4": {
            "description": "Constant (x⁰) term in the power series for u, which fixes f(0)",
            "original": "1"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}