{
  "index": "1979-B-4",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Problem B-4\n(a) Find a solution that is not identically zero, of the homogeneous linear differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 x^{2}+x-1\\right) y^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 x^{2}+9 x-2\\right) y^{\\prime}+(18 x+3) y=0\n\\]\n\nIntelligent guessing of the form of a solution may be helpful.\n(b) Let \\( y=f(x) \\) be the solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 x^{2}+x-1\\right) y^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 x^{2}+9 x-2\\right) y^{\\prime}+(18 x+3) y=6(6 x+1)\n\\]\nthat has \\( f(0)=1 \\) and \\( (f(-1)-2)(f(1)-6)=1 \\). Find integers \\( a, b, c \\) such that \\( (f(-2)-a)(f(2)-b)=c \\).",
  "solution": "B-4.\n(a) Trial of \\( e^{m x} \\) shows that \\( y=e^{3 x} \\) satisfies the homogeneous equation. Trial of a polynomial \\( x^{d}+\\cdots \\) shows that \\( d \\) must be 2 and then trial of \\( x^{2}+p x+q \\) shows that \\( y=x^{2}+x \\) is a solution. Any linear combination \\( h e^{3 x}+k\\left(x^{2}+x\\right) \\), with at least one of the constants \\( h \\) and \\( k \\) not zero, is an answer.\n(b) It is easy to see that \\( y=2 \\) satisfies the nonhomogeneous equation and hence \\( f(x) \\) is of the form \\( 2+h e^{3 x}+k\\left(x^{2}+x\\right) \\). Now \\( f(0)=1 \\) gives us \\( 2+h=1 \\) or \\( h=-1 \\). Then \\( [f(-1)-2][f(1)-6]=1 \\) leads to\n\\[\n-e^{-3}\\left(2+2 k-e^{3}-6\\right)=1, \\quad(2 k-4) e^{-3}=0, \\quad k=2\n\\]\n\nHence \\( f(x)=2-e^{3 x}+2\\left(x^{2}+x\\right), f(-2)=6-e^{-6}, f(2)=14-e^{6} \\). Therefore we let \\( a=6, b=14 \\), and \\( c=1 \\).\n\nWe note that if one stops guessing after obtaining an answer \\( g(x) \\) to (a), the standard substitutions \\( y=g(x) z \\) followed by \\( z^{\\prime}=w \\) will reduce the nonhomogeneous equation to a linear equation which can be solved by a well-known method.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "f",
    "g",
    "z",
    "w"
  ],
  "params": [
    "d",
    "m",
    "h",
    "k",
    "a",
    "b",
    "c",
    "p",
    "q"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "e"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "indvar",
        "y": "depvar",
        "f": "nonfunc",
        "g": "trialfunc",
        "z": "auxifunc",
        "w": "auxider",
        "d": "degree",
        "m": "exponent",
        "h": "coefhval",
        "k": "coefkval",
        "a": "constaval",
        "b": "constbval",
        "c": "constcval",
        "p": "coefpval",
        "q": "coefqval"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-4\n(a) Find a solution that is not identically zero, of the homogeneous linear differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 indvar^{2}+indvar-1\\right) depvar^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 indvar^{2}+9 indvar-2\\right) depvar^{\\prime}+(18 indvar+3) depvar=0\n\\]\n\nIntelligent guessing of the form of a solution may be helpful.\n(b) Let \\( depvar=nonfunc(indvar) \\) be the solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 indvar^{2}+indvar-1\\right) depvar^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 indvar^{2}+9 indvar-2\\right) depvar^{\\prime}+(18 indvar+3) depvar=6(6 indvar+1)\n\\]\nthat has \\( nonfunc(0)=1 \\) and \\( (nonfunc(-1)-2)(nonfunc(1)-6)=1 \\). Find integers \\( constaval, constbval, constcval \\) such that \\( (nonfunc(-2)-constaval)(nonfunc(2)-constbval)=constcval \\).",
