{
  "index": "1960-A-3",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 3. Show that if } t_{1}, t_{2}, t_{3}, t_{4}, t_{5} \\text { are real numbers, then }\\\\\n\\sum_{j=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{j}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{k=1}^{j} t_{k}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\end{array}",
  "solution": "Solution. We first show that\n\\[\n(1-s+a) e^{s} \\leq e^{a}\n\\]\nfor any choice of \\( s \\). The derivative of the function on the left with respect to \\( s \\) is\n\\[\n(a-s) e^{s}\n\\]\nwhich vanishes only for \\( s=a \\), and this critical point is easily seen to be a maximum point (since \\( \\lim _{s \\rightarrow-\\infty}(1-s+a) e^{s}=0 \\) and\n\\[\n\\left.\\lim _{s \\rightarrow+\\infty}(1-s+a) e^{s}=-\\infty\\right)\n\\]\n\nThe claimed inequality (1) follows.\nThen, taking \\( a=0, s=t_{5} \\) in (1), we have\n\\[\n\\left(1-t_{5}\\right) e^{t_{s}} \\leq e^{0}=1\n\\]\n\nMultiplying by the positive number \\( e^{t_{4}} \\) and adding \\( \\left(1-t_{4}\\right) e^{t_{4}} \\), we find\n\\[\n\\left(1-t_{4}\\right) e^{t_{4}}+\\left(1-t_{5}\\right) e^{t_{4}+t_{4}} \\leq\\left(1-t_{4}\\right) e^{t_{4}}+e^{t_{4}} \\leq e,\n\\]\nthe last step by (1) with \\( a=1 \\).\nWe continue this process.\n\\[\n\\left(1-t_{3}\\right) e^{t_{1}}+\\left(1-t_{4}\\right) e^{t_{1}+t_{4}}+\\left(1-t_{5}\\right) e^{t_{3}+t_{4}+t_{5}} \\leq\\left(1-t_{3}\\right) e^{t_{3}}+e \\cdot e^{t_{3}} \\leq e^{e}\n\\]\n\nSimilarly\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left(1-t_{2}\\right) e^{t_{2}}+\\left(1-t_{3}\\right) e^{t_{2}+t_{1}}+\\left(1-t_{4}\\right) e^{t_{1}+t_{1}+t_{4}} & +\\left(1-t_{5}\\right) e^{t_{2}+t_{1}+t_{4}+t_{4}} \\\\\n& \\leq\\left(1-t_{2}\\right) e^{t_{2}}+e^{e} e^{t_{2}} \\leq e^{e^{e}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand finally\n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{j}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{k=1}^{j} t_{k}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\]",
  "vars": [
    "t_1",
    "t_2",
    "t_3",
    "t_4",
    "t_5",
    "t_s",
    "j",
    "k",
    "s"
  ],
  "params": [
    "a"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "e"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "t_1": "firstvar",
        "t_2": "secondvar",
        "t_3": "thirdvar",
        "t_4": "fourthvar",
        "t_5": "fifthvar",
        "t_s": "specialvar",
        "j": "loopindex",
        "k": "inneridx",
        "s": "scalarv",
        "a": "boundconst"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 3. Show that if } firstvar, secondvar, thirdvar, fourthvar, fifthvar \\text { are real numbers, then }\\\\\n\\sum_{loopindex=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{loopindex}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{inneridx=1}^{loopindex} t_{inneridx}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "Solution. We first show that\n\\[\n(1-scalarv+boundconst) e^{scalarv} \\leq e^{boundconst}\n\\]\nfor any choice of \\( scalarv \\). The derivative of the function on the left with respect to \\( scalarv \\) is\n\\[\n(boundconst-scalarv) e^{scalarv}\n\\]\nwhich vanishes only for \\( scalarv=boundconst \\), and this critical point is easily seen to be a maximum point (since \\( \\lim _{scalarv \\rightarrow-\\infty}(1-scalarv+boundconst) e^{scalarv}=0 \\) and\n\\[\n\\left.\\lim _{scalarv \\rightarrow+\\infty}(1-scalarv+boundconst) e^{scalarv}=-\\infty\\right)\n\\]\n\nThe claimed inequality (1) follows.