{
  "index": "1942-A-6",
  "type": "GEO",
  "tag": [
    "GEO",
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "6. Any circle in the \\( X Y \\) (horizontal) plane is \"represented\" by a point on the vertical line through the center of the circle and at a distance \"above\" the plane of the circle equal to the radius of the circle.\n\nShow that the locus of the representations of all the circles which cut a fixed circle at a constant angle is a (portion of a) one-sheeted hyperboloid.\n\nBy consideration of suitable families of circles in the plane, demonstrate the existence of two families of rulings on the hyperboloid.",
  "solution": "Solution. Denote the fixed circle by \\( C \\) and suppose it has center \\( O \\) and radius \\( a \\). Take coordinates in the \\( X Y \\) plane with origin at \\( O \\) and introduce a third coordinate \\( z \\) as usual. The angle \\( \\alpha \\) between two intersecting smooth curves is the smaller of the two angles between their tangents at the point of intersection. Hence \\( 0 \\leq \\alpha \\leq \\pi / 2 \\).\n\nFix such an \\( \\alpha \\). Suppose a circle \\( C^{\\prime} \\) with center \\( P \\) and radius \\( r \\) cuts the fixed circle \\( C \\) at \\( B \\) making an angle \\( \\alpha \\). Then\n\\[\n(O P)^{2}=a^{2}+r^{2} \\pm 2 a r \\cos \\alpha\n\\]\nthe sign being + if \\( \\angle O B P \\) is obtuse and - if \\( \\angle O B P \\) is acute. If the plane coordinates of \\( P \\) are \\( \\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\\right) \\) then \\( C^{\\prime} \\) will be represented by the point \\( \\left(x_{0}, y_{0}, r\\right) \\). Hence all such representative points lie on the set \\( \\mathscr{L}=\\mathscr{L}_{1} \\cup \\mathscr{L}_{2} \\) where \\( \\mathscr{L}_{1} \\) is determined by the conditions\n\\[\nx^{2}+y^{2}=a^{2}+z^{2}-2 a z \\cos \\alpha, \\quad z>0\n\\]\nand \\( \\mathscr{L}_{2} \\) by the conditions\n\\[\nx^{2}+y^{2}=a^{2}+z^{2}+2 a z \\cos \\alpha, \\quad z>0\n\\]\n\nConversely, given any point \\( \\left(x_{0}, y_{0}, r\\right) \\) of \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) the circle \\( C^{\\prime} \\) of radius \\( r \\) and center ( \\( x_{0}, y_{0} \\) ) cuts \\( C \\) at two points (just one if \\( \\alpha=0 \\) ). To see this, note that\n\\[\n(r-a)^{2} \\leq a^{2}+r^{2} \\pm 2 a r \\cos \\alpha=x_{0}^{2}+y_{0}^{2} \\leq(r+a)^{2}\n\\]\nand therefore the distance from the center of \\( C \\) to the center of \\( C^{\\prime} \\) is between \\( |r-a| \\) and \\( r+a \\).\n\nExcept in the cases \\( \\alpha=0, \\pi / 2 \\), the sets \\( \\mathscr{L}_{1} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{L}_{2} \\) are portions of two distinct hyperboloids obtained by rotating about the \\( z \\)-axis the hyperbolas\n\\[\nx^{2}=(z \\pm a \\cos \\alpha)^{2}+a^{2} \\sin ^{2} \\alpha\n\\]\n\nIf \\( \\alpha=\\pi / 2 \\), these hyperbolas coincide, as do \\( \\mathscr{L}_{1} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{L}_{2} \\). If \\( \\alpha=0 \\), the hyperbolas degenerate into cones (and the phrase \"cut at angle \\( \\alpha \\) \" becomes \"tangent to\").\n\nLet \\( B \\) be a fixed point of \\( C \\) and let \\( R \\) be one of the four rays (assuming \\( 0<\\alpha<\\pi / 2 \\) ) starting from \\( B \\) which makes an angle \\( \\alpha \\) with \\( \\overleftrightarrow{A B} \\). All circles with centers on \\( R \\) and passing through \\( B \\) cut \\( C \\) at angle \\( \\alpha \\) and so are represented by a point on \\( \\mathscr{L} \\). Since the radii of these circles will increase in proportion to the change in their \\( x \\) - (or \\( y \\)-) coordinate, the points representing them form a ray in space, and the ray is a ruling of \\( \\mathscr{L} \\). The two rays at \\( B \\) that meet \\( C \\) again generate rays lying in \\( \\mathscr{L}_{1} \\).\n\nThe other two rays at \\( B \\) generate rays in \\( \\mathscr{L}_{2} \\). If the ruling corresponding to one of these rays is rotated about the \\( z \\)-axis it generates a whole family of rulings on \\( \\mathscr{L} \\). Thus \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) has four families of rulings, two on \\( \\mathscr{L}_{1} \\) and two on \\( \\mathscr{L}_{2} \\). If \\( \\alpha=\\pi / 2 \\) there are just two families of rulings, since there are only two rays from \\( B \\) perpendicular to \\( O B \\), but in this case \\( \\mathscr{L}_{1}=\\mathscr{L}_{2} \\).\n\nEach point \\( \\boldsymbol{Q} \\) of \\( \\mathcal{L} \\) corresponds to a circle with center \\( P \\) which cuts \\( C \\) twice, say at \\( B \\) and \\( B^{\\prime} \\) (we are here assuming \\( 0<\\alpha \\leq \\pi / 2 \\) ). Then the rulings corresponding to \\( \\overrightarrow{B P} \\) and \\( \\overrightarrow{B^{\\prime} P} \\) are two different rulings through \\( Q \\) and they come from different families, since \\( \\overrightarrow{B P} \\) does not coincide with \\( \\overrightarrow{B^{\\prime} P} \\) rotated. Thus there are two rulings from different families through every point of \\( \\mathscr{L} \\).\n\nIf \\( \\alpha=0 \\) there is only one ruling through each point of \\( \\mathcal{L} \\) except the point \\( (0,0, a) \\), corresponding to \\( C \\), through which pass all the rulings of \\( \\mathscr{L} \\).\n\nRemark. The framers of this problem seem to have overlooked the fact that in general two hyperboloids are involved. It is interesting to verify that, if all circles and angles are considered directed, a circle described in the negative direction is regarded as having a negative radius, and point circles are accepted, then the locus \\( \\mathcal{L} \\) is all of a single hyperboloid (cone, if \\( \\alpha=0 \\) or \\( \\pi \\) ).",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",
