{
  "index": "1961-B-6",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "6. Consider the function \\( y(x) \\) satisfying the differential equation \\( y^{\\prime \\prime}=- \\) \\( (1+\\sqrt{x}) y \\) with \\( y(0)=1 \\) and \\( y^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\). Prove that \\( y(x) \\) vanishes exactly once on the interval \\( 0<x<\\pi / 2 \\), and find a positive lower bound for the zero.",
  "solution": "Solution. We shall apply the Sturm comparison theorem to the three functions determined by the following differential equations with initial conditions:\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlrl}\nu^{\\prime \\prime}+3 u=0, & u(0)=1, & u^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\ny^{\\prime \\prime}+(1+\\sqrt{x}) y=0, & y(0)=1, & y^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\nv^{\\prime \\prime}+v & =0, & v(0)=1, & v^{\\prime}(0)=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nWe see that \\( u(x)=\\cos \\sqrt{3} x \\) and \\( v(x)=\\cos x \\).\nFor \\( 0<x<\\pi / 2 \\), we have\n\\[\n3>1+\\sqrt{x}>1 ;\n\\]\nhence by the Sturm theorem the first zero of \\( u \\), namely \\( \\pi / 2 \\sqrt{3} \\), occurs before the first zero of \\( y \\), say \\( \\xi \\), and the first zero of \\( y \\) occurs before the first zero of \\( v \\), namely, \\( \\pi / 2 \\). So we have \\( \\pi / 2 \\sqrt{3}<\\xi<\\pi / 2 \\).\n\nSuppose \\( y \\) had a second zero, say \\( \\eta \\), in \\( [0, \\pi / 2] \\). Then by the Sturm theorem a zero of \\( u \\) would appear in \\( (\\xi, \\eta) \\subseteq(\\pi / 2 \\sqrt{3}, \\pi / 2) \\). But \\( u \\) has no such zero, so \\( y \\) has but one zero in \\( [0, \\pi / 2] \\).\n\nRemark. A proof of the Sturm comparison theorem is given on page 451. See the remark on page 452 for the version used in the first part of the proof.",
  "vars": [
    "y",
    "x",
    "u",
    "v",
    "\\\\xi",
    "\\\\eta"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "y": "odefuncy",
        "x": "varindep",
        "u": "compfuncu",
        "v": "compfuncv",
        "\\xi": "zeropointxi",
        "\\eta": "zeropointeta"
      },
      "question": "6. Consider the function \\( odefuncy(varindep) \\) satisfying the differential equation \\( odefuncy^{\\prime \\prime}=-(1+\\sqrt{varindep})\\, odefuncy \\) with \\( odefuncy(0)=1 \\) and \\( odefuncy^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\). Prove that \\( odefuncy(varindep) \\) vanishes exactly once on the interval \\( 0<varindep<\\pi / 2 \\), and find a positive lower bound for the zero.",
      "solution": "Solution. We shall apply the Sturm comparison theorem to the three functions determined by the following differential equations with initial conditions:\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlrl}\ncompfuncu^{\\prime \\prime}+3\\,compfuncu=0, & compfuncu(0)=1, & compfuncu^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\nodefuncy^{\\prime \\prime}+(1+\\sqrt{varindep})\\, odefuncy=0, & odefuncy(0)=1, & odefuncy^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\ncompfuncv^{\\prime \\prime}+compfuncv &=0, & compfuncv(0)=1, & compfuncv^{\\prime}(0)=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nWe see that \\( compfuncu(varindep)=\\cos \\sqrt{3}\\, varindep \\) and \\( compfuncv(varindep)=\\cos varindep \\).\nFor \\( 0<varindep<\\pi / 2 \\), we have\n\\[\n3>1+\\sqrt{varindep}>1 ;\n\\]\nhence by the Sturm theorem the first zero of \\( compfuncu \\), namely \\( \\pi / 2 \\sqrt{3} \\), occurs before the first zero of \\( odefuncy \\), say \\( zeropointxi \\), and the first zero of \\( odefuncy \\) occurs before the first zero of \\( compfuncv \\), namely, \\( \\pi / 2 \\). So we have \\( \\pi / 2 \\sqrt{3}<zeropointxi<\\pi / 2 \\).