{
  "index": "2004-B-3",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Determine all real numbers $a > 0$ for which there exists a nonnegative\ncontinuous function $f(x)$ defined on $[0,a]$ with the property that the\nregion\n\\[\nR = \\{ (x,y) ; 0\n\\le x \\le a, 0 \\le y \\le\nf(x) \\}\n\\]\nhas perimeter $k$ units and area $k$ square units for some real number $k$.",
  "solution": "The answer is $\\{a\\,|\\,a>2\\}$. If $a>2$, then the function $f(x) =\n2a/(a-2)$ has the desired property; both perimeter and area of $R$\nin this case are $2a^2/(a-2)$. Now suppose that $a\\leq 2$, and let\n$f(x)$ be a nonnegative continuous function on $[0,a]$. Let\n$P=(x_0,y_0)$ be a point on the graph of $f(x)$ with maximal\n$y$-coordinate; then the area of $R$ is at most $ay_0$ since it lies\nbelow the line $y=y_0$. On the other hand, the points $(0,0)$,\n$(a,0)$, and $P$ divide the boundary of $R$ into three sections. The\nlength of the section between $(0,0)$ and $P$ is at least the\ndistance between $(0,0)$ and $P$, which is at least $y_0$; the\nlength of the section between $P$ and $(a,0)$ is similarly at least\n$y_0$; and the length of the section between $(0,0)$ and $(a,0)$ is\n$a$. Since $a\\leq 2$, we have $2y_0 + a > ay_0$ and hence the\nperimeter of $R$ is strictly greater than the area of $R$.",
  "vars": [
    "f",
    "P",
    "R",
    "x",
    "x_0",
    "y",
    "y_0"
  ],
  "params": [
    "a",
    "k"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "a": "lengthab",
        "k": "measurek",
        "f": "funcvar",
        "P": "pointpt",
        "R": "regionab",
        "x": "inputxs",
        "x_0": "inputzero",
        "y": "outputys",
        "y_0": "outputzero"
      },
      "question": "Determine all real numbers $lengthab > 0$ for which there exists a nonnegative continuous function $funcvar(inputxs)$ defined on $[0,lengthab]$ with the property that the region\n\\[\nregionab = \\{ (inputxs,outputys) ; 0\n\\le inputxs \\le lengthab, 0 \\le outputys \\le\nfuncvar(inputxs) \\}\n\\]\nhas perimeter $measurek$ units and area $measurek$ square units for some real number $measurek$.",
      "solution": "The answer is $\\{lengthab\\,|\\,lengthab>2\\}$. If $lengthab>2$, then the function $funcvar(inputxs) =\n2lengthab/(lengthab-2)$ has the desired property; both perimeter and area of $regionab$\nin this case are $2lengthab^2/(lengthab-2)$. Now suppose that $lengthab\\leq 2$, and let\n$funcvar(inputxs)$ be a nonnegative continuous function on $[0,lengthab]$. Let\n$pointpt=(inputzero,outputzero)$ be a point on the graph of $funcvar(inputxs)$ with maximal\n$outputys$-coordinate; then the area of $regionab$ is at most $lengthab\\,outputzero$ since it lies\nbelow the line $outputys=outputzero$. On the other hand, the points $(0,0)$,\n$(lengthab,0)$, and $pointpt$ divide the boundary of $regionab$ into three sections. The\nlength of the section between $(0,0)$ and $pointpt$ is at least the\ndistance between $(0,0)$ and $pointpt$, which is at least $outputzero$; the\nlength of the section between $pointpt$ and $(lengthab,0)$ is similarly at least\n$outputzero$; and the length of the section between $(0,0)$ and $(lengthab,0)$ is\n$lengthab$. Since $lengthab\\leq 2$, we have $2outputzero + lengthab > lengthab\\,outputzero$ and hence the\nperimeter of $regionab$ is strictly greater than the area of $regionab$."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "f": "blueberry",
        "P": "acornleaf",
        "R": "seashells",
        "x": "lemonade",
        "x_0": "peppermint",
        "y": "honeycomb",
        "y_0": "candlewax",
        "a": "horsehair",
        "k": "driftwood"
      },
      "question": "Determine all real numbers $horsehair > 0$ for which there exists a nonnegative\ncontinuous function $blueberry(lemonade)$ defined on $[0,horsehair]$ with the property that the\nregion\n\\[\nseashells = \\{ (lemonade,honeycomb) ; 0\n\\le lemonade \\le horsehair, 0 \\le honeycomb \\le\nblueberry(lemonade) \\}\n\\]\nhas perimeter $driftwood$ units and area $driftwood$ square units for some real number $driftwood$.",
