{
  "index": "1971-B-5",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "GEO"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "B-5. Show that the graphs in the \\( x-y \\) plane of all solutions of the system of differential equations\n\\[\nx^{\\prime \\prime}+y^{\\prime}+6 x=0, y^{\\prime \\prime}-x^{\\prime}+6 y=0 \\quad\\left({ }^{\\prime}=d / d t\\right)\n\\]\nwhich satisfy \\( x^{\\prime}(0)=y^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) are hypocycloids, and find the radius of the fixed circle and the two possible values of the radius of the rolling circle for each such solution. (A hypocycloid is the path described by a fixed point on the circumference of a circle which rolls on the inside of a given fixed circle.)",
  "solution": "B-5 We put \\( z=x+i y \\). Then both differential equations can be combined into one, namely\n\\[\nz^{\\prime \\prime}-i z^{\\prime}+6 z=0\n\\]\n\nThis is a standard linear equation of the second order with constant coefficients and has the general solution\n\\[\nz(t)=c_{1} e^{3 i t}+c_{2} e^{-2 i t}\n\\]\n\nThe initial conditions imply \\( z^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) or \\( 3 i c_{1}-2 i c_{2}=0 \\). We may set \\( c_{1}=2 A \\) and \\( c_{2}=3 A \\), where \\( A \\) is any complex number. The general solution of the given system is\n\\[\nz(t)=2 A e^{3 i t}+3 A e^{-2 i t}\n\\]\n\nIf \\( A=R e^{i \\alpha} \\), then a rotation of axes through the angle \\( \\alpha \\) produces\n\\[\nZ(t)=2 R e^{3 i t}+3 R e^{-2 i t}\n\\]\nor in rectangular form\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nX(t) & =2 R \\cos (3 t)+3 R \\cos (2 t) \\\\\nY(t) & =2 R \\sin (3 t)-3 R \\sin (2 t)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis is the standard form for a hypocycloid when the radius of the rolling circle is \\( 3 R \\) and the fixed circle is of radius \\( 5 R \\). On time reversal it becomes the standard equations of a hypocycloid with radius of the rolling circle of \\( 2 R \\) and the radius of the fixed circle of \\( 5 R \\).",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",
    "t",
    "X",
    "Y",
    "Z"
  ],
  "params": [
    "c_1",
    "c_2",
    "A",
    "R",
    "\\\\alpha"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "i",
    "e"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "abscissa",
        "y": "ordinate",
        "z": "complexz",
        "t": "timevar",
        "X": "rotabscissa",
        "Y": "rotordinate",
        "Z": "rotcomplex",
        "c_1": "coeffone",
        "c_2": "coefftwo",
        "A": "amplitude",
        "R": "radiusvar",
        "\\alpha": "phaseang"
      },
      "question": "B-5. Show that the graphs in the \\( abscissa-ordinate \\) plane of all solutions of the system of differential equations\n\\[\nabscissa^{\\prime \\prime}+ordinate^{\\prime}+6 abscissa=0,\\; ordinate^{\\prime \\prime}-abscissa^{\\prime}+6 ordinate=0 \\quad\\left({ }^{\\prime}=d / d timevar\\right)\n\\]\nwhich satisfy \\( abscissa^{\\prime}(0)=ordinate^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) are hypocycloids, and find the radius of the fixed circle and the two possible values of the radius of the rolling circle for each such solution. (A hypocycloid is the path described by a fixed point on the circumference of a circle which rolls on the inside of a given fixed circle.)",
      "solution": "B-5 We put \\( complexz=abscissa+i ordinate \\). Then both differential equations can be combined into one, namely\n\\[\ncomplexz^{\\prime \\prime}-i complexz^{\\prime}+6 complexz=0\n\\]\n\nThis is a standard linear equation of the second order with constant coefficients and has the general solution\n\\[\ncomplexz(timevar)=coeffone e^{3 i timevar}+coefftwo e^{-2 i timevar}\n\\]\n\nThe initial conditions imply \\( complexz^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) or \\( 3 i coeffone-2 i coefftwo=0 \\). We may set \\( coeffone=2 amplitude \\) and \\( coefftwo=3 amplitude \\), where \\( amplitude \\) is any complex number. The general solution of the given system is\n\\[\ncomplexz(timevar)=2 amplitude e^{3 i timevar}+3 amplitude e^{-2 i timevar}\n\\]\n\nIf \\( amplitude=radiusvar e^{i phaseang} \\), then a rotation of axes through the angle \\( phaseang \\) produces\n\\[\nrotcomplex(timevar)=2 radiusvar e^{3 i timevar}+3 radiusvar e^{-2 i timevar}\n\\]\nor in