      "solution": "B-4.\n(a) Trial of \\( e^{exponent indvar} \\) shows that \\( depvar=e^{3 indvar} \\) satisfies the homogeneous equation. Trial of a polynomial \\( indvar^{degree}+\\cdots \\) shows that \\( degree \\) must be 2 and then trial of \\( indvar^{2}+coefpval \\, indvar+coefqval \\) shows that \\( depvar=indvar^{2}+indvar \\) is a solution. Any linear combination \\( coefhval e^{3 indvar}+coefkval\\left(indvar^{2}+indvar\\right) \\), with at least one of the constants \\( coefhval \\) and \\( coefkval \\) not zero, is an answer.\n(b) It is easy to see that \\( depvar=2 \\) satisfies the nonhomogeneous equation and hence \\( nonfunc(indvar) \\) is of the form \\( 2+coefhval e^{3 indvar}+coefkval\\left(indvar^{2}+indvar\\right) \\). Now \\( nonfunc(0)=1 \\) gives us \\( 2+coefhval=1 \\) or \\( coefhval=-1 \\). Then \\( [nonfunc(-1)-2][nonfunc(1)-6]=1 \\) leads to\n\\[\n-e^{-3}\\left(2+2 \\, coefkval-e^{3}-6\\right)=1, \\quad(2 \\, coefkval-4) e^{-3}=0, \\quad coefkval=2\n\\]\n\nHence \\( nonfunc(indvar)=2-e^{3 indvar}+2\\left(indvar^{2}+indvar\\right), nonfunc(-2)=6-e^{-6}, nonfunc(2)=14-e^{6} \\). Therefore we let \\( constaval=6, constbval=14 \\), and \\( constcval=1 \\).\n\nWe note that if one stops guessing after obtaining an answer \\( trialfunc(indvar) \\) to (a), the standard substitutions \\( depvar=trialfunc(indvar) auxifunc \\) followed by \\( auxifunc^{\\prime}=auxider \\) will reduce the nonhomogeneous equation to a linear equation which can be solved by a well-known method."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "yellowish",
        "y": "pinecones",
        "f": "lemongrass",
        "g": "raincloud",
        "z": "horseshoe",
        "w": "toothbrush",
        "d": "skyscrape",
        "m": "aftertaste",
        "h": "breadcrumb",
        "k": "whistlebee",
        "a": "paperclips",
        "b": "snowblower",
        "c": "watchmaker",
        "p": "thumbtack",
        "q": "sailcloth"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-4\n(a) Find a solution that is not identically zero, of the homogeneous linear differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 yellowish^{2}+yellowish-1\\right) pinecones^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 yellowish^{2}+9 yellowish-2\\right) pinecones^{\\prime}+(18 yellowish+3) pinecones=0\n\\]\n\nIntelligent guessing of the form of a solution may be helpful.\n(b) Let \\( pinecones=\\lemongrass(yellowish) \\) be the solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 yellowish^{2}+yellowish-1\\right) pinecones^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 yellowish^{2}+9 yellowish-2\\right) pinecones^{\\prime}+(18 yellowish+3) pinecones=6(6 yellowish+1)\n\\]\nthat has \\( \\lemongrass(0)=1 \\) and \\( (\\lemongrass(-1)-2)(\\lemongrass(1)-6)=1 \\). Find integers \\( paperclips, snowblower, watchmaker \\) such that \\( (\\lemongrass(-2)-paperclips)(\\lemongrass(2)-snowblower)=watchmaker \\).",
      "solution": "B-4.\n(a) Trial of \\( e^{aftertaste yellowish} \\) shows that \\( pinecones=e^{3 yellowish} \\) satisfies the homogeneous equation. Trial of a polynomial \\( yellowish^{skyscrape}+\\cdots \\) shows that \\( skyscrape \\) must be 2 and then trial of \\( yellowish^{2}+thumbtack yellowish+sailcloth \\) shows that \\( pinecones=yellowish^{2}+yellowish \\) is a solution. Any linear combination \\( breadcrumb e^{3 yellowish}+whistlebee\\left(yellowish^{2}+yellowish\\right) \\), with at least one of the constants \\( breadcrumb \\) and \\( whistlebee \\) not zero, is an answer.