      "solution": "The answer is $\\{horsehair\\,|\\,horsehair>2\\}$. If $horsehair>2$, then the function $blueberry(lemonade) =\n2horsehair/(horsehair-2)$ has the desired property; both perimeter and area of $seashells$\nin this case are $2horsehair^2/(horsehair-2)$. Now suppose that $horsehair\\leq 2$, and let\n$blueberry(lemonade)$ be a nonnegative continuous function on $[0,horsehair]$. Let\n$acornleaf=(peppermint,candlewax)$ be a point on the graph of $blueberry(lemonade)$ with maximal\nhoneycomb-coordinate; then the area of $seashells$ is at most $horsehaircandlewax$ since it lies\nbelow the line $honeycomb=candlewax$. On the other hand, the points $(0,0)$,\n$(horsehair,0)$, and $acornleaf$ divide the boundary of $seashells$ into three sections. The\nlength of the section between $(0,0)$ and $acornleaf$ is at least the\ndistance between $(0,0)$ and $acornleaf$, which is at least $candlewax$; the\nlength of the section between $acornleaf$ and $(horsehair,0)$ is similarly at least\n$candlewax$; and the length of the section between $(0,0)$ and $(horsehair,0)$ is\n$horsehair$. Since $horsehair\\leq 2$, we have $2candlewax + horsehair > horsehaircandlewax$ and hence the\nperimeter of $seashells$ is strictly greater than the area of $seashells$. "
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "f": "discretefun",
        "P": "lineobject",
        "R": "singlepoint",
        "x": "verticalvar",
        "x_0": "verticalorigin",
        "y": "horizontalvar",
        "y_0": "horizontalorigin",
        "a": "negativespan",
        "k": "variablerate"
      },
      "question": "Determine all real numbers $negativespan > 0$ for which there exists a nonnegative\ncontinuous function $discretefun(verticalvar)$ defined on $[0,negativespan]$ with the property that the\nregion\n\\[\nsinglepoint = \\{ (verticalvar,horizontalvar) ; 0\n\\le verticalvar \\le negativespan, 0 \\le horizontalvar \\le\ndiscretefun(verticalvar) \\}\n\\]\nhas perimeter $variablerate$ units and area $variablerate$ square units for some real number $variablerate$.",
      "solution": "The answer is $\\{negativespan\\,|\\,negativespan>2\\}$. If $negativespan>2$, then the function $discretefun(verticalvar) =\n2negativespan/(negativespan-2)$ has the desired property; both perimeter and area of $singlepoint$\nin this case are $2negativespan^2/(negativespan-2)$. Now suppose that $negativespan\\leq 2$, and let\n$discretefun(verticalvar)$ be a nonnegative continuous function on $[0,negativespan]$. Let\n$lineobject=(verticalorigin,horizontalorigin)$ be a point on the graph of $discretefun(verticalvar)$ with maximal\nhorizontalvar-coordinate; then the area of $singlepoint$ is at most $negativespan horizontalorigin$ since it lies\nbelow the line $horizontalvar=horizontalorigin$. On the other hand, the points $(0,0)$,\n$(negativespan,0)$, and $lineobject$ divide the boundary of $singlepoint$ into three sections. The\nlength of the section between $(0,0)$ and $lineobject$ is at least the\ndistance between $(0,0)$ and $lineobject$, which is at least $horizontalorigin$; the\nlength of the section between $lineobject$ and $(negativespan,0)$ is similarly at least\n$horizontalorigin$; and the length of the section between $(0,0)$ and $(negativespan,0)$ is\n$negativespan$. Since $negativespan\\leq 2$, we have $2horizontalorigin + negativespan > negativespan horizontalorigin$ and hence the\nperimeter of $singlepoint$ is strictly greater than the area of $singlepoint$. "
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "f": "qzxwvtnp",
        "P": "hjgrksla",
        "R": "vmnckefu",
        "x": "drlqspow",
        "x_0": "fgewlupa",
        "y": "orhtcvae",
        "y_0": "zkpmodri",
        "a": "sebtundq",
        "k": "pwrxalio"
      },
      "question": "Determine all real numbers $sebtundq > 0$ for which there exists a nonnegative\ncontinuous function $qzxwvtnp(drlqspow)$ defined on $[0,sebtundq]$ with the property that the\nregion\n\\[\nvmnckefu = \\{ (drlqspow,orhtcvae) ; 0\n\\le drlqspow \\le sebtundq, 0 \\le orhtcvae \\le\nqzxwvtnp(drlqspow) \\}\n\\]\nhas perimeter $pwrxalio$ units and area $pwrxalio$ square units for some real number $pwrxalio$.",