rectangular form\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nrotabscissa(timevar) & =2 radiusvar \\cos (3 timevar)+3 radiusvar \\cos (2 timevar) \\\\\nrotordinate(timevar) & =2 radiusvar \\sin (3 timevar)-3 radiusvar \\sin (2 timevar)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis is the standard form for a hypocycloid when the radius of the rolling circle is \\( 3 radiusvar \\) and the fixed circle is of radius \\( 5 radiusvar \\). On time reversal it becomes the standard equations of a hypocycloid with radius of the rolling circle of \\( 2 radiusvar \\) and the radius of the fixed circle of \\( 5 radiusvar \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "sandstone",
        "y": "limestone",
        "z": "cobaltite",
        "t": "timescale",
        "X": "hemisphere",
        "Y": "longitude",
        "Z": "latitude",
        "c_1": "waterfall",
        "c_2": "windshear",
        "A": "blueprint",
        "R": "capacity",
        "\\alpha": "curvature"
      },
      "question": "B-5. Show that the graphs in the \\( sandstone-limestone \\) plane of all solutions of the system of differential equations\n\\[\nsandstone^{\\prime \\prime}+limestone^{\\prime}+6 sandstone=0, limestone^{\\prime \\prime}-sandstone^{\\prime}+6 limestone=0 \\quad\\left({ }^{\\prime}=d / d timescale\\right)\n\\]\nwhich satisfy \\( sandstone^{\\prime}(0)=limestone^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) are hypocycloids, and find the radius of the fixed circle and the two possible values of the radius of the rolling circle for each such solution. (A hypocycloid is the path described by a fixed point on the circumference of a circle which rolls on the inside of a given fixed circle.)",
      "solution": "B-5 We put \\( cobaltite=sandstone+i limestone \\). Then both differential equations can be combined into one, namely\n\\[\ncobaltite^{\\prime \\prime}-i cobaltite^{\\prime}+6 cobaltite=0\n\\]\n\nThis is a standard linear equation of the second order with constant coefficients and has the general solution\n\\[\ncobaltite(timescale)=waterfall e^{3 i timescale}+windshear e^{-2 i timescale}\n\\]\n\nThe initial conditions imply \\( cobaltite^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) or \\( 3 i waterfall-2 i windshear=0 \\). We may set \\( waterfall=2 blueprint \\) and \\( windshear=3 blueprint \\), where \\( blueprint \\) is any complex number. The general solution of the given system is\n\\[\ncobaltite(timescale)=2 blueprint e^{3 i timescale}+3 blueprint e^{-2 i timescale}\n\\]\n\nIf \\( blueprint=capacity e^{i curvature} \\), then a rotation of axes through the angle \\( curvature \\) produces\n\\[\nlatitude(timescale)=2 capacity e^{3 i timescale}+3 capacity e^{-2 i timescale}\n\\]\nor in rectangular form\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nhemisphere(timescale) & =2 capacity \\cos (3 timescale)+3 capacity \\cos (2 timescale) \\\\\nlongitude(timescale) & =2 capacity \\sin (3 timescale)-3 capacity \\sin (2 timescale)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis is the standard form for a hypocycloid when the radius of the rolling circle is \\( 3 capacity \\) and the fixed circle is of radius \\( 5 capacity \\). On time reversal it becomes the standard equations of a hypocycloid with radius of the rolling circle of \\( 2 capacity \\) and the radius of the fixed circle of \\( 5 capacity \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "nonlocation",
        "y": "nonheight",
        "z": "realvalue",
        "t": "spacelength",
        "X": "diminution",
        "Y": "depthless",
        "Z": "flatvalue",
        "c_1": "varyfactor",
        "c_2": "steadyfactor",
        "A": "silenceval",
        "R": "flatline",
        "\\alpha": "curvature"
      },
      "question": "B-5. Show that the graphs in the \\( nonlocation-nonheight \\) plane of all solutions of the system of differential equations\n\\[\nnonlocation^{\\prime \\prime}+nonheight^{\\prime}+6 nonlocation=0, \\; nonheight^{\\prime \\prime}-nonlocation^{\\prime}+6 nonheight=0 \\quad\\left({ }^{\\prime}=d / d spacelength\\right)\n\\]\nwhich satisfy \\( nonlocation^{\\prime}(0)=nonheight^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) are hypocycloids, and find the radius of the fixed circle and the two possible values of the radius of the rolling circle for each such solution. (A hypocycloid is the path described by a fixed point on the circumference of a circle which rolls on the inside of a given fixed circle.)",