    "x_0",
    "y_0",
    "r",
    "L",
    "L_1",
    "L_2",
    "X",
    "Y",
    "C",
    "O",
    "P",
    "B",
    "R",
    "A",
    "Q"
  ],
  "params": [
    "a",
    "\\\\alpha"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "xcoordinate",
        "y": "ycoordinate",
        "z": "zheight",
        "x_0": "centerx",
        "y_0": "centery",
        "r": "circleradius",
        "L": "locusset",
        "L_1": "locusone",
        "L_2": "locustwo",
        "X": "axisxupper",
        "Y": "axisyupper",
        "C": "fixedcircle",
        "O": "origcenter",
        "P": "varcenter",
        "B": "intersectpt",
        "R": "fixedray",
        "A": "auxpoint",
        "Q": "genericpt",
        "a": "fixedradius",
        "\\alpha": "cutangle"
      },
      "question": "6. Any circle in the \\( axisxupper axisyupper \\) (horizontal) plane is \"represented\" by a point on the vertical line through the center of the circle and at a distance \"above\" the plane of the circle equal to the radius of the circle.\n\nShow that the locus of the representations of all the circles which cut a fixed circle at a constant angle is a (portion of a) one-sheeted hyperboloid.\n\nBy consideration of suitable families of circles in the plane, demonstrate the existence of two families of rulings on the hyperboloid.",
      "solution": "Solution. Denote the fixed circle by \\( fixedcircle \\) and suppose it has center \\( origcenter \\) and radius \\( fixedradius \\). Take coordinates in the \\( axisxupper axisyupper \\) plane with origin at \\( origcenter \\) and introduce a third coordinate \\( zheight \\) as usual. The angle \\( cutangle \\) between two intersecting smooth curves is the smaller of the two angles between their tangents at the point of intersection. Hence \\( 0 \\leq cutangle \\leq \\pi / 2 \\).\n\nFix such an \\( cutangle \\). Suppose a circle \\( fixedcircle^{\\prime} \\) with center \\( varcenter \\) and radius \\( circleradius \\) cuts the fixed circle \\( fixedcircle \\) at \\( intersectpt \\) making an angle \\( cutangle \\). Then\n\\[\n(origcenter\\;varcenter)^{2}=fixedradius^{2}+circleradius^{2} \\pm 2\\,fixedradius\\,circleradius\\,\\cos cutangle\n\\]\nthe sign being + if \\( \\angle origcenter intersectpt varcenter \\) is obtuse and - if \\( \\angle origcenter intersectpt varcenter \\) is acute. If the plane coordinates of \\( varcenter \\) are \\( \\left(centerx, centery\\right) \\) then \\( fixedcircle^{\\prime} \\) will be represented by the point \\( \\left(centerx, centery, circleradius\\right) \\). Hence all such representative points lie on the set \\( \\mathscr{locusset}=\\mathscr{locusone} \\cup \\mathscr{locustwo} \\) where \\( \\mathscr{locusone} \\) is determined by the conditions\n\\[\nxcoordinate^{2}+ycoordinate^{2}=fixedradius^{2}+zheight^{2}-2\\,fixedradius\\,zheight\\,\\cos cutangle, \\quad zheight>0\n\\]\nand \\( \\mathscr{locustwo} \\) by the conditions\n\\[\nxcoordinate^{2}+ycoordinate^{2}=fixedradius^{2}+zheight^{2}+2\\,fixedradius\\,zheight\\,\\cos cutangle, \\quad zheight>0\n\\]\n\nConversely, given any point \\( \\left(centerx, centery, circleradius\\right) \\) of \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) the circle \\( fixedcircle^{\\prime} \\) of radius \\( circleradius \\) and center ( \\( centerx, centery \\) ) cuts \\( fixedcircle \\) at two points (just one if \\( cutangle=0 \\) ). To see this, note that\n\\[\n(circleradius-fixedradius)^{2} \\leq fixedradius^{2}+circleradius^{2} \\pm 2\\,fixedradius\\,circleradius\\,\\cos cutangle = centerx^{2}+centery^{2} \\leq (circleradius+fixedradius)^{2}\n\\]\nand therefore the distance from the center of \\( fixedcircle \\) to the center of \\( fixedcircle^{\\prime} \\) is between \\( |circleradius-fixedradius| \\) and \\( circleradius+fixedradius \\).\n\nExcept in the cases \\( cutangle=0, \\pi / 2 \\), the sets \\( \\mathscr{locusone} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{locustwo} \\) are portions of two distinct hyperboloids obtained by rotating about the \\( zheight \\)-axis the hyperbolas\n\\[\nxcoordinate^{2}=(zheight \\pm fixedradius \\cos cutangle)^{2}+fixedradius^{2} \\sin ^{2} cutangle\n\\]\n\nIf \\( cutangle=\\pi / 2 \\), these hyperbolas coincide, as do \\( \\mathscr{locusone} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{locustwo} \\). If \\( cutangle=0 \\), the hyperbolas degenerate into cones (and the phrase \"cut at angle \\( cutangle \\) \" becomes \"tangent to\").\n\nLet \\( intersectpt \\) be a fixed point of \\( fixedcircle \\) and let \\( fixedray \\) be one of the four rays (assuming \\( 0<cutangle<\\pi / 2 \\) ) starting from \\( intersectpt \\) which makes an angle \\( cutangle \\) with \\( \\overleftrightarrow{auxpoint intersectpt} \\). All circles with centers on \\( fixedray \\) and passing through \\( intersectpt \\) cut \\( fixedcircle \\) at angle \\( cutangle \\) and so are represented by a point on \\( \\mathscr{locusset} \\). Since the radii of these circles will increase in proportion to the change in their \\( xcoordinate \\)- (or \\( ycoordinate \\)-) coordinate, the points representing them form a ray in space, and the ray is a ruling of \\( \\mathscr{locusset} \\). The two rays at \\( intersectpt \\) that meet \\( fixedcircle \\) again generate rays lying in \\( \\mathscr{locusone} \\).