      "solution": "The answer is $\\{sebtundq\\,|\\,sebtundq>2\\}$. If $sebtundq>2$, then the function $qzxwvtnp(drlqspow) =\n2sebtundq/(sebtundq-2)$ has the desired property; both perimeter and area of $vmnckefu$\nin this case are $2sebtundq^2/(sebtundq-2)$. Now suppose that $sebtundq\\leq 2$, and let\n$qzxwvtnp(drlqspow)$ be a nonnegative continuous function on $[0,sebtundq]$. Let\n$hjgrksla=(fgewlupa,zkpmodri)$ be a point on the graph of $qzxwvtnp(drlqspow)$ with maximal\n$orhtcvae$-coordinate; then the area of $vmnckefu$ is at most $sebtundq\\,zkpmodri$ since it lies\nbelow the line $orhtcvae=zkpmodri$. On the other hand, the points $(0,0)$,\n$(sebtundq,0)$, and $hjgrksla$ divide the boundary of $vmnckefu$ into three sections. The\nlength of the section between $(0,0)$ and $hjgrksla$ is at least the\ndistance between $(0,0)$ and $hjgrksla$, which is at least $zkpmodri$; the\nlength of the section between $hjgrksla$ and $(sebtundq,0)$ is similarly at least\n$zkpmodri$; and the length of the section between $(0,0)$ and $(sebtundq,0)$ is\n$sebtundq$. Since $sebtundq\\leq 2$, we have $2zkpmodri + sebtundq > sebtundq\\,zkpmodri$ and hence the\nperimeter of $vmnckefu$ is strictly greater than the area of $vmnckefu$. "
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "For which positive real numbers \\(L\\) does there exist a non-negative continuous function \\(g:[0,L]\\to\\mathbb R\\) such that the planar region\n\\[\nD=\\{(x,y):0\\le x\\le L,\\;0\\le y\\le g(x)\\}\n\\]\nhas its area equal to its perimeter (both equal to some real value \\(p>0\\))?",
      "solution": "Answer: Such a function exists if and only if L > 2.\n\nProof.\n\n1. Existence when L > 2.\nChoose the constant function g(x) ≡ h on [0, L], so D is the rectangle of width L and height h.  Its area is\n  A = L·h,\nand its perimeter is\n  P = 2(L + h).\nWe require A = P, i.e.\n  Lh = 2(L + h).\nSolving,\n  Lh – 2h = 2L,\n  h (L – 2) = 2L,\n  h = 2L/(L – 2).\nSince L > 2 this h > 0.  Then indeed\n  A = Lh = 2L²/(L – 2),\n  P = 2(L + h) = 2L + 2·(2L/(L – 2)) = 2L²/(L – 2)\nalso, so A = P as desired.  Thus for every L > 2 we have a continuous nonnegative g with Area = Perimeter.\n\n2. Non‐existence when 0 < L ≤ 2.\nSuppose to the contrary that some nonnegative continuous g on [0, L] makes Area(D) = Perimeter(D) = p > 0.\nLet y₀ = max_{x∈[0,L]} g(x).  Then every point of D lies at or below y = y₀, so\n  Area(D) ≤ L·y₀.                                         (1)\nNext, trace ∂D from (0,0) to (L,0) up along the graph of g(x).  The two ‘‘upper’’ arcs—from (0,0) to the highest point P=(x₀,y₀), and from P back down to (L,0)—each have length at least the straight‐line distance from P to the corresponding base corner, hence each ≥ y₀.  The base segment has length L.  Thus\n  Perimeter(D) ≥ L + 2y₀.                                 (2)\nSubtracting (1) from (2) gives\n  Perimeter(D) – Area(D) ≥ [L + 2y₀] – [L y₀]\n                             = L + (2 – L)·y₀.\nSince L > 0 and y₀ ≥ 0, we have L + (2 – L)·y₀ ≥ L > 0 when L ≤ 2.  Hence Perimeter(D) – Area(D) > 0, contradicting the assumption Area = Perimeter.  Therefore no such g can exist if L ≤ 2.\n\n3. Conclusion.\nPutting (1) and (2) together, we find exactly those L > 2 admit a nonnegative continuous g:[0,L]→ℝ with the property that Area(D) = Perimeter(D).  Thus the answer is\n  { L ∈ ℝ : L > 2 }.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Pick a rectangle of width a: solve 2(a+h)=a·h ⇒ h=2a/(a−2) to exhibit equality when a>2.",
          "Compute its area (a·h) and perimeter (2(a+h)) to confirm they are identical.",
          "For an arbitrary non-negative continuous f, let y₀=max f; then Area ≤ a·y₀.",
          "Use straight-line distances: Perimeter ≥ a + 2y₀.",
          "Observe  a≤2 ⇒ a+2y₀ > a·y₀, giving Perimeter>Area, contradiction; hence only a>2 works."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Symbol used for the interval length (currently 'a') — any single letter could be used without affecting the logic.",
            "original": "a"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Symbol used for the common numerical value of area and perimeter (currently 'k') — freely replaceable.",
            "original": "k"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}