\nThen, taking \\( boundconst=0, scalarv=fifthvar \\) in (1), we have\n\\[\n\\left(1-fifthvar\\right) e^{specialvar} \\leq e^{0}=1\n\\]\n\nMultiplying by the positive number \\( e^{fourthvar} \\) and adding \\( \\left(1-fourthvar\\right) e^{fourthvar} \\), we find\n\\[\n\\left(1-fourthvar\\right) e^{fourthvar}+\\left(1-fifthvar\\right) e^{fourthvar+fourthvar} \\leq\\left(1-fourthvar\\right) e^{fourthvar}+e^{fourthvar} \\leq e,\n\\]\nthe last step by (1) with \\( boundconst=1 \\).\nWe continue this process.\n\\[\n\\left(1-thirdvar\\right) e^{firstvar}+\\left(1-fourthvar\\right) e^{firstvar+fourthvar}+\\left(1-fifthvar\\right) e^{thirdvar+fourthvar+fifthvar} \\leq\\left(1-thirdvar\\right) e^{thirdvar}+e \\cdot e^{thirdvar} \\leq e^{e}\n\\]\n\nSimilarly\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left(1-secondvar\\right) e^{secondvar}+\\left(1-thirdvar\\right) e^{secondvar+firstvar}+\\left(1-fourthvar\\right) e^{firstvar+firstvar+fourthvar} & +\\left(1-fifthvar\\right) e^{secondvar+firstvar+fourthvar+fourthvar} \\\\\n& \\leq\\left(1-secondvar\\right) e^{secondvar}+e^{e} e^{secondvar} \\leq e^{e^{e}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand finally\n\\[\n\\sum_{loopindex=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{loopindex}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{inneridx=1}^{loopindex} t_{inneridx}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\]"
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "t_1": "sunflower",
        "t_2": "raincloud",
        "t_3": "gemstone",
        "t_4": "parchment",
        "t_5": "lantern",
        "t_s": "acornleaf",
        "j": "carousel",
        "k": "driftwood",
        "s": "butterfly",
        "a": "paintbrush"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 3. Show that if } sunflower, raincloud, gemstone, parchment, lantern \\text { are real numbers, then }\\\\\n\\sum_{carousel=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{carousel}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{driftwood=1}^{carousel} t_{driftwood}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "Solution. We first show that\n\\[\n(1-butterfly+paintbrush) e^{butterfly} \\leq e^{paintbrush}\n\\]\nfor any choice of \\( butterfly \\). The derivative of the function on the left with respect to \\( butterfly \\) is\n\\[\n(paintbrush-butterfly) e^{butterfly}\n\\]\nwhich vanishes only for \\( butterfly=paintbrush \\), and this critical point is easily seen to be a maximum point (since \\( \\lim _{butterfly \\rightarrow-\\infty}(1-butterfly+paintbrush) e^{butterfly}=0 \\) and\n\\[\n\\left.\\lim _{butterfly \\rightarrow+\\infty}(1-butterfly+paintbrush) e^{butterfly}=-\\infty\\right)\n\\]\n\nThe claimed inequality (1) follows.\nThen, taking \\( paintbrush=0, butterfly=lantern \\) in (1), we have\n\\[\n\\left(1-lantern\\right) e^{acornleaf} \\leq e^{0}=1\n\\]\n\nMultiplying by the positive number \\( e^{parchment} \\) and adding \\( \\left(1-parchment\\right) e^{parchment} \\), we find\n\\[\n\\left(1-parchment\\right) e^{parchment}+\\left(1-lantern\\right) e^{parchment+parchment} \\leq\\left(1-parchment\\right) e^{parchment}+e^{parchment} \\leq e,\n\\]\nthe last step by (1) with \\( paintbrush=1 \\).\nWe continue this process.\n\\[\n\\left(1-gemstone\\right) e^{sunflower}+\\left(1-parchment\\right) e^{sunflower+parchment}+\\left(1-lantern\\right) e^{gemstone+parchment+lantern} \\leq\\left(1-gemstone\\right) e^{gemstone}+e \\cdot e^{gemstone} \\leq e^{e}\n\\]\n\nSimilarly\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left(1-raincloud\\right) e^{raincloud}+\\left(1-gemstone\\right) e^{raincloud+sunflower}+\\left(1-parchment\\right) e^{sunflower+sunflower+parchment} & +\\left(1-lantern\\right) e^{raincloud+sunflower+parchment+parchment} \\\\\n& \\leq\\left(1-raincloud\\right) e^{raincloud}+e^{e} e^{raincloud} \\leq e^{e^{e}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand finally\n\\[\n\\sum_{carousel=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{carousel}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{driftwood=1}^{carousel} t_{driftwood}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\]"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "t_1": "fixedvalueone",