\n\nThe other two rays at \\( intersectpt \\) generate rays in \\( \\mathscr{locustwo} \\). If the ruling corresponding to one of these rays is rotated about the \\( zheight \\)-axis it generates a whole family of rulings on \\( \\mathscr{locusset} \\). Thus \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) has four families of rulings, two on \\( \\mathscr{locusone} \\) and two on \\( \\mathscr{locustwo} \\). If \\( cutangle=\\pi / 2 \\) there are just two families of rulings, since there are only two rays from \\( intersectpt \\) perpendicular to \\( origcenter intersectpt \\), but in this case \\( \\mathscr{locusone}=\\mathscr{locustwo} \\).\n\nEach point \\( \\boldsymbol{genericpt} \\) of \\( \\mathcal{locusset} \\) corresponds to a circle with center \\( varcenter \\) which cuts \\( fixedcircle \\) twice, say at \\( intersectpt \\) and \\( intersectpt^{\\prime} \\) (we are here assuming \\( 0<cutangle \\leq \\pi / 2 \\) ). Then the rulings corresponding to \\( \\overrightarrow{intersectpt varcenter} \\) and \\( \\overrightarrow{intersectpt^{\\prime} varcenter} \\) are two different rulings through \\( genericpt \\) and they come from different families, since \\( \\overrightarrow{intersectpt varcenter} \\) does not coincide with \\( \\overrightarrow{intersectpt^{\\prime} varcenter} \\) rotated. Thus there are two rulings from different families through every point of \\( \\mathscr{locusset} \\).\n\nIf \\( cutangle=0 \\) there is only one ruling through each point of \\( \\mathcal{locusset} \\) except the point \\( (0,0, fixedradius) \\), corresponding to \\( fixedcircle \\), through which pass all the rulings of \\( \\mathscr{locusset} \\).\n\nRemark. The framers of this problem seem to have overlooked the fact that in general two hyperboloids are involved. It is interesting to verify that, if all circles and angles are considered directed, a circle described in the negative direction is regarded as having a negative radius, and point circles are accepted, then the locus \\( \\mathcal{locusset} \\) is all of a single hyperboloid (cone, if \\( cutangle=0 \\) or \\( \\pi \\) )."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "gingerbread",
        "y": "marshmallow",
        "z": "raspberry",
        "x_0": "watermelon",
        "y_0": "butterscotch",
        "r": "hummingbird",
        "L": "chandelier",
        "L_1": "peppermint",
        "L_2": "aftershock",
        "X": "crocodile",
        "Y": "armadillo",
        "C": "chocolate",
        "O": "pendulum",
        "P": "sunflower",
        "B": "snowflake",
        "R": "lemongrass",
        "A": "playground",
        "Q": "glittering",
        "a": "toothbrush",
        "\\alpha": "starfruit"
      },
      "question": "6. Any circle in the \\( crocodile armadillo \\) (horizontal) plane is \"represented\" by a point on the vertical line through the center of the circle and at a distance \"above\" the plane of the circle equal to the radius of the circle.\n\nShow that the locus of the representations of all the circles which cut a fixed circle at a constant angle is a (portion of a) one-sheeted hyperboloid.\n\nBy consideration of suitable families of circles in the plane, demonstrate the existence of two families of rulings on the hyperboloid.",
      "solution": "Solution. Denote the fixed circle by \\( chocolate \\) and suppose it has center \\( pendulum \\) and radius \\( toothbrush \\). Take coordinates in the \\( crocodile armadillo \\) plane with origin at \\( pendulum \\) and introduce a third coordinate \\( raspberry \\) as usual. The angle \\( starfruit \\) between two intersecting smooth curves is the smaller of the two angles between their tangents at the point of intersection. Hence \\( 0 \\leq starfruit \\leq \\pi / 2 \\).\n\nFix such an \\( starfruit \\). Suppose a circle \\( chocolate^{\\prime} \\) with center \\( sunflower \\) and radius \\( hummingbird \\) cuts the fixed circle \\( chocolate \\) at \\( snowflake \\) making an angle \\( starfruit \\). Then\n\\[\n( pendulum sunflower )^{2}=toothbrush^{2}+hummingbird^{2} \\pm 2\\,toothbrush\\,hummingbird\\cos starfruit\n\\]\nthe sign being + if \\( \\angle pendulum \\; snowflake \\; sunflower \\) is obtuse and − if \\( \\angle pendulum \\; snowflake \\; sunflower \\) is acute. If the plane coordinates of \\( sunflower \\) are \\( \\left( watermelon, butterscotch \\right) \\) then \\( chocolate^{\\prime} \\) will be represented by the point \\( \\left( watermelon, butterscotch, hummingbird \\right) \\). Hence all such representative points lie on the set \\( \\mathscr{chandelier}=\\mathscr{peppermint}\\cup\\mathscr{aftershock} \\) where \\( \\mathscr{peppermint} \\) is determined by the conditions\n\\[\ngingerbread^{2}+marshmallow^{2}=toothbrush^{2}+raspberry^{2}-2\\,toothbrush\\,raspberry\\cos starfruit,\\qquad raspberry>0\n\\]\nand \\( \\mathscr{aftershock} \\) by the conditions\n\\[\ngingerbread^{2}+marshmallow^{2}=toothbrush^{2}+raspberry^{2}+2\\,toothbrush\\,raspberry\\cos starfruit,\\qquad raspberry>0\n\\]\n\nConversely, given any point \\( \\left( watermelon, butterscotch, hummingbird \\right) \\) of \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) the circle \\( chocolate^{\\prime} \\) of radius \\( hummingbird \\) and center \\( (watermelon, butterscotch) \\) cuts \\( chocolate \\) at two points (just one if \\( starfruit=0 \\) ). To see this, note that\n\\[\n(hummingbird-toothbrush)^{2}\\leq tooth brush^{2}+hummingbird^{2} \\pm 2\\,toothbrush\\,hummingbird\\cos starfruit=watermelon^{2}+butterscotch^{2}\\leq (hummingbird+toothbrush)^{2}\n\\]\nand therefore the distance from the center of \\( chocolate \\) to the center of \\( chocolate^{\\prime} \\) is between \\( |hummingbird-toothbrush| \\) and \\( hummingbird+toothbrush \\).