{
  "index": "1940-B-1",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "9. A projectile, thrown with initial velocity \\( v_{0} \\) in a direction making angle \\( \\alpha \\) with the horizontal, is acted on by no force except gravity. Find the length of its path until it strikes a horizontal plane through the starting point. Show that the flight is longest when\n\\[\n\\sin \\alpha \\log (\\sec \\alpha+\\tan \\alpha)=1\n\\]",
  "solution": "Solution. The differential equations of the motion (using \\( x \\) for the horizontal coordinate and \\( y \\) for the vertical coordinate and taking the origin at the initial point) are\n\\[\n\\frac{d^{2} x}{d t^{2}}=0, \\quad \\frac{d^{2} y}{d t^{2}}=-g\n\\]\nwhere \\( g \\) is the acceleration due to gravity. Using the given initial conditions these can be solved to get\n\\[\nx=v_{0} t \\cos \\alpha, \\quad y=v_{0} t \\sin \\alpha-\\frac{1}{2} g t^{2}\n\\]\n\nThe flight lasts from time \\( t=0 \\) to \\( t=T=\\left(2 v_{0} \\sin \\alpha\\right) / g \\). The length of the trajectory is given by\n\\[\nS(\\alpha)=\\int_{0}^{T} \\sqrt{\\left(v_{0} \\sin \\alpha-g t\\right)^{2}+\\left(v_{0} \\cos \\alpha\\right)^{2}} d t\n\\]\n\nPutting \\( w=v_{0} \\sin \\alpha-g t \\) and \\( u=v_{0} \\cos \\alpha \\) this becomes\n\\[\nS(\\alpha)=-\\frac{1}{g} \\int_{v_{0} \\sin \\alpha}^{-v_{0} \\sin \\alpha} \\sqrt{w^{2}+u^{2}} d w=\\frac{2}{g} \\int_{0}^{v_{0} \\sin \\alpha} \\sqrt{w^{2}+u^{2}} d w\n\\]\n\nBearing in mind that \\( u \\) depends on \\( \\alpha \\), we differentiate this with respect to \\( \\alpha \\) and obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nS^{\\prime}(\\alpha) & =\\frac{2}{g} \\sqrt{v_{0}^{2} \\sin ^{2} \\alpha+u^{2}} \\cdot v_{0} \\cos \\alpha+\\frac{2}{g} \\int_{0}^{v_{0} \\sin \\alpha} \\frac{u d w}{\\sqrt{w^{2}+u^{2}}} \\cdot \\frac{d u}{d \\alpha} \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 v_{0}^{2} \\cos \\alpha}{g}\\left(1-\\sin \\alpha \\int_{0}^{v_{0} \\sin \\alpha} \\frac{d w}{\\sqrt{w^{2}+u^{2}}}\\right) \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 v_{0}^{2} \\cos \\alpha}{g}\\left(1-\\sin \\alpha\\left[\\log \\left(w+\\sqrt{w^{2}+u^{2}}\\right)\\right]_{0}^{v_{0} \\sin \\alpha}\\right) \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 v_{0}^{2} \\cos \\alpha}{g}(1-\\sin \\alpha \\log (\\sec \\alpha+\\tan \\alpha))\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nNow \\( \\sin \\alpha \\) increases from 0 to 1 as \\( \\alpha \\) varies from 0 to \\( \\pi / 2 \\) and \\( \\log (\\sec \\alpha \\) \\( +\\tan \\alpha \\) ) increases from 0 to \\( +\\infty \\), while \\( \\cos \\alpha \\) is positive except for \\( \\alpha=\\pi / 2 \\). It follows that \\( \\sin \\alpha \\log (\\sec \\alpha+\\tan \\alpha)=1 \\) for a unique value \\( \\alpha=\\alpha_{0} \\in(0, \\pi / 2) \\) and that \\( S^{\\prime}(\\alpha)>0 \\) for \\( 0<\\alpha<\\alpha_{0}, S^{\\prime}(\\alpha)<0 \\) for \\( \\alpha_{0}<\\alpha<\\pi / 2 \\). Since \\( S \\) is obviously a continuous function on [ \\( 0, \\pi / 2 \\) ], it has a unique maximum on this interval at the point \\( \\alpha_{0} \\); i.e., the flight is longest for \\( \\alpha=\\alpha_{0} \\). Calculation shows that \\( \\alpha_{0}=56^{\\circ} 28^{\\prime} \\) approximately.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "t",
    "w",
    "u",
    "S",
    "\\\\alpha"
  ],
  "params": [
    "v_0",
    "g",
    "T",