      "solution": "B-5 We put \\( realvalue=nonlocation+i\\,nonheight \\). Then both differential equations can be combined into one, namely\n\\[\nrealvalue^{\\prime \\prime}-i\\,realvalue^{\\prime}+6\\,realvalue=0\n\\]\n\nThis is a standard linear equation of the second order with constant coefficients and has the general solution\n\\[\nrealvalue(spacelength)=varyfactor e^{3 i spacelength}+steadyfactor e^{-2 i spacelength}\n\\]\n\nThe initial conditions imply \\( realvalue^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) or \\( 3 i\\,varyfactor-2 i\\,steadyfactor=0 \\). We may set \\( varyfactor=2\\,silenceval \\) and \\( steadyfactor=3\\,silenceval \\), where \\( silenceval \\) is any complex number. The general solution of the given system is\n\\[\nrealvalue(spacelength)=2\\,silenceval e^{3 i spacelength}+3\\,silenceval e^{-2 i spacelength}\n\\]\n\nIf \\( silenceval=flatline e^{i\\,curvature} \\), then a rotation of axes through the angle \\( curvature \\) produces\n\\[\nflatvalue(spacelength)=2\\,flatline e^{3 i spacelength}+3\\,flatline e^{-2 i spacelength}\n\\]\nor in rectangular form\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ndiminution(spacelength) & =2\\,flatline \\cos (3 spacelength)+3\\,flatline \\cos (2 spacelength) \\\\\ndepthless(spacelength) & =2\\,flatline \\sin (3 spacelength)-3\\,flatline \\sin (2 spacelength)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis is the standard form for a hypocycloid when the radius of the rolling circle is \\( 3\\,flatline \\) and the fixed circle is of radius \\( 5\\,flatline \\). On time reversal it becomes the standard equations of a hypocycloid with radius of the rolling circle of \\( 2\\,flatline \\) and the radius of the fixed circle of \\( 5\\,flatline \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "y": "hjgrksla",
        "z": "tsnlcwra",
        "t": "kpvhdoae",
        "X": "mbczriwq",
        "Y": "fqxnsadp",
        "Z": "vughmkjo",
        "c_1": "oayprlet",
        "c_2": "wqzndhxm",
        "A": "rldgvkpe",
        "R": "bmefjuwo",
        "\\alpha": "nwxhtgcy"
      },
      "question": "B-5. Show that the graphs in the \\( qzxwvtnp-hjgrksla \\) plane of all solutions of the system of differential equations\n\\[\nqzxwvtnp^{\\prime \\prime}+hjgrksla^{\\prime}+6 qzxwvtnp=0, hjgrksla^{\\prime \\prime}-qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}+6 hjgrksla=0 \\quad\\left({ }^{\\prime}=d / d kpvhdoae\\right)\n\\]\nwhich satisfy \\( qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}(0)=hjgrksla^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) are hypocycloids, and find the radius of the fixed circle and the two possible values of the radius of the rolling circle for each such solution. (A hypocycloid is the path described by a fixed point on the circumference of a circle which rolls on the inside of a given fixed circle.)",
      "solution": "B-5 We put \\( tsnlcwra = qzxwvtnp + i hjgrksla \\). Then both differential equations can be combined into one, namely\n\\[\ntsnlcwra^{\\prime \\prime}-i tsnlcwra^{\\prime}+6 tsnlcwra=0\n\\]\n\nThis is a standard linear equation of the second order with constant coefficients and has the general solution\n\\[\ntsnlcwra(kpvhdoae)=oayprlet e^{3 i kpvhdoae}+wqzndhxm e^{-2 i kpvhdoae}\n\\]\n\nThe initial conditions imply \\( tsnlcwra^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\) or \\( 3 i oayprlet-2 i wqzndhxm=0 \\). We may set \\( oayprlet=2 rldgvkpe \\) and \\( wqzndhxm=3 rldgvkpe \\), where \\( rldgvkpe \\) is any complex number. The general solution of the given system is\n\\[\ntsnlcwra(kpvhdoae)=2 rldgvkpe e^{3 i kpvhdoae}+3 rldgvkpe e^{-2 i kpvhdoae}\n\\]\n\nIf \\( rldgvkpe=bmefjuwo e^{i nwxhtgcy} \\), then a rotation of axes through the angle \\( nwxhtgcy \\) produces\n\\[\nvughmkjo(kpvhdoae)=2 bmefjuwo e^{3 i kpvhdoae}+3 bmefjuwo e^{-2 i kpvhdoae}\n\\]\nor in rectangular form\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nmbczriwq(kpvhdoae) & =2 bmefjuwo \\cos (3 kpvhdoae)+3 bmefjuwo \\cos (2 kpvhdoae) \\\\\nfqxnsadp(kpvhdoae) & =2 bmefjuwo \\sin (3 kpvhdoae)-3 bmefjuwo \\sin (2 kpvhdoae)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThis is the standard form for a hypocycloid when the radius of the rolling circle is \\( 3 bmefjuwo \\) and the fixed circle is of radius \\( 5 bmefjuwo \\). On time reversal it becomes the standard equations of a hypocycloid with radius of the rolling circle of \\( 2 bmefjuwo \\) and the radius of the fixed circle of \\( 5 bmefjuwo \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $p$ and $q$ be coprime positive integers with $p>q\\ge 1$.  \nLet $x(t),y(t)\\colon\\mathbb R\\to\\mathbb R$ be twice–differentiable functions that satisfy  \n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\nx''(t)+(p-q)\\,y'(t)+pq\\,x(t)=0,\\\\[2mm]\ny''(t)-(p-q)\\,x'(t)+pq\\,y(t)=0,\n\\end{cases}\\qquad t\\in\\mathbb R,\n\\]\ntogether with the zero–velocity condition  \n\\[\nx'(0)=y'(0)=0 .\n\\tag{$\\ast$}\n\\]\n\n(a)  Prove that every non–trivial solution parametrises a hypocycloid and that, after an appropriate rotation of the axes, the curve can be written  \n\\[\nX(\\theta)=qR\\cos\\theta+pR\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{q}{p}\\theta\\Bigr),\\qquad\nY(\\theta)=qR\\sin\\theta-pR\\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{q}{p}\\theta\\Bigr),\\qquad\\theta\\in\\mathbb R ,\n\\]\nfor a uniquely determined constant $R>0$ depending only on $(x(0),y(0))$.\n\n(b)  Deduce that the point moves as if attached to  \n– a circle of radius $r^{+}=pR$ (for increasing $t$) that rolls without slipping inside  \n– a fixed circle of radius $R_{\\!f}=(p+q)R$.  \nReversing time $(t\\mapsto -t)$ exchanges $r^{+}$ with $r^{-}=qR$.\n\n(c)  Show that every solution curve is closed, possesses $k=p+q$ cusps, and has fundamental period $2\\pi$ in the original time variable $t$.\n\n(d)  Compute the curvature $\\kappa(\\theta)$ along the regular parts of the curve and prove that the total \\emph{signed} curvature of one smooth arch equals  \n\\[\n\\int_{\\text{arch}}\\kappa\\,ds=\\frac{\\pi\\,(p-q)}{p+q}.\n\\]\n\n(e)  Prove that the total \\emph{signed} area enclosed by the hypocycloid is  \n\\[\nA_{\\mathrm{tot}}=-\\,\\pi\\,p\\,q\\,(p-q)\\,R^{2}.\n\\]\n(The minus sign reflects the clockwise orientation of the curve for $p>q$.)\n\n(f)  Conversely, prove that every hypocycloid with an integral number $k\\ge 3$ of cusps arises, up to a rigid motion of the plane, from a unique solution of the system subject to $(\\ast)$ corresponding to exactly one of the $\\varphi(k)/2$ unordered coprime decompositions $k=p+q$ with $p>q\\ge 1$.",
      "solution": "Throughout write  \n\\[\nz(t)=x(t)+\\mathrm i\\,y(t),\\qquad \n\\alpha:=\\frac{q}{p}\\in(0,1),\\qquad \nk:=p+q,\\qquad \na:=qR.\n\\]\n\nStep 1.  A single complex ODE  \nMultiplying the second differential equation by $\\mathrm i$ and adding to the first gives  \n\\[\nz''(t)-\\mathrm i(p-q)\\,z'(t)+pq\\,z(t)=0 .\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\nIts characteristic polynomial $\\lambda^{2}-\\mathrm i(p-q)\\lambda+pq=0$ has distinct purely imaginary roots  \n\\[\n\\lambda_{1}=\\mathrm i p,\\qquad \\lambda_{2}=-\\mathrm i q,\n\\]\nso every solution of (1) is  \n\\[\nz(t)=C\\,e^{\\mathrm i pt}+D\\,e^{-\\mathrm i q t},\\qquad C,D\\in\\mathbb C.\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\nStep 2.  Imposing the zero–velocity condition  \nCondition $(\\ast)$ becomes  \n\\[\nz'(0)=\\mathrm i p C-\\mathrm i q D=0\n\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad \n\\frac{C}{D}=\\frac{q}{p}.\n\\]\nWrite $C=qA,\\;D=pA$; then  \n\\[\nz(t)=A\\bigl[q\\,e^{\\mathrm i pt}+p\\,e^{-\\mathrm i q t}\\bigr].\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\nStep 3.  Removal of an arbitrary rotation; uniqueness of $R$  \nWrite $A=R\\,e^{\\mathrm i\\varphi}$ with $R>0$.  \nMultiplying $z$ by $e^{-\\mathrm i\\varphi}$ is a rigid rotation, so without loss of generality we may assume $A=R>0$.  \nIf two different constants $R_{1},R_{2}$ produced the same curve after some rigid motion, comparing $|z(0)|=|qR+pR|$ shows $R_{1}=R_{2}$.  \nThus $R$ is uniquely determined by $(x(0),y(0))$.\n\nSeparating real and imaginary parts of (3) we obtain  \n\\[\nx(t)=R\\bigl[q\\cos(pt)+p\\cos(qt)\\bigr],\\qquad \ny(t)=R\\bigl[q\\sin(pt)-p\\sin(qt)\\bigr].\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\nStep 4.  