{
  "index": "1952-B-4",
  "type": "GEO",
  "tag": [
    "GEO",
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "4. A homogeneous solid body is made by joining a base of a circular cylinder of height \\( h \\) and radius \\( r \\), and the base of a hemisphere of radius \\( r \\). This body is placed with the hemispherical end on a horizontal table, with the axis of the cylinder in a vertical position, and then slightly oscillated. It is intuitively evident that if \\( r \\) is large as compared to \\( h \\), the equilibrium will be stable; but if \\( r \\) is small as compared to \\( h \\), the equilibrium will be unstable. What is the critical value of the ratio \\( r / h \\) which enables the body to rest in neutral equilibrium in any position?",
  "solution": "Solution. Since the body is homogeneous, the center of gravity and the centroid are the same. Assume a coordinate system such that \\( z=0 \\) is the equation of the plane where the hemisphere is joined to the cylinder (when the body is in a vertical position); the equation of the table is \\( z=-r \\).\n\nBy cylindrical symmetry, it suffices to consider a section perpendicular to the plane of the table through the contact point. If the solid is slightly tilted, the normal force \\( N \\) at the point of contact will act through the point \\( O \\).\n\nIf the centroid of the solid is above \\( O \\), then the couple formed by \\( N \\) and the weight \\( W \\) will produce a toppling rotation. If the centroid of the solid is below \\( O \\) then the couple will produce a restoring rotation. Hence the problem amounts to determining the ratio of \\( r \\) to \\( h \\) which will give a centroid at \\( O \\).\nBy symmetry we need only consider the \\( z \\)-coordinate of the centroid.\nThe \\( z \\)-coordinate of the centroid of the cylinder is \\( h / 2 \\), and the volume is \\( \\pi r^{2} h \\). For the hemisphere the volume is \\( (2 / 3) \\pi r^{3} \\), and the \\( z \\)-coordinate of the centroid is given by\n\\[\n\\bar{z}=\\frac{\\int_{-r}^{0} z \\pi\\left(r^{2}-z^{2}\\right) d z}{(2 / 3) \\pi r^{3}}=-(3 / 8) r .\n\\]\n\nThe centroid of the whole body will be at the origin if and only if\n\\[\n\\left(\\pi r^{2} h\\right) \\frac{h}{2}-\\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\pi r^{3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{3 r}{8}\\right)=0,\n\\]\nthat is \\( r^{2}=2 h^{2} \\), whence \\( r / h=\\sqrt{2} \\) is the critical value. For this shape, the center of gravity will be over the point of support whenever the body rests on a point of the hemispherical surface, so there will be neutral equilibrium.\n\nFor problems involving stable equilibrium see also Problem A.M. 7b of the Fourth Competition and Problem P.M. 4 of the Tenth Competition.",
  "vars": [
    "z"
  ],
  "params": [
    "r",
    "h",
    "N",
    "O",
    "W"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "z": "vertical",
        "r": "radius",
        "h": "height",
        "N": "normalforce",
        "O": "contactpt",
        "W": "weightforce"
      },
      "question": "4. A homogeneous solid body is made by joining a base of a circular cylinder of height \\( height \\) and radius \\( radius \\), and the base of a hemisphere of radius \\( radius \\). This body is placed with the hemispherical end on a horizontal table, with the axis of the cylinder in a vertical position, and then slightly oscillated. It is intuitively evident that if \\( radius \\) is large as compared to \\( height \\), the equilibrium will be stable; but if \\( radius \\) is small as compared to \\( height \\), the equilibrium will be unstable. What is the critical value of the ratio \\( radius / height \\) which enables the body to rest in neutral equilibrium in any position?",
      "solution": "Solution. Since the body is homogeneous, the center of gravity and the centroid are the same. Assume a coordinate system such that \\( vertical=0 \\) is the equation of the plane where the hemisphere is joined to the cylinder (when the body is in a vertical position); the equation of the table is \\( vertical=-radius \\).\n\nBy cylindrical symmetry, it suffices to consider a section perpendicular to the plane of the table through the contact point. If the solid is slightly tilted, the normal force \\( normalforce \\) at the point of contact will act through the point \\( contactpt \\).\n\nIf the centroid of the solid is above \\( contactpt \\), then the couple formed by \\( normalforce \\) and the weight \\( weightforce \\) will produce a toppling rotation. If the centroid of the solid is below \\( contactpt \\) then the couple will produce a restoring rotation. Hence the problem amounts to determining the ratio of \\( radius \\) to \\( height \\) which will give a centroid at \\( contactpt \\).\nBy symmetry we need only consider the \\( vertical \\)-coordinate of the centroid.\nThe \\( vertical \\)-coordinate of the centroid of the cylinder is \\( height / 2 \\), and the volume is \\( \\pi radius^{2} height \\). For the hemisphere the volume is \\( (2 / 3) \\pi radius^{3} \\), and the \\( vertical \\)-coordinate of the centroid is given by\n\\[\n\\bar{vertical}=\\frac{\\int_{-radius}^{0} vertical \\pi\\left(radius^{2}-vertical^{2}\\right) d vertical}{(2 / 3) \\pi radius^{3}}=-(3 / 8) radius .