    "\\\\alpha_0"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "horizcoor",
        "y": "vertcoor",
        "t": "timevar",
        "w": "auxwvar",
        "u": "auxuvar",
        "S": "arclength",
        "\\alpha": "launchang",
        "v_0": "initveloc",
        "g": "gravityc",
        "T": "flightext",
        "\\alpha_0": "optangl"
      },
      "question": "9. A projectile, thrown with initial velocity \\( initveloc \\) in a direction making angle \\( launchang \\) with the horizontal, is acted on by no force except gravity. Find the length of its path until it strikes a horizontal plane through the starting point. Show that the flight is longest when\n\\[\n\\sin launchang \\log (\\sec launchang+\\tan launchang)=1\n\\]",
      "solution": "Solution. The differential equations of the motion (using \\( horizcoor \\) for the horizontal coordinate and \\( vertcoor \\) for the vertical coordinate and taking the origin at the initial point) are\n\\[\n\\frac{d^{2} horizcoor}{d timevar^{2}}=0, \\quad \\frac{d^{2} vertcoor}{d timevar^{2}}=-gravityc\n\\]\nwhere \\( gravityc \\) is the acceleration due to gravity. Using the given initial conditions these can be solved to get\n\\[\n horizcoor=initveloc \\, timevar \\cos launchang, \\quad vertcoor=initveloc \\, timevar \\sin launchang-\\frac{1}{2} gravityc \\, timevar^{2}\n\\]\n\nThe flight lasts from time \\( timevar=0 \\) to \\( timevar=flightext=\\left(2 \\, initveloc \\sin launchang\\right) / gravityc \\). The length of the trajectory is given by\n\\[\n arclength(launchang)=\\int_{0}^{flightext} \\sqrt{\\left(initveloc \\sin launchang-gravityc \\, timevar\\right)^{2}+\\left(initveloc \\cos launchang\\right)^{2}} \\, d timevar\n\\]\n\nPutting \\( auxwvar=initveloc \\sin launchang-gravityc \\, timevar \\) and \\( auxuvar=initveloc \\cos launchang \\) this becomes\n\\[\n arclength(launchang)=-\\frac{1}{gravityc} \\int_{initveloc \\sin launchang}^{-initveloc \\sin launchang} \\sqrt{auxwvar^{2}+auxuvar^{2}} \\, d auxwvar=\\frac{2}{gravityc} \\int_{0}^{initveloc \\sin launchang} \\sqrt{auxwvar^{2}+auxuvar^{2}} \\, d auxwvar\n\\]\n\nBearing in mind that \\( auxuvar \\) depends on \\( launchang \\), we differentiate this with respect to \\( launchang \\) and obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n arclength^{\\prime}(launchang) & =\\frac{2}{gravityc} \\sqrt{initveloc^{2} \\sin ^{2} launchang+auxuvar^{2}} \\cdot initveloc \\cos launchang+\\frac{2}{gravityc} \\int_{0}^{initveloc \\sin launchang} \\frac{auxuvar \\, d auxwvar}{\\sqrt{auxwvar^{2}+auxuvar^{2}}} \\cdot \\frac{d auxuvar}{d launchang} \\\\\n & =\\frac{2 \\, initveloc^{2} \\cos launchang}{gravityc}\\left(1-\\sin launchang \\int_{0}^{initveloc \\sin launchang} \\frac{d auxwvar}{\\sqrt{auxwvar^{2}+auxuvar^{2}}}\\right) \\\\\n & =\\frac{2 \\, initveloc^{2} \\cos launchang}{gravityc}\\left(1-\\sin launchang\\left[\\log \\left(auxwvar+\\sqrt{auxwvar^{2}+auxuvar^{2}}\\right)\\right]_{0}^{initveloc \\sin launchang}\\right) \\\\\n & =\\frac{2 \\, initveloc^{2} \\cos launchang}{gravityc}\\bigl(1-\\sin launchang \\log (\\sec launchang+\\tan launchang)\\bigr)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nNow \\( \\sin launchang \\) increases from 0 to 1 as \\( launchang \\) varies from 0 to \\( \\pi / 2 \\) and \\( \\log (\\sec launchang+\\tan launchang) \\) increases from 0 to \\( +\\infty \\), while \\( \\cos launchang \\) is positive except