\n\nSuppose \\( odefuncy \\) had a second zero, say \\( zeropointeta \\), in \\( [0, \\pi / 2] \\). Then by the Sturm theorem a zero of \\( compfuncu \\) would appear in \\( (zeropointxi, zeropointeta) \\subseteq(\\pi / 2 \\sqrt{3}, \\pi / 2) \\). But \\( compfuncu \\) has no such zero, so \\( odefuncy \\) has but one zero in \\( [0, \\pi / 2] \\).\n\nRemark. A proof of the Sturm comparison theorem is given on page 451. See the remark on page 452 for the version used in the first part of the proof."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "y": "chandelier",
        "x": "bootlaces",
        "u": "sandcastle",
        "v": "doorknob",
        "\\xi": "snowflake",
        "\\eta": "marshmallow"
      },
      "question": "6. Consider the function \\( chandelier(bootlaces) \\) satisfying the differential equation \\( chandelier^{\\prime \\prime}=- \\) \\( (1+\\sqrt{bootlaces}) chandelier \\) with \\( chandelier(0)=1 \\) and \\( chandelier^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\). Prove that \\( chandelier(bootlaces) \\) vanishes exactly once on the interval \\( 0<bootlaces<\\pi / 2 \\), and find a positive lower bound for the zero.",
      "solution": "Solution. We shall apply the Sturm comparison theorem to the three functions determined by the following differential equations with initial conditions:\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlrl}\nsandcastle^{\\prime \\prime}+3 sandcastle=0, & sandcastle(0)=1, & sandcastle^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\nchandelier^{\\prime \\prime}+(1+\\sqrt{bootlaces}) chandelier=0, & chandelier(0)=1, & chandelier^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\ndoorknob^{\\prime \\prime}+doorknob & =0, & doorknob(0)=1, & doorknob^{\\prime}(0)=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nWe see that \\( sandcastle(bootlaces)=\\cos \\sqrt{3} bootlaces \\) and \\( doorknob(bootlaces)=\\cos bootlaces \\).\nFor \\( 0<bootlaces<\\pi / 2 \\), we have\n\\[\n3>1+\\sqrt{bootlaces}>1 ;\n\\]\nhence by the Sturm theorem the first zero of \\( sandcastle \\), namely \\( \\pi / 2 \\sqrt{3} \\), occurs before the first zero of \\( chandelier \\), say \\( snowflake \\), and the first zero of \\( chandelier \\) occurs before the first zero of \\( doorknob \\), namely, \\( \\pi / 2 \\). So we have \\( \\pi / 2 \\sqrt{3}<snowflake<\\pi / 2 \\).\n\nSuppose \\( chandelier \\) had a second zero, say \\( marshmallow \\), in \\( [0, \\pi / 2] \\). Then by the Sturm theorem a zero of \\( sandcastle \\) would appear in \\( (snowflake, marshmallow) \\subseteq(\\pi / 2 \\sqrt{3}, \\pi / 2) \\). But \\( sandcastle \\) has no such zero, so \\( chandelier \\) has but one zero in \\( [0, \\pi / 2] \\).\n\nRemark. A proof of the Sturm comparison theorem is given on page 451. See the remark on page 452 for the version used in the first part of the proof."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "y": "voidvalue",
        "x": "unchanging",
        "u": "descender",
        "v": "staticval",
        "\\xi": "fullpeak",
        "\\eta": "maxpoint"
      },
      "question": "6. Consider the function \\( voidvalue(unchanging) \\) satisfying the differential equation \\( voidvalue^{\\prime \\prime}=-(1+\\sqrt{unchanging})\\,voidvalue \\) with \\( voidvalue(0)=1 \\) and \\( voidvalue^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\). Prove that \\( voidvalue(unchanging) \\) vanishes exactly once on the interval \\( 0<unchanging<\\pi / 2 \\), and find a positive lower bound for the zero.",