Re–parametrisation — identification of the hypocycloid (proves (a))  \nSet $\\theta:=pt$; then $qt=\\alpha\\theta$ and (4) becomes  \n\\[\nX(\\theta)=qR\\cos\\theta+pR\\cos(\\alpha\\theta),\\qquad\nY(\\theta)=qR\\sin\\theta-pR\\sin(\\alpha\\theta),\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\nthe classical parametrisation of a hypocycloid generated by a point on a circle of radius $r^{+}=pR$ rolling inside a fixed circle of radius  \n\\[\nR_{\\!f}=r^{+}+r^{-}=pR+qR=(p+q)R=kR .\n\\]\nThis establishes (a).\n\nStep 5.  Rolling radii and time reversal (proves (b))  \nReplacing $t$ by $-t$ in (3) yields  \n\\[\nz(-t)=R\\bigl[q\\,e^{-\\mathrm i pt}+p\\,e^{\\mathrm i q t}\\bigr]\n     =R\\,e^{\\mathrm i q t}\\bigl[q\\,e^{-\\mathrm i k t}+p\\bigr],\n\\]\nwhich coincides with (3) after exchanging $p$ and $q$.  Thus\n$r^{+}=pR$ and $r^{-}=qR$ are interchanged, while $R_{\\!f}$ is unchanged.  \n\nStep 6.  Periodicity, closure and the $k$ cusps (proves (c))\n\n(i)  Period in $t$.  \nBecause $\\theta=pt$, advancing $t$ by $2\\pi$ changes the angles in (5) by integer multiples of $2\\pi$, hence $(x(t),y(t))$ is $2\\pi$–periodic.\n\n(ii)  Vanishing of the velocity.  \nFrom (5),\n\\[\nX'(\\theta)=-a\\bigl(\\sin\\theta+\\sin\\alpha\\theta\\bigr),\\qquad\nY'(\\theta)=a\\bigl(\\cos\\theta-\\cos\\alpha\\theta\\bigr).\n\\]\nA straightforward computation gives  \n\\[\nX'(\\theta)^{2}+Y'(\\theta)^{2}=4a^{2}\\sin^{2}\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta\\Bigr).\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\nHence $X'(\\theta)=Y'(\\theta)=0$ iff  \n\\[\n\\theta_{m}:=\\frac{2\\pi p m}{k},\\qquad m\\in\\mathbb Z .\n\\]\nInside one period $0\\le t<2\\pi$ (i.e.\\; $0\\le\\theta<2\\pi p$) the integers\n$m=0,1,\\dots ,k-1$ give $k=p+q$ distinct points.\n\n(iii)  Non–vanishing acceleration at the cusps.  \nAt $\\theta=\\theta_{m}$ we have\n\\[\n\\bigl(X''(\\theta_{m}),Y''(\\theta_{m})\\bigr)\n     =-a\\bigl(\\cos\\theta_{m}+\\alpha\\cos\\alpha\\theta_{m},\\;\n               \\sin\\theta_{m}-\\alpha\\sin\\alpha\\theta_{m}\\bigr).\n\\]\nIf this vector were zero we would have simultaneously  \n$\\cos\\theta_{m}=-\\alpha\\cos\\alpha\\theta_{m}$ and  \n$\\sin\\theta_{m}=\\alpha\\sin\\alpha\\theta_{m}$, i.e.  \n\\[\ne^{\\mathrm i\\theta_{m}}=\\alpha\\,e^{\\mathrm i\\alpha\\theta_{m}}.\n\\]\nTaking absolute values yields $1=\\alpha<1$, impossible.  \nHence the acceleration never vanishes where the velocity does, so each of the $k$ points found above is a (sharp) cusp and the curve is closed.\n\nStep 7.  Curvature and total turning (proves (d))\n\n(i)  Speed.  From (6),\n\\[\n\\|{\\gamma}'(\\theta)\\|\n     =2a\\left|\\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta\\Bigr)\\right|.\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\n\n(ii)  Wronskian.  Differentiating once more,\n\\[\nX''=-a\\bigl(\\cos\\theta+\\alpha\\cos\\alpha\\theta\\bigr),\\qquad\nY''=-a\\bigl(\\sin\\theta-\\alpha\\sin\\alpha\\theta\\bigr),\n\\]\nso\n\\[\nX'Y''-Y'X''\n     =a^{2}(1-\\alpha)\\bigl[1-\\cos\\bigl(\\theta+\\alpha\\theta\\bigr)\\bigr]\n     =2a^{2}\\frac{p-q}{p}\\sin^{2}\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta\\Bigr).\n\\tag{8}\n\\]\n\n(iii)  Signed curvature.  Combining (7)–(8),\n\\[\n\\kappa(\\theta)\n     =\\frac{X'Y''-Y'X''}{\\|{\\gamma}'(\\theta)\\|^{3}}\n     =\\frac{p-q}{4pqR}\\,\\csc\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta\\Bigr).\n\\]\nHence $\\kappa$ has the sign of $\\csc(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta)$; in particular\n$\\kappa>0$ for $\\theta\\in(0,\\tfrac{2\\pi p}{k})$, while the curve is traced in the clockwise sense (confirmed in Step 8).\n\n(iv)  Turning angle on one arch.  \nUsing (8) and (6),\n\\[\n\\frac{d\\phi}{d\\theta}\n     =\\frac{X'Y''-Y'X''}{X'^{2}+Y'^{2}}\n     =\\frac{p-q}{2p},\n\\]\na \\emph{constant}.  \nDuring one smooth arch $\\theta$ increases by\n$\\Delta\\theta=\\tfrac{2\\pi p}{k}$, yielding\n\\[\n\\int_{\\text{arch}}\\kappa\\,ds\n      =\\int_{\\theta_{m}}^{\\theta_{m+1}}\\frac{d\\phi}{d\\theta}\\,d\\theta\n      =\\frac{p-q}{2p}\\,\\Delta\\theta\n      =\\frac{\\pi\\,(p-q)}{p+q},\n\\]\nas asserted.\n\nStep 8.  Signed area (proves (e))  \nWith $z(t)$ given by (3),\n\\[\n\\overline{z}\\,z'\n     =R^{2}\\bigl[q\\,e^{-\\mathrm i pt}+p\\,e^{\\mathrm i qt}\\bigr]\n            \\bigl[\\mathrm i p q\\bigl(e^{\\mathrm i pt}-e^{-\\mathrm i qt}\\bigr)\\bigr]\n     =\\mathrm i\\,R^{2}pq\n        \\Bigl[(q-p)+p\\,e^{\\mathrm i kt}-q\\,e^{-\\mathrm i kt}\\Bigr].