\n\nExcept in the cases \\( starfruit=0,\\pi/2 \\), the sets \\( \\mathscr{peppermint} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{aftershock} \\) are portions of two distinct hyperboloids obtained by rotating about the \\( raspberry \\)-axis the hyperbolas\n\\[\ngingerbread^{2}=(raspberry \\pm toothbrush\\cos starfruit)^{2}+toothbrush^{2}\\sin^{2}starfruit.\n\\]\n\nIf \\( starfruit=\\pi/2 \\), these hyperbolas coincide, as do \\( \\mathscr{peppermint} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{aftershock} \\). If \\( starfruit=0 \\), the hyperbolas degenerate into cones (and the phrase \"cut at angle \\( starfruit \\)\" becomes \"tangent to\").\n\nLet \\( snowflake \\) be a fixed point of \\( chocolate \\) and let \\( lemongrass \\) be one of the four rays (assuming \\( 0<starfruit<\\pi / 2 \\) ) starting from \\( snowflake \\) which makes an angle \\( starfruit \\) with \\( \\overleftrightarrow{playground\\,snowflake} \\). All circles with centers on \\( lemongrass \\) and passing through \\( snowflake \\) cut \\( chocolate \\) at angle \\( starfruit \\) and so are represented by a point on \\( \\mathscr{chandelier} \\). Since the radii of these circles will increase in proportion to the change in their \\( gingerbread \\)- (or \\( marshmallow \\)-) coordinate, the points representing them form a ray in space, and the ray is a ruling of \\( \\mathscr{chandelier} \\). The two rays at \\( snowflake \\) that meet \\( chocolate \\) again generate rays lying in \\( \\mathscr{peppermint} \\).\n\nThe other two rays at \\( snowflake \\) generate rays in \\( \\mathscr{aftershock} \\). If the ruling corresponding to one of these rays is rotated about the \\( raspberry \\)-axis it generates a whole family of rulings on \\( \\mathscr{chandelier} \\). Thus \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) has four families of rulings, two on \\( \\mathscr{peppermint} \\) and two on \\( \\mathscr{aftershock} \\). If \\( starfruit=\\pi / 2 \\) there are just two families of rulings, since there are only two rays from \\( snowflake \\) perpendicular to \\( pendulum snowflake \\), but in this case \\( \\mathscr{peppermint}=\\mathscr{aftershock} \\).\n\nEach point \\( \\boldsymbol{glittering} \\) of \\( \\mathcal{chandelier} \\) corresponds to a circle with center \\( sunflower \\) which cuts \\( chocolate \\) twice, say at \\( snowflake \\) and \\( snowflake^{\\prime} \\) (we are here assuming \\( 0<starfruit \\leq \\pi / 2 \\) ). Then the rulings corresponding to \\( \\overrightarrow{snowflake\\,sunflower} \\) and \\( \\overrightarrow{snowflake^{\\prime}\\,sunflower} \\) are two different rulings through \\( glittering \\) and they come from different families, since \\( \\overrightarrow{snowflake\\,sunflower} \\) does not coincide with \\( \\overrightarrow{snowflake^{\\prime}\\,sunflower} \\) rotated. Thus there are two rulings from different families through every point of \\( \\mathscr{chandelier} \\).\n\nIf \\( starfruit=0 \\) there is only one ruling through each point of \\( \\mathcal{chandelier} \\) except the point \\( (0,0,toothbrush) \\), corresponding to \\( chocolate \\), through which pass all the rulings of \\( \\mathscr{chandelier} \\).\n\nRemark. The framers of this problem seem to have overlooked the fact that in general two hyperboloids are involved. It is interesting to verify that, if all circles and angles are considered directed, a circle described in the negative direction is regarded as having a negative radius, and point circles are accepted, then the locus \\( \\mathcal{chandelier} \\) is all of a single hyperboloid (cone, if \\( starfruit=0 \\) or \\( \\pi \\) )."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "verticalco",
        "y": "horizontalco",
        "z": "planarco",
        "x_0": "dynamicvert",
        "y_0": "dynamichor",
        "r": "centerdist",
        "L": "randomset",
        "L_1": "randomsetone",
        "L_2": "randomsettwo",
        "X": "calmaxis",
        "Y": "stormaxis",
        "C": "straightline",
        "O": "edgepoint",
        "P": "boundarypt",
        "B": "disjointpt",
        "R": "segmentline",
        "A": "antipoint",
        "Q": "areaelement",
        "a": "perimeter",
        "\\alpha": "distance"
      },
      "question": "6. Any circle in the \\( calmaxis\\ stormaxis \\) (horizontal) plane is \"represented\" by a point on the vertical line through the center of the circle and at a distance \"above\" the plane of the circle equal to the radius of the circle.\n\nShow that the locus of the representations of all the circles which cut a fixed circle at a constant angle is a (portion of a) one-sheeted hyperboloid.\n\nBy consideration of suitable families of circles in the plane, demonstrate the existence of two families of rulings on the hyperboloid.",