\n(b) It is easy to see that \\( pinecones=2 \\) satisfies the nonhomogeneous equation and hence \\( \\lemongrass(yellowish) \\) is of the form \\( 2+breadcrumb e^{3 yellowish}+whistlebee\\left(yellowish^{2}+yellowish\\right) \\). Now \\( \\lemongrass(0)=1 \\) gives us \\( 2+breadcrumb=1 \\) or \\( breadcrumb=-1 \\). Then \\( [\\lemongrass(-1)-2][\\lemongrass(1)-6]=1 \\) leads to\n\\[\n-e^{-3}\\left(2+2\\;whistlebee-e^{3}-6\\right)=1, \\quad(2\\;whistlebee-4) e^{-3}=0, \\quad whistlebee=2\n\\]\n\nHence \\( \\lemongrass(yellowish)=2-e^{3 yellowish}+2\\left(yellowish^{2}+yellowish\\right),\\ \\lemongrass(-2)=6-e^{-6},\\ \\lemongrass(2)=14-e^{6} \\). Therefore we let \\( paperclips=6, snowblower=14 \\), and \\( watchmaker=1 \\).\n\nWe note that if one stops guessing after obtaining an answer \\( raincloud(yellowish) \\) to (a), the standard substitutions \\( pinecones=raincloud(yellowish) horseshoe \\) followed by \\( horseshoe^{\\prime}=toothbrush \\) will reduce the nonhomogeneous equation to a linear equation which can be solved by a well-known method."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "constantvalue",
        "y": "independentfix",
        "f": "nonfunction",
        "g": "certainty",
        "z": "initialstate",
        "w": "oldvariable",
        "d": "constancy",
        "m": "logarithmbase",
        "h": "varfactor",
        "k": "noncoeff",
        "a": "fractional",
        "b": "negativeval",
        "c": "nullvalue",
        "p": "nonpolynomial",
        "q": "variablecoef"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-4\n(a) Find a solution that is not identically zero, of the homogeneous linear differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 constantvalue^{2}+constantvalue-1\\right) independentfix^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 constantvalue^{2}+9 constantvalue-2\\right) independentfix^{\\prime}+(18 constantvalue+3) independentfix=0\n\\]\n\nIntelligent guessing of the form of a solution may be helpful.\n(b) Let \\( independentfix=nonfunction(constantvalue) \\) be the solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 constantvalue^{2}+constantvalue-1\\right) independentfix^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 constantvalue^{2}+9 constantvalue-2\\right) independentfix^{\\prime}+(18 constantvalue+3) independentfix=6(6 constantvalue+1)\n\\]\nthat has \\( nonfunction(0)=1 \\) and \\( (nonfunction(-1)-2)(nonfunction(1)-6)=1 \\). Find integers \\( fractional, negativeval, nullvalue \\) such that \\( (nonfunction(-2)-fractional)(nonfunction(2)-negativeval)=nullvalue \\).",
      "solution": "B-4.\n(a) Trial of \\( e^{logarithmbase constantvalue} \\) shows that \\( independentfix=e^{3 constantvalue} \\) satisfies the homogeneous equation. Trial of a polynomial \\( constantvalue^{constancy}+\\cdots \\) shows that \\( constancy \\) must be 2 and then trial of \\( constantvalue^{2}+nonpolynomial constantvalue+variablecoef \\) shows that \\( independentfix=constantvalue^{2}+constantvalue \\) is a solution. Any linear combination \\( varfactor e^{3 constantvalue}+noncoeff\\left(constantvalue^{2}+constantvalue\\right) \\), with at least one of the constants \\( varfactor \\) and \\( noncoeff \\) not zero, is an answer.\n(b) It is easy to see that \\( independentfix=2 \\) satisfies the nonhomogeneous equation and hence \\( nonfunction(constantvalue) \\) is of the form \\( 2+varfactor e^{3 constantvalue}+noncoeff\\left(constantvalue^{2}+constantvalue\\right) \\). Now \\( nonfunction(0)=1 \\) gives us \\( 2+varfactor=1 \\) or \\( varfactor=-1 \\). Then \\( [nonfunction(-1)-2][nonfunction(1)-6]=1 \\) leads to\n\\[\n-e^{-3}\\left(2+2 noncoeff-e^{3}-6\\right)=1, \\quad(2 noncoeff-4) e^{-3}=0, \\quad noncoeff=2\n\\]\n\nHence \\( nonfunction(constantvalue)=2-e^{3 constantvalue}+2\\left(constantvalue^{2}+constantvalue\\right), nonfunction(-2)=6-e^{-6}, nonfunction(2)=14-e^{6} \\). Therefore we let \\( fractional=6, negativeval=14 \\), and \\( nullvalue=1 \\).\n\nWe note that if one stops guessing after obtaining an answer \\( certainty(constantvalue) \\) to (a), the standard substitutions \\( independentfix=certainty(constantvalue) initialstate \\) followed by \\( initialstate^{\\prime}=oldvariable \\) will reduce the nonhomogeneous equation to a linear equation which can be solved by a well-known method."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "quxnjlfa",