\n\\]\n\nThe centroid of the whole body will be at the origin if and only if\n\\[\n\\left(\\pi radius^{2} height\\right) \\frac{height}{2}-\\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\pi radius^{3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{3 radius}{8}\\right)=0,\n\\]\nthat is \\( radius^{2}=2 height^{2} \\), whence \\( radius / height=\\sqrt{2} \\) is the critical value. For this shape, the center of gravity will be over the point of support whenever the body rests on a point of the hemispherical surface, so there will be neutral equilibrium.\n\nFor problems involving stable equilibrium see also Problem A.M. 7b of the Fourth Competition and Problem P.M. 4 of the Tenth Competition."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "z": "zeppelin",
        "r": "dandelion",
        "h": "hucklebee",
        "N": "nightshade",
        "O": "oreganoon",
        "W": "watercrest"
      },
      "question": "A homogeneous solid body is made by joining a base of a circular cylinder of height \\( hucklebee \\) and radius \\( dandelion \\), and the base of a hemisphere of radius \\( dandelion \\). This body is placed with the hemispherical end on a horizontal table, with the axis of the cylinder in a vertical position, and then slightly oscillated. It is intuitively evident that if \\( dandelion \\) is large as compared to \\( hucklebee \\), the equilibrium will be stable; but if \\( dandelion \\) is small as compared to \\( hucklebee \\), the equilibrium will be unstable. What is the critical value of the ratio \\( dandelion / hucklebee \\) which enables the body to rest in neutral equilibrium in any position?",
      "solution": "Solution. Since the body is homogeneous, the center of gravity and the centroid are the same. Assume a coordinate system such that \\( zeppelin=0 \\) is the equation of the plane where the hemisphere is joined to the cylinder (when the body is in a vertical position); the equation of the table is \\( zeppelin=-dandelion \\).\n\nBy cylindrical symmetry, it suffices to consider a section perpendicular to the plane of the table through the contact point. If the solid is slightly tilted, the normal force \\( nightshade \\) at the point of contact will act through the point \\( oreganoon \\).\n\nIf the centroid of the solid is above \\( oreganoon \\), then the couple formed by \\( nightshade \\) and the weight \\( watercrest \\) will produce a toppling rotation. If the centroid of the solid is below \\( oreganoon \\) then the couple will produce a restoring rotation. Hence the problem amounts to determining the ratio of \\( dandelion \\) to \\( hucklebee \\) which will give a centroid at \\( oreganoon \\).\nBy symmetry we need only consider the \\( zeppelin \\)-coordinate of the centroid.\nThe \\( zeppelin \\)-coordinate of the centroid of the cylinder is \\( hucklebee / 2 \\), and the volume is \\( \\pi dandelion^{2} hucklebee \\). For the hemisphere the volume is \\( (2 / 3) \\pi dandelion^{3} \\), and the \\( zeppelin \\)-coordinate of the centroid is given by\n\\[\n\\bar{zeppelin}=\\frac{\\int_{-dandelion}^{0} zeppelin \\pi\\left(dandelion^{2}-zeppelin^{2}\\right) d zeppelin}{(2 / 3) \\pi dandelion^{3}}=-(3 / 8) dandelion .\n\\]\n\nThe centroid of the whole body will be at the origin if and only if\n\\[\n\\left(\\pi dandelion^{2} hucklebee\\right) \\frac{hucklebee}{2}-\\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\pi dandelion^{3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{3 dandelion}{8}\\right)=0,\n\\]\nthat is \\( dandelion^{2}=2 hucklebee^{2} \\), whence \\( dandelion / hucklebee=\\sqrt{2} \\) is the critical value. For this shape, the center of gravity will be over the point of support whenever the body rests on a point of the hemispherical surface, so there will be neutral equilibrium.\n\nFor problems involving stable equilibrium see also Problem A.M. 7b of the Fourth Competition and Problem P.M. 4 of the Tenth Competition."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "z": "horizontal",
        "r": "perimeter",
        "h": "deepness",
        "N": "parallelforce",
        "O": "infinitypoint",
        "W": "lightness"
      },
      "question": "4. A homogeneous solid body is made by joining a base of a circular cylinder of height \\( deepness \\) and radius \\( perimeter \\), and the base of a hemisphere of radius \\( perimeter \\). This body is placed with the hemispherical end on a horizontal table, with the axis of the cylinder in a vertical position, and then slightly oscillated. It is intuitively evident that if \\( perimeter \\) is large as compared to \\( deepness \\), the equilibrium will be stable; but if \\( perimeter \\) is small as compared to \\( deepness \\), the equilibrium will be unstable. What is the critical value of the ratio \\( perimeter / deepness \\) which enables the body to rest in neutral equilibrium in any position?",
