{
  "index": "2004-A-1",
  "type": "NT",
  "tag": [
    "NT",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Basketball star Shanille O'Keal's team statistician\nkeeps track of the number, $S(N)$, of successful free throws she has made\nin her first $N$ attempts of the season.\nEarly in the season, $S(N)$  was less than 80\\% of  $N$,\nbut by the end of the season, $S(N)$ was more than 80\\% of $N$.\nWas there necessarily a moment in between when $S(N)$ was exactly 80\\% of\n$N$?",
  "solution": "Yes. Suppose otherwise. Then there would be an $N$ such that $S(N) < .8N$\nand $S(N+1) > .8(N+1)$; that is, O'Keal's free throw percentage is under $80\\%$\nat some point, and after one subsequent free throw (necessarily made),\nher percentage is over $80\\%$. If she makes $m$ of her first $N$ free\nthrows, then $m/N < 4/5$ and $(m+1)/(N+1) > 4/5$. This means that $5m <\n4n < 5m+1$, which is impossible since then $4n$ is an integer between the\nconsecutive integers $5m$ and $5m+1$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThis same argument works for any fraction of the form\n$(n-1)/n$ for some integer $n>1$, but not for any other real number\nbetween $0$ and $1$.",
  "vars": [
    "S",
    "N",
    "m",
    "n"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "S": "successcount",
        "N": "attempttotal",
        "m": "madecount",
        "n": "integerval"
      },
      "question": "Basketball star Shanille O'Keal's team statistician\nkeeps track of the number, $successcount(attempttotal)$, of successful free throws she has made\nin her first $attempttotal$ attempts of the season.\nEarly in the season, $successcount(attempttotal)$ was less than 80\\% of $attempttotal$,\nbut by the end of the season, $successcount(attempttotal)$ was more than 80\\% of $attempttotal$.\nWas there necessarily a moment in between when $successcount(attempttotal)$ was exactly 80\\% of\n$attempttotal$?",
      "solution": "Yes. Suppose otherwise. Then there would be an $attempttotal$ such that $successcount(attempttotal) < .8\\,attempttotal$\nand $successcount(attempttotal+1) > .8\\,(attempttotal+1)$; that is, O'Keal's free throw percentage is under $80\\%$\nat some point, and after one subsequent free throw (necessarily made),\nher percentage is over $80\\%$. If she makes $madecount$ of her first $attempttotal$ free\nthrows, then $madecount/attempttotal < 4/5$ and $(madecount+1)/(attempttotal+1) > 4/5$. This means that $5\\,madecount <\n4\\,integerval < 5\\,madecount+1$, which is impossible since then $4\\,integerval$ is an integer between the\nconsecutive integers $5\\,madecount$ and $5\\,madecount+1$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThis same argument works for any fraction of the form\n$(integerval-1)/integerval$ for some integer $integerval>1$, but not for any other real number\nbetween $0$ and $1$."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "S": "peppermill",
        "N": "marshmallow",
        "m": "toadstool",
        "n": "buttercup"
      },
      "question": "Basketball star Shanille O'Keal's team statistician\nkeeps track of the number, $peppermill(marshmallow)$, of successful free throws she has made\nin her first $marshmallow$ attempts of the season.\nEarly in the season, $peppermill(marshmallow)$  was less than 80\\% of  $marshmallow$,\nbut by the end of the season, $peppermill(marshmallow)$ was more than 80\\% of $marshmallow$.\nWas there necessarily a moment in between when $peppermill(marshmallow)$ was exactly 80\\% of\n$marshmallow$?",
      "solution": "Yes. Suppose otherwise. Then there would be an $marshmallow$ such that $peppermill(marshmallow) < .8marshmallow$\nand $peppermill(marshmallow+1) > .8(marshmallow+1)$; that is, O'Keal's free throw percentage is under $80\\%$\nat some point, and after one subsequent free throw (necessarily made),\nher percentage is over $80\\%$. If she makes $toadstool$ of her first $marshmallow$ free\nthrows, then $toadstool/marshmallow < 4/5$ and $(toadstool+1)/(marshmallow+1) > 4/5$. This means that $5toadstool <\n4buttercup < 5toadstool+1$, which is impossible since then $4buttercup$ is an integer between the\nconsecutive integers $5toadstool$ and $5toadstool+1$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThis same argument works for any fraction of the form\n$(buttercup-1)/buttercup$ for some integer $buttercup>1$, but not for any other real number\nbetween $0$ and $1$. "
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "S": "failureshots",
        "N": "unusedshots",
        "m": "misscount",
        "n": "tinyintgr"
      },
      "question": "Basketball star Shanille O'Keal's team statistician\nkeeps track of the number, $failureshots(unusedshots)$, of successful free throws she has made\nin her first $unusedshots$ attempts of the season.\nEarly in the season, $failureshots(unusedshots)$  was less than 80\\% of  $unusedshots$,\nbut by the end of the season, $failureshots(unusedshots)$ was more than 80\\% of $unusedshots$.\nWas there necessarily a moment in between when $failureshots(unusedshots)$ was exactly 80\\% of\n$unusedshots$?",