        "t_2": "fixedvaluetwo",
        "t_3": "fixedvaluethree",
        "t_4": "fixedvaluefour",
        "t_5": "fixedvaluefive",
        "t_s": "fixedvaluesubs",
        "j": "staticcounter",
        "k": "steadyticker",
        "s": "stillstate",
        "a": "variablevalue"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 3. Show that if } fixedvalueone, fixedvaluetwo, fixedvaluethree, fixedvaluefour, fixedvaluefive \\text { are real numbers, then }\\\\\n\\sum_{staticcounter=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{staticcounter}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{steadyticker=1}^{staticcounter} t_{steadyticker}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "Solution. We first show that\n\\[\n(1-stillstate+variablevalue) e^{stillstate} \\leq e^{variablevalue}\n\\]\nfor any choice of \\( stillstate \\). The derivative of the function on the left with respect to \\( stillstate \\) is\n\\[\n(variablevalue-stillstate) e^{stillstate}\n\\]\nwhich vanishes only for \\( stillstate=variablevalue \\), and this critical point is easily seen to be a maximum point (since \\( \\lim _{stillstate \\rightarrow-\\infty}(1-stillstate+variablevalue) e^{stillstate}=0 \\) and\n\\[\n\\left.\\lim _{stillstate \\rightarrow+\\infty}(1-stillstate+variablevalue) e^{stillstate}=-\\infty\\right)\n\\]\n\nThe claimed inequality (1) follows.\nThen, taking \\( variablevalue=0, stillstate=fixedvaluefive \\) in (1), we have\n\\[\n\\left(1-fixedvaluefive\\right) e^{fixedvaluesubs} \\leq e^{0}=1\n\\]\n\nMultiplying by the positive number \\( e^{fixedvaluefour} \\) and adding \\( \\left(1-fixedvaluefour\\right) e^{fixedvaluefour} \\), we find\n\\[\n\\left(1-fixedvaluefour\\right) e^{fixedvaluefour}+\\left(1-fixedvaluefive\\right) e^{fixedvaluefour+fixedvaluefour} \\leq\\left(1-fixedvaluefour\\right) e^{fixedvaluefour}+e^{fixedvaluefour} \\leq e,\n\\]\nthe last step by (1) with \\( variablevalue=1 \\).\nWe continue this process.\n\\[\n\\left(1-fixedvaluethree\\right) e^{fixedvalueone}+\\left(1-fixedvaluefour\\right) e^{fixedvalueone+fixedvaluefour}+\\left(1-fixedvaluefive\\right) e^{fixedvaluethree+fixedvaluefour+fixedvaluefive} \\leq\\left(1-fixedvaluethree\\right) e^{fixedvaluethree}+e \\cdot e^{fixedvaluethree} \\leq e^{e}\n\\]\n\nSimilarly\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left(1-fixedvaluetwo\\right) e^{fixedvaluetwo}+\\left(1-fixedvaluethree\\right) e^{fixedvaluetwo+fixedvalueone}+\\left(1-fixedvaluefour\\right) e^{fixedvalueone+fixedvalueone+fixedvaluefour} & +\\left(1-fixedvaluefive\\right) e^{fixedvaluetwo+fixedvalueone+fixedvaluefour+fixedvaluefour} \\\\\n& \\leq\\left(1-fixedvaluetwo\\right) e^{fixedvaluetwo}+e^{e} e^{fixedvaluetwo} \\leq e^{e^{e}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand finally\n\\[\n\\sum_{staticcounter=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{staticcounter}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{steadyticker=1}^{staticcounter} t_{steadyticker}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\]"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "t_1": "mzqpldne",
        "t_2": "rtxsfeao",
        "t_3": "vybkzilo",
        "t_4": "hwcugpmn",
        "t_5": "qsejlrab",
        "t_s": "lofdrtgh",
        "j": "nbwczmqa",
        "k": "xvdreliu",
        "s": "pofnzaky",