      "solution": "Solution. Denote the fixed circle by \\( straightline \\) and suppose it has center \\( edgepoint \\) and radius \\( perimeter \\). Take coordinates in the \\( calmaxis stormaxis \\) plane with origin at \\( edgepoint \\) and introduce a third coordinate \\( planarco \\) as usual. The angle \\( distance \\) between two intersecting smooth curves is the smaller of the two angles between their tangents at the point of intersection. Hence \\( 0 \\leq distance \\leq \\pi / 2 \\).\n\nFix such an \\( distance \\). Suppose a circle \\( straightline^{\\prime} \\) with center \\( boundarypt \\) and radius \\( centerdist \\) cuts the fixed circle \\( straightline \\) at \\( disjointpt \\) making an angle \\( distance \\). Then\n\\[\n(edgepoint\\ boundarypt)^{2}=perimeter^{2}+centerdist^{2} \\pm 2\\ perimeter\\ centerdist \\cos distance\n\\]\nthe sign being + if \\( \\angle edgepoint disjointpt boundarypt \\) is obtuse and - if \\( \\angle edgepoint disjointpt boundarypt \\) is acute. If the plane coordinates of \\( boundarypt \\) are \\( \\left(dynamicvert , dynamichor\\right) \\) then \\( straightline^{\\prime} \\) will be represented by the point \\( \\left(dynamicvert , dynamichor , centerdist\\right) \\). Hence all such representative points lie on the set \\( \\mathscr{randomset}=\\mathscr{randomsetone} \\cup \\mathscr{randomsettwo} \\) where \\( \\mathscr{randomsetone} \\) is determined by the conditions\n\\[\nverticalco^{2}+horizontalco^{2}=perimeter^{2}+planarco^{2}-2\\ perimeter\\ planarco \\cos distance, \\quad planarco>0\n\\]\nand \\( \\mathscr{randomsettwo} \\) by the conditions\n\\[\nverticalco^{2}+horizontalco^{2}=perimeter^{2}+planarco^{2}+2\\ perimeter\\ planarco \\cos distance, \\quad planarco>0\n\\]\n\nConversely, given any point \\( \\left(dynamicvert , dynamichor , centerdist\\right) \\) of \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) the circle \\( straightline^{\\prime} \\) of radius \\( centerdist \\) and center \\( (dynamicvert , dynamichor) \\) cuts \\( straightline \\) at two points (just one if \\( distance=0 \\) ). To see this, note that\n\\[\n(centerdist-perimeter)^{2} \\leq perimeter^{2}+centerdist^{2} \\pm 2\\ perimeter\\ centerdist \\cos distance = dynamicvert^{2}+dynamichor^{2} \\leq (centerdist+perimeter)^{2}\n\\]\nand therefore the distance from the center of \\( straightline \\) to the center of \\( straightline^{\\prime} \\) is between \\( |centerdist-perimeter| \\) and \\( centerdist+perimeter \\).\n\nExcept in the cases \\( distance=0, \\pi / 2 \\), the sets \\( \\mathscr{randomsetone} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{randomsettwo} \\) are portions of two distinct hyperboloids obtained by rotating about the \\( planarco \\)-axis the hyperbolas\n\\[\nverticalco^{2}=(planarco \\pm perimeter \\cos distance)^{2}+perimeter^{2} \\sin ^{2} distance\n\\]\n\nIf \\( distance=\\pi / 2 \\), these hyperbolas coincide, as do \\( \\mathscr{randomsetone} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{randomsettwo} \\). If \\( distance=0 \\), the hyperbolas degenerate into cones (and the phrase \"cut at angle \\( distance \\) \" becomes \"tangent to\").\n\nLet \\( disjointpt \\) be a fixed point of \\( straightline \\) and let \\( segmentline \\) be one of the four rays (assuming \\( 0<distance<\\pi / 2 \\) ) starting from \\( disjointpt \\) which makes an angle \\( distance \\) with \\( \\overleftrightarrow{antipoint disjointpt} \\). All circles with centers on \\( segmentline \\) and passing through \\( disjointpt \\) cut \\( straightline \\) at angle \\( distance \\) and so are represented by a point on \\( \\mathscr{randomset} \\). Since the radii of these circles will increase in proportion to the change in their \\( verticalco \\)- (or \\( horizontalco \\)-) coordinate, the points representing them form a ray in space, and the ray is a ruling of \\( \\mathscr{randomset} \\). The two rays at \\( disjointpt \\) that meet \\( straightline \\) again generate rays lying in \\( \\mathscr{randomsetone} \\).\n\nThe other two rays at \\( disjointpt \\) generate rays in \\( \\mathscr{randomsettwo} \\). If the ruling corresponding to one of these rays is rotated about the \\( planarco \\)-axis it generates a whole family of rulings on \\( \\mathscr{randomset} \\). Thus \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) has four families of rulings, two on \\( \\mathscr{randomsetone} \\) and two on \\( \\mathscr{randomsettwo} \\). If \\( distance=\\pi / 2 \\) there are just two families of rulings, since there are only two rays from \\( disjointpt \\) perpendicular to \\( edgepoint disjointpt \\), but in this case \\( \\mathscr{randomsetone}=\\mathscr{randomsettwo} \\).\n\nEach point \\( areaelement \\) of \\( \\mathcal{randomset} \\) corresponds to a circle with center \\( boundarypt \\) which cuts \\( straightline \\) twice, say at \\( disjointpt \\) and \\( disjointpt^{\\prime} \\) (we are here assuming \\( 0<distance \\leq \\pi / 2 \\) ). Then the rulings corresponding to \\( \\overrightarrow{disjointpt boundarypt} \\) and \\( \\overrightarrow{disjointpt^{\\prime} boundarypt} \\) are two different rulings through \\( areaelement \\) and they come from different families, since \\( \\overrightarrow{disjointpt boundarypt} \\) does not coincide with \\( \\overrightarrow{disjointpt^{\\prime} boundarypt} \\) rotated. Thus there are two rulings from different families through every point of \\( \\mathscr{randomset} \\).\n\nIf \\( distance=0 \\) there is only one ruling through each point of \\( \\mathcal{randomset} \\) except the point \\( (0,0, perimeter) \\), corresponding to \\( straightline \\), through which pass all the rulings of \\( \\mathscr{randomset} \\).\n\nRemark. The framers of this problem seem to have overlooked the fact that in general two hyperboloids are involved. It is interesting to verify that, if all circles and angles are considered directed, a circle described in the negative direction is regarded as having a negative radius, and point circles are accepted, then the locus \\( \\mathcal{randomset} \\) is all of a single hyperboloid (cone, if \\( distance=0 \\) or \\( \\pi \\) )."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "y": "hjgrksla",