        "y": "lrymtcsb",
        "f": "zohvgked",
        "g": "yrqbsmcz",
        "z": "kthdwnpv",
        "w": "vifuslqe",
        "d": "hjcmafep",
        "m": "vxzaguno",
        "h": "rkybwqse",
        "k": "nlfdzxar",
        "a": "sdvjumay",
        "b": "qcpnfrle",
        "c": "wgvtlzho",
        "p": "otjcevax",
        "q": "mhsdbrua"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-4\n(a) Find a solution that is not identically zero, of the homogeneous linear differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 quxnjlfa^{2}+quxnjlfa-1\\right) lrymtcsb^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 quxnjlfa^{2}+9 quxnjlfa-2\\right) lrymtcsb^{\\prime}+(18 quxnjlfa+3) lrymtcsb=0\n\\]\n\nIntelligent guessing of the form of a solution may be helpful.\n(b) Let \\( lrymtcsb=zohvgked(quxnjlfa) \\) be the solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation\n\\[\n\\left(3 quxnjlfa^{2}+quxnjlfa-1\\right) lrymtcsb^{\\prime \\prime}-\\left(9 quxnjlfa^{2}+9 quxnjlfa-2\\right) lrymtcsb^{\\prime}+(18 quxnjlfa+3) lrymtcsb=6(6 quxnjlfa+1)\n\\]\nthat has \\( zohvgked(0)=1 \\) and \\( (zohvgked(-1)-2)(zohvgked(1)-6)=1 \\). Find integers \\( sdvjumay, qcpnfrle, wgvtlzho \\) such that \\( (zohvgked(-2)-sdvjumay)(zohvgked(2)-qcpnfrle)=wgvtlzho \\).",
      "solution": "B-4.\n(a) Trial of \\( e^{vxzaguno quxnjlfa} \\) shows that \\( lrymtcsb=e^{3 quxnjlfa} \\) satisfies the homogeneous equation. Trial of a polynomial \\( quxnjlfa^{hjcmafep}+\\cdots \\) shows that \\( hjcmafep \\) must be 2 and then trial of \\( quxnjlfa^{2}+otjcevax quxnjlfa+mhsdbrua \\) shows that \\( lrymtcsb=quxnjlfa^{2}+quxnjlfa \\) is a solution. Any linear combination \\( rkybwqse e^{3 quxnjlfa}+nlfdzxar\\left(quxnjlfa^{2}+quxnjlfa\\right) \\), with at least one of the constants \\( rkybwqse \\) and \\( nlfdzxar \\) not zero, is an answer.\n(b) It is easy to see that \\( lrymtcsb=2 \\) satisfies the nonhomogeneous equation and hence \\( zohvgked(quxnjlfa) \\) is of the form \\( 2+rkybwqse e^{3 quxnjlfa}+nlfdzxar\\left(quxnjlfa^{2}+quxnjlfa\\right) \\). Now \\( zohvgked(0)=1 \\) gives us \\( 2+rkybwqse=1 \\) or \\( rkybwqse=-1 \\). Then \\( [zohvgked(-1)-2][zohvgked(1)-6]=1 \\) leads to\n\\[\n-e^{-3}\\left(2+2 nlfdzxar-e^{3}-6\\right)=1, \\quad(2 nlfdzxar-4) e^{-3}=0, \\quad nlfdzxar=2\n\\]\n\nHence \\( zohvgked(quxnjlfa)=2-e^{3 quxnjlfa}+2\\left(quxnjlfa^{2}+quxnjlfa\\right), zohvgked(-2)=6-e^{-6}, zohvgked(2)=14-e^{6} \\). Therefore we let \\( sdvjumay=6, qcpnfrle=14 \\), and \\( wgvtlzho=1 \\).\n\nWe note that if one stops guessing after obtaining an answer \\( yrqbsmcz(quxnjlfa) \\) to (a), the standard substitutions \\( lrymtcsb=yrqbsmcz(quxnjlfa) \\, kthdwnpv \\) followed by \\( kthdwnpv^{\\prime}=vifuslqe \\) will reduce the nonhomogeneous equation to a linear equation which can be solved by a well-known method."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Problem Y  \n\n(a) Consider the third–order homogeneous linear differential equation\n\\[\n(3x^{2}+x-1)\\,y'''-(18x^{2}+6x-6)\\,y''+(27x^{2}+27x-12)\\,y'-(54x-9)\\,y = 0 .\n\\]\n\n(i) Verify directly that\n\\[\ny_{1}(x)=e^{3x}\n\\]\nis a solution.