        "a": "ujqsrkne"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 3. Show that if } mzqpldne, rtxsfeao, vybkzilo, hwcugpmn, qsejlrab \\text { are real numbers, then }\\\\\n\\sum_{nbwczmqa=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{nbwczmqa}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{xvdreliu=1}^{nbwczmqa} t_{xvdreliu}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "Solution. We first show that\n\\[\n(1-pofnzaky+ujqsrkne) e^{pofnzaky} \\leq e^{ujqsrkne}\n\\]\nfor any choice of \\( pofnzaky \\). The derivative of the function on the left with respect to \\( pofnzaky \\) is\n\\[\n(ujqsrkne-pofnzaky) e^{pofnzaky}\n\\]\nwhich vanishes only for \\( pofnzaky=ujqsrkne \\), and this critical point is easily seen to be a maximum point (since \\( \\lim _{pofnzaky \\rightarrow-\\infty}(1-pofnzaky+ujqsrkne) e^{pofnzaky}=0 \\) and\n\\[\n\\left.\\lim _{pofnzaky \\rightarrow+\\infty}(1-pofnzaky+ujqsrkne) e^{pofnzaky}=-\\infty\\right)\n\\]\n\nThe claimed inequality (1) follows.\nThen, taking \\( ujqsrkne=0, pofnzaky=qsejlrab \\) in (1), we have\n\\[\n\\left(1-qsejlrab\\right) e^{lofdrtgh} \\leq e^{0}=1\n\\]\n\nMultiplying by the positive number \\( e^{hwcugpmn} \\) and adding \\( \\left(1-hwcugpmn\\right) e^{hwcugpmn} \\), we find\n\\[\n\\left(1-hwcugpmn\\right) e^{hwcugpmn}+\\left(1-qsejlrab\\right) e^{hwcugpmn+hwcugpmn} \\leq\\left(1-hwcugpmn\\right) e^{hwcugpmn}+e^{hwcugpmn} \\leq e,\n\\]\nthe last step by (1) with \\( ujqsrkne=1 \\).\nWe continue this process.\n\\[\n\\left(1-vybkzilo\\right) e^{mzqpldne}+\\left(1-hwcugpmn\\right) e^{mzqpldne+hwcugpmn}+\\left(1-qsejlrab\\right) e^{vybkzilo+hwcugpmn+qsejlrab} \\leq\\left(1-vybkzilo\\right) e^{vybkzilo}+e \\cdot e^{vybkzilo} \\leq e^{e}\n\\]\n\nSimilarly\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left(1-rtxsfeao\\right) e^{rtxsfeao}+\\left(1-vybkzilo\\right) e^{rtxsfeao+mzqpldne}+\\left(1-hwcugpmn\\right) e^{mzqpldne+mzqpldne+hwcugpmn} & +\\left(1-qsejlrab\\right) e^{rtxsfeao+mzqpldne+hwcugpmn+hwcugpmn} \\\\\n& \\leq\\left(1-rtxsfeao\\right) e^{rtxsfeao}+e^{e} e^{rtxsfeao} \\leq e^{e^{e}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand finally\n\\[\n\\sum_{nbwczmqa=1}^{5}\\left(1-t_{nbwczmqa}\\right) \\exp \\left(\\sum_{xvdreliu=1}^{nbwczmqa} t_{xvdreliu}\\right) \\leq e^{e^{e^{e}}}\n\\]"
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $m\\ge 1$ be an integer and consider a pairwise–commuting family of Hermitian matrices  \n\\[\n-I\\;\\preceq\\;A_{1},A_{2},\\dots ,A_{m}\\;\\preceq\\;I,\n\\qquad \nA_{j}\\in\\mathbb{C}^{\\,n\\times n},\\qquad \nA_{j}A_{k}=A_{k}A_{j}\\ \\ (\\forall\\,j,k).\n\\]\nDefine the partial sums  \n\\[\nS_{0}:=0,\n\\qquad \nS_{j}:=\\sum_{k=1}^{j}A_{k}\\quad (j=1,\\dots ,m).\n\\]\n\n(a)  Show the operator (Loewner–order) inequality  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})\\,e^{S_{j}}\n\\;\\preceq\\;\n\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,I\n\\;}\n\\tag{$\\star$}\n\\]\n\n(b)  Deduce the dimension–dependent trace estimate  \n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}\\operatorname{Tr}\\!\\bigl[(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\\bigr]\n\\;\\le\\;\nn\\,\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}.\n\\]\n\n(c)  (Quantitative optimality.)  \nProve that no universal constant $c<2(e-1)/e^{2}$ can replace the right–hand side in $(\\star)$: precisely, for every such $c$ and every $m\\ge 2$ there exist $n$ and a commuting family $(A_{1},\\dots ,A_{m})$ with spectrum contained in $[-1,1]$ such that  \n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\\;\\npreceq\\;\nc\\,\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,I.\n\\]\nHence the factor $\\dfrac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}$ is optimal up to the absolute multiplicative constant  \n\\[\nc_{\\!*}\\;=\\;\\frac{2(e-1)}{e^{2}}\\;\\approx\\;0.465.\n\\]\n\n\\vspace{1ex}",
