{
  "index": "1948-A-5",
  "type": "NT",
  "tag": [
    "NT",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 5. If } x_{1}, \\ldots, x_{n} \\text { denote the } n \\text {th roots of unity, evaluate }\\\\\n\\pi\\left(x_{i}-x_{j}\\right)^{2} \\quad(i<j)\n\\end{array}",
  "solution": "First Solution. Since\n\\[\nt^{n}-1=\\left(t-x_{1}\\right)\\left(t-x_{2}\\right) \\cdots\\left(t-x_{n}\\right)\n\\]\nwe see that\n\\[\nx_{1} x_{2} \\cdots x_{n}=(-1)^{n-1} .\n\\]\n\nDifferentiating (1) we have\n\\[\nn t^{n-1}=\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\left(t-x_{1}\\right) \\cdots\\left(t-x_{i=1}\\right)\\left(t-x_{i+1}\\right) \\cdots\\left(t-x_{n}\\right) .\n\\]\n\nEvaluating for \\( t=x_{1}, x_{2}, \\ldots, x_{n} \\), we obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nn x_{1}{ }^{n-1}= \\\\\n\\left(x_{1}-x_{2}\\right)\\left(x_{1}-x_{3}\\right) \\cdots\\left(x_{1}-x_{n-1}\\right)\\left(x_{1}-x_{n}\\right) \\\\\nn x_{2}{ }^{n-1}=\\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\\right) \\\\\n\\left(x_{2}-x_{3}\\right) \\cdots\\left(x_{2}-x_{n-1}\\right)\\left(x_{2}-x_{n}\\right) \\\\\nn x_{3^{n-1}}=\\left(x_{3}-x_{1}\\right)\\left(x_{3}-x_{2}\\right) \\\\\n\\cdots\\left(x_{3}-x_{n-1}\\right)\\left(x_{3}-x_{n}\\right) \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\nn x_{n}^{n-1}=\\left(x_{n}-x_{1}\\right)\\left(x_{n}-x_{2}\\right)\\left(x_{n}-x_{3}\\right) \\cdots\\left(x_{n}-x_{n-1}\\right)\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations, we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nn^{n}\\left(x_{1} x_{2} \\cdots x_{n}\\right)^{n-1} & =\\prod_{i<j}\\left[-\\left(x_{i}-x_{j}\\right)^{2}\\right] \\\\\n& =(-1)^{n(n-1) / 2} \\prod_{i<j}\\left(x_{i}-x_{j}\\right)^{2} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nUsing (2) we find\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\prod_{i<j}\\left(x_{i}-x_{j}\\right)^{2} & =n^{n(-1)^{(n-1)^{2}}(-1)^{-n(n-1) / 2}} \\\\\n& =(-1)^{(n-1)(n-2) / 2} n^{n} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSecond Solution. We number the roots so that \\( x_{m}=\\exp (2 \\pi i m / n) \\). Then \\( x_{n}=1 \\) and \\( x_{s} x_{t}=x_{s+t} \\), where the subscripts are reckoned modulo \\( n \\).\n\nThe factorization\n\\[\nt^{n}-1=(t-1)\\left(t^{n-1}+t^{n-2}+\\cdots+1\\right)\n\\]\ngives\n\\[\n\\prod_{k=1}^{n-1}\\left(t-x_{k}\\right)=t^{n-1}+t^{n-2}+\\cdots+1\n\\]\nand in particular\n\\[\n\\prod_{k=1}^{n-1}\\left(1-x_{k}\\right)=n .\n\\]\n\nFor a moment let \\( i \\) be a fixed index. Then \\( \\left|x_{i}-x_{j}\\right|=\\left|1-x_{j-i}\\right| \\), and therefore\n\\[\n\\prod_{j \\neq i}\\left|x_{i}-x_{j}\\right|=\\prod_{k=1}^{n-1}\\left|1-x_{k}\\right|=n .\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations for \\( i=1,2, \\ldots, n \\), we obtain\n\\[\n\\prod_{i=1}^{n} \\prod_{j \\neq i}\\left|x_{i}-x_{j}\\right|=n^{n} .\n\\]\n\nSince each linear factor appears twice in this double product,\n\\[\n\\prod_{i<j}\\left|x_{i}-x_{j}\\right|^{2}=n^{n} .\n\\]\n\nTherefore the required product is \\( \\lambda n^{n} \\), where \\( \\lambda \\) is a number of absolute value one. We must evaluate \\( \\lambda \\).\n\nIf \\( i<j \\) and \\( i+j \\neq n \\), then \\( \\left(x_{i}-x_{j}\\right)^{2} \\) and \\( \\left(x_{n-j}-x_{n-i}\\right)^{2} \\) are distinct factors in the product. Since they are conjugates of one another, their product is a positive real number. The factors of this type can thus be paired off so that each pair has a positive product. The remaining factors are \\( \\left(x_{i}-x_{n-i}\\right)^{2} \\) where \\( 1<i<n-i \\). Since \\( x_{i} \\) and \\( x_{n-i} \\) are conjugate, each of these factors is a negative real number.\n\nSuppose that \\( n \\) is odd. Then there are negative factors for \\( i=1,2, \\ldots \\), \\( (n-1) / 2 \\), so \\( \\lambda=(-1)^{(n-1) / 2}=(-1)^{(n-1)(n-2) / 2} \\).\nSuppose \\( n \\) is even. Then there are negative factors for \\( i=1,2, \\ldots \\), \\( (n-2) / 2 \\), so \\( \\lambda=(-1)^{(n-2) / 2}=(-1)^{(n-1)(n-2) / 2} \\).\n\nThus, in either case\n\\[\n\\prod_{i<j}\\left(x_{i}-x_{j}\\right)^{2}=(-1)^{(n-1)(n-2) / 2} n^{n}\n\\]\n\nRemark. The product of the squares of the differences of the zeros of a polynomial is known as the discriminant of the polynomial.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "x_i",