\n\\]\nBecause $\\operatorname{Im}(\\mathrm iA)=\\operatorname{Re}(A)$ for every $A\\in\\mathbb C$,\n\\[\n\\operatorname{Im}\\bigl(\\overline{z}\\,z'\\bigr)\n     =R^{2}pq(p-q)\\bigl[\\cos(kt)-1\\bigr].\n\\]\nGreen’s theorem gives\n\\[\nA_{\\mathrm{tot}}\n     =\\frac12\\int_{0}^{2\\pi}\\operatorname{Im}\\bigl(\\overline{z}\\,z'\\bigr)\\,dt\n     =\\frac{R^{2}pq(p-q)}{2}\\int_{0}^{2\\pi}\\bigl[\\cos(kt)-1\\bigr]dt\n     =-\\pi\\,p\\,q\\,(p-q)\\,R^{2},\n\\]\nsince $\\int_{0}^{2\\pi}\\cos(kt)\\,dt=0$ and $\\int_{0}^{2\\pi}(-1)\\,dt=-2\\pi$.  \nThe negative sign is consistent with the clockwise orientation found above, proving (e).\n\nStep 9.  Converse statement and enumeration (proves (f))  \n\nLet a hypocycloid have $k\\ge 3$ cusps and rolling radius $r$, fixed radius $R_{\\!f}$.  \nWrite $k=p+q$ with $p>q$ and $\\gcd(p,q)=1$.  \nPut $R:=r/p$; then $r^{+}=pR,\\;r^{-}=qR$, and the standard hypocycloid parametrisation is exactly (5).  \nConversely, different \\emph{unordered} coprime decompositions $k=p+q$ produce curves that differ only by time re–parametrisation ($t\\mapsto\\pm t$) followed, if necessary, by a rigid rotation.  \nBecause unordered decompositions come in $\\varphi(k)/2$ pairs, there are precisely $\\varphi(k)/2$ distinct equivalence classes.  \nUniqueness of the solution for a given pair $(p,q)$ follows from Step 3, completing the proof of (f).\n\n\\hfill$\\square$",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.600885",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "• More variables: two arbitrary coprime integers p,q appear; all geometric data have to be expressed in their terms.  \n• Additional constraints: closure of the curve, number of cusps, periodicity and zero-velocity condition have to be analysed for general p,q.  \n• Deeper theory: the solution uses complex differential equations, eigenvalue analysis, re-parametrisation, and classical geometry of roulettes.  \n• Multiple interacting concepts: linear ODEs, rotations of the plane, hypocycloid geometry, curvature, area integrals, and number–theoretic coprimality all interplay.  \n• Substantially more work than the original: besides proving that every solution is a hypocycloid, one must compute curvature, exact area, period, cusp count, and give a converse uniqueness theorem, each for a one-parameter family of inequivalent curves."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $p$ and $q$ be coprime positive integers with $p>q\\ge 1$.  \nLet $x(t),y(t)\\colon\\mathbb R\\to\\mathbb R$ be twice–differentiable functions that satisfy  \n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\nx''(t)+(p-q)\\,y'(t)+pq\\,x(t)=0,\\\\[2mm]\ny''(t)-(p-q)\\,x'(t)+pq\\,y(t)=0,\n\\end{cases}\\qquad t\\in\\mathbb R,\n\\]\ntogether with the zero–velocity condition  \n\\[\nx'(0)=y'(0)=0 .\n\\tag{$\\ast$}\n\\]\n\n(a)  Prove that every non–trivial solution parametrises a hypocycloid and that, after an appropriate rotation of the axes, the curve can be written  \n\\[\nX(\\theta)=qR\\cos\\theta+pR\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{q}{p}\\theta\\Bigr),\\qquad\nY(\\theta)=qR\\sin\\theta-pR\\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{q}{p}\\theta\\Bigr),\\qquad\\theta\\in\\mathbb R ,\n\\]\nfor a uniquely determined constant $R>0$ depending only on $(x(0),y(0))$.\n\n(b)  Deduce that the point moves as if attached to  \n– a circle of radius $r^{+}=pR$ (for increasing $t$) that rolls without slipping inside  \n– a fixed circle of radius $R_{\\!f}=(p+q)R$.  \nReversing time $(t\\mapsto -t)$ exchanges $r^{+}$ with $r^{-}=qR$.\n\n(c)  Show that every solution curve is closed, possesses $k=p+q$ cusps, and has fundamental period $2\\pi$ in the original time variable $t$.\n\n(d)  Compute the curvature $\\kappa(\\theta)$ along the regular parts of the curve and prove that the total \\emph{signed} curvature of one smooth arch equals  \n\\[\n\\int_{\\text{arch}}\\kappa\\,ds=\\frac{\\pi\\,(p-q)}{p+q}.\n\\]\n\n(e)  Prove that the total \\emph{signed} area enclosed by the hypocycloid is  \n\\[\nA_{\\mathrm{tot}}=-\\,\\pi\\,p\\,q\\,(p-q)\\,R^{2}.\n\\]\n(The minus sign reflects the clockwise orientation of the curve for $p>q$.)\n\n(f)  Conversely, prove that every hypocycloid with an integral number $k\\ge 3$ of cusps arises, up to a rigid motion of the plane, from a unique solution of the system subject to $(\\ast)$ corresponding to exactly one of the $\\varphi(k)/2$ unordered coprime decompositions $k=p+q$ with $p>q\\ge 1$.",