\n\n(ii) Let\n\\[\nD=\\dfrac{\\mathrm d}{\\mathrm dx},\\qquad\nL_{3}:=(3x^{2}+x-1)D^{3}-(18x^{2}+6x-6)D^{2}+(27x^{2}+27x-12)D-(54x-9).\n\\]\nShow that the operator admits the factorisation\n\\[\nL_{3}=(D-3)L_{2},\\qquad\nL_{2}:=(3x^{2}+x-1)D^{2}-(9x^{2}+9x-2)D+18x+3 .\n\\]\n\n(iii) Using (ii) find an explicit second solution \\(y_{2}(x)\\) that is linearly independent of \\(y_{1}(x)\\).\n\n(b) Let \\(y=f(x)\\) satisfy the non–homogeneous equation\n\\[\n(3x^{2}+x-1)\\,f'''-(18x^{2}+6x-6)\\,f''+(27x^{2}+27x-12)\\,f'-(54x-9)\\,f\n          =4\\,(-54x+9),\n\\]\ntogether with the four conditions\n\\[\nf(0)=3,\\qquad f'(0)=0,\\qquad f''(0)=-3,\\qquad (f(-1)-4)(f(1)-10)=1 .\n\\]\n\nFind integers \\(a,b,c\\) such that\n\\[\n\\bigl(f(-2)-a\\bigr)\\bigl(f(2)-b\\bigr)=c .\n\\]",
      "solution": "(a)\\;\n\n(i)\\;For \\(y_{1}=e^{3x}\\) one has\n\\[\ny_{1}'=3e^{3x},\\qquad y_{1}''=9e^{3x},\\qquad y_{1}'''=27e^{3x}.\n\\]\nSubstituting in the left–hand side of the differential equation and factoring out \\(e^{3x}\\) gives\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nL_{3}[e^{3x}]\n&=e^{3x}\\Bigl\\{27(3x^{2}+x-1)-9(18x^{2}+6x-6)\\\\\n&\\hspace{4cm}+3(27x^{2}+27x-12)-(54x-9)\\Bigr\\}\\\\\n&=e^{3x}\\bigl(81x^{2}+27x-27-162x^{2}-54x+54\\\\\n&\\hspace{3.2cm}+81x^{2}+81x-36-54x+9\\bigr)=0.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nHence \\(y_{1}\\) is a solution.\n\n\\medskip\n(ii)\\;Write\n\\[\nL_{2}=a_{2}D^{2}+a_{1}D+a_{0},\\qquad\na_{2}=3x^{2}+x-1,\\;\na_{1}=-(9x^{2}+9x-2),\\;\na_{0}=18x+3 .\n\\]\nCompute\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n(D-3)L_{2}&=DL_{2}-3L_{2}\\\\\n&=(D a_{2})D^{2}+a_{2}D^{3}+(D a_{1})D+a_{1}D^{2}+(D a_{0})+a_{0}D\\\\\n&\\quad-3a_{2}D^{2}-3a_{1}D-3a_{0},\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand collect coefficients:\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nD^{3}&:\\;a_{2}=3x^{2}+x-1,\\\\\nD^{2}&:\\;Da_{2}+a_{1}-3a_{2}=6x+1-(9x^{2}+9x-2)-3(3x^{2}+x-1)\\\\\n     &\\hspace{2.4cm}=-(18x^{2}+6x-6),\\\\\nD^{1}&:\\;Da_{1}+a_{0}-3a_{1}=-(18x+9)+18x+3+3(9x^{2}+9x-2)\\\\\n     &\\hspace{2.4cm}=27x^{2}+27x-12,\\\\\nD^{0}&:\\;Da_{0}-3a_{0}=18-3(18x+3)=-(54x-9).\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nThese match exactly the coefficients of \\(L_{3}\\), so \\(L_{3}=(D-3)L_{2}\\).\n\n\\medskip\n(iii)\\;Because \\(L_{3}=(D-3)L_{2}\\) and \\(L_{3}(y_{1})=0\\) with \\(y_{1}=e^{3x}\\neq0\\),\n\\[\n0=L_{3}(y_{1})=(D-3)L_{2}(y_{1})\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad L_{2}(y_{1})=\\kappa e^{3x}.\n\\]\nEvaluating at \\(x=0\\) shows \\(\\kappa=0\\), hence \\(L_{2}(e^{3x})=0\\).\n\nLook for a second solution in polynomial form.  Trying \\(p(x)=x^{2}+x\\) gives\n\\[\np'=2x+1,\\qquad p''=2,\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\nL_{2}(p)=\n(3x^{2}+x-1)\\,2-(9x^{2}+9x-2)(2x+1)+(18x+3)(x^{2}+x)=0.\n\\]\nThus\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\,y_{2}(x)=x^{2}+x\\,}\n\\]\nlies in the kernel of \\(L_{2}\\) (and hence of \\(L_{3}\\)).  Since\n\\[\nW[y_{1},y_{2}](x)=\n\\begin{vmatrix}\ne^{3x}&x^{2}+x\\\\[2pt]\n3e^{3x}&2x+1\n\\end{vmatrix}\n=e^{3x}\\bigl(-3x^{2}-x+1\\bigr)\\not\\equiv0,\n\\]\n\\(y_{1}\\) and \\(y_{2}\\) are linearly independent.\n\n\\bigskip\n(b)\\;\n\n\\textbf{Step 1. A particular solution.}  \nBecause the right–hand side is the derivative–free factor \\(4(-54x+9)\\),\nsetting \\(y\\equiv4\\) gives \\(y'=y''=y'''=0\\) and\n\\[\nL_{3}(4)=4(-54x+9),\n\\]\nso\n\\[\ny_{p}(x)=4\n\\]\nis a particular solution.\n\n\\textbf{Step 2. The homogeneous space.}  \nLet \\(y_{3}\\) be a third solution independent of \\(y_{1},y_{2}\\).  