    "x_j",
    "x_1",
    "x_2",
    "x_3",
    "x_n",
    "x_n-1",
    "x_n-i",
    "x_n-j",
    "x_s",
    "x_t",
    "t",
    "i",
    "j",
    "k",
    "m",
    "s"
  ],
  "params": [
    "n",
    "\\\\lambda"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "rootvalue",
        "x_i": "rootindexi",
        "x_j": "rootindexj",
        "x_1": "rootfirst",
        "x_2": "rootsecond",
        "x_3": "rootthird",
        "x_n": "rootlast",
        "x_n-1": "rootlastminusone",
        "x_n-i": "rootlastminusindexi",
        "x_n-j": "rootlastminusindexj",
        "x_s": "rootindexs",
        "x_t": "rootindext",
        "t": "polyvar",
        "i": "indexi",
        "j": "indexj",
        "k": "indexk",
        "m": "indexm",
        "s": "indexs",
        "n": "rootcount",
        "\\lambda": "signfactor"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 5. If } rootfirst, \\ldots, rootlast \\text { denote the } rootcount \\text {th roots of unity, evaluate }\\\\\n\\pi\\left(rootindexi-rootindexj\\right)^{2} \\quad(indexi<indexj)\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "First Solution. Since\n\\[\npolyvar^{rootcount}-1=\\left(polyvar-rootfirst\\right)\\left(polyvar-rootsecond\\right) \\cdots\\left(polyvar-rootlast\\right)\n\\]\nwe see that\n\\[\nrootfirst\\, rootsecond \\cdots rootlast=(-1)^{rootcount-1} .\n\\]\n\nDifferentiating (1) we have\n\\[\nrootcount\\, polyvar^{rootcount-1}=\\sum_{indexi=1}^{rootcount}\\left(polyvar-rootfirst\\right) \\cdots\\left(polyvar-rootvalue_{indexi=1}\\right)\\left(polyvar-rootvalue_{indexi+1}\\right) \\cdots\\left(polyvar-rootlast\\right) .\n\\]\n\nEvaluating for $\\,polyvar=rootfirst, rootsecond, \\ldots, rootlast\\,$, we obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nrootcount\\, rootfirst^{rootcount-1}= \\\\\n\\left(rootfirst-rootsecond\\right)\\left(rootfirst-rootthird\\right) \\cdots\\left(rootfirst-rootlastminusone\\right)\\left(rootfirst-rootlast\\right) \\\\\nrootcount\\, rootsecond^{rootcount-1}=\\left(rootsecond-rootfirst\\right) \\\\\n\\left(rootsecond-rootthird\\right) \\cdots\\left(rootsecond-rootlastminusone\\right)\\left(rootsecond-rootlast\\right) \\\\\nrootcount\\, rootthird^{rootcount-1}=\\left(rootthird-rootfirst\\right)\\left(rootthird-rootsecond\\right) \\\\\n\\cdots\\left(rootthird-rootlastminusone\\right)\\left(rootthird-rootlast\\right) \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\nrootcount\\, rootlast^{rootcount-1}=\\left(rootlast-rootfirst\\right)\\left(rootlast-rootsecond\\right)\\left(rootlast-rootthird\\right) \\cdots\\left(rootlast-rootlastminusone\\right)\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations, we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nrootcount^{rootcount}\\left(rootfirst\\, rootsecond \\cdots rootlast\\right)^{rootcount-1} &=\\prod_{indexi<indexj}\\left[-\\left(rootindexi-rootindexj\\right)^{2}\\right] \\\\\n&=(-1)^{rootcount(rootcount-1) / 2} \\prod_{indexi<indexj}\\left(rootindexi-rootindexj\\right)^{2} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nUsing (2) we find\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\prod_{indexi<indexj}\\left(rootindexi-rootindexj\\right)^{2} &=rootcount^{rootcount(-1)^{(rootcount-1)^{2}}(-1)^{-rootcount(rootcount-1) / 2}} \\\\\n&=(-1)^{(rootcount-1)(rootcount-2) / 2}\\, rootcount^{rootcount} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSecond Solution. We number the roots so that $\\,rootindexm=\\exp (2 \\pi i\\, indexm / rootcount)\\,$. Then $\\,rootlast=1\\,$ and $\\,rootindexs\\, rootindext=rootvalue_{indexs+indext}$, where the subscripts are reckoned modulo $\\,rootcount$.\n\nThe factorization\n\\[\npolyvar^{rootcount}-1=(polyvar-1)\\left(polyvar^{rootcount-1}+polyvar^{rootcount-2}+\\cdots+1\\right)\n\\]\ngives\n\\[\n\\prod_{indexk=1}^{rootcount-1}\\left(polyvar-rootvalue_{indexk}\\right)=polyvar^{rootcount-1}+polyvar^{rootcount-2}+\\cdots+1\n\\]\nand in particular\n\\[\n\\prod_{indexk=1}^{rootcount-1}\\left(1-rootvalue_{indexk}\\right)=rootcount .