      "solution": "We freely use the continuous functional calculus; because the $A_{j}$ commute, every $S_{j}$ commutes with every $A_{k}$.\n\n\\textbf{Step 1.  A sharp scalar inequality and its matrix lift.}  \nDefine $g:[-1,1]\\to\\mathbb{R}$ by $g(s)=(1-s)e^{s}$.  Then\n\\[\ng'(s)=-s\\,e^{s},\\qquad g'(s)=0\\iff s=0,\\qquad \ng''(0)=-(1+0)e^{0}=-1<0,\n\\]\nso $g$ attains its maximum value $1$ at $s=0$.  Hence\n\\[\n(1-s)e^{s}\\;\\le\\;1\\qquad (-1\\le s\\le 1).\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\nIf $-I\\preceq A\\preceq I$, the spectrum of $A$ is contained in $[-1,1]$; applying (1) pointwise yields\n\\[\n(I-A)e^{A}\\;\\preceq\\;I.\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 2.  A one–step comparison.}  \nFix $j\\in\\{1,\\dots ,m\\}$ and abbreviate $H:=S_{j-1}$, $K:=A_{j}$.  Because $H$ and $K$ commute,\n\\[\ne^{S_{j}}=e^{H+K}=e^{H}e^{K}.\n\\]\nMultiplying (2) on the left by the positive operator $e^{H}$ and using commutativity,\n\\[\n(I-K)e^{S_{j}}=e^{H}(I-K)e^{K}\\;\\preceq\\;e^{H},\n\\]\nwhence\n\\[\n(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\\;\\preceq\\;e^{S_{j-1}}\\quad (j=1,\\dots ,m).\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 3.  Bounding $e^{S_{j-1}}$.}  \nBecause $-I\\preceq A_{k}\\preceq I$ we have $-(j-1)I\\preceq S_{j-1}\\preceq (j-1)I$, and the exponential is operator–monotone, yielding\n\\[\ne^{S_{j-1}}\\;\\preceq\\;e^{\\,j-1}\\,I\\qquad (j=0,1,\\dots ,m).\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 4.  Proof of $(\\star)$.}  \nSumming (3) over $j$ and applying (4),\n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\n\\;\\preceq\\;\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}e^{S_{j-1}}\n\\;\\preceq\\;\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}e^{\\,j-1}\\,I\n=\n\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,I,\n\\]\nestablishing $(\\star)$.\n\n\\textbf{Step 5.  Trace inequality.}  \nTaking the trace in $(\\star)$ and recalling $\\operatorname{Tr}I=n$ gives part (b):\n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}\\operatorname{Tr}\\!\\bigl[(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\\bigr]\n\\;\\le\\;\nn\\,\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 6.  Quantitative optimality.}  \nLet $m\\ge 2$ and set\n\\[\nA_{1}=\\dots =A_{m-1}=I,\\qquad A_{m}=-I.\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\nAll $A_{j}$ commute and satisfy $-I\\preceq A_{j}\\preceq I$.  Compute\n\\[\nS_{0}=0,\\;\nS_{1}=I,\\;\n\\dots,\\;\nS_{m-1}=(m-1)I,\\;\nS_{m}=(m-2)I.\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\n(I-A_{k})e^{S_{k}}=\n\\begin{cases}\n0 & (k=1,\\dots ,m-1),\\\\[4pt]\n2\\,e^{\\,m-2}\\,I & (k=m),\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\nso\n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}=2e^{\\,m-2}\\,I.\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\nNow compare (6) to the right–hand side of $(\\star)$:\n\\[\n\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\n=\ne^{\\,m-2}\\,\\frac{e^{2}}{e-1}\\,(1-e^{-m}),\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\n2e^{\\,m-2}\\,I\n=\n\\frac{2(e-1)}{e^{2}}\\,\n\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,\n\\frac{1}{1-e^{-m}}\\;I.\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\nBecause $m\\ge 2$ implies $1-e^{-m}\\ge 1-e^{-2}>0.86$, (7) yields\n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\n\\;\\npreceq\\;\nc\\,\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,I\n\\quad\\text{for every }c<\\frac{2(e-1)}{e^{2}}.\n\\]\nThus no constant smaller than \n\\[\nc_{\\!*}=\\frac{2(e-1)}{e^{2}}\\approx 0.465\n\\]\ncan replace the factor $(e^{m}-1)/(e-1)$ in $(\\star)$, proving part (c).