for \\( launchang=\\pi / 2 \\). It follows that \\( \\sin launchang \\log (\\sec launchang+\\tan launchang)=1 \\) for a unique value \\( launchang=optangl \\in(0, \\pi / 2) \\) and that \\( arclength^{\\prime}(launchang)>0 \\) for \\( 0<launchang<optangl, \\, arclength^{\\prime}(launchang)<0 \\) for \\( optangl<launchang<\\pi / 2 \\). Since \\( arclength \\) is obviously a continuous function on \\( [0, \\pi / 2] \\), it has a unique maximum on this interval at the point \\( optangl \\); i.e., the flight is longest for \\( launchang=optangl \\). Calculation shows that \\( optangl=56^{\\circ} 28^{\\prime} \\) approximately."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "marshmallow",
        "y": "pinecone",
        "t": "doorbell",
        "w": "raincoat",
        "u": "sailboat",
        "S": "lemonade",
        "\\alpha": "quasar",
        "v_0": "skyladder",
        "g": "sandstorm",
        "T": "horseshoe",
        "\\alpha_0": "quasarzero"
      },
      "question": "9. A projectile, thrown with initial velocity \\( skyladder \\) in a direction making angle \\( quasar \\) with the horizontal, is acted on by no force except gravity. Find the length of its path until it strikes a horizontal plane through the starting point. Show that the flight is longest when\n\\[\n\\sin quasar \\log (\\sec quasar+\\tan quasar)=1\n\\]\n",
      "solution": "Solution. The differential equations of the motion (using \\( marshmallow \\) for the horizontal coordinate and \\( pinecone \\) for the vertical coordinate and taking the origin at the initial point) are\n\\[\n\\frac{d^{2} marshmallow}{d doorbell^{2}}=0, \\quad \\frac{d^{2} pinecone}{d doorbell^{2}}=-sandstorm\n\\]\nwhere \\( sandstorm \\) is the acceleration due to gravity. Using the given initial conditions these can be solved to get\n\\[\nmarshmallow=skyladder doorbell \\cos quasar, \\quad pinecone=skyladder doorbell \\sin quasar-\\frac{1}{2} sandstorm doorbell^{2}\n\\]\n\nThe flight lasts from time \\( doorbell=0 \\) to \\( doorbell=horseshoe=\\left(2 skyladder \\sin quasar\\right) / sandstorm \\). The length of the trajectory is given by\n\\[\nlemonade(quasar)=\\int_{0}^{horseshoe} \\sqrt{\\left(skyladder \\sin quasar-sandstorm doorbell\\right)^{2}+\\left(skyladder \\cos quasar\\right)^{2}} d doorbell\n\\]\n\nPutting \\( raincoat=skyladder \\sin quasar-sandstorm doorbell \\) and \\( sailboat=skyladder \\cos quasar \\) this becomes\n\\[\nlemonade(quasar)=-\\frac{1}{sandstorm} \\int_{skyladder \\sin quasar}^{-skyladder \\sin quasar} \\sqrt{raincoat^{2}+sailboat^{2}} d raincoat=\\frac{2}{sandstorm} \\int_{0}^{skyladder \\sin quasar} \\sqrt{raincoat^{2}+sailboat^{2}} d raincoat\n\\]\n\nBearing in mind that \\( sailboat \\) depends on \\( quasar \\), we differentiate this with respect to \\( quasar \\) and obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nlemonade^{\\prime}(quasar) & =\\frac{2}{sandstorm} \\sqrt{skyladder^{2} \\sin ^{2} quasar+sailboat^{2}} \\cdot skyladder \\cos quasar+\\frac{2}{sandstorm} \\int_{0}^{skyladder \\sin quasar} \\frac{sailboat d raincoat}{\\sqrt{raincoat^{2}+sailboat^{2}}} \\cdot \\frac{d sailboat}{d quasar} \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 skyladder^{2} \\cos quasar}{sandstorm}\\left(1-\\sin quasar \\int_{0}^{skyladder \\sin quasar} \\frac{d raincoat}{\\sqrt{raincoat^{2}+sailboat^{2}}}\\right) \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 