\n\\]\n\nFor a moment let $\\,indexi\\,$ be a fixed index. Then $\\,\\left|rootindexi-rootindexj\\right|=\\left|1-rootvalue_{indexj-indexi}\\right|\\,$, and therefore\n\\[\n\\prod_{indexj \\neq indexi}\\left|rootindexi-rootindexj\\right|=\\prod_{indexk=1}^{rootcount-1}\\left|1-rootvalue_{indexk}\\right|=rootcount .\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations for $\\,indexi=1,2, \\ldots, rootcount\\,$, we obtain\n\\[\n\\prod_{indexi=1}^{rootcount} \\prod_{indexj \\neq indexi}\\left|rootindexi-rootindexj\\right|=rootcount^{rootcount} .\n\\]\n\nSince each linear factor appears twice in this double product,\n\\[\n\\prod_{indexi<indexj}\\left|rootindexi-rootindexj\\right|^{2}=rootcount^{rootcount} .\n\\]\n\nTherefore the required product is $\\,signfactor\\, rootcount^{rootcount}\\,$, where $\\,signfactor\\,$ is a number of absolute value one. We must evaluate $\\,signfactor$.\n\nIf $\\,indexi<indexj\\,$ and $\\,indexi+indexj \\neq rootcount\\,$, then $\\,(rootindexi-rootindexj)^{2}\\,$ and $\\,(rootlastminusindexj-rootlastminusindexi)^{2}\\,$ are distinct factors in the product. Since they are conjugates of one another, their product is a positive real number. The factors of this type can thus be paired off so that each pair has a positive product. The remaining factors are $\\,(rootindexi-rootlastminusindexi)^{2}\\,$ where $\\,1<indexi<rootcount-indexi$. Since $\\,rootindexi\\,$ and $\\,rootlastminusindexi\\,$ are conjugate, each of these factors is a negative real number.\n\nSuppose that $\\,rootcount\\,$ is odd. Then there are negative factors for $\\,indexi=1,2, \\ldots , (rootcount-1) / 2\\,$, so $\\,signfactor=(-1)^{(rootcount-1) / 2}=(-1)^{(rootcount-1)(rootcount-2) / 2}$. Suppose $\\,rootcount\\,$ is even. Then there are negative factors for $\\,indexi=1,2, \\ldots , (rootcount-2) / 2\\,$, so $\\,signfactor=(-1)^{(rootcount-2) / 2}=(-1)^{(rootcount-1)(rootcount-2) / 2}$.\n\nThus, in either case\n\\[\n\\prod_{indexi<indexj}\\left(rootindexi-rootindexj\\right)^{2}=(-1)^{(rootcount-1)(rootcount-2) / 2}\\, rootcount^{rootcount}\n\\]\n\nRemark. The product of the squares of the differences of the zeros of a polynomial is known as the discriminant of the polynomial."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "riverbank",
        "x_i": "willowtree",
        "x_j": "stonebridge",
        "x_1": "candlewick",
        "x_2": "dragonfly",
        "x_3": "honeycomb",
        "x_n": "silversand",
        "x_n-1": "moonshadow",
        "x_n-i": "briarpatch",
        "x_n-j": "copperfield",
        "x_s": "thistledown",
        "x_t": "feathercap",
        "t": "meadowlark",
        "i": "foxgloves",
        "j": "nightshade",
        "k": "ambergris",
        "m": "labyrinth",
        "s": "goldcrest",
        "n": "lanternfish",
        "\\lambda": "driftwood"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 5. If } candlewick, \\ldots, silversand \\text { denote the } lanternfish \\text {th roots of unity, evaluate }\\\\\n\\pi\\left(willowtree-stonebridge\\right)^{2} \\quad(foxgloves<nightshade)\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "First Solution. Since\n\\[\nmeadowlark^{lanternfish}-1=\\left(meadowlark-candlewick\\right)\\left(meadowlark-dragonfly\\right) \\cdots\\left(meadowlark-silversand\\right)\n\\]\nwe see that\n\\[\ncandlewick\\, dragonfly \\cdots silversand=(-1)^{lanternfish-1} .\n\\]\n\nDifferentiating (1) we have\n\\[\nlanternfish\\, meadowlark^{\\,lanternfish-1}=\\sum_{foxgloves=1}^{\\,lanternfish}\\left(meadowlark-candlewick\\right) \\cdots\\left(meadowlark-\\text{(term with } willowtree)\\right)\\cdots\\left(meadowlark-silversand\\right) .