\n\n\\hfill$\\square$\n\n\\vspace{1ex}",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.518304",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher dimension / more variables  \n   • We replaced seven real numbers by six arbitrary n × n Hermitian matrices, yielding infinitely many (matrix-valued) variables.  \n2. Additional constraints  \n   • The matrices are only required to be Loewner-bounded between −I and I; they may be non-commuting.  \n3. Sophisticated structures  \n   • The proof uses operator inequalities, the Loewner order, functional calculus, and the Golden–Thompson trace inequality, none of which appear in the original problem.  \n4. Deeper theory  \n   • One must understand how scalar inequalities lift to matrix inequalities, how trace monotonicity works, and how to control exponentials of sums of non-commuting matrices.  \n5. Multiple interacting concepts  \n   • Scalar calculus, order-preserving functional calculus, trace ideals, and iterative bounding all interplay.  \n\nThese features make the enhanced variant substantially harder than both the original and the previous kernel version, which deal only with real scalars and simple calculus."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $m\\ge 1$ be an integer and consider a pairwise–commuting family of Hermitian matrices  \n\\[\n-I\\;\\preceq\\;A_{1},A_{2},\\dots ,A_{m}\\;\\preceq\\;I,\n\\qquad \nA_{j}\\in\\mathbb{C}^{\\,n\\times n},\\qquad \nA_{j}A_{k}=A_{k}A_{j}\\ \\ (\\forall\\,j,k).\n\\]\nDefine the partial sums  \n\\[\nS_{0}:=0,\n\\qquad \nS_{j}:=\\sum_{k=1}^{j}A_{k}\\quad (j=1,\\dots ,m).\n\\]\n\n(a)  Show the operator (Loewner–order) inequality  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})\\,e^{S_{j}}\n\\;\\preceq\\;\n\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,I\n\\;}\n\\tag{$\\star$}\n\\]\n\n(b)  Deduce the dimension–dependent trace estimate  \n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}\\operatorname{Tr}\\!\\bigl[(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\\bigr]\n\\;\\le\\;\nn\\,\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}.\n\\]\n\n(c)  (Quantitative optimality.)  \nProve that no universal constant $c<2(e-1)/e^{2}$ can replace the right–hand side in $(\\star)$: precisely, for every such $c$ and every $m\\ge 2$ there exist $n$ and a commuting family $(A_{1},\\dots ,A_{m})$ with spectrum contained in $[-1,1]$ such that  \n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\\;\\npreceq\\;\nc\\,\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,I.\n\\]\nHence the factor $\\dfrac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}$ is optimal up to the absolute multiplicative constant  \n\\[\nc_{\\!*}\\;=\\;\\frac{2(e-1)}{e^{2}}\\;\\approx\\;0.465.\n\\]\n\n\\vspace{1ex}",
      "solution": "We freely use the continuous functional calculus; because the $A_{j}$ commute, every $S_{j}$ commutes with every $A_{k}$.\n\n\\textbf{Step 1.  A sharp scalar inequality and its matrix lift.}  \nDefine $g:[-1,1]\\to\\mathbb{R}$ by $g(s)=(1-s)e^{s}$.  Then\n\\[\ng'(s)=-s\\,e^{s},\\qquad g'(s)=0\\iff s=0,\\qquad \ng''(0)=-(1+0)e^{0}=-1<0,\n\\]\nso $g$ attains its maximum value $1$ at $s=0$.  Hence\n\\[\n(1-s)e^{s}\\;\\le\\;1\\qquad (-1\\le s\\le 1).\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\nIf $-I\\preceq A\\preceq I$, the spectrum of $A$ is contained in $[-1,1]$; applying (1) pointwise yields\n\\[\n(I-A)e^{A}\\;\\preceq\\;I.\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 2.  A one–step comparison.}  \nFix $j\\in\\{1,\\dots ,m\\}$ and abbreviate $H:=S_{j-1}$, $K:=A_{j}$.  Because $H$ and $K$ commute,\n\\[\ne^{S_{j}}=e^{H+K}=e^{H}e^{K}.\n\\]\nMultiplying (2) on the left by the positive operator $e^{H}$ and using commutativity,\n\\[\n(I-K)e^{S_{j}}=e^{H}(I-K)e^{K}\\;\\preceq\\;e^{H},\n\\]\nwhence\n\\[\n(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\\;\\preceq\\;e^{S_{j-1}}\\quad (j=1,\\dots ,m).