      "solution": "Throughout write  \n\\[\nz(t)=x(t)+\\mathrm i\\,y(t),\\qquad \n\\alpha:=\\frac{q}{p}\\in(0,1),\\qquad \nk:=p+q,\\qquad \na:=qR.\n\\]\n\nStep 1.  A single complex ODE  \nMultiplying the second differential equation by $\\mathrm i$ and adding to the first gives  \n\\[\nz''(t)-\\mathrm i(p-q)\\,z'(t)+pq\\,z(t)=0 .\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\nIts characteristic polynomial $\\lambda^{2}-\\mathrm i(p-q)\\lambda+pq=0$ has distinct purely imaginary roots  \n\\[\n\\lambda_{1}=\\mathrm i p,\\qquad \\lambda_{2}=-\\mathrm i q,\n\\]\nso every solution of (1) is  \n\\[\nz(t)=C\\,e^{\\mathrm i pt}+D\\,e^{-\\mathrm i q t},\\qquad C,D\\in\\mathbb C.\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\nStep 2.  Imposing the zero–velocity condition  \nCondition $(\\ast)$ becomes  \n\\[\nz'(0)=\\mathrm i p C-\\mathrm i q D=0\n\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad \n\\frac{C}{D}=\\frac{q}{p}.\n\\]\nWrite $C=qA,\\;D=pA$; then  \n\\[\nz(t)=A\\bigl[q\\,e^{\\mathrm i pt}+p\\,e^{-\\mathrm i q t}\\bigr].\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\nStep 3.  Removal of an arbitrary rotation; uniqueness of $R$  \nWrite $A=R\\,e^{\\mathrm i\\varphi}$ with $R>0$.  \nMultiplying $z$ by $e^{-\\mathrm i\\varphi}$ is a rigid rotation, so without loss of generality we may assume $A=R>0$.  \nIf two different constants $R_{1},R_{2}$ produced the same curve after some rigid motion, comparing $|z(0)|=|qR+pR|$ shows $R_{1}=R_{2}$.  \nThus $R$ is uniquely determined by $(x(0),y(0))$.\n\nSeparating real and imaginary parts of (3) we obtain  \n\\[\nx(t)=R\\bigl[q\\cos(pt)+p\\cos(qt)\\bigr],\\qquad \ny(t)=R\\bigl[q\\sin(pt)-p\\sin(qt)\\bigr].\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\nStep 4.  Re–parametrisation — identification of the hypocycloid (proves (a))  \nSet $\\theta:=pt$; then $qt=\\alpha\\theta$ and (4) becomes  \n\\[\nX(\\theta)=qR\\cos\\theta+pR\\cos(\\alpha\\theta),\\qquad\nY(\\theta)=qR\\sin\\theta-pR\\sin(\\alpha\\theta),\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\nthe classical parametrisation of a hypocycloid generated by a point on a circle of radius $r^{+}=pR$ rolling inside a fixed circle of radius  \n\\[\nR_{\\!f}=r^{+}+r^{-}=pR+qR=(p+q)R=kR .\n\\]\nThis establishes (a).\n\nStep 5.  Rolling radii and time reversal (proves (b))  \nReplacing $t$ by $-t$ in (3) yields  \n\\[\nz(-t)=R\\bigl[q\\,e^{-\\mathrm i pt}+p\\,e^{\\mathrm i q t}\\bigr]\n     =R\\,e^{\\mathrm i q t}\\bigl[q\\,e^{-\\mathrm i k t}+p\\bigr],\n\\]\nwhich coincides with (3) after exchanging $p$ and $q$.  Thus\n$r^{+}=pR$ and $r^{-}=qR$ are interchanged, while $R_{\\!f}$ is unchanged.  \n\nStep 6.  Periodicity, closure and the $k$ cusps (proves (c))\n\n(i)  Period in $t$.  \nBecause $\\theta=pt$, advancing $t$ by $2\\pi$ changes the angles in (5) by integer multiples of $2\\pi$, hence $(x(t),y(t))$ is $2\\pi$–periodic.\n\n(ii)  Vanishing of the velocity.  \nFrom (5),\n\\[\nX'(\\theta)=-a\\bigl(\\sin\\theta+\\sin\\alpha\\theta\\bigr),\\qquad\nY'(\\theta)=a\\bigl(\\cos\\theta-\\cos\\alpha\\theta\\bigr).\n\\]\nA straightforward computation gives  \n\\[\nX'(\\theta)^{2}+Y'(\\theta)^{2}=4a^{2}\\sin^{2}\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta\\Bigr).\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\nHence $X'(\\theta)=Y'(\\theta)=0$ iff  \n\\[\n\\theta_{m}:=\\frac{2\\pi p m}{k},\\qquad m\\in\\mathbb Z .\n\\]\nInside one period $0\\le t<2\\pi$ (i.e.\\; $0\\le\\theta<2\\pi p$) the integers\n$m=0,1,\\dots ,k-1$ give $k=p+q$ distinct points.\n\n(iii)  Non–vanishing acceleration at the cusps.  \nAt $\\theta=\\theta_{m}$ we have\n\\[\n\\bigl(X''(\\theta_{m}),Y''(\\theta_{m})\\bigr)\n     =-a\\bigl(\\cos\\theta_{m}+\\alpha\\cos\\alpha\\theta_{m},\\;\n               \\sin\\theta_{m}-\\alpha\\sin\\alpha\\theta_{m}\\bigr).\n\\]\nIf this vector were zero we would have simultaneously  \n$\\cos\\theta_{m}=-\\alpha\\cos\\alpha\\theta_{m}$ and  \n$\\sin\\theta_{m}=\\alpha\\sin\\alpha\\theta_{m}$, i.e.  \n\\[\ne^{\\mathrm i\\theta_{m}}=\\alpha\\,e^{\\mathrm i\\alpha\\theta_{m}}.\n\\]\nTaking absolute values yields $1=\\alpha<1$, impossible.  \nHence the acceleration never vanishes where the velocity does, so each of the $k$ points found above is a (sharp) cusp and the curve is closed.