\n\\]\n\nEvaluating for \\( meadowlark=candlewick, dragonfly, \\ldots, silversand \\), we obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nlanternfish\\, candlewick^{\\,lanternfish-1}= \\\\\n\\left(candlewick-dragonfly\\right)\\left(candlewick-honeycomb\\right) \\cdots\\left(candlewick-moonshadow\\right)\\left(candlewick-silversand\\right) \\\\\nlanternfish\\, dragonfly^{\\,lanternfish-1}=\\left(dragonfly-candlewick\\right) \\\\\n\\left(dragonfly-honeycomb\\right) \\cdots\\left(dragonfly-moonshadow\\right)\\left(dragonfly-silversand\\right) \\\\\nlanternfish\\, honeycomb^{\\,lanternfish-1}=\\left(honeycomb-candlewick\\right)\\left(honeycomb-dragonfly\\right) \\\\\n\\cdots\\left(honeycomb-moonshadow\\right)\\left(honeycomb-silversand\\right) \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\nlanternfish\\, silversand^{\\,lanternfish-1}=\\left(silversand-candlewick\\right)\\left(silversand-dragonfly\\right)\\left(silversand-honeycomb\\right) \\cdots\\left(silversand-moonshadow\\right)\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations, we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nlanternfish^{\\,lanternfish}\\left(candlewick\\, dragonfly \\cdots silversand\\right)^{\\,lanternfish-1} & =\\prod_{foxgloves<nightshade}\\left[-\\left(willowtree-stonebridge\\right)^{2}\\right] \\\\\n& =(-1)^{lanternfish(\\,lanternfish-1) / 2} \\prod_{foxgloves<nightshade}\\left(willowtree-stonebridge\\right)^{2} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nUsing (2) we find\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\prod_{foxgloves<nightshade}\\left(willowtree-stonebridge\\right)^{2} & =lanternfish^{\\,lanternfish(-1)^{(\\,lanternfish-1)^{2}}(-1)^{-lanternfish(\\,lanternfish-1) / 2}} \\\\\n& =(-1)^{(\\,lanternfish-1)(\\,lanternfish-2) / 2}\\, lanternfish^{\\,lanternfish} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSecond Solution. We number the roots so that \\( x_{labyrinth}=\\exp (2 \\pi i\\, labyrinth / lanternfish) \\). Then silversand \\(=1\\) and \\( thistledown\\, feathercap = x_{goldcrest+t} \\), where the subscripts are reckoned modulo \\( lanternfish \\).\n\nThe factorization\n\\[\nmeadowlark^{\\,lanternfish}-1=(meadowlark-1)\\left(meadowlark^{\\,lanternfish-1}+meadowlark^{\\,lanternfish-2}+\\cdots+1\\right)\n\\]\ngives\n\\[\n\\prod_{ambergris=1}^{\\,lanternfish-1}\\left(meadowlark-x_{ambergris}\\right)=meadowlark^{\\,lanternfish-1}+meadowlark^{\\,lanternfish-2}+\\cdots+1\n\\]\nand in particular\n\\[\n\\prod_{ambergris=1}^{\\,lanternfish-1}\\left(1-x_{ambergris}\\right)=lanternfish .\n\\]\n\nFor a moment let \\( foxgloves \\) be a fixed index. Then \\( \\left|willowtree-stonebridge\\right|=\\left|1-x_{nightshade-foxgloves}\\right| \\), and therefore\n\\[\n\\prod_{nightshade \\neq foxgloves}\\left|willowtree-stonebridge\\right|=\\prod_{ambergris=1}^{\\,lanternfish-1}\\left|1-x_{ambergris}\\right|=lanternfish .\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations for \\( foxgloves=1,2, \\ldots, lanternfish \\), we obtain\n\\[\n\\prod_{foxgloves=1}^{\\,lanternfish} \\prod_{nightshade \\neq foxgloves}\\left|willowtree-stonebridge\\right|=lanternfish^{\\,lanternfish} .\n\\]\n\nSince each linear factor appears twice in this double product,\n\\[\n\\prod_{foxgloves<nightshade}\\left|willowtree-stonebridge\\right|^{2}=lanternfish^{\\,lanternfish} .\n\\]\n\nTherefore the required product is \\( driftwood \\, lanternfish^{\\,lanternfish} \\), where \\( driftwood \\) is a number of absolute value one. We must evaluate \\( driftwood \\).\n\nIf \\( foxgloves<nightshade \\) and \\( foxgloves+nightshade \\neq lanternfish \\), then \\( \\left(willowtree-stonebridge\\right)^{2} \\) and \\( \\left(copperfield-briarpatch\\right)^{2} \\) are distinct factors in the product. Since they are conjugates of one another, their product is a positive real number. The factors of this type can thus be paired off so that each pair has a positive product. The remaining factors are \\( \\left(willowtree-briarpatch\\right)^{2} \\) where \\( 1<foxgloves<lanternfish-foxgloves \\). Since \\( willowtree \\) and \\( briarpatch \\) are conjugate, each of these factors is a negative real number.\n\nSuppose that \\( lanternfish \\) is odd. Then there are negative factors for \\( foxgloves=1,2, \\ldots, (lanternfish-1) / 2 \\), so \\( driftwood=(-1)^{(lanternfish-1) / 2}=(-1)^{(lanternfish-1)(lanternfish-2) / 2} \\).\nSuppose \\( lanternfish \\) is even. Then there are negative factors for \\( foxgloves=1,2, \\ldots, (lanternfish-2) / 2 \\), so \\( driftwood=(-1)^{(lanternfish-2) / 2}=(-1)^{(lanternfish-1)(lanternfish-2) / 2} \\).\n\nThus, in either case\n\\[\n\\prod_{foxgloves<nightshade}\\left(willowtree-stonebridge\\right)^{2}=(-1)^{(lanternfish-1)(lanternfish-2) / 2}\\, lanternfish^{\\,lanternfish}\n\\]\n\nRemark. The product of the squares of the differences of the zeros of a polynomial is known as the discriminant of the polynomial."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "knownvalue",