      "solution": "Solution. Since the body is homogeneous, the center of gravity and the centroid are the same. Assume a coordinate system such that \\( horizontal=0 \\) is the equation of the plane where the hemisphere is joined to the cylinder (when the body is in a vertical position); the equation of the table is \\( horizontal=-perimeter \\).\n\nBy cylindrical symmetry, it suffices to consider a section perpendicular to the plane of the table through the contact point. If the solid is slightly tilted, the normal force \\( parallelforce \\) at the point of contact will act through the point \\( infinitypoint \\).\n\nIf the centroid of the solid is above \\( infinitypoint \\), then the couple formed by \\( parallelforce \\) and the weight \\( lightness \\) will produce a toppling rotation. If the centroid of the solid is below \\( infinitypoint \\) then the couple will produce a restoring rotation. Hence the problem amounts to determining the ratio of \\( perimeter \\) to \\( deepness \\) which will give a centroid at \\( infinitypoint \\).\nBy symmetry we need only consider the \\( horizontal \\)-coordinate of the centroid.\nThe \\( horizontal \\)-coordinate of the centroid of the cylinder is \\( deepness / 2 \\), and the volume is \\( \\pi perimeter^{2} deepness \\). For the hemisphere the volume is \\( (2 / 3) \\pi perimeter^{3} \\), and the \\( horizontal \\)-coordinate of the centroid is given by\n\\[\n\\bar{horizontal}=\\frac{\\int_{-perimeter}^{0} horizontal \\pi\\left(perimeter^{2}-horizontal^{2}\\right) d horizontal}{(2 / 3) \\pi perimeter^{3}}=-(3 / 8) perimeter .\n\\]\n\nThe centroid of the whole body will be at the origin if and only if\n\\[\n\\left(\\pi perimeter^{2} deepness\\right) \\frac{deepness}{2}-\\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\pi perimeter^{3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{3 perimeter}{8}\\right)=0,\n\\]\nthat is \\( perimeter^{2}=2 deepness^{2} \\), whence \\( perimeter / deepness=\\sqrt{2} \\) is the critical value. For this shape, the center of gravity will be over the point of support whenever the body rests on a point of the hemispherical surface, so there will be neutral equilibrium.\n\nFor problems involving stable equilibrium see also Problem A.M. 7b of the Fourth Competition and Problem P.M. 4 of the Tenth Competition."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "z": "qzxwvtnp",
        "r": "hjgrksla",
        "h": "pyfmdnco",
        "N": "szljaqer",
        "O": "vkptliam",
        "W": "rucbdzen"
      },
      "question": "4. A homogeneous solid body is made by joining a base of a circular cylinder of height \\( pyfmdnco \\) and radius \\( hjgrksla \\), and the base of a hemisphere of radius \\( hjgrksla \\). This body is placed with the hemispherical end on a horizontal table, with the axis of the cylinder in a vertical position, and then slightly oscillated. It is intuitively evident that if \\( hjgrksla \\) is large as compared to \\( pyfmdnco \\), the equilibrium will be stable; but if \\( hjgrksla \\) is small as compared to \\( pyfmdnco \\), the equilibrium will be unstable. What is the critical value of the ratio \\( hjgrksla / pyfmdnco \\) which enables the body to rest in neutral equilibrium in any position?",
      "solution": "Solution. Since the body is homogeneous, the center of gravity and the centroid are the same. Assume a coordinate system such that \\( qzxwvtnp=0 \\) is the equation of the plane where the hemisphere is joined to the cylinder (when the body is in a vertical position); the equation of the table is \\( qzxwvtnp=-hjgrksla \\).\n\nBy cylindrical symmetry, it suffices to consider a section perpendicular to the plane of the table through the contact point. If the solid is slightly tilted, the normal force \\( szljaqer \\) at the point of contact will act through the point \\( vkptliam \\).\n\nIf the centroid of the solid is above \\( vkptliam \\), then the couple formed by \\( szljaqer \\) and the weight \\( rucbdzen \\) will produce a toppling rotation. If the centroid of the solid is below \\( vkptliam \\) then the couple will produce a restoring rotation. Hence the problem amounts to determining the ratio of \\( hjgrksla \\) to \\( pyfmdnco \\) which will give a centroid at \\( vkptliam \\).\nBy symmetry we need only consider the \\( qzxwvtnp \\)-coordinate of the centroid.\nThe \\( qzxwvtnp \\)-coordinate of the centroid of the cylinder is \\( pyfmdnco / 2 \\), and the volume is \\( \\pi hjgrksla^{2} pyfmdnco \\). For the hemisphere the volume is \\( (2 / 3) \\pi hjgrksla^{3} \\), and the \\( qzxwvtnp \\)-coordinate of the centroid is given by\n\\[\n\\bar{qzxwvtnp}=\\frac{\\int_{-hjgrksla}^{0} qzxwvtnp \\pi\\left(hjgrksla^{2}-qzxwvtnp^{2}\\right) d qzxwvtnp}{(2 / 3) \\pi hjgrksla^{3}}=-(3 / 8) hjgrksla .\n\\]\n\nThe centroid of the whole body will be at the origin if and only if\n\\[\n\\left(\\pi hjgrksla^{2} pyfmdnco\\right) \\frac{pyfmdnco}{2}-\\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\pi hjgrksla^{3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{3 hjgrksla}{8}\\right)=0,\n\\]\nthat is \\( hjgrksla^{2}=2 pyfmdnco^{2} \\), whence \\( hjgrksla / pyfmdnco=\\sqrt{2} \\) is the critical value. For this shape, the center of gravity will be over the point of support whenever the body rests on a point of the hemispherical surface, so there will be neutral equilibrium.\n\nFor problems involving stable equilibrium see also Problem A.M. 7b of the Fourth Competition and Problem P.M. 4 of the Tenth Competition."