skyladder^{2} \\cos quasar}{sandstorm}\\left(1-\\sin quasar\\left[\\log \\left(raincoat+\\sqrt{raincoat^{2}+sailboat^{2}}\\right)\\right]_{0}^{skyladder \\sin quasar}\\right) \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 skyladder^{2} \\cos quasar}{sandstorm}(1-\\sin quasar \\log (\\sec quasar+\\tan quasar))\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nNow \\( \\sin quasar \\) increases from 0 to 1 as \\( quasar \\) varies from 0 to \\( \\pi / 2 \\) and \\( \\log (\\sec quasar \\)\n\\( +\\tan quasar \\) ) increases from 0 to \\( +\\infty \\), while \\( \\cos quasar \\) is positive except for \\( quasar=\\pi / 2 \\). It follows that \\( \\sin quasar \\log (\\sec quasar+\\tan quasar)=1 \\) for a unique value \\( quasar=quasarzero \\in(0, \\pi / 2) \\) and that \\( lemonade^{\\prime}(quasar)>0 \\) for \\( 0<quasar<quasarzero, lemonade^{\\prime}(quasar)<0 \\) for \\( quasarzero<quasar<\\pi / 2 \\). Since \\( lemonade \\) is obviously a continuous function on [ \\( 0, \\pi / 2 \\) ], it has a unique maximum on this interval at the point \\( quasarzero \\); i.e., the flight is longest for \\( quasar=quasarzero \\). Calculation shows that \\( quasarzero=56^{\\circ} 28^{\\prime} \\) approximately.\n"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "verticalaxis",
        "y": "horizontalaxis",
        "t": "timelessness",
        "w": "constantness",
        "u": "stillness",
        "S": "conciseness",
        "\\alpha": "flatness",
        "v_0": "reststate",
        "g": "levitation",
        "T": "permanence",
        "\\alpha_0": "baseness"
      },
      "question": "9. A projectile, thrown with initial velocity \\( reststate \\) in a direction making angle \\( flatness \\) with the horizontal, is acted on by no force except gravity. Find the length of its path until it strikes a horizontal plane through the starting point. Show that the flight is longest when\n\\[\n\\sin flatness \\log (\\sec flatness+\\tan flatness)=1\n\\]",
      "solution": "Solution. The differential equations of the motion (using \\( verticalaxis \\) for the horizontal coordinate and \\( horizontalaxis \\) for the vertical coordinate and taking the origin at the initial point) are\n\\[\n\\frac{d^{2} verticalaxis}{d timelessness^{2}}=0, \\quad \\frac{d^{2} horizontalaxis}{d timelessness^{2}}=-levitation\n\\]\nwhere \\( levitation \\) is the acceleration due to gravity. Using the given initial conditions these can be solved to get\n\\[\nverticalaxis=reststate timelessness \\cos flatness, \\quad horizontalaxis=reststate timelessness \\sin flatness-\\frac{1}{2} levitation timelessness^{2}\n\\]\n\nThe flight lasts from time \\( timelessness=0 \\) to \\( timelessness=permanence=\\left(2 reststate \\sin flatness\\right) / levitation \\). The length of the trajectory is given by\n\\[\nconciseness(flatness)=\\int_{0}^{permanence} \\sqrt{\\left(reststate \\sin flatness-levitation timelessness\\right)^{2}+\\left(reststate \\cos flatness\\right)^{2}} d timelessness\n\\]\n\nPutting \\( constantness=reststate \\sin flatness-levitation timelessness \\) and \\( stillness=reststate \\cos flatness \\) this becomes\n\\[\nconciseness(flatness)=-\\frac{1}{levitation} \\int_{reststate \\sin flatness}^{-reststate \\sin flatness} \\sqrt{constantness^{2}+stillness^{2}} d constantness=\\frac{2}{levitation} \\int_{0}^{reststate \\sin flatness} \\sqrt{constantness^{2}+stillness^{2}} d