The general solution of the non–homogeneous equation is\n\\[\nf(x)=4+h\\,e^{3x}+k\\,(x^{2}+x)+s\\,y_{3}(x),\\qquad h,k,s\\in\\mathbb R.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 3. Apply the initial conditions at \\(x=0\\).}  \nWrite\n\\[\nA:=y_{3}(0),\\qquad B:=y_{3}'(0),\\qquad C:=y_{3}''(0).\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf(0)=3&:\\; 4+h+sA=3\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad h=-1-sA,\\\\[2pt]\nf'(0)=0&:\\; 3h+k+sB=0\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad k=3+s(3A-B),\\\\[2pt]\nf''(0)=-3&:\\; 9h+2k+sC=-3.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nSubstituting \\(h\\) and \\(k\\) into the third relation yields\n\\[\n9(-1-sA)+2\\bigl[3+s(3A-B)\\bigr]+sC=-3\n\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\ns\\bigl(-3A-2B+C\\bigr)=0.\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 4. Show that \\(-3A-2B+C\\neq0\\).}  \n\nDefine \\(u:=L_{2}(y_{3})\\).  Because \\((D-3)u=L_{3}(y_{3})=0\\), one has\n\\[\nu(x)=\\lambda e^{3x}\\qquad\\text{for some constant }\\lambda\\neq0.\n\\]\nEvaluating \\(u\\) at \\(x=0\\) gives\n\\[\n\\lambda=u(0)=a_{2}(0)C+a_{1}(0)B+a_{0}(0)A,\n\\]\nwith\n\\[\na_{2}(0)=-1,\\qquad a_{1}(0)=2,\\qquad a_{0}(0)=3.\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\n\\lambda=-C+2B+3A.\n\\]\nBecause \\(y_{3}\\) is independent of \\(y_{1},y_{2}\\), we must have \\(\\lambda\\neq0\\); consequently\n\\[\n-3A-2B+C=-\\bigl(3A+2B-C\\bigr)=-\\lambda\\neq0.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 5. Return to (1).}  \nSince the factor multiplying \\(s\\) in (1) is non–zero, one must have\n\\[\n\\boxed{s=0}.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 6. Determine \\(h\\) and \\(k\\).}  \nWith \\(s=0\\),\n\\[\nh=-1,\\qquad k=3,\n\\]\nso\n\\[\nf(x)=4-e^{3x}+3\\,(x^{2}+x).\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 7. Verification of the remaining boundary condition.}  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf(-1)&=4-e^{-3}+3(0)=4-e^{-3},\\\\\nf(1)&=4-e^{3}+3(2)=10-e^{3},\n\\end{aligned}\n\\qquad\n(f(-1)-4)(f(1)-10)=(-e^{-3})(-e^{3})=1,\n\\]\nas required.\n\n\\textbf{Step 8. Compute the requested product.}  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf(-2)&=4-e^{-6}+3(4-2)=10-e^{-6},\\\\\nf(2)&=4-e^{6}+3(4+2)=22-e^{6}.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nTaking\n\\[\n\\boxed{a=10},\\qquad\\boxed{b=22},\\qquad\\boxed{c=1},\n\\]\nwe have\n\\[\n(f(-2)-10)(f(2)-22)=(-e^{-6})(-e^{6})=1=c.\n\\]\n\n\\bigskip\nTherefore the unique integers are\n\\[\n\\boxed{a=10,\\;b=22,\\;c=1}.\n\\]",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.642905",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher order – the equation has order 3 instead of 2, so the solution space is three–dimensional and involves an extra independent solution \\(x\\,e^{3x}\\).\n\n2. Composite operator – the differential operator \\(L_3=(D-3)L_2\\) forces students to recognise factorisation of operators and exploit it to build solutions.\n\n3. Multiple interacting techniques – solution requires\n   • intelligent guessing of one solution (exponential),  \n   • recognition of an embedded second-order equation to obtain a polynomial solution,  \n   • understanding of how a repeated factor \\(D-3\\) generates \\(x\\,e^{3x}\\),  \n   • construction of the full particular solution and use of three independent initial/functional conditions.\n\n4. Algebraic complexity – the coefficients are of higher degree, and the simultaneous equations for the constants \\((h,m,k)\\) involve both polynomial and exponential terms, making the algebra appreciably more involved than in the original.