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "A composite axisymmetric body is manufactured in the four successive steps listed below.  \n\n1.\\;A solid hemisphere $\\mathcal H$ of radius $r$, made of a homogeneous material of density $\\rho$, is pressed into a perfectly smooth hemispherical socket of the same radius.  \n   The common centre of curvature of the two hemispheres is the fixed point $C$.  \n\n2.\\;The plane face of $\\mathcal H$ (radius $r$) is rigidly joined to the lower base of a right circular cylinder $\\mathcal C$ of the same radius $r$ and (as yet unknown) height $h$.  \n\n3.\\;A coaxial cylindrical bore of radius $\\lambda r$ with $0<\\lambda<1$ is drilled right through the whole composite, that is, through the distance $h+r$ measured from the plane face of $\\mathcal H$.  \n\n4.\\;The bore is filled with a second homogeneous material of density  \n   $\\rho'=\\eta\\rho\\quad(\\eta>0)$.  \n   The filled “core’’ is therefore a solid cylinder of radius $\\lambda r$ and height $h+r$; its centroid lies on the axis at $z=\\dfrac{h-r}{2}$.  \n\nWith the $z$–axis taken along the common axis of symmetry, the plane interface between hemisphere and cylinder is chosen as the level $z=0$; positive $z$ is directed vertically upward.  \nHence the hemisphere occupies $-r\\le z\\le0$ and the outer cylinder $0\\le z\\le h$; the fixed point $C$ is situated at $z=-r$.  \n\nAfter completion the whole body is placed in the socket and is free to rotate without friction about $C$.  Introduce the dimensionless parameters  \n\\[\nA=\\dfrac{h}{r},\\qquad 0<\\lambda<1,\\qquad\n\\eta=\\dfrac{\\rho'}{\\rho},\\qquad\n\\kappa=\\dfrac{d}{r},\n\\]\nwhere $d=CG$–altitude measured from $C$ ($d>0$ if the centre of gravity lies above $C$),  \nand let $\\theta$ be the angle between the body axis and the downward vertical through $C$.  \n\nThroughout we restrict attention to admissible triples $(A,\\lambda,\\eta)$ for which the total mass  \n\\[\nM=\\rho\\pi r^{3}\\Bigl[\\dfrac{2}{3}+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)\\Bigr]\n\\]\nis strictly positive; equivalently  \n\\[\n\\dfrac{2}{3}+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)>0.\\tag{$\\star$}\n\\]\n\n(a) Prove that, with the sign conventions just stated, the gravitational potential energy of the body when it is tilted through an angle $\\theta$ is  \n\\[\nU(\\theta)=-Mg\\,d\\,(1-\\cos\\theta).\n\\]\n\n(b) Put  \n\\[\n\\Delta=1-(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}\\qquad\\bigl(\\text{so that }\\Delta>0\\bigr).\n\\]\nShow that  \n\\[\n\\kappa=\n\\dfrac{\\dfrac{5}{12}+A+\\dfrac{1}{2}A^{2}+\\dfrac{1}{2}(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)^{2}}\n      {\\dfrac{2}{3}+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)}.\n\\]\nDeduce that the condition $\\kappa=0$ for neutral equilibrium reduces to  \n\\[\n6\\Delta A^{2}+12\\Delta A+5-6(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}=0.\\tag{$\\spadesuit$}\n\\]\nSolve $(\\spadesuit)$ to obtain the critical height ratio  \n\\[\nA^{\\ast}=\\frac{h^{\\ast}}{r}=-1+\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{6\\Delta}}.\n\\]\nShow further that neutral equilibrium is attainable if and only if  \n\\[\n(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}>\\frac56\n\\]\n(the core must be lighter and sufficiently wide);  \nwhen this inequality fails no choice of $h$ can make the equilibrium neutral.\n\n(c) Using the numerator found in (b), decide the sign of $\\kappa$ for every admissible triple $(\\lambda,\\eta)$ and every $A>0$.  Prove in particular that  \n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\n\\kappa<0 &\\text{and the vertical attitude is stable for }0<A<A^{\\ast},\\\\[4pt]\n\\kappa=0 &\\text{and the vertical attitude is neutral for }A=A^{\\ast},\\\\[4pt]\n\\kappa>0 &\\text{and the vertical attitude is unstable for }A>A^{\\ast},\n\\end{cases}\\qquad\\text{whenever }(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}>\\dfrac56,\n\\]\nwhereas  \n\\[\n\\kappa>0\\quad\\text{for every }A>0\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\n\\text{the vertical attitude is always unstable}\n\\]\nas soon as $(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}\\le\\dfrac56$.\n\n(d)  When $\\kappa<0$ calculate the period $T$ of small oscillations.  Denote\n\\[\nm_{h}= \\rho V_{h},\\qquad\nm_{c}= \\rho V_{c},\\qquad\nm_{b}= (\\eta-1)\\rho V_{b},\n\\]\nwhere $V_{h},V_{c},V_{b}$ are the volumes of the hemisphere, outer cylinder and filled bore respectively.  \n\nProve first that the moment of inertia of a solid hemisphere about any diameter through its centre is  \n\\[\nI^{\\text{(hemisphere)}}_{\\text{diam}}=\\frac25\\,m_{h}r^{2},\n\\]\nand hence show that the moment of inertia of the complete composite about any horizontal diameter through $C$ is  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nI=\\;&\\frac25\\,m_{h}r^{2}\\\\\n&+\\Bigl[\\frac14\\,m_{c}r^{2}+\\frac1{12}\\,m_{c}h^{2}\\Bigr]+m_{c}\\bigl(r+\\tfrac12h\\bigr)^{2}\\\\\n&+\\Bigl[\\frac14\\,m_{b}(\\lambda r)^{2}+\\frac1{12}\\,m_{b}(h+r)^{2}\\Bigr]\n  +m_{b}\\Bigl(\\frac{h+r}{2}\\Bigr)^{2}.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nDeduce that  \n\\[\nT=2\\pi\\sqrt{\\dfrac{I}{Mg\\,|d|}},\n\\qquad d=\\kappa r\\text{ as found in part (b).