        "z": "mndvpqrs",
        "x_0": "flnkqsev",
        "y_0": "gyrmthcz",
        "r": "vdjskleh",
        "L": "ckpwzntm",
        "L_1": "dsjgrplh",
        "L_2": "tczsxqnv",
        "X": "lmfvzdqw",
        "Y": "hpzsnrle",
        "C": "rngdlkha",
        "O": "pfzbmqcv",
        "P": "ksrjdnwf",
        "B": "wqtlhzmk",
        "R": "zcnvfgst",
        "A": "hdjksqwe",
        "Q": "xnrktdsv",
        "a": "bxgqlrmp",
        "\\alpha": "sctpwhmv"
      },
      "question": "6. Any circle in the \\( lmfvzdqw hpzsnrle \\) (horizontal) plane is \"represented\" by a point on the vertical line through the center of the circle and at a distance \"above\" the plane of the circle equal to the radius of the circle.\n\nShow that the locus of the representations of all the circles which cut a fixed circle at a constant angle is a (portion of a) one-sheeted hyperboloid.\n\nBy consideration of suitable families of circles in the plane, demonstrate the existence of two families of rulings on the hyperboloid.",
      "solution": "Solution. Denote the fixed circle by \\( rngdlkha \\) and suppose it has center \\( pfzbmqcv \\) and radius \\( bxgqlrmp \\). Take coordinates in the \\( lmfvzdqw hpzsnrle \\) plane with origin at \\( pfzbmqcv \\) and introduce a third coordinate \\( mndvpqrs \\) as usual. The angle \\( sctpwhmv \\) between two intersecting smooth curves is the smaller of the two angles between their tangents at the point of intersection. Hence \\( 0 \\leq sctpwhmv \\leq \\pi / 2 \\).\n\nFix such an \\( sctpwhmv \\). Suppose a circle \\( rngdlkha^{\\prime} \\) with center \\( ksrjdnwf \\) and radius \\( vdjskleh \\) cuts the fixed circle \\( rngdlkha \\) at \\( wqtlhzmk \\) making an angle \\( sctpwhmv \\). Then\n\\[\n(pfzbmqcv ksrjdnwf)^{2}=bxgqlrmp^{2}+vdjskleh^{2} \\pm 2 bxgqlrmp vdjskleh \\cos sctpwhmv\n\\]\nthe sign being + if \\( \\angle pfzbmqcv wqtlhzmk ksrjdnwf \\) is obtuse and – if \\( \\angle pfzbmqcv wqtlhzmk ksrjdnwf \\) is acute. If the plane coordinates of \\( ksrjdnwf \\) are \\( \\left(flnkqsev, gyrmthcz\\right) \\) then \\( rngdlkha^{\\prime} \\) will be represented by the point \\( \\left(flnkqsev, gyrmthcz, vdjskleh\\right) \\). Hence all such representative points lie on the set \\( \\mathscr{ckpwzntm}=\\mathscr{dsjgrplh} \\cup \\mathscr{tczsxqnv} \\) where \\( \\mathscr{dsjgrplh} \\) is determined by the conditions\n\\[\nqzxwvtnp^{2}+hjgrksla^{2}=bxgqlrmp^{2}+mndvpqrs^{2}-2 bxgqlrmp mndvpqrs \\cos sctpwhmv, \\quad mndvpqrs>0\n\\]\nand \\( \\mathscr{tczsxqnv} \\) by the conditions\n\\[\nqzxwvtnp^{2}+hjgrksla^{2}=bxgqlrmp^{2}+mndvpqrs^{2}+2 bxgqlrmp mndvpqrs \\cos sctpwhmv, \\quad mndvpqrs>0\n\\]\n\nConversely, given any point \\( \\left(flnkqsev, gyrmthcz, vdjskleh\\right) \\) of \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) the circle \\( rngdlkha^{\\prime} \\) of radius \\( vdjskleh \\) and center \\( \\left(flnkqsev, gyrmthcz\\right) \\) cuts \\( rngdlkha \\) at two points (just one if \\( sctpwhmv=0 \\) ). To see this, note that\n\\[\n(vdjskleh-bxgqlrmp)^{2} \\leq bxgqlrmp^{2}+vdjskleh^{2} \\pm 2 bxgqlrmp vdjskleh \\cos sctpwhmv=qzxwvtnp^{2}+hjgrksla^{2} \\leq(vdjskleh+bxgqlrmp)^{2}\n\\]\nand therefore the distance from the center of \\( rngdlkha \\) to the center of \\( rngdlkha^{\\prime} \\) is between \\( |vdjskleh-bxgqlrmp| \\) and \\( vdjskleh+bxgqlrmp \\).\n\nExcept in the cases \\( sctpwhmv=0, \\pi / 2 \\), the sets \\( \\mathscr{dsjgrplh} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{tczsxqnv} \\) are portions of two distinct hyperboloids obtained by rotating about the \\( mndvpqrs \\)-axis the hyperbolas\n\\[\nqzxwvtnp^{2}=(mndvpqrs \\pm bxgqlrmp \\cos sctpwhmv)^{2}+bxgqlrmp^{2} \\sin ^{2} sctpwhmv\n\\]\n\nIf \\( sctpwhmv=\\pi / 2 \\), these hyperbolas coincide, as do \\( \\mathscr{dsjgrplh} \\) and \\( \\mathscr{tczsxqnv} \\). If \\( sctpwhmv=0 \\), the hyperbolas degenerate into cones (and the phrase \"cut at angle \\( sctpwhmv \\) \" becomes \"tangent to\").\n\nLet \\( wqtlhzmk \\) be a fixed point of \\( rngdlkha \\) and let \\( zcnvfgst \\) be one of the four rays (assuming \\( 0<sctpwhmv<\\pi / 2 \\) ) starting from \\( wqtlhzmk \\) which makes an angle \\( sctpwhmv \\) with \\( \\overleftrightarrow{hdjksqwe wqtlhzmk} \\). All circles with centers on \\( zcnvfgst \\) and passing through \\( wqtlhzmk \\) cut \\( rngdlkha \\) at angle \\( sctpwhmv \\) and so are represented by a point on \\( \\mathscr{ckpwzntm} \\). Since the radii of these circles will increase in proportion to the change in their \\( qzxwvtnp \\)- (or \\( hjgrksla \\)-) coordinate, the points representing them form a ray in space, and the ray is a ruling of \\( \\mathscr{ckpwzntm} \\). The two rays at \\( wqtlhzmk \\) that meet \\( rngdlkha \\) again generate rays lying in \\( \\mathscr{dsjgrplh} \\).