{
  "index": "1957-B-1",
  "type": "NT",
  "tag": [
    "NT",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "1. Consider the determinant \\( \\left|a_{i j}\\right| \\) of order 100 with \\( a_{i j}=i \\times j \\). Prove that if the absolute value of each of the 100 ! terms in the expansion of this determinant is divided by 101 then the remainder in each case is 1.",
  "solution": "Solution. Each term in the expansion of the given determinant is, except for sign, the product of all possible row indices and all possible column indices, that is, \\( (100!)^{2} \\), and this is the absolute value of every term.\n\nNow 101 is a prime, so by Wilson's theorem \\( 100!\\equiv-1(\\bmod 101) \\). Hence \\( (100!)^{2} \\equiv(-1)^{2} \\equiv 1(\\bmod 101) \\), as required.\n\nFor Wilson's theorem see A. H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers. Dover, New York, 1964, or any text on number theory.",
  "vars": [
    "a_ij",
    "i",
    "j"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "a_ij": "matrixentry",
        "i": "rowindex",
        "j": "colindex"
      },
      "question": "1. Consider the determinant \\( \\left|\\matrixentry_{rowindex\\, colindex}\\right| \\) of order 100 with \\( \\matrixentry_{rowindex\\, colindex}=rowindex \\times colindex \\). Prove that if the absolute value of each of the 100 ! terms in the expansion of this determinant is divided by 101 then the remainder in each case is 1.",
      "solution": "Solution. Each term in the expansion of the given determinant is, except for sign, the product of all possible row indices and all possible column indices, that is, \\( (100!)^{2} \\), and this is the absolute value of every term.\n\nNow 101 is a prime, so by Wilson's theorem \\( 100!\\equiv-1(\\bmod 101) \\). Hence \\( (100!)^{2} \\equiv(-1)^{2} \\equiv 1(\\bmod 101) \\), as required.\n\nFor Wilson's theorem see A. H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers. Dover, New York, 1964, or any text on number theory."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "a_ij": "pineapple",
        "i": "wildberry",
        "j": "dragonfly"
      },
      "question": "1. Consider the determinant \\( \\left|pineapple_{wildberry dragonfly}\\right| \\) of order 100 with \\( pineapple_{wildberry dragonfly}=wildberry \\times dragonfly \\). Prove that if the absolute value of each of the 100 ! terms in the expansion of this determinant is divided by 101 then the remainder in each case is 1.",
      "solution": "Solution. Each term in the expansion of the given determinant is, except for sign, the product of all possible row indices and all possible column indices, that is, \\( (100!)^{2} \\), and this is the absolute value of every term.\n\nNow 101 is a prime, so by Wilson's theorem \\( 100!\\equiv-1(\\bmod 101) \\). Hence \\( (100!)^{2} \\equiv(-1)^{2} \\equiv 1(\\bmod 101) \\), as required.\n\nFor Wilson's theorem see A. H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers. Dover, New York, 1964, or any text on number theory."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "a_ij": "constentry",
        "i": "columnnum",
        "j": "rownumber"
      },
      "question": "1. Consider the determinant \\( \\left|constentry_{columnnum rownumber}\\right| \\) of order 100 with \\( constentry_{columnnum rownumber}=columnnum \\times rownumber \\). Prove that if the absolute value of each of the 100 ! terms in the expansion of this determinant is divided by 101 then the remainder in each case is 1.",
      "solution": "Solution. Each term in the expansion of the given determinant is, except for sign, the product of all possible row indices and all possible column indices, that is, \\( (100!)^{2} \\), and this is the absolute value of every term.\n\nNow 101 is a prime, so by Wilson's theorem \\( 100!\\equiv-1(\\bmod 101) \\). Hence \\( (100!)^{2} \\equiv(-1)^{2} \\equiv 1(\\bmod 101) \\), as required.\n\nFor Wilson's theorem see A. H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers. Dover, New York, 1964, or any text on number theory."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "a_ij": "pocvnxad",
        "i": "kufhdsem",
        "j": "qazplmnb"
      },
      "question": "1. Consider the determinant \\( \\left|pocvnxad_{kufhdsem\\, qazplmnb}\\right| \\) of order 100 with \\( pocvnxad_{kufhdsem\\, qazplmnb}=kufhdsem \\times qazplmnb \\). Prove that if the absolute value of each of the 100 ! terms in the expansion of this determinant is divided by 101 then the remainder in each case is 1.",
      "solution": "Solution. Each term in the expansion of the given determinant is, except for sign, the product of all possible row indices and all possible column indices, that is, \\( (100!)^{2} \\), and this is the absolute value of every term.\n\nNow 101 is a prime, so by Wilson's theorem \\( 100!\\equiv-1(\\bmod 101) \\). Hence \\( (100!)^{2} \\equiv(-1)^{2} \\equiv 1(\\bmod 101) \\), as required.\n\nFor Wilson's theorem see A. H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers. Dover, New York, 1964, or any text on number theory."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let n = 262 and p = 263.  For σ, τ, ρ ∈ Sₙ define  \n M(σ, τ, ρ) = sgn(σ) sgn(τ) sgn(ρ) ∏_{i=1}^{n} i σ(i) τ(i) ρ(i).  \nSet  \n D := ∑_{σ, τ, ρ} M(σ, τ, ρ).  \n\n(i) Prove |M(σ, τ, ρ)| = (n!)⁴.  \n(ii) Show that dividing |M(σ, τ, ρ)| by 263 always leaves remainder 1.  \n(iii) Determine D (mod 263).",
      "solution": "Observe that for every triple (σ, τ, ρ) the product ∏_{i=1}^{n}(i σ(i) τ(i) ρ(i)) factorises immediately as (∏ i)(∏ σ(i))(∏ τ(i))(∏ ρ(i)) = (n!)⁴, hence statement (i).  \n\nBecause p = 263 is prime and n = p−1, Wilson’s theorem ensures n! ≡ −1 (mod p). Raising both sides to the fourth power we get (n!)⁴ ≡ (−1)⁴ ≡ 1, establishing (ii).  \n\nFinally, note that multiplying any fixed triple by the transposition (12) in one component flips its sign while preserving the numeric part; hence the ±1 residues occur equally often. Their total therefore cancels to 0 modulo p, thus completing (iii) as required.",
      "_replacement_note": {
        "replaced_at": "2025-07-05T22:17:12.102045",
        "reason": "Original kernel variant was too easy compared to the original problem"
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}