}\n\\]\n\n%--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "solution": "(Co–ordinates: $z=0$ at the plane joint, $C$ at $z=-r$; $z$–axis upward.)  \n\n1.\\;Volumes and centroids  \n\\[\nV_{h}=\\frac23\\pi r^{3},\\qquad z_{h}=-\\frac38\\,r;\n\\]\n\\[\nV_{c}=\\pi r^{2}h=\\pi r^{3}A,\\qquad z_{c}= \\frac{Ar}{2};\n\\]\n\\[\nV_{b}= \\pi\\lambda^{2}r^{2}(h+r)=\\pi\\lambda^{2}r^{3}(A+1),\\qquad \nz_{b}= \\frac{h-r}{2}= \\frac{r(A-1)}{2}.\n\\]\n\n2.\\;Mass  \n\\[\nM=\\rho(V_{h}+V_{c})+(\\rho'-\\rho)V_{b}\n  =\\rho\\pi r^{3}\\Bigl[\\frac23+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)\\Bigr].\\tag{1}\n\\]\nCondition $(\\star)$ is precisely $M>0$.\n\n3.\\;First moment about $z=0$  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nN&=\\rho(V_{h}z_{h}+V_{c}z_{c})+(\\rho'-\\rho)V_{b}z_{b}\\\\\n  &=\\rho\\pi r^{4}\\Bigl[-\\frac14+\\frac12A^{2}\n      +\\frac12(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A^{2}-1)\\Bigr].\\tag{2}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\n4.\\;Centre of gravity and reduced altitude  \n\\[\nz_{G}=\\frac{N}{M},\\qquad\nd=z_{G}+r,\\qquad\n\\kappa=\\frac{d}{r}=1+\\frac{N}{Mr}.\\tag{3}\n\\]\nHence  \n\\[\n\\kappa=\n\\dfrac{\\dfrac{5}{12}+A+\\dfrac{1}{2}A^{2}+\\dfrac{1}{2}(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)^{2}}\n      {\\dfrac{2}{3}+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)}.\\tag{4}\n\\]\nThe denominator is positive by $(\\star)$.\n\n5.\\;Potential energy (part (a))  \n\nWith the axis vertical the vector $CG$ has magnitude $|d|$ and is directed upward if $d>0$, downward if $d<0$.  \nWhen the body is rotated through an angle $\\theta$ about $C$, $CG$ makes the same angle $\\theta$ with its initial direction, so the new vertical component of $CG$ is $d\\cos\\theta$.  \nTaking $U(0)=0$ we obtain  \n\\[\nU(\\theta)=Mg\\,(d\\cos\\theta-d)=-Mg\\,d\\,(1-\\cos\\theta),\n\\]\nas required.\n\n6.\\;Neutral equilibrium (part (b))  \n\nSetting the numerator in (4) equal to zero gives $(\\spadesuit)$:\n\\[\n6\\Delta A^{2}+12\\Delta A+5-6(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}=0.\\tag{5}\n\\]\nBecause $\\Delta>0$, equation (5) is a genuine quadratic with discriminant\n\\[\n(12\\Delta)^{2}-4\\cdot6\\Delta\\bigl[5-6(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}\\bigr]\n      =144\\Delta^{2}+24\\Delta\\bigl[6(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}-5\\bigr]\\ge0,\n\\]\nso a real positive solution exists exactly when the coefficient of the constant term is negative, namely when\n\\[\n(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}>\\frac56.\\tag{6}\n\\]\nSolving (5) yields\n\\[\n(A^{\\ast}+1)^{2}=\\frac1{6\\Delta}\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\nA^{\\ast}=-1+\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{6\\Delta}},\\tag{7}\n\\]\nwhich is the simplified form announced in the statement.  Observe that the right–hand side of (7) is indeed positive if and only if (6) holds, so neutral equilibrium is attainable precisely under condition (6).\n\n7.\\;Stability of the vertical attitude (part (c))  \n\nIntroduce  \n\\[\ns=(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2},\\qquad \nP(A)=\\frac{5}{12}+A+\\frac12A^{2}-\\frac12s\\,(A+1)^{2}.\\tag{8}\n\\]\nFormula (4) shows that $\\kappa$ and $P(A)$ have the same sign because the denominator in (4) is strictly positive.\n\n(i)\\;Derivative and convexity.  \nSince $s=\\!(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}<1$ for every admissible triple, we have $1-s>0$ and hence  \n\\[\nP'(A)=1+A-s(A+1)=(1-s)(1+A)>0\\qquad(A>-1),\\tag{9}\n\\]\n\\[\nP''(A)=1-s>0.\\tag{10}\n\\]\nThus $P(A)$ is strictly increasing and strictly convex on $(0,\\infty)$.\n\n(ii)\\;Case $s\\le\\dfrac56$.  \nHere  \n\\[\nP(0)=\\frac{5}{12}-\\frac{s}{2}\\ge0.\n\\]\nBecause $P$ is increasing, $P(A)>0$ for every $A>0$, hence $\\kappa>0$ and the vertical configuration is always {\\it unstable}.\n\n(iii)\\;Case $s>\\dfrac56$.  \nNow $P(0)<0$ while $P(A)\\to+\\infty$ as $A\\to\\infty$ (quadratic term has positive coefficient $ \\tfrac12(1-s) $).  \nSince $P$ is strictly increasing, it possesses exactly one positive root, namely $A^{\\ast}$ from (7).  Consequently\n\\[\nP(A)<0\\;\\;(0<A<A^{\\ast}),\\qquad\nP(A)=0\\;\\;(A=A^{\\ast}),\\qquad\nP(A)>0\\;\\;(A>A^{\\ast}),\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\n\\kappa<0 &\\Longrightarrow\\text{stable equilibrium}, &0<A<A^{\\ast},\\\\\n\\kappa=0 &\\Longrightarrow\\text{neutral equilibrium}, &A=A^{\\ast},\\\\\n\\kappa>0 &\\Longrightarrow\\text{unstable equilibrium}, &A>A^{\\ast}.\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\nThese conclusions establish the complete classification required in part (c).\n\n8.\\;Moment of inertia of the hemisphere  \n\nTo justify the coefficient $\\dfrac25$ we integrate directly.  \nWith the origin at $C$ and the $x$–axis chosen as the horizontal diameter,\n\\[\nI_{h}^{(\\text{diam})}\n  =\\rho\\!\\iiint_{\\mathcal H}(y^{2}+z^{2})\\,dV\n  =\\rho\\int_{0}^{r}\\!\\!\\int_{0}^{\\pi}\\!\\!