        "x_i": "knownvalueindexed",
        "x_j": "knownvaluerival",
        "x_1": "knownvalueone",
        "x_2": "knownvaluetwo",
        "x_3": "knownvaluethree",
        "x_n": "knownvaluemax",
        "x_n-1": "knownvalueprev",
        "x_n-i": "knownvaluediffi",
        "x_n-j": "knownvaluediffj",
        "x_s": "knownvalues",
        "x_t": "knownvaluet",
        "t": "fixedpoint",
        "i": "wholeindex",
        "j": "wholecounter",
        "k": "wholestep",
        "m": "wholemark",
        "s": "wholeseq",
        "n": "fewnumber",
        "\\\\lambda": "fixedscale"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 5. If } knownvalueone, \\ldots, knownvaluemax \\text { denote the } fewnumber \\text {th roots of unity, evaluate }\\\\\n\\pi\\left(knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right)^{2} \\quad(wholeindex<wholecounter)\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "First Solution. Since\n\\[\nfixedpoint^{fewnumber}-1=\\left(fixedpoint-knownvalueone\\right)\\left(fixedpoint-knownvaluetwo\\right) \\cdots\\left(fixedpoint-knownvaluemax\\right)\n\\]\nwe see that\n\\[\nknownvalueone knownvaluetwo \\cdots knownvaluemax=(-1)^{fewnumber-1} .\n\\]\n\nDifferentiating (1) we have\n\\[\nfewnumber fixedpoint^{fewnumber-1}=\\sum_{wholeindex=1}^{fewnumber}\\left(fixedpoint-knownvalueone\\right) \\cdots\\left(fixedpoint-x_{i=1}\\right)\\left(fixedpoint-x_{i+1}\\right) \\cdots\\left(fixedpoint-knownvaluemax\\right) .\n\\]\n\nEvaluating for \\( fixedpoint=knownvalueone, knownvaluetwo, \\ldots, knownvaluemax \\), we obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nfewnumber\\ knownvalueone^{fewnumber-1}= \\\\\n\\left(knownvalueone-knownvaluetwo\\right)\\left(knownvalueone-knownvaluethree\\right) \\cdots\\left(knownvalueone-knownvalueprev\\right)\\left(knownvalueone-knownvaluemax\\right) \\\\\nfewnumber\\ knownvaluetwo^{fewnumber-1}=\\left(knownvaluetwo-knownvalueone\\right) \\\\\n\\left(knownvaluetwo-knownvaluethree\\right) \\cdots\\left(knownvaluetwo-knownvalueprev\\right)\\left(knownvaluetwo-knownvaluemax\\right) \\\\\nfewnumber\\ knownvaluethree^{fewnumber-1}=\\left(knownvaluethree-knownvalueone\\right)\\left(knownvaluethree-knownvaluetwo\\right) \\\\\n\\cdots\\left(knownvaluethree-knownvalueprev\\right)\\left(knownvaluethree-knownvaluemax\\right) \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\nfewnumber\\ knownvaluemax^{fewnumber-1}=\\left(knownvaluemax-knownvalueone\\right)\\left(knownvaluemax-knownvaluetwo\\right)\\left(knownvaluemax-knownvaluethree\\right) \\cdots\\left(knownvaluemax-knownvalueprev\\right)\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations, we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nfewnumber^{fewnumber}\\left(knownvalueone\\ knownvaluetwo\\ \\cdots\\ knownvaluemax\\right)^{fewnumber-1} & =\\prod_{wholeindex<wholecounter}\\left[-\\left(knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right)^{2}\\right] \\\\\n& =(-1)^{fewnumber(fewnumber-1) / 2} \\prod_{wholeindex<wholecounter}\\left(knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right)^{2} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nUsing (2) we find\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\prod_{wholeindex<wholecounter}\\left(knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right)^{2} & =fewnumber^{fewnumber(-1)^{(fewnumber-1)^{2}}(-1)^{-fewnumber(fewnumber-1) / 2}} \\\\\n& =(-1)^{(fewnumber-1)(fewnumber-2) / 2} fewnumber^{fewnumber} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSecond Solution. We number the roots so that \\( knownvaluemark=\\exp (2 \\pi i wholemark / fewnumber) \\). Then \\( knownvaluemax=1 \\) and \\( knownvalues\\ knownvaluet=x_{s+t} \\), where the subscripts are reckoned modulo \\( fewnumber \\).