\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 3.  Bounding $e^{S_{j-1}}$.}  \nBecause $-I\\preceq A_{k}\\preceq I$ we have $-(j-1)I\\preceq S_{j-1}\\preceq (j-1)I$, and the exponential is operator–monotone, yielding\n\\[\ne^{S_{j-1}}\\;\\preceq\\;e^{\\,j-1}\\,I\\qquad (j=0,1,\\dots ,m).\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 4.  Proof of $(\\star)$.}  \nSumming (3) over $j$ and applying (4),\n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\n\\;\\preceq\\;\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}e^{S_{j-1}}\n\\;\\preceq\\;\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}e^{\\,j-1}\\,I\n=\n\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,I,\n\\]\nestablishing $(\\star)$.\n\n\\textbf{Step 5.  Trace inequality.}  \nTaking the trace in $(\\star)$ and recalling $\\operatorname{Tr}I=n$ gives part (b):\n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}\\operatorname{Tr}\\!\\bigl[(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\\bigr]\n\\;\\le\\;\nn\\,\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 6.  Quantitative optimality.}  \nLet $m\\ge 2$ and set\n\\[\nA_{1}=\\dots =A_{m-1}=I,\\qquad A_{m}=-I.\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\nAll $A_{j}$ commute and satisfy $-I\\preceq A_{j}\\preceq I$.  Compute\n\\[\nS_{0}=0,\\;\nS_{1}=I,\\;\n\\dots,\\;\nS_{m-1}=(m-1)I,\\;\nS_{m}=(m-2)I.\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\n(I-A_{k})e^{S_{k}}=\n\\begin{cases}\n0 & (k=1,\\dots ,m-1),\\\\[4pt]\n2\\,e^{\\,m-2}\\,I & (k=m),\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\nso\n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}=2e^{\\,m-2}\\,I.\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\nNow compare (6) to the right–hand side of $(\\star)$:\n\\[\n\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\n=\ne^{\\,m-2}\\,\\frac{e^{2}}{e-1}\\,(1-e^{-m}),\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\n2e^{\\,m-2}\\,I\n=\n\\frac{2(e-1)}{e^{2}}\\,\n\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,\n\\frac{1}{1-e^{-m}}\\;I.\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\nBecause $m\\ge 2$ implies $1-e^{-m}\\ge 1-e^{-2}>0.86$, (7) yields\n\\[\n\\sum_{j=1}^{m}(I-A_{j})e^{S_{j}}\n\\;\\npreceq\\;\nc\\,\\frac{e^{m}-1}{e-1}\\,I\n\\quad\\text{for every }c<\\frac{2(e-1)}{e^{2}}.\n\\]\nThus no constant smaller than \n\\[\nc_{\\!*}=\\frac{2(e-1)}{e^{2}}\\approx 0.465\n\\]\ncan replace the factor $(e^{m}-1)/(e-1)$ in $(\\star)$, proving part (c).\n\n\\hfill$\\square$\n\n\\vspace{1ex}",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.433827",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher dimension / more variables  \n   • We replaced seven real numbers by six arbitrary n × n Hermitian matrices, yielding infinitely many (matrix-valued) variables.  \n2. Additional constraints  \n   • The matrices are only required to be Loewner-bounded between −I and I; they may be non-commuting.  \n3. Sophisticated structures  \n   • The proof uses operator inequalities, the Loewner order, functional calculus, and the Golden–Thompson trace inequality, none of which appear in the original problem.  \n4. Deeper theory  \n   • One must understand how scalar inequalities lift to matrix inequalities, how trace monotonicity works, and how to control exponentials of sums of non-commuting matrices.  \n5. Multiple interacting concepts  \n   • Scalar calculus, order-preserving functional calculus, trace ideals, and iterative bounding all interplay.  \n\nThese features make the enhanced variant substantially harder than both the original and the previous kernel version, which deal only with real scalars and simple calculus."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}