constantness\n\\]\n\nBearing in mind that \\( stillness \\) depends on \\( flatness \\), we differentiate this with respect to \\( flatness \\) and obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nconciseness^{\\prime}(flatness) & =\\frac{2}{levitation} \\sqrt{reststate^{2} \\sin ^{2} flatness+stillness^{2}} \\cdot reststate \\cos flatness+\\frac{2}{levitation} \\int_{0}^{reststate \\sin flatness} \\frac{stillness d constantness}{\\sqrt{constantness^{2}+stillness^{2}}} \\cdot \\frac{d stillness}{d flatness} \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 reststate^{2} \\cos flatness}{levitation}\\left(1-\\sin flatness \\int_{0}^{reststate \\sin flatness} \\frac{d constantness}{\\sqrt{constantness^{2}+stillness^{2}}}\\right) \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 reststate^{2} \\cos flatness}{levitation}\\left(1-\\sin flatness\\left[\\log \\left(constantness+\\sqrt{constantness^{2}+stillness^{2}}\\right)\\right]_{0}^{reststate \\sin flatness}\\right) \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 reststate^{2} \\cos flatness}{levitation}(1-\\sin flatness \\log (\\sec flatness+\\tan flatness))\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nNow \\( \\sin flatness \\) increases from 0 to 1 as \\( flatness \\) varies from 0 to \\( \\pi / 2 \\) and \\( \\log (\\sec flatness \\) \\( +\\tan flatness \\) ) increases from 0 to \\( +\\infty \\), while \\( \\cos flatness \\) is positive except for \\( flatness=\\pi / 2 \\). It follows that \\( \\sin flatness \\log (\\sec flatness+\\tan flatness)=1 \\) for a unique value \\( flatness=baseness \\in(0, \\pi / 2) \\) and that \\( conciseness^{\\prime}(flatness)>0 \\) for \\( 0<flatness<baseness, conciseness^{\\prime}(flatness)<0 \\) for \\( baseness<flatness<\\pi / 2 \\). Since \\( conciseness \\) is obviously a continuous function on [ \\( 0, \\pi / 2 \\) ], it has a unique maximum on this interval at the point \\( flatness=baseness \\); i.e., the flight is longest for \\( flatness=baseness \\). Calculation shows that \\( baseness=56^{\\circ} 28^{\\prime} \\) approximately."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "y": "hjgrksla",
        "t": "mbpqlnxs",
        "w": "sfmnjdke",
        "u": "lqrvazmi",
        "S": "rtkyosep",
        "\\alpha": "zbqctxme",
        "v_0": "jxfaldor",
        "g": "vpzkieru",
        "T": "dfvnqsel",
        "\\alpha_0": "nczvhgma"
      },
      "question": "9. A projectile, thrown with initial velocity \\( jxfaldor \\) in a direction making angle \\( zbqctxme \\) with the horizontal, is acted on by no force except gravity. Find the length of its path until it strikes a horizontal plane through the starting point. Show that the flight is longest when\n\\[\n\\sin zbqctxme \\log (\\sec zbqctxme+\\tan zbqctxme)=1\n\\]",
      "solution": "Solution. The differential equations of the motion (using \\( qzxwvtnp \\) for the horizontal coordinate and \\( hjgrksla \\) for the vertical coordinate and taking the origin at the initial point) are\n\\[\n\\frac{d^{2} qzxwvtnp}{d mbpqlnxs^{2}}=0, \\quad \\frac{d^{2} hjgrksla}{d mbpqlnxs^{2}}=-vpzkieru\n\\]\nwhere \\( vpzkieru \\) is the acceleration due to gravity. Using the given initial conditions these can be solved to get\n\\[\nqzxwvtnp=jxfaldor mbpqlnxs \\cos zbqctxme, \\quad hjgrksla=jxfaldor mbpqlnxs \\sin zbqctxme-\\frac{1}{2} vpzkieru mbpqlnxs^{2}\n\\]\n\nThe flight lasts from time \\( mbpqlnxs=0 \\) to \\( mbpqlnxs=dfvnqsel=\\left(2 jxfaldor \\sin zbqctxme\\right) / vpzkieru \\). The length of the trajectory is given by\n\\[\nrtkyosep(zbqctxme)=\\int_{0}^{dfvnqsel} \\sqrt{\\left(jxfaldor \\sin zbqctxme-vpzkieru mbpqlnxs\\right)^{2}+\\left(jxfaldor \\cos zbqctxme\\right)^{2}} d mbpqlnxs\n\\]\n\nPutting \\( sfmnjdke=jxfaldor \\sin zbqctxme-vpzkieru mbpqlnxs \\) and \\( lqrvazmi=jxfaldor \\cos zbqctxme \\) this becomes\n\\[\nrtkyosep(zbqctxme)=-\\frac{1}{vpzkieru} \\int_{jxfaldor \\sin zbqctxme}^{-jxfaldor \\sin zbqctxme} \\sqrt{sfmnjdke^{2}+lqrvazmi^{2}} d sfmnjdke=\\frac{2}{vpzkieru} \\int_{0}^{jxfaldor \\sin zbqctxme} \\sqrt{sfmnjdke^{2}+lqrvazmi^{2}} d sfmnjdke\n\\]\n\nBearing in mind that \\( lqrvazmi \\) depends on \\( zbqctxme \\), we differentiate this with respect to \\( zbqctxme \\) and obtain\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nrtkyosep^{\\prime}(zbqctxme) & =\\frac{2}{vpzkieru} \\sqrt{jxfaldor^{2} \\sin ^{2} zbqctxme+lqrvazmi^{2}} \\cdot jxfaldor \\cos zbqctxme+\\frac{2}{vpzkieru} \\int_{0}^{jxfaldor \\sin zbqctxme} \\frac{lqrvazmi d sfmnjdke}{\\sqrt{sfmnjdke^{2}+lqrvazmi^{2}}} \\cdot \\frac{d lqrvazmi}{d zbqctxme} \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 jxfaldor^{2} \\cos zbqctxme}{vpzkieru}\\left(1-\\sin zbqctxme \\int_{0}^{jxfaldor \\sin zbqctxme} \\frac{d sfmnjdke}{\\sqrt{sfmnjdke^{2}+lqrvazmi^{2}}}\\right) \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 jxfaldor^{2} \\cos zbqctxme}{vpzkieru}\\left(1-\\sin zbqctxme\\left[\\log \\left(sfmnjdke+\\sqrt{sfmnjdke^{2}+lqrvazmi^{2}}\\right)\\right]_{0}^{jxfaldor \\sin zbqctxme}\\right) \\\\\n& =\\frac{2 jxfaldor^{2} \\cos zbqctxme}{vpzkieru}(1-\\sin zbqctxme \\log (\\sec zbqctxme+\\tan zbqctxme))\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nNow \\( \\sin zbqctxme \\) increases from 0 to 1 as \\( zbqctxme \\) varies from 0 to \\( \\pi / 2 \\) and \\( \\log (\\sec zbqctxme \\) \\( +\\tan zbqctxme \\) ) increases from 0 to \\( +\\infty \\), while \\( \\cos zbqctxme \\) is positive except for \\( zbqctxme=\\pi / 2 \\). It follows that \\( \\sin zbqctxme \\log (\\sec zbqctxme+\\tan zbqctxme)=1 \\) for a unique value \\( zbqctxme=nczvhgma \\in(0, \\pi / 2) \\) and that \\( rtkyosep^{\\prime}(zbqctxme)>0 \\) for \\( 0<zbqctxme<nczvhgma, rtkyosep^{\\prime}(zbqctxme)<0 \\) for \\( nczvhgma<zbqctxme<\\pi / 2 \\). Since \\( rtkyosep \\) is obviously a continuous function on [ \\( 0, \\pi / 2 \\) ], it has a unique maximum on this interval at the point \\( nczvhgma \\); i.e., the flight is longest for \\( zbqctxme=nczvhgma \\). Calculation shows that \\( nczvhgma=56^{\\circ} 28^{\\prime} \\) approximately."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "10. (Putnam-style)  On a distant asteroid the downward gravitational acceleration has constant magnitude $\\gamma>0$.  A probe is launched from the flat surface with initial speed $u_{0}$, making an angle $\\theta\\in(0,\\tfrac{\\pi}{2})$ with the horizontal.  Neglecting every force except gravity, determine the length $L(\\theta)$ of the probe’s trajectory until it returns to the surface, and prove that the flight is longest precisely for those launch angles $\\theta$ satisfying\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\\sin\\theta\\,\\log\\bigl(\\sec\\theta+\\tan\\theta\\bigr)=1\\;}.\\]\n",