\n\nThe factorization\n\\[\nfixedpoint^{fewnumber}-1=(fixedpoint-1)\\left(fixedpoint^{fewnumber-1}+fixedpoint^{fewnumber-2}+\\cdots+1\\right)\n\\]\ngives\n\\[\n\\prod_{wholestep=1}^{fewnumber-1}\\left(fixedpoint-x_{wholestep}\\right)=fixedpoint^{fewnumber-1}+fixedpoint^{fewnumber-2}+\\cdots+1\n\\]\nand in particular\n\\[\n\\prod_{wholestep=1}^{fewnumber-1}\\left(1-x_{wholestep}\\right)=fewnumber .\n\\]\n\nFor a moment let \\( wholeindex \\) be a fixed index. Then \\( \\left|knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right|=\\left|1-x_{wholecounter-wholeindex}\\right| \\), and therefore\n\\[\n\\prod_{wholecounter \\neq wholeindex}\\left|knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right|=\\prod_{wholestep=1}^{fewnumber-1}\\left|1-x_{wholestep}\\right|=fewnumber .\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations for \\( wholeindex=1,2, \\ldots, fewnumber \\), we obtain\n\\[\n\\prod_{wholeindex=1}^{fewnumber} \\prod_{wholecounter \\neq wholeindex}\\left|knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right|=fewnumber^{fewnumber} .\n\\]\n\nSince each linear factor appears twice in this double product,\n\\[\n\\prod_{wholeindex<wholecounter}\\left|knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right|^{2}=fewnumber^{fewnumber} .\n\\]\n\nTherefore the required product is \\( fixedscale\\ fewnumber^{fewnumber} \\), where \\( fixedscale \\) is a number of absolute value one. We must evaluate \\( fixedscale \\).\n\nIf \\( wholeindex<wholecounter \\) and \\( wholeindex+wholecounter \\neq fewnumber \\), then \\( \\left(knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right)^{2} \\) and \\( \\left(knownvaluediffj-knownvaluediffi\\right)^{2} \\) are distinct factors in the product. Since they are conjugates of one another, their product is a positive real number. The factors of this type can thus be paired off so that each pair has a positive product. The remaining factors are \\( \\left(knownvalueindexed-knownvaluediffi\\right)^{2} \\) where \\( 1<wholeindex<fewnumber-wholeindex \\). Since \\( knownvalueindexed \\) and \\( knownvaluediffi \\) are conjugate, each of these factors is a negative real number.\n\nSuppose that \\( fewnumber \\) is odd. Then there are negative factors for \\( wholeindex=1,2, \\ldots \\), \\( (fewnumber-1) / 2 \\), so \\( fixedscale=(-1)^{(fewnumber-1) / 2}=(-1)^{(fewnumber-1)(fewnumber-2) / 2} \\).\nSuppose \\( fewnumber \\) is even. Then there are negative factors for \\( wholeindex=1,2, \\ldots \\), \\( (fewnumber-2) / 2 \\), so \\( fixedscale=(-1)^{(fewnumber-2) / 2}=(-1)^{(fewnumber-1)(fewnumber-2) / 2} \\).\n\nThus, in either case\n\\[\n\\prod_{wholeindex<wholecounter}\\left(knownvalueindexed-knownvaluerival\\right)^{2}=(-1)^{(fewnumber-1)(fewnumber-2) / 2} fewnumber^{fewnumber}\n\\]\n\nRemark. The product of the squares of the differences of the zeros of a polynomial is known as the discriminant of the polynomial."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "x_i": "hjgrksla",
        "x_j": "pfqnbxci",
        "x_1": "rdelmpqo",
        "x_2": "suvkherd",
        "x_3": "mbtznayc",
        "x_n": "ogwxyhqe",
        "x_n-1": "ktjrsplu",
        "x_n-i": "ycxmbord",
        "x_n-j": "nefgclir",
        "x_s": "zdqumhto",
        "x_t": "wvrcluop",
        "t": "vebnlpsy",
        "i": "gahovrte",
        "j": "wbzepkqd",
        "k": "uplnsciv",
        "m": "rixsujab",
        "s": "dyplhkev",
        "n": "fsmtiqro",
        "\\\\lambda": "jczowgyp"
      },
      "question": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { 5. If } rdelmpqo, \\ldots, ogwxyhqe \\text { denote the } fsmtiqro \\text {th roots of unity, evaluate }\\\\\n\\pi\\left(hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right)^{2} \\quad(gahovrte<wbzepkqd)\n\\end{array}",