\n\n5. Verification rigor – part (a) demands proof of linear independence via the Wronskian; part (b) forces careful evaluation of derivatives and products at several points.\n\nAll these additions raise the problem well beyond the technical level of the original and the prior kernel variant while keeping the essential “guess-a-solution → build general solution → satisfy conditions” backbone intact."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Problem Y  \n\n(a) Consider the third–order homogeneous linear differential equation\n\\[\n(3x^{2}+x-1)\\,y'''-(18x^{2}+6x-6)\\,y''+(27x^{2}+27x-12)\\,y'-(54x-9)\\,y = 0 .\n\\]\n\n(i) Verify directly that\n\\[\ny_{1}(x)=e^{3x}\n\\]\nis a solution.\n\n(ii) Let\n\\[\nD=\\dfrac{\\mathrm d}{\\mathrm dx},\\qquad\nL_{3}:=(3x^{2}+x-1)D^{3}-(18x^{2}+6x-6)D^{2}+(27x^{2}+27x-12)D-(54x-9).\n\\]\nShow that the operator admits the factorisation\n\\[\nL_{3}=(D-3)L_{2},\\qquad\nL_{2}:=(3x^{2}+x-1)D^{2}-(9x^{2}+9x-2)D+18x+3 .\n\\]\n\n(iii) Using (ii) find an explicit second solution \\(y_{2}(x)\\) that is linearly independent of \\(y_{1}(x)\\).\n\n(b) Let \\(y=f(x)\\) satisfy the non–homogeneous equation\n\\[\n(3x^{2}+x-1)\\,f'''-(18x^{2}+6x-6)\\,f''+(27x^{2}+27x-12)\\,f'-(54x-9)\\,f\n          =4\\,(-54x+9),\n\\]\ntogether with the four conditions\n\\[\nf(0)=3,\\qquad f'(0)=0,\\qquad f''(0)=-3,\\qquad (f(-1)-4)(f(1)-10)=1 .\n\\]\n\nFind integers \\(a,b,c\\) such that\n\\[\n\\bigl(f(-2)-a\\bigr)\\bigl(f(2)-b\\bigr)=c .\n\\]",
      "solution": "(a)\\;\n\n(i)\\;For \\(y_{1}=e^{3x}\\) one has\n\\[\ny_{1}'=3e^{3x},\\qquad y_{1}''=9e^{3x},\\qquad y_{1}'''=27e^{3x}.\n\\]\nSubstituting in the left–hand side of the differential equation and factoring out \\(e^{3x}\\) gives\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nL_{3}[e^{3x}]\n&=e^{3x}\\Bigl\\{27(3x^{2}+x-1)-9(18x^{2}+6x-6)\\\\\n&\\hspace{4cm}+3(27x^{2}+27x-12)-(54x-9)\\Bigr\\}\\\\\n&=e^{3x}\\bigl(81x^{2}+27x-27-162x^{2}-54x+54\\\\\n&\\hspace{3.2cm}+81x^{2}+81x-36-54x+9\\bigr)=0.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nHence \\(y_{1}\\) is a solution.\n\n\\medskip\n(ii)\\;Write\n\\[\nL_{2}=a_{2}D^{2}+a_{1}D+a_{0},\\qquad\na_{2}=3x^{2}+x-1,\\;\na_{1}=-(9x^{2}+9x-2),\\;\na_{0}=18x+3 .\n\\]\nCompute\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n(D-3)L_{2}&=DL_{2}-3L_{2}\\\\\n&=(D a_{2})D^{2}+a_{2}D^{3}+(D a_{1})D+a_{1}D^{2}+(D a_{0})+a_{0}D\\\\\n&\\quad-3a_{2}D^{2}-3a_{1}D-3a_{0},\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nand collect coefficients:\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nD^{3}&:\\;a_{2}=3x^{2}+x-1,\\\\\nD^{2}&:\\;Da_{2}+a_{1}-3a_{2}=6x+1-(9x^{2}+9x-2)-3(3x^{2}+x-1)\\\\\n     &\\hspace{2.4cm}=-(18x^{2}+6x-6),\\\\\nD^{1}&:\\;Da_{1}+a_{0}-3a_{1}=-(18x+9)+18x+3+3(9x^{2}+9x-2)\\\\\n     &\\hspace{2.4cm}=27x^{2}+27x-12,\\\\\nD^{0}&:\\;Da_{0}-3a_{0}=18-3(18x+3)=-(54x-9).\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nThese match exactly the coefficients of \\(L_{3}\\), so \\(L_{3}=(D-3)L_{2}\\).\n\n\\medskip\n(iii)\\;Because \\(L_{3}=(D-3)L_{2}\\) and \\(L_{3}(y_{1})=0\\) with \\(y_{1}=e^{3x}\\neq0\\),\n\\[\n0=L_{3}(y_{1})=(D-3)L_{2}(y_{1})\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad L_{2}(y_{1})=\\kappa e^{3x}.\n\\]\nEvaluating at \\(x=0\\) shows \\(\\kappa=0\\), hence \\(L_{2}(e^{3x})=0\\).\n\nLook for a second solution in polynomial form.  Trying \\(p(x)=x^{2}+x\\) gives\n\\[\np'=2x+1,\\qquad p''=2,\n\\]\nand therefore\n\\[\nL_{2}(p)=\n(3x^{2}+x-1)\\,2-(9x^{2}+9x-2)(2x+1)+(18x+3)(x^{2}+x)=0.\n\\]\nThus\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\,y_{2}(x)=x^{2}+x\\,}\n\\]\nlies in the kernel of \\(L_{2}\\) (and hence of \\(L_{3}\\)).  