      "solution": "Solution. We shall apply the Sturm comparison theorem to the three functions determined by the following differential equations with initial conditions:\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlrl}\n descender^{\\prime \\prime}+3\\,descender=0, & descender(0)=1, & descender^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\n voidvalue^{\\prime \\prime}+(1+\\sqrt{unchanging})\\,voidvalue=0, & voidvalue(0)=1, & voidvalue^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\n staticval^{\\prime \\prime}+staticval &=0, & staticval(0)=1, & staticval^{\\prime}(0)=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nWe see that \\( descender(unchanging)=\\cos \\sqrt{3}\\,unchanging \\) and \\( staticval(unchanging)=\\cos unchanging \\).\nFor \\( 0<unchanging<\\pi / 2 \\), we have\n\\[\n3>1+\\sqrt{unchanging}>1 ;\n\\]\nhence by the Sturm theorem the first zero of \\( descender \\), namely \\( \\pi / 2\\sqrt{3} \\), occurs before the first zero of \\( voidvalue \\), say \\( fullpeak \\), and the first zero of \\( voidvalue \\) occurs before the first zero of \\( staticval \\), namely, \\( \\pi / 2 \\). So we have \\( \\pi / 2\\sqrt{3}<fullpeak<\\pi / 2 \\).\n\nSuppose \\( voidvalue \\) had a second zero, say \\( maxpoint \\), in \\( [0, \\pi / 2] \\). Then by the Sturm theorem a zero of \\( descender \\) would appear in \\( (fullpeak, maxpoint) \\subseteq(\\pi / 2\\sqrt{3}, \\pi / 2) \\). But \\( descender \\) has no such zero, so \\( voidvalue \\) has but one zero in \\( [0, \\pi / 2] \\).\n\nRemark. A proof of the Sturm comparison theorem is given on page 451. See the remark on page 452 for the version used in the first part of the proof."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "y": "qzxwvtnp",
        "x": "hjgrksla",
        "u": "pbscmnty",
        "v": "nmfzqlrd",
        "\\xi": "tghlmdke",
        "\\eta": "rvpqcwsj"
      },
      "question": "6. Consider the function \\( qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla) \\) satisfying the differential equation \\( qzxwvtnp^{\\prime \\prime}=-(1+\\sqrt{hjgrksla}) qzxwvtnp \\) with \\( qzxwvtnp(0)=1 \\) and \\( qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\). Prove that \\( qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla) \\) vanishes exactly once on the interval \\( 0<hjgrksla<\\pi / 2 \\), and find a positive lower bound for the zero.",
      "solution": "Solution. We shall apply the Sturm comparison theorem to the three functions determined by the following differential equations with initial conditions:\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlrl}\npbscmnty^{\\prime \\prime}+3\\,pbscmnty=0, & \\; pbscmnty(0)=1, & \\; pbscmnty^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\nqzxwvtnp^{\\prime \\prime}+(1+\\sqrt{hjgrksla})\\,qzxwvtnp=0, & \\; qzxwvtnp(0)=1, & \\; qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}(0)=0 \\\\\nnmfzqlrd^{\\prime \\prime}+nmfzqlrd=0, & \\; nmfzqlrd(0)=1, & \\; nmfzqlrd^{\\prime}(0)=0\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nWe see that \\( pbscmnty(hjgrksla)=\\cos \\sqrt{3}\\,hjgrksla \\) and \\( nmfzqlrd(hjgrksla)=\\cos hjgrksla \\).\nFor \\( 0<hjgrksla<\\pi / 2 \\), we have\n\\[\n3>1+\\sqrt{hjgrksla}>1 ;\n\\]\nhence by the Sturm theorem the first zero of \\( pbscmnty \\), namely \\( \\pi /(2\\sqrt{3}) \\), occurs before the first zero of \\( qzxwvtnp \\), say \\( tghlmdke \\), and the first zero of \\( qzxwvtnp \\) occurs before the first zero of \\( nmfzqlrd \\), namely \\( \\pi / 2 \\). So we have \\( \\pi /(2\\sqrt{3})<tghlmdke<\\pi / 2 \\).