      "solution": "First Solution. Since\n\\[\nvebnlpsy^{fsmtiqro}-1=\\left(vebnlpsy-rdelmpqo\\right)\\left(vebnlpsy-suvkherd\\right) \\cdots\\left(vebnlpsy-ogwxyhqe\\right)\n\\]\nwe see that\n\\[\nrdelmpqo\\, suvkherd \\cdots ogwxyhqe=(-1)^{fsmtiqro-1} .\n\\]\n\nDifferentiating (1) we have\n\\[\nfsmtiqro\\, vebnlpsy^{fsmtiqro-1}=\\sum_{gahovrte=1}^{fsmtiqro}\\left(vebnlpsy-rdelmpqo\\right) \\cdots\\left(vebnlpsy-qzxwvtnp_{gahovrte=1}\\right)\\left(vebnlpsy-qzxwvtnp_{gahovrte+1}\\right) \\cdots\\left(vebnlpsy-ogwxyhqe\\right) .\n\\]\n\nEvaluating for \\( vebnlpsy=rdelmpqo, suvkherd, \\ldots, ogwxyhqe \\), we obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nfsmtiqro\\, rdelmpqo^{fsmtiqro-1}= \\\\\n\\left(rdelmpqo-suvkherd\\right)\\left(rdelmpqo-mbtznayc\\right) \\cdots\\left(rdelmpqo-ktjrsplu\\right)\\left(rdelmpqo-ogwxyhqe\\right) \\\\\nfsmtiqro\\, suvkherd^{fsmtiqro-1}=\\left(suvkherd-rdelmpqo\\right) \\\\\n\\left(suvkherd-mbtznayc\\right) \\cdots\\left(suvkherd-ktjrsplu\\right)\\left(suvkherd-ogwxyhqe\\right) \\\\\nfsmtiqro\\, mbtznayc^{fsmtiqro-1}=\\left(mbtznayc-rdelmpqo\\right)\\left(mbtznayc-suvkherd\\right) \\\\\n\\cdots\\left(mbtznayc-ktjrsplu\\right)\\left(mbtznayc-ogwxyhqe\\right) \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\nfsmtiqro\\, ogwxyhqe^{fsmtiqro-1}=\\left(ogwxyhqe-rdelmpqo\\right)\\left(ogwxyhqe-suvkherd\\right)\\left(ogwxyhqe-mbtznayc\\right) \\cdots\\left(ogwxyhqe-ktjrsplu\\right)\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations, we get\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nfsmtiqro^{fsmtiqro}\\left(rdelmpqo\\, suvkherd \\cdots ogwxyhqe\\right)^{fsmtiqro-1} & =\\prod_{gahovrte<wbzepkqd}\\left[-\\left(hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right)^{2}\\right] \\\\\n& =(-1)^{fsmtiqro(fsmtiqro-1) / 2} \\prod_{gahovrte<wbzepkqd}\\left(hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right)^{2} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nUsing (2) we find\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\prod_{gahovrte<wbzepkqd}\\left(hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right)^{2} & = fsmtiqro^{fsmtiqro(-1)^{(fsmtiqro-1)^{2}}(-1)^{-fsmtiqro(fsmtiqro-1) / 2}} \\\\\n& =(-1)^{(fsmtiqro-1)(fsmtiqro-2) / 2}\\, fsmtiqro^{fsmtiqro} .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSecond Solution. We number the roots so that \\( qzxwvtnp_{rixsujab}=\\exp (2 \\pi i rixsujab / fsmtiqro) \\). Then \\( ogwxyhqe=1 \\) and \\( zdqumhto\\, wvrcluop=qzxwvtnp_{dyplhkev+vebnlpsy} \\), where the subscripts are reckoned modulo \\( fsmtiqro \\).\n\nThe factorization\n\\[\nvebnlpsy^{fsmtiqro}-1=(vebnlpsy-1)\\left(vebnlpsy^{fsmtiqro-1}+vebnlpsy^{fsmtiqro-2}+\\cdots+1\\right)\n\\]\ngives\n\\[\n\\prod_{uplnsciv=1}^{fsmtiqro-1}\\left(vebnlpsy-qzxwvtnp_{uplnsciv}\\right)=vebnlpsy^{fsmtiqro-1}+vebnlpsy^{fsmtiqro-2}+\\cdots+1\n\\]\nand in particular\n\\[\n\\prod_{uplnsciv=1}^{fsmtiqro-1}\\left(1-qzxwvtnp_{uplnsciv}\\right)=fsmtiqro .\n\\]\n\nFor a moment let \\( gahovrte \\) be a fixed index. Then \\( \\left|hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right|=\\left|1-qzxwvtnp_{wbzepkqd-gahovrte}\\right| \\), and therefore\n\\[\n\\prod_{wbzepkqd \\neq gahovrte}\\left|hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right|=\\prod_{uplnsciv=1}^{fsmtiqro-1}\\left|1-qzxwvtnp_{uplnsciv}\\right|=fsmtiqro .\n\\]\n\nMultiplying these equations for \\( gahovrte=1,2, \\ldots, fsmtiqro \\), we obtain\n\\[\n\\prod_{gahovrte=1}^{fsmtiqro} \\prod_{wbzepkqd \\neq gahovrte}\\left|hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right|=fsmtiqro^{fsmtiqro} .\n\\]\n\nSince each linear factor appears twice in this double product,\n\\[\n\\prod_{gahovrte<wbzepkqd}\\left|hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right|^{2}=fsmtiqro^{fsmtiqro} .\n\\]\n\nTherefore the required product is \\( jczowgyp\\, fsmtiqro^{fsmtiqro} \\), where \\( jczowgyp \\) is a number of absolute value one. We must evaluate \\( jczowgyp \\).