      "solution": "Corrected/annotated solution.\n\nLet (x(t),y(t)) be the position of the projectile; t is time, the positive y–axis is upward and the origin is the launch point.  The downward gravitational acceleration has constant magnitude γ>0.\n\n1.  Equations of motion.\n   x¨=0, y¨=–γ.\n   With initial velocity u₀(cosθ, sinθ) we integrate once and apply the initial conditions ẋ(0)=u₀cosθ, ẏ(0)=u₀sinθ, x(0)=y(0)=0:\n        x(t)=u₀ t cosθ, y(t)=u₀ t sinθ – ½ γ t².\n\n2.  Flight time.\n   The projectile returns to the surface when y(T)=0:\n        0 = u₀T sinθ – ½ γ T²  ⇒  T = 2u₀ sinθ / γ.\n\n3.  Arc length.\n   Speed: |(ẋ,ẏ)| = √[(u₀cosθ)² + (u₀ sinθ – γ t)²].  Hence\n        L(θ) = ∫₀^{T} √[(u₀cosθ)² + (u₀ sinθ – γ t)²] dt.\n\n4.  Substitution.\n   Put w = u₀ sinθ – γ t, u = u₀ cosθ (>0).  Then dw = –γ dt and while t runs 0→T the variable w runs u₀ sinθ→–u₀ sinθ.  Therefore\n        L(θ) = –(1/γ) ∫_{u₀ sinθ}^{–u₀ sinθ} √(w²+u²) dw\n              =  (2/γ) ∫₀^{u₀ sinθ} √(w²+u²) dw.  (★)\n\n5.  Differentiate with respect to θ (Leibniz rule).\n   The upper limit and the parameter u both depend on θ.  From (★)\n        L′(θ) = (2/γ)√[(u₀ sinθ)²+u²]·u₀ cosθ\n                + (2/γ) ∫₀^{u₀ sinθ} ∂/∂θ[√(w²+u²)] dw.\n   Now du/dθ = –u₀ sinθ, so\n        ∂/∂θ[√(w²+u²)] = (u/√(w²+u²))·du/dθ = –u₀ sinθ·u/√(w²+u²).\n   Substituting u = u₀ cosθ yields\n        L′(θ) = (2u₀² cosθ/γ)[1 – sinθ·I(θ)],\n   I(θ) := ∫₀^{u₀ sinθ} dw / √(w²+u²).\n\n6.  Evaluate I(θ).\n   Because ∫ dw/√(w²+a²) = arsinh(w/a) = ln(w+√(w²+a²)),\n        I(θ) = ln(u₀ sinθ + √[(u₀ sinθ)²+u²]) – ln u\n              = ln[(u₀ sinθ + u₀)/u] = ln(tanθ + secθ).\n   Consequently\n        L′(θ) = (2u₀² cosθ/γ)[1 – sinθ·ln(secθ+tanθ)].  (†)\n\n7.  Sign of L′ and the maximising angle.\n   Define F(θ)=sinθ·ln(secθ+tanθ).  On (0,π/2): sinθ increases from 0 to 1 and ln(secθ+tanθ) increases from 0 to ∞, so F is strictly increasing from 0 to ∞.  Therefore the equation F(θ)=1 has a unique solution θ₀∈(0,π/2).\n\n   In (†) the prefactor (2u₀²/γ)cosθ is positive on (0,π/2).  Hence\n        L′(θ)>0  for 0<θ<θ₀, L′(θ)<0  for θ₀<θ<π/2.\n   Thus L attains its unique global maximum at θ=θ₀, characterised by\n        sinθ₀ · ln(secθ₀ + tanθ₀) = 1.\n\n8.  Numerical value.\n   Solving the transcendental equation gives θ₀ ≈ 0.982 rad ≈ 56° 16′ (≈56°.28).\n\nTherefore the longest flight path is obtained exactly for those launch angles θ satisfying\n        ☐ sinθ · log(secθ + tanθ) = 1.\n\nThe result is independent of both the initial speed u₀ and the gravitational constant γ.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Write parametric equations for (x(t), y(t)) under constant gravity and deduce flight time T.",
          "Express path length S(α) as the time–integral of speed √(ẋ²+ẏ²).",
          "Change variables so S(α)= (2/g)∫₀^{v₀sinα}√(w²+u²) dw with u=v₀cosα, then differentiate S with respect to α (Leibniz rule).",
          "Evaluate the integral to obtain S'(α)= (2v₀² cosα / g)(1 − sinα·log(secα+tanα)).",
          "Use monotonicity of sinα, log(secα+tanα) and the sign of cosα to locate the unique root S'(α)=0, hence the maximizing condition sinα·log(secα+tanα)=1."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Positive constant representing gravitational acceleration",
            "original": "g"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Positive constant representing the projectile’s initial speed",
            "original": "v_0"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}