      "solution": "Yes. Suppose otherwise. Then there would be an $unusedshots$ such that $failureshots(unusedshots) < .8unusedshots$\nand $failureshots(unusedshots+1) > .8(unusedshots+1)$; that is, O'Keal's free throw percentage is under $80\\%$\nat some point, and after one subsequent free throw (necessarily made),\nher percentage is over $80\\%$. If she makes $misscount$ of her first $unusedshots$ free\nthrows, then $misscount/unusedshots < 4/5$ and $(misscount+1)/(unusedshots+1) > 4/5$. This means that $5misscount <\n4tinyintgr < 5misscount+1$, which is impossible since then $4tinyintgr$ is an integer between the\nconsecutive integers $5misscount$ and $5misscount+1$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThis same argument works for any fraction of the form\n$(tinyintgr-1)/tinyintgr$ for some integer $tinyintgr>1$, but not for any other real number\nbetween $0$ and $1$. "
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "S": "qzxwvtnp",
        "N": "hjgrksla",
        "m": "vcfqlsne",
        "n": "pdkrmhzo"
      },
      "question": "Basketball star Shanille O'Keal's team statistician\nkeeps track of the number, $qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla)$, of successful free throws she has made\nin her first $hjgrksla$ attempts of the season.\nEarly in the season, $qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla)$  was less than 80\\% of  $hjgrksla$,\nbut by the end of the season, $qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla)$ was more than 80\\% of $hjgrksla$.\nWas there necessarily a moment in between when $qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla)$ was exactly 80\\% of\n$hjgrksla$?",
      "solution": "Yes. Suppose otherwise. Then there would be an $hjgrksla$ such that $qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla) < .8hjgrksla$\nand $qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla+1) > .8(hjgrksla+1)$; that is, O'Keal's free throw percentage is under $80\\%$\nat some point, and after one subsequent free throw (necessarily made),\nher percentage is over $80\\%$. If she makes $vcfqlsne$ of her first $hjgrksla$ free\nthrows, then $vcfqlsne/hjgrksla < 4/5$ and $(vcfqlsne+1)/(hjgrksla+1) > 4/5$. This means that $5vcfqlsne <\n4pdkrmhzo < 5vcfqlsne+1$, which is impossible since then $4pdkrmhzo$ is an integer between the\nconsecutive integers $5vcfqlsne$ and $5vcfqlsne+1$.\n\n\\textbf{Remark:}\nThis same argument works for any fraction of the form\n$(pdkrmhzo-1)/pdkrmhzo$ for some integer $pdkrmhzo>1$, but not for any other real number\nbetween $0$ and $1$. "
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "During a week-long practice session an archer named Asha fires arrows one at a time and keeps a running tally.  For every positive integer $N$ let $B(N)$ denote the number of bull-eyes she has hit in her first $N$ shots.  Early in the week her cumulative accuracy satisfied\n\\[\n  B(N)<\\tfrac{6}{7}N,\\qquad\\text{while by the end of the week it satisfied }\\qquad B(N)>\\tfrac{6}{7}N.\n\\]\nProve that there must have been some positive integer $N$ for which\n\\[\n   B(N)=\\tfrac{6}{7}N.\n\\]",
      "solution": "Assume, for the sake of contradiction, that no such N exists; i.e.\nB(N)≠6/7·N for every N.  Because the fraction B(N)/N starts below 6/7 and eventually exceeds 6/7, there is a first index N at which the cumulative accuracy jumps from below 6/7 to above 6/7.  Concretely, choose the smallest positive integer N such that\n    B(N)/N < 6/7   and   B(N+1)/(N+1) > 6/7.\n(The second inequality forces the (N+1)-st shot to be a bull’s-eye.)  Write B(N)=m.  The two displayed inequalities translate to\n    m/N < 6/7   ⇒   7m < 6N,\n    (m+1)/(N+1) > 6/7   ⇒   7(m+1) > 6(N+1).\nExpanding the second gives 7m+7 > 6N+6, i.e.\n    6N < 7m+1.\nCombining 7m < 6N < 7m+1 shows 6N is an integer strictly between the consecutive integers 7m and 7m+1, which is impossible.  This contradiction shows our original assumption was false, so there must indeed exist an integer N with B(N)=6/7·N.\n\n(The identical argument works verbatim for any target accuracy of the form (n–1)/n with n>1.)",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Assume there is never an attempt number with exactly the target success ratio.",
          "Identify the first index where the cumulative ratio jumps from below the target to above it (from N to N+1).",
          "Translate those two cumulative ratios into strict inequalities involving integers (made shots m and attempts N).",
          "Show these inequalities force an integer to lie strictly between two consecutive integers, an impossibility.",
          "Conclude the assumption is false, so an exact-ratio moment must exist."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Target success fraction; may be any (n−1)/n with integer n>1.",
            "original": "80%  = 4/5"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Narrative setting (sport, action, protagonist).",
            "original": "Basketball free throws by Shanille O'Keal"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}