\n\nIf \\( gahovrte<wbzepkqd \\) and \\( gahovrte+wbzepkqd \\neq fsmtiqro \\), then \\( \\left(hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right)^{2} \\) and \\( \\left(nefgclir-ycxmbord\\right)^{2} \\) are distinct factors in the product. Since they are conjugates of one another, their product is a positive real number. The factors of this type can thus be paired off so that each pair has a positive product. The remaining factors are \\( \\left(hjgrksla-ycxmbord\\right)^{2} \\) where \\( 1<gahovrte<fsmtiqro-gahovrte \\). Since \\( hjgrksla \\) and \\( ycxmbord \\) are conjugate, each of these factors is a negative real number.\n\nSuppose that \\( fsmtiqro \\) is odd. Then there are negative factors for \\( gahovrte=1,2, \\ldots, (fsmtiqro-1) / 2 \\), so \\( jczowgyp=(-1)^{(fsmtiqro-1) / 2}=(-1)^{(fsmtiqro-1)(fsmtiqro-2) / 2} \\).\nSuppose \\( fsmtiqro \\) is even. Then there are negative factors for \\( gahovrte=1,2, \\ldots, (fsmtiqro-2) / 2 \\), so \\( jczowgyp=(-1)^{(fsmtiqro-2) / 2}=(-1)^{(fsmtiqro-1)(fsmtiqro-2) / 2} \\).\n\nThus, in either case\n\\[\n\\prod_{gahovrte<wbzepkqd}\\left(hjgrksla-pfqnbxci\\right)^{2}=(-1)^{(fsmtiqro-1)(fsmtiqro-2) / 2}\\, fsmtiqro^{fsmtiqro}\n\\]\n\nRemark. The product of the squares of the differences of the zeros of a polynomial is known as the discriminant of the polynomial."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "───────────────────\nLet n ≥ 2 be an integer and let k be a positive integer with 1 ≤ k ≤ n−1 and gcd(k,n)=1.  \nDenote by ζ₁, …, ζₙ the n complex roots of  \n\n  tⁿ − 3 = 0.\n\nEvaluate the closed-form value of  \n\n  Pₖ := ∏_{1 ≤ j<i≤n} (ζᵢᵏ − ζⱼᵏ)².",
      "solution": "────────────────────\nParagraph 1.  Write the roots of tⁿ−3 in a more convenient shape.  Let  \nω₁, …, ωₙ be the n th roots of unity (ωₘ := e^{2πim/n}).  Since 3 has one fixed real n th root 3^{1/n}, every root of tⁿ−3 equals  \n\n  ζᵢ = 3^{1/n} ωᵢ  (i = 1,…,n).\n\nParagraph 2.  Our target product contains the k th powers of the ζᵢ.  \nBecause gcd(k,n)=1, exponentiation by k permutes the ωᵢ:\n\n  {ω₁ᵏ, …, ωₙᵏ} = {ω₁, …, ωₙ}.                           (1)\n\nParagraph 3.  First recall the classical product for the plain roots of unity.  \nFor the polynomial tⁿ−1, factorisation gives  \n\n  tⁿ−1 = (t−ω₁)…(t−ωₙ).\n\nHence ω₁ω₂…ωₙ = (−1)^{n−1}.                                   (2)\n\nParagraph 4.  Differentiate tⁿ−1:\n\n  n t^{n−1} = ∑_{i=1}^{n} ∏_{j≠i}(t−ωⱼ).\n\nEvaluating at t = ωᵢ we get\n\n  n ωᵢ^{\\,n−1} = ∏_{j≠i}(ωᵢ−ωⱼ)  (i=1,…,n).              (3)\n\nParagraph 5.  Multiply (3) over i=1,…,n.  \nThe left–hand side becomes nⁿ(ω₁…ωₙ)^{n−1}.  \nUsing (2) this equals nⁿ(−1)^{(n−1)²}.  \nThe right–hand side is each linear difference twice, so\n\n  nⁿ(−1)^{(n−1)²} = (−1)^{n(n−1)/2} ∏_{j<i}(ωᵢ−ωⱼ)².\n\nAfter a routine parity check one arrives at\n\n  ∏_{j<i}(ωᵢ−ωⱼ)² = (−1)^{(n−1)(n−2)/2} nⁿ.                (4)\n\nParagraph 6.  Now attack the desired product.  \nFor each unordered pair (i,j) with j<i,\n\n  ζᵢᵏ−ζⱼᵏ = (3^{1/n}ωᵢ)ᵏ − (3^{1/n}ωⱼ)ᵏ  \n       = 3^{k/n}(ωᵢᵏ−ωⱼᵏ).                               (5)\n\nParagraph 7.  There are n(n−1)/2 such pairs.  \nPulling out the common factor 3^{k/n} from (5) for every pair contributes the global constant\n\n  3^{(k/n)·(n(n−1)/2)} = 3^{k(n−1)/2}.                      (6)\n\nParagraph 8.  Square the differences as required in Pₖ; the constant from (6) therefore squares to\n\n  3^{k(n−1)}.                                                (7)\n\nParagraph 9.  Thanks to permutation property (1), replacing each ωᵢ by ωᵢᵏ merely re-orders the factors in (4).  Consequently\n\n  ∏_{j<i}(ωᵢᵏ−ωⱼᵏ)² = ∏_{j<i}(ωᵢ−ωⱼ)².                    (8)\n\nParagraph 10.  Combining (4), (7) and (8) we finally get\n\n  Pₖ = 3^{k(n−1)} · (−1)^{(n−1)(n−2)/2} nⁿ.                (9)\n\nParagraph 11.  Because the exponent (n−1)(n−2)/2 is always integral, expression (9) is the promised closed form.  Observe that the answer reduces to the ordinary discriminant of tⁿ−3 when k=1.\n\nAnswer.  \n  Pₖ = (−1)^{(n−1)(n−2)/2} nⁿ 3^{k(n−1)}.",
      "_replacement_note": {
        "replaced_at": "2025-07-05T22:17:12.159803",
        "reason": "Original kernel variant was too easy compared to the original problem"
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "calculation"
}