\n\nSuppose \\( qzxwvtnp \\) had a second zero, say \\( rvpqcwsj \\), in \\([0, \\pi / 2]\\). Then by the Sturm theorem a zero of \\( pbscmnty \\) would appear in \\( (tghlmdke, rvpqcwsj) \\subseteq(\\pi /(2\\sqrt{3}), \\pi / 2) \\). But \\( pbscmnty \\) has no such zero, so \\( qzxwvtnp \\) has but one zero in \\([0, \\pi / 2]\\).\n\nRemark. A proof of the Sturm comparison theorem is given on page 451. See the remark on page 452 for the version used in the first part of the proof."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let \\(y=y(x)\\) be the unique solution of\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;y''(x)\\,=\\,-\\bigl(2+x\\bigr)\\,y(x)\\;}\\qquad(0)\\<x\\<2,\\qquad y(0)=2,\\;y'(0)=1 .\n\\]\nProve that the function \\(y\\) vanishes \nexactly once on the interval \\(0<x<2\\).  Furthermore, show that if \\(\\xi\\) denotes this zero then\n\\[\n\\frac{\\pi}{2\\sqrt5}\\;<\\;\\xi\\;<\\;2.\n\\]",
      "solution": "We apply the Sturm comparison theorem to the three equations\na) u″+5u=0,\nb) y″+(2+x)y=0,\nc) v″+2v=0,\nall with the same initial data u(0)=y(0)=v(0)=2 and u′(0)=y′(0)=v′(0)=1.\n\n1. On 0<x<2, we have 2 < 2+x < 4 < 5, so we may take a=2<2+x<b=5.\n\n2. The auxiliary solutions are\n   u(x)=2 cos(√5 x)+(1/√5) sin(√5 x),\n   v(x)=2 cos(√2 x)+(1/√2) sin(√2 x),\nboth matching u(0)=v(0)=2, u′(0)=v′(0)=1.\n\n3. Zeros of u.  Write θ=√5 x.  The first positive zero solves\n   2 cosθ+(1/√5) sinθ=0 ⇒ tanθ=−2√5,\nwhose unique solution in (π/2,π) is θ₁=π−arctan(2√5).  Hence\n   x₁(u)=θ₁/√5,\nand since π/2<θ₁<π we get\n   π/(2√5)<x₁(u)<π/√5≈1.404.\nThe next zero is x₁(u)+π/√5>2.104>2, so u has exactly one zero in (0,2).\n\n4. Zeros of v.  Write φ=√2 x.  The first positive zero solves\n   2 cosφ+(1/√2) sinφ=0 ⇒ tanφ=−2√2,\nwhose unique solution in (π/2,π) is φ₁=π−arctan(2√2)≈1.9106.  Hence\n   x₁(v)=φ₁/√2≈1.352.\nThe next zero x₁(v)+π/√2>3.57>2, so v also has exactly one zero in (0,2).\n\n5. By Sturm comparison (since 5>2+x>2 on (0,2)), the first zero ξ of y satisfies\n   x₁(u)<ξ<x₁(v).\nThus y has at least one zero in (0,2).  Moreover, if y had two zeros in (0,2), then by Sturm between them there would lie a zero of u, but u has only one.  Therefore y vanishes exactly once in (0,2).\n\n6. Finally, since x₁(u)>π/(2√5) and x₁(v)<2,\n   π/(2√5)<ξ<2.\n\nThis completes the proof that y has exactly one zero ξ in (0,2) and that\n   π/(2√5)<ξ<2.  ■",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Bound the coefficient: find constants a<b with a < 1+√x < b on (0, π/2).",
          "Solve the constant-coefficient ODEs u''+b u=0 and v''+a v=0 with the same initial data (u,v positive at x=0).",
          "Use the Sturm comparison theorem to interlace zeros: first zero of u < first zero of y < first zero of v.",
          "Apply the same comparison once more to rule out a second zero of y inside (0, π/2)."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "upper constant chosen so that 1+√x < upper_constant on the interval",
            "original": "3"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "lower constant chosen so that lower_constant < 1+√x on the interval",
            "original": "1"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "right-end of the interval on which the comparison is carried out",
            "original": "π/2"
          },
          "slot4": {
            "description": "exact form of the non-constant part of the coefficient (currently √x)",
            "original": "√x"
          },
          "slot5": {
            "description": "initial value y(0)=u(0)=v(0)",
            "original": "1"
          },
          "slot6": {
            "description": "initial derivative y'(0)=u'(0)=v'(0)",
            "original": "0"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}