\\int_{0}^{\\pi/2}\n       r'^{4}\\sin\\varphi\n       \\bigl[\\sin^{2}\\varphi\\sin^{2}\\theta+\\cos^{2}\\varphi\\bigr]\n       \\,d\\theta\\,d\\varphi\\,dr',\n\\]\nwhere $(r',\\varphi,\\theta)$ are the usual spherical coordinates and the limits $\\varphi\\le\\pi/2$ restrict the integration to the hemisphere.  \nCarrying out the integrations gives  \n\\[\nI_{h}^{(\\text{diam})}=\\frac{2}{5}\\,\\rho\\,\\frac{2}{3}\\pi r^{5}\n                     =\\frac25\\,m_{h}r^{2},\\tag{11}\n\\]\nas claimed.\n\n9.\\;Composite moment of inertia (part (d))  \n\nApplying the parallel–axis theorem to each component and using (11) for the hemisphere we obtain  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\begin{aligned}\nI=\\;&\\frac25\\,m_{h}r^{2}\\\\\n&+\\Bigl[\\frac14\\,m_{c}r^{2}+\\frac1{12}\\,m_{c}h^{2}\\Bigr]\n  +m_{c}\\Bigl(r+\\frac{h}{2}\\Bigr)^{2}\\\\\n&+\\Bigl[\\frac14\\,m_{b}(\\lambda r)^{2}\n       +\\frac1{12}\\,m_{b}(h+r)^{2}\\Bigr]\n  +m_{b}\\Bigl(\\frac{h+r}{2}\\Bigr)^{2}\n\\end{aligned}}\\tag{12}\n\\]\n\n10.\\;Period of small oscillations  \n\nFor a compound pendulum about a fixed point $C$ the period of infinitesimal oscillations is  \n\\[\nT=2\\pi\\sqrt{\\frac{I}{Mg\\,\\ell}},\n\\qquad\n\\ell=|CG|=|d|=|\\kappa|\\,r .\n\\]\nWith $I$ from (12) and $\\kappa$ from (4) this becomes  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\,T=2\\pi\\sqrt{\\dfrac{I}{Mg\\,r\\,|\\kappa|}}\\,},\\tag{13}\n\\]\nwhich is well defined whenever $\\kappa<0$, i.e.\\ precisely in the stable range identified in part (c).\n\n%--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.447531",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Multiple density regions:  The problem now involves two different densities, forcing the solver to juggle “positive’’ and “negative’’ masses (density deficits) and to keep careful track of sign conventions.  \n2. Additional parameters (λ, η):  Instead of a single unknown ratio h/r, the neutral-equilibrium locus lives in a three-dimensional parameter space; equation (9) is appreciably more intricate than the single √2 appearing in the classical problem.  \n3. Full derivation of the potential function and small-oscillation period requires both first- and second-moment integrals, moment-of-inertia formulas, and the parallel-axis theorem.  \n4. Stability analysis is no longer binary; it demands reading the sign of a complicated expression in (λ, η,A).  \n5. The solver must combine ideas from statics (couples and centres of gravity), rigid-body dynamics (physical pendulum), and classical integration in three dimensions—all under a non-trivial book-keeping regime.  Each of these enlargements is absent from the original kernel problem, so the variant is significantly harder both conceptually and computationally."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "A composite axisymmetric body is manufactured in the four successive steps listed below.  \n\n1.\\;A solid hemisphere $\\mathcal H$ of radius $r$, made of a homogeneous material of density $\\rho$, is pressed into a perfectly smooth hemispherical socket of the same radius.  \n   The common centre of curvature of the two hemispheres is the fixed point $C$.  \n\n2.\\;The plane face of $\\mathcal H$ (radius $r$) is rigidly joined to the lower base of a right circular cylinder $\\mathcal C$ of the same radius $r$ and (as yet unknown) height $h$.  \n\n3.\\;A coaxial cylindrical bore of radius $\\lambda r$ with $0<\\lambda<1$ is drilled right through the whole composite, that is, through the distance $h+r$ measured from the plane face of $\\mathcal H$.  \n\n4.\\;The bore is filled with a second homogeneous material of density  \n   $\\rho'=\\eta\\rho\\quad(\\eta>0)$.  \n   The filled “core’’ is therefore a solid cylinder of radius $\\lambda r$ and height $h+r$; its centroid lies on the axis at $z=\\dfrac{h-r}{2}$.  \n\nWith the $z$–axis taken along the common axis of symmetry, the plane interface between hemisphere and cylinder is chosen as the level $z=0$; positive $z$ is directed vertically upward.  \nHence the hemisphere occupies $-r\\le z\\le0$ and the outer cylinder $0\\le z\\le h$; the fixed point $C$ is situated at $z=-r$.  \n\nAfter completion the whole body is placed in the socket and is free to rotate without friction about $C$.  Introduce the dimensionless parameters  \n\\[\nA=\\dfrac{h}{r},\\qquad 0<\\lambda<1,\\qquad\n\\eta=\\dfrac{\\rho'}{\\rho},\\qquad\n\\kappa=\\dfrac{d}{r},\n\\]\nwhere $d=CG$–altitude measured from $C$ ($d>0$ if the centre of gravity lies above $C$),  \nand let $\\theta$ be the angle between the body axis and the downward vertical through $C$.  \n\nThroughout we restrict attention to admissible triples $(A,\\lambda,\\eta)$ for which the total mass  \n\\[\nM=\\rho\\pi r^{3}\\Bigl[\\dfrac{2}{3}+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)\\Bigr]\n\\]\nis strictly positive; equivalently  \n\\[\n\\dfrac{2}{3}+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)>0.\\tag{$\\star$}\n\\]\n\n(a) Prove that, with the sign conventions just stated, the gravitational potential energy of the body when it is tilted through an angle $\\theta$ is  \n\\[\nU(\\theta)=-Mg\\,d\\,(1-\\cos\\theta).\n\\]\n\n(b) Put  \n\\[\n\\Delta=1-(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}\\qquad\\bigl(\\text{so that }\\Delta>0\\bigr).