\n\nThe other two rays at \\( wqtlhzmk \\) generate rays in \\( \\mathscr{tczsxqnv} \\). If the ruling corresponding to one of these rays is rotated about the \\( mndvpqrs \\)-axis it generates a whole family of rulings on \\( \\mathscr{ckpwzntm} \\). Thus \\( \\mathfrak{\\&} \\) has four families of rulings, two on \\( \\mathscr{dsjgrplh} \\) and two on \\( \\mathscr{tczsxqnv} \\). If \\( sctpwhmv=\\pi / 2 \\) there are just two families of rulings, since there are only two rays from \\( wqtlhzmk \\) perpendicular to \\( pfzbmqcv wqtlhzmk \\), but in this case \\( \\mathscr{dsjgrplh}=\\mathscr{tczsxqnv} \\).\n\nEach point \\( xnrktdsv \\) of \\( \\mathcal{ckpwzntm} \\) corresponds to a circle with center \\( ksrjdnwf \\) which cuts \\( rngdlkha \\) twice, say at \\( wqtlhzmk \\) and \\( wqtlhzmk^{\\prime} \\) (we are here assuming \\( 0<sctpwhmv \\leq \\pi / 2 \\) ). Then the rulings corresponding to \\( \\overrightarrow{wqtlhzmk ksrjdnwf} \\) and \\( \\overrightarrow{wqtlhzmk^{\\prime} ksrjdnwf} \\) are two different rulings through \\( xnrktdsv \\) and they come from different families, since \\( \\overrightarrow{wqtlhzmk ksrjdnwf} \\) does not coincide with \\( \\overrightarrow{wqtlhzmk^{\\prime} ksrjdnwf} \\) rotated. Thus there are two rulings from different families through every point of \\( \\mathscr{ckpwzntm} \\).\n\nIf \\( sctpwhmv=0 \\) there is only one ruling through each point of \\( \\mathcal{ckpwzntm} \\) except the point \\( (0,0, bxgqlrmp) \\), corresponding to \\( rngdlkha \\), through which pass all the rulings of \\( \\mathscr{ckpwzntm} \\).\n\nRemark. The framers of this problem seem to have overlooked the fact that in general two hyperboloids are involved. It is interesting to verify that, if all circles and angles are considered directed, a circle described in the negative direction is regarded as having a negative radius, and point circles are accepted, then the locus \\( \\mathcal{ckpwzntm} \\) is all of a single hyperboloid (cone, if \\( sctpwhmv=0 \\) or \\( \\pi \\) )."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let Π be the plane x = 0 in ordinary three–dimensional space with Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z).  Every circle that lies completely in Π is represented by the point that one obtains by starting at the centre of the circle and moving, in the positive x–direction, a distance equal to the radius.  Thus the circle with centre (0 , y0 , z0) and radius r>0 is represented by the point ( r , y0 , z0 ).\n\nFix\n• the circle  C0 that lies in Π, has centre O = (0 , 1 , 0) and radius R>0, and\n• a real number θ with 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.\n\nFor two circles that intersect the (acute) angle between them is the smaller of the angles made by their radii at any of the intersection points.  A variable circle C′⊂Π is said to meet C0 at the constant angle θ when that acute angle equals θ.\n\n(A)  Determine the locus L of the representative points of all circles C′ that meet C0 at the angle θ.\n\n(B)  For 0<θ≤π/2 show that every (ordinary) point of L lies on exactly two straight–line generators, and that these generators belong to two distinct families.  Describe explicitly these two families, show that each of the two components of L carries both of them, and deduce that L possesses four families of rulings altogether (two on each component).  \n\nDiscuss separately the limiting cases θ=0 and θ=π/2 and, in particular, describe how the ruling structure changes when θ=0.",
      "solution": "Notation.  Π is the plane x=0 and we use spatial coordinates (x,y,z).  A point (x,y,z) with x>0 represents the circle whose centre is P=(0,y,z) and whose radius is r=x lying in Π.\n\nThe fixed circle is                                   \n                C0 :  (y−1)²+z² = R²   (in Π).                     (0)\n\nLet C′ be any circle in Π that meets C0 making the prescribed acute angle θ (0≤θ≤π/2).  Denote by P=(0,y,z) its centre and by r>0 its radius.  Choose one of its intersection points with C0 and call it B (if θ=0, B is the unique point of tangency).  Put\n                OB = R,   BP = r,   OP² = (y−1)²+z².              (1)\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n(A) Equation of the locus L\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nApplying the cosine rule to ΔOBP gives\n      OP² = R² + r² − 2Rr cos∠OBP.                               (2)\n\nThe directed angle ∠OBP can be either θ or π−θ; both yield the same acute angle θ between the circles.  Consequently\n      cos∠OBP = cosθ  or cos∠OBP = −cosθ.                        (3)\nInserting (3) and r=x in (2) gives the pair of quadratic equations\n      (y−1)² + z² = (x ∓ Rcosθ)² + R² sin²θ.                      (4)\n(the upper sign corresponds to ∠OBP=θ, the lower to ∠OBP=π−θ).\n\nFor 0<θ<π/2 each equation in (4) represents a one–sheeted hyperboloid of revolution whose axis is parallel to the x–axis; denote these two sheets by\n      L₋ :  (y−1)²+z² − (x−Rcosθ)² = R²sin²θ   (x>0),\n      L₊ :  (y−1)²+z² − (x+Rcosθ)² = R²sin²θ   (x>0).             (5)\nThe required locus is\n      L = L₋ ∪ L₊.                                               (6)\n\nLimiting cases.\n• θ = π/2.   Here cosθ=0 and the two equations (4) coincide; L is the part x>0 of a single one–sheeted hyperboloid\n      (y−1)²+z² − x² = R², x>0.                                  (7)\n\n• θ = 0.  Now sinθ=0, cosθ=1 and (4) degenerates into right circular cones\n      (y−1)²+z² = (x−R)²  or (y−1)²+z² = (x+R)², x>0.            (8)\nHence L is the portion x>0 of the union of the two cones with common vertex line through (±R,1,0).\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n(B) Straight–line generators\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\nWe keep 0<θ≤π/2 until the end of the section.