\n\nStep 7.  Curvature and total turning (proves (d))\n\n(i)  Speed.  From (6),\n\\[\n\\|{\\gamma}'(\\theta)\\|\n     =2a\\left|\\sin\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta\\Bigr)\\right|.\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\n\n(ii)  Wronskian.  Differentiating once more,\n\\[\nX''=-a\\bigl(\\cos\\theta+\\alpha\\cos\\alpha\\theta\\bigr),\\qquad\nY''=-a\\bigl(\\sin\\theta-\\alpha\\sin\\alpha\\theta\\bigr),\n\\]\nso\n\\[\nX'Y''-Y'X''\n     =a^{2}(1-\\alpha)\\bigl[1-\\cos\\bigl(\\theta+\\alpha\\theta\\bigr)\\bigr]\n     =2a^{2}\\frac{p-q}{p}\\sin^{2}\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta\\Bigr).\n\\tag{8}\n\\]\n\n(iii)  Signed curvature.  Combining (7)–(8),\n\\[\n\\kappa(\\theta)\n     =\\frac{X'Y''-Y'X''}{\\|{\\gamma}'(\\theta)\\|^{3}}\n     =\\frac{p-q}{4pqR}\\,\\csc\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta\\Bigr).\n\\]\nHence $\\kappa$ has the sign of $\\csc(\\tfrac{k}{2p}\\theta)$; in particular\n$\\kappa>0$ for $\\theta\\in(0,\\tfrac{2\\pi p}{k})$, while the curve is traced in the clockwise sense (confirmed in Step 8).\n\n(iv)  Turning angle on one arch.  \nUsing (8) and (6),\n\\[\n\\frac{d\\phi}{d\\theta}\n     =\\frac{X'Y''-Y'X''}{X'^{2}+Y'^{2}}\n     =\\frac{p-q}{2p},\n\\]\na \\emph{constant}.  \nDuring one smooth arch $\\theta$ increases by\n$\\Delta\\theta=\\tfrac{2\\pi p}{k}$, yielding\n\\[\n\\int_{\\text{arch}}\\kappa\\,ds\n      =\\int_{\\theta_{m}}^{\\theta_{m+1}}\\frac{d\\phi}{d\\theta}\\,d\\theta\n      =\\frac{p-q}{2p}\\,\\Delta\\theta\n      =\\frac{\\pi\\,(p-q)}{p+q},\n\\]\nas asserted.\n\nStep 8.  Signed area (proves (e))  \nWith $z(t)$ given by (3),\n\\[\n\\overline{z}\\,z'\n     =R^{2}\\bigl[q\\,e^{-\\mathrm i pt}+p\\,e^{\\mathrm i qt}\\bigr]\n            \\bigl[\\mathrm i p q\\bigl(e^{\\mathrm i pt}-e^{-\\mathrm i qt}\\bigr)\\bigr]\n     =\\mathrm i\\,R^{2}pq\n        \\Bigl[(q-p)+p\\,e^{\\mathrm i kt}-q\\,e^{-\\mathrm i kt}\\Bigr].\n\\]\nBecause $\\operatorname{Im}(\\mathrm iA)=\\operatorname{Re}(A)$ for every $A\\in\\mathbb C$,\n\\[\n\\operatorname{Im}\\bigl(\\overline{z}\\,z'\\bigr)\n     =R^{2}pq(p-q)\\bigl[\\cos(kt)-1\\bigr].\n\\]\nGreen’s theorem gives\n\\[\nA_{\\mathrm{tot}}\n     =\\frac12\\int_{0}^{2\\pi}\\operatorname{Im}\\bigl(\\overline{z}\\,z'\\bigr)\\,dt\n     =\\frac{R^{2}pq(p-q)}{2}\\int_{0}^{2\\pi}\\bigl[\\cos(kt)-1\\bigr]dt\n     =-\\pi\\,p\\,q\\,(p-q)\\,R^{2},\n\\]\nsince $\\int_{0}^{2\\pi}\\cos(kt)\\,dt=0$ and $\\int_{0}^{2\\pi}(-1)\\,dt=-2\\pi$.  \nThe negative sign is consistent with the clockwise orientation found above, proving (e).\n\nStep 9.  Converse statement and enumeration (proves (f))  \n\nLet a hypocycloid have $k\\ge 3$ cusps and rolling radius $r$, fixed radius $R_{\\!f}$.  \nWrite $k=p+q$ with $p>q$ and $\\gcd(p,q)=1$.  \nPut $R:=r/p$; then $r^{+}=pR,\\;r^{-}=qR$, and the standard hypocycloid parametrisation is exactly (5).  \nConversely, different \\emph{unordered} coprime decompositions $k=p+q$ produce curves that differ only by time re–parametrisation ($t\\mapsto\\pm t$) followed, if necessary, by a rigid rotation.  \nBecause unordered decompositions come in $\\varphi(k)/2$ pairs, there are precisely $\\varphi(k)/2$ distinct equivalence classes.  \nUniqueness of the solution for a given pair $(p,q)$ follows from Step 3, completing the proof of (f).\n\n\\hfill$\\square$",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.480922",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "• More variables: two arbitrary coprime integers p,q appear; all geometric data have to be expressed in their terms.  \n• Additional constraints: closure of the curve, number of cusps, periodicity and zero-velocity condition have to be analysed for general p,q.  \n• Deeper theory: the solution uses complex differential equations, eigenvalue analysis, re-parametrisation, and classical geometry of roulettes.  \n• Multiple interacting concepts: linear ODEs, rotations of the plane, hypocycloid geometry, curvature, area integrals, and number–theoretic coprimality all interplay.  \n• Substantially more work than the original: besides proving that every solution is a hypocycloid, one must compute curvature, exact area, period, cusp count, and give a converse uniqueness theorem, each for a one-parameter family of inequivalent curves."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}