\n\\]\nShow that  \n\\[\n\\kappa=\n\\dfrac{\\dfrac{5}{12}+A+\\dfrac{1}{2}A^{2}+\\dfrac{1}{2}(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)^{2}}\n      {\\dfrac{2}{3}+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)}.\n\\]\nDeduce that the condition $\\kappa=0$ for neutral equilibrium reduces to  \n\\[\n6\\Delta A^{2}+12\\Delta A+5-6(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}=0.\\tag{$\\spadesuit$}\n\\]\nSolve $(\\spadesuit)$ to obtain the critical height ratio  \n\\[\nA^{\\ast}=\\frac{h^{\\ast}}{r}=-1+\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{6\\Delta}}.\n\\]\nShow further that neutral equilibrium is attainable if and only if  \n\\[\n(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}>\\frac56\n\\]\n(the core must be lighter and sufficiently wide);  \nwhen this inequality fails no choice of $h$ can make the equilibrium neutral.\n\n(c) Using the numerator found in (b), decide the sign of $\\kappa$ for every admissible triple $(\\lambda,\\eta)$ and every $A>0$.  Prove in particular that  \n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\n\\kappa<0 &\\text{and the vertical attitude is stable for }0<A<A^{\\ast},\\\\[4pt]\n\\kappa=0 &\\text{and the vertical attitude is neutral for }A=A^{\\ast},\\\\[4pt]\n\\kappa>0 &\\text{and the vertical attitude is unstable for }A>A^{\\ast},\n\\end{cases}\\qquad\\text{whenever }(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}>\\dfrac56,\n\\]\nwhereas  \n\\[\n\\kappa>0\\quad\\text{for every }A>0\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\n\\text{the vertical attitude is always unstable}\n\\]\nas soon as $(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}\\le\\dfrac56$.\n\n(d)  When $\\kappa<0$ calculate the period $T$ of small oscillations.  Denote\n\\[\nm_{h}= \\rho V_{h},\\qquad\nm_{c}= \\rho V_{c},\\qquad\nm_{b}= (\\eta-1)\\rho V_{b},\n\\]\nwhere $V_{h},V_{c},V_{b}$ are the volumes of the hemisphere, outer cylinder and filled bore respectively.  \n\nProve first that the moment of inertia of a solid hemisphere about any diameter through its centre is  \n\\[\nI^{\\text{(hemisphere)}}_{\\text{diam}}=\\frac25\\,m_{h}r^{2},\n\\]\nand hence show that the moment of inertia of the complete composite about any horizontal diameter through $C$ is  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nI=\\;&\\frac25\\,m_{h}r^{2}\\\\\n&+\\Bigl[\\frac14\\,m_{c}r^{2}+\\frac1{12}\\,m_{c}h^{2}\\Bigr]+m_{c}\\bigl(r+\\tfrac12h\\bigr)^{2}\\\\\n&+\\Bigl[\\frac14\\,m_{b}(\\lambda r)^{2}+\\frac1{12}\\,m_{b}(h+r)^{2}\\Bigr]\n  +m_{b}\\Bigl(\\frac{h+r}{2}\\Bigr)^{2}.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nDeduce that  \n\\[\nT=2\\pi\\sqrt{\\dfrac{I}{Mg\\,|d|}},\n\\qquad d=\\kappa r\\text{ as found in part (b).}\n\\]\n\n%--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "solution": "(Co–ordinates: $z=0$ at the plane joint, $C$ at $z=-r$; $z$–axis upward.)  \n\n1.\\;Volumes and centroids  \n\\[\nV_{h}=\\frac23\\pi r^{3},\\qquad z_{h}=-\\frac38\\,r;\n\\]\n\\[\nV_{c}=\\pi r^{2}h=\\pi r^{3}A,\\qquad z_{c}= \\frac{Ar}{2};\n\\]\n\\[\nV_{b}= \\pi\\lambda^{2}r^{2}(h+r)=\\pi\\lambda^{2}r^{3}(A+1),\\qquad \nz_{b}= \\frac{h-r}{2}= \\frac{r(A-1)}{2}.\n\\]\n\n2.\\;Mass  \n\\[\nM=\\rho(V_{h}+V_{c})+(\\rho'-\\rho)V_{b}\n  =\\rho\\pi r^{3}\\Bigl[\\frac23+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)\\Bigr].\\tag{1}\n\\]\nCondition $(\\star)$ is precisely $M>0$.\n\n3.\\;First moment about $z=0$  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nN&=\\rho(V_{h}z_{h}+V_{c}z_{c})+(\\rho'-\\rho)V_{b}z_{b}\\\\\n  &=\\rho\\pi r^{4}\\Bigl[-\\frac14+\\frac12A^{2}\n      +\\frac12(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A^{2}-1)\\Bigr].\\tag{2}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\n4.\\;Centre of gravity and reduced altitude  \n\\[\nz_{G}=\\frac{N}{M},\\qquad\nd=z_{G}+r,\\qquad\n\\kappa=\\frac{d}{r}=1+\\frac{N}{Mr}.\\tag{3}\n\\]\nHence  \n\\[\n\\kappa=\n\\dfrac{\\dfrac{5}{12}+A+\\dfrac{1}{2}A^{2}+\\dfrac{1}{2}(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)^{2}}\n      {\\dfrac{2}{3}+A+(\\eta-1)\\lambda^{2}(A+1)}.\\tag{4}\n\\]\nThe denominator is positive by $(\\star)$.\n\n5.\\;Potential energy (part (a))  \n\nWith the axis vertical the vector $CG$ has magnitude $|d|$ and is directed upward if $d>0$, downward if $d<0$.  \nWhen the body is rotated through an angle $\\theta$ about $C$, $CG$ makes the same angle $\\theta$ with its initial direction, so the new vertical component of $CG$ is $d\\cos\\theta$.  \nTaking $U(0)=0$ we obtain  \n\\[\nU(\\theta)=Mg\\,(d\\cos\\theta-d)=-Mg\\,d\\,(1-\\cos\\theta),\n\\]\nas required.\n\n6.\\;Neutral equilibrium (part (b))  \n\nSetting the numerator in (4) equal to zero gives $(\\spadesuit)$:\n\\[\n6\\Delta A^{2}+12\\Delta A+5-6(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}=0.\\tag{5}\n\\]\nBecause $\\Delta>0$, equation (5) is a genuine quadratic with discriminant\n\\[\n(12\\Delta)^{2}-4\\cdot6\\Delta\\bigl[5-6(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}\\bigr]\n      =144\\Delta^{2}+24\\Delta\\bigl[6(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}-5\\bigr]\\ge0,\n\\]\nso a real positive solution exists exactly when the coefficient of the constant term is negative, namely when\n\\[\n(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}>\\frac56.