\n\n1.  Constructing generators.\nFix a point B≠(0,−1,0) of C0, and let u be a unit vector in Π (i.e. parallel to the y z–plane) that makes with OB the directed angle either θ or π−θ.  There are four such vectors (two directions on each side of OB).  For every parameter t≥0 set\n      P(t) = B + t u,  r(t) = t,                                   (9)\nso that the circle C(t) of centre P(t) and radius r(t) passes through B and meets C0 under the requested angle (because ∠OBP(t)=∠(OB,u)).\n\nThe representative point of C(t) is\n      Q(t) = ( r(t), P(t) ) = ( t , B ) + t ( 1 , u ).             (10)\nAs t grows, Q(t) traces the ray\n      ℓ(B,u) : Q(t)=Q(0)+t(1,u) (t≥0).                             (11)\nEquation (4) is easily checked to hold for every t≥0, so the whole line ℓ(B,u) is contained in L.  Each of the four admissible choices of u therefore produces a straight–line generator of L.\n\n2.  The two families on each sheet.\nFix B and keep only the two choices of u that satisfy the same sign in (4):\n   • u such that ∠(OB,u)=θ  (“acute” case, sign – in (4)),\n   • u such that ∠(OB,u)=π−θ (“obtuse” case, sign + in (4)).\nIf the first (respectively second) choice is made, every generated line (11) lies entirely on the sheet L₋ (respectively on L₊).  Consequently\n      L₋ carries two distinct families of lines,                      \n      L₊ carries two distinct families of lines.                    (12)\nAltogether L possesses four families of generators.\n\n3.  Lines through a given point of L.\nTake an ordinary point Q=(x,y,z) of L with x>0 and suppose Q∈L₋ (the argument for Q∈L₊ is identical).  The circle C′ represented by Q meets C0 in two distinct points B and B′ (because θ>0).  Reversing construction (11) with B produces one generator, and doing the same with B′ gives another generator.  As both B and B′ correspond to the same sign in (4), the two lines just obtained remain on L₋.  They are different because the vectors u attached to B and B′ are not parallel.  Thus\n      through every ordinary point of L runs exactly two generators,\n      one from each of the two families borne by the same sheet.    (13)\n\n4.  Limiting values of θ.\n(a) θ=π/2.  Angles θ and π−θ coincide, so only two admissible directions u exist at each B; hence each sheet of the single hyperboloid (7) is still doubly ruled, but the two families on it now merge with those on the coincident sheet.  L therefore carries precisely two families of generators, with two lines through every ordinary point.\n\n(b) θ=0.  Equation (8) shows that L consists of the parts x>0 of two right circular cones.  A cone is singly ruled: every generator passes through its vertex and no point except the vertex lies on more than one generator.  Thus for θ=0 each component of L supports exactly one family of rulings (two families in total), and a generic point of L lies on a single generator.\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\nSummary\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\nFor 0<θ<π/2 the locus L is the union, inside x>0, of two congruent one–sheeted hyperboloids of revolution, each of which is doubly ruled; hence L possesses four families of straight–line generators and every ordinary point of L lies on exactly two of them.  When θ=π/2 the two hyperboloids coalesce into one; the surface remains doubly ruled but now carries only two families.  When θ=0 the hyperboloids degenerate into two right circular cones, each singly ruled, so that a non–vertex point of L belongs to exactly one generator.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Encode a circle by the 3-D point (center_x, center_y, radius) lying on the line perpendicular to the plane through the circle’s center.",
          "Apply the law of cosines to the fixed circle (radius a) and a variable circle (radius r) that meet at angle α to get OP² = a² + r² ± 2ar cos α.",
          "Rewrite this relation as x² + y² = a² + z² ± 2az cos α; recognize each sign choice as the equation of a one-sheeted hyperboloid (degenerating to a cone for α = 0 or π/2).",
          "Produce straight‐line rulings by fixing an intersection point B on the given circle and sliding the variable center along a ray that makes angle α with the tangent at B; the corresponding representation points trace a line on the surface.",
          "Rotate that construction around the symmetry axis to obtain two distinct families of rulings (one per sign); every non-degenerate point on the hyperboloid lies on exactly one ruling from each family."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot_radius": {
            "description": "Numerical value chosen for the radius of the fixed reference circle",
            "original": "a"
          },
          "slot_angle": {
            "description": "Fixed angle at which all variable circles meet the reference circle",
            "original": "α (with 0 < α ≤ π/2)"
          },
          "slot_plane": {
            "description": "Specific plane in which the circles lie; could be any fixed plane",
            "original": "XY-plane"
          },
          "slot_axis": {
            "description": "Direction along which the representation height equals the radius",
            "original": "positive z-axis (vertical line)"
          },
          "slot_origin": {
            "description": "Choice of coordinate origin; currently at the center of the fixed circle",
            "original": "O = (0, 0, 0)"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}