\\tag{6}\n\\]\nSolving (5) yields\n\\[\n(A^{\\ast}+1)^{2}=\\frac1{6\\Delta}\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\nA^{\\ast}=-1+\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{6\\Delta}},\\tag{7}\n\\]\nwhich is the simplified form announced in the statement.  Observe that the right–hand side of (7) is indeed positive if and only if (6) holds, so neutral equilibrium is attainable precisely under condition (6).\n\n7.\\;Stability of the vertical attitude (part (c))  \n\nIntroduce  \n\\[\ns=(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2},\\qquad \nP(A)=\\frac{5}{12}+A+\\frac12A^{2}-\\frac12s\\,(A+1)^{2}.\\tag{8}\n\\]\nFormula (4) shows that $\\kappa$ and $P(A)$ have the same sign because the denominator in (4) is strictly positive.\n\n(i)\\;Derivative and convexity.  \nSince $s=\\!(1-\\eta)\\lambda^{2}<1$ for every admissible triple, we have $1-s>0$ and hence  \n\\[\nP'(A)=1+A-s(A+1)=(1-s)(1+A)>0\\qquad(A>-1),\\tag{9}\n\\]\n\\[\nP''(A)=1-s>0.\\tag{10}\n\\]\nThus $P(A)$ is strictly increasing and strictly convex on $(0,\\infty)$.\n\n(ii)\\;Case $s\\le\\dfrac56$.  \nHere  \n\\[\nP(0)=\\frac{5}{12}-\\frac{s}{2}\\ge0.\n\\]\nBecause $P$ is increasing, $P(A)>0$ for every $A>0$, hence $\\kappa>0$ and the vertical configuration is always {\\it unstable}.\n\n(iii)\\;Case $s>\\dfrac56$.  \nNow $P(0)<0$ while $P(A)\\to+\\infty$ as $A\\to\\infty$ (quadratic term has positive coefficient $ \\tfrac12(1-s) $).  \nSince $P$ is strictly increasing, it possesses exactly one positive root, namely $A^{\\ast}$ from (7).  Consequently\n\\[\nP(A)<0\\;\\;(0<A<A^{\\ast}),\\qquad\nP(A)=0\\;\\;(A=A^{\\ast}),\\qquad\nP(A)>0\\;\\;(A>A^{\\ast}),\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\n\\kappa<0 &\\Longrightarrow\\text{stable equilibrium}, &0<A<A^{\\ast},\\\\\n\\kappa=0 &\\Longrightarrow\\text{neutral equilibrium}, &A=A^{\\ast},\\\\\n\\kappa>0 &\\Longrightarrow\\text{unstable equilibrium}, &A>A^{\\ast}.\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\nThese conclusions establish the complete classification required in part (c).\n\n8.\\;Moment of inertia of the hemisphere  \n\nTo justify the coefficient $\\dfrac25$ we integrate directly.  \nWith the origin at $C$ and the $x$–axis chosen as the horizontal diameter,\n\\[\nI_{h}^{(\\text{diam})}\n  =\\rho\\!\\iiint_{\\mathcal H}(y^{2}+z^{2})\\,dV\n  =\\rho\\int_{0}^{r}\\!\\!\\int_{0}^{\\pi}\\!\\!\\int_{0}^{\\pi/2}\n       r'^{4}\\sin\\varphi\n       \\bigl[\\sin^{2}\\varphi\\sin^{2}\\theta+\\cos^{2}\\varphi\\bigr]\n       \\,d\\theta\\,d\\varphi\\,dr',\n\\]\nwhere $(r',\\varphi,\\theta)$ are the usual spherical coordinates and the limits $\\varphi\\le\\pi/2$ restrict the integration to the hemisphere.  \nCarrying out the integrations gives  \n\\[\nI_{h}^{(\\text{diam})}=\\frac{2}{5}\\,\\rho\\,\\frac{2}{3}\\pi r^{5}\n                     =\\frac25\\,m_{h}r^{2},\\tag{11}\n\\]\nas claimed.\n\n9.\\;Composite moment of inertia (part (d))  \n\nApplying the parallel–axis theorem to each component and using (11) for the hemisphere we obtain  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\begin{aligned}\nI=\\;&\\frac25\\,m_{h}r^{2}\\\\\n&+\\Bigl[\\frac14\\,m_{c}r^{2}+\\frac1{12}\\,m_{c}h^{2}\\Bigr]\n  +m_{c}\\Bigl(r+\\frac{h}{2}\\Bigr)^{2}\\\\\n&+\\Bigl[\\frac14\\,m_{b}(\\lambda r)^{2}\n       +\\frac1{12}\\,m_{b}(h+r)^{2}\\Bigr]\n  +m_{b}\\Bigl(\\frac{h+r}{2}\\Bigr)^{2}\n\\end{aligned}}\\tag{12}\n\\]\n\n10.\\;Period of small oscillations  \n\nFor a compound pendulum about a fixed point $C$ the period of infinitesimal oscillations is  \n\\[\nT=2\\pi\\sqrt{\\frac{I}{Mg\\,\\ell}},\n\\qquad\n\\ell=|CG|=|d|=|\\kappa|\\,r .\n\\]\nWith $I$ from (12) and $\\kappa$ from (4) this becomes  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\,T=2\\pi\\sqrt{\\dfrac{I}{Mg\\,r\\,|\\kappa|}}\\,},\\tag{13}\n\\]\nwhich is well defined whenever $\\kappa<0$, i.e.\\ precisely in the stable range identified in part (c).\n\n%--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.385734",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Multiple density regions:  The problem now involves two different densities, forcing the solver to juggle “positive’’ and “negative’’ masses (density deficits) and to keep careful track of sign conventions.  \n2. Additional parameters (λ, η):  Instead of a single unknown ratio h/r, the neutral-equilibrium locus lives in a three-dimensional parameter space; equation (9) is appreciably more intricate than the single √2 appearing in the classical problem.  \n3. Full derivation of the potential function and small-oscillation period requires both first- and second-moment integrals, moment-of-inertia formulas, and the parallel-axis theorem.  \n4. Stability analysis is no longer binary; it demands reading the sign of a complicated expression in (λ, η,A).  \n5. The solver must combine ideas from statics (couples and centres of gravity), rigid-body dynamics (physical pendulum), and classical integration in three dimensions—all under a non-trivial book-keeping regime.  Each of these enlargements is absent from the original kernel problem, so the variant is significantly harder both conceptually and computationally."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "calculation"
}