Since\n\\[\nW[y_{1},y_{2}](x)=\n\\begin{vmatrix}\ne^{3x}&x^{2}+x\\\\[2pt]\n3e^{3x}&2x+1\n\\end{vmatrix}\n=e^{3x}\\bigl(-3x^{2}-x+1\\bigr)\\not\\equiv0,\n\\]\n\\(y_{1}\\) and \\(y_{2}\\) are linearly independent.\n\n\\bigskip\n(b)\\;\n\n\\textbf{Step 1. A particular solution.}  \nBecause the right–hand side is the derivative–free factor \\(4(-54x+9)\\),\nsetting \\(y\\equiv4\\) gives \\(y'=y''=y'''=0\\) and\n\\[\nL_{3}(4)=4(-54x+9),\n\\]\nso\n\\[\ny_{p}(x)=4\n\\]\nis a particular solution.\n\n\\textbf{Step 2. The homogeneous space.}  \nLet \\(y_{3}\\) be a third solution independent of \\(y_{1},y_{2}\\).  The general solution of the non–homogeneous equation is\n\\[\nf(x)=4+h\\,e^{3x}+k\\,(x^{2}+x)+s\\,y_{3}(x),\\qquad h,k,s\\in\\mathbb R.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 3. Apply the initial conditions at \\(x=0\\).}  \nWrite\n\\[\nA:=y_{3}(0),\\qquad B:=y_{3}'(0),\\qquad C:=y_{3}''(0).\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf(0)=3&:\\; 4+h+sA=3\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad h=-1-sA,\\\\[2pt]\nf'(0)=0&:\\; 3h+k+sB=0\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad k=3+s(3A-B),\\\\[2pt]\nf''(0)=-3&:\\; 9h+2k+sC=-3.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nSubstituting \\(h\\) and \\(k\\) into the third relation yields\n\\[\n9(-1-sA)+2\\bigl[3+s(3A-B)\\bigr]+sC=-3\n\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\ns\\bigl(-3A-2B+C\\bigr)=0.\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 4. Show that \\(-3A-2B+C\\neq0\\).}  \n\nDefine \\(u:=L_{2}(y_{3})\\).  Because \\((D-3)u=L_{3}(y_{3})=0\\), one has\n\\[\nu(x)=\\lambda e^{3x}\\qquad\\text{for some constant }\\lambda\\neq0.\n\\]\nEvaluating \\(u\\) at \\(x=0\\) gives\n\\[\n\\lambda=u(0)=a_{2}(0)C+a_{1}(0)B+a_{0}(0)A,\n\\]\nwith\n\\[\na_{2}(0)=-1,\\qquad a_{1}(0)=2,\\qquad a_{0}(0)=3.\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\n\\lambda=-C+2B+3A.\n\\]\nBecause \\(y_{3}\\) is independent of \\(y_{1},y_{2}\\), we must have \\(\\lambda\\neq0\\); consequently\n\\[\n-3A-2B+C=-\\bigl(3A+2B-C\\bigr)=-\\lambda\\neq0.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 5. Return to (1).}  \nSince the factor multiplying \\(s\\) in (1) is non–zero, one must have\n\\[\n\\boxed{s=0}.\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 6. Determine \\(h\\) and \\(k\\).}  \nWith \\(s=0\\),\n\\[\nh=-1,\\qquad k=3,\n\\]\nso\n\\[\nf(x)=4-e^{3x}+3\\,(x^{2}+x).\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Step 7. Verification of the remaining boundary condition.}  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf(-1)&=4-e^{-3}+3(0)=4-e^{-3},\\\\\nf(1)&=4-e^{3}+3(2)=10-e^{3},\n\\end{aligned}\n\\qquad\n(f(-1)-4)(f(1)-10)=(-e^{-3})(-e^{3})=1,\n\\]\nas required.\n\n\\textbf{Step 8. Compute the requested product.}  \n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nf(-2)&=4-e^{-6}+3(4-2)=10-e^{-6},\\\\\nf(2)&=4-e^{6}+3(4+2)=22-e^{6}.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nTaking\n\\[\n\\boxed{a=10},\\qquad\\boxed{b=22},\\qquad\\boxed{c=1},\n\\]\nwe have\n\\[\n(f(-2)-10)(f(2)-22)=(-e^{-6})(-e^{6})=1=c.\n\\]\n\n\\bigskip\nTherefore the unique integers are\n\\[\n\\boxed{a=10,\\;b=22,\\;c=1}.\n\\]",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.510701",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher order – the equation has order 3 instead of 2, so the solution space is three–dimensional and involves an extra independent solution \\(x\\,e^{3x}\\).\n\n2. Composite operator – the differential operator \\(L_3=(D-3)L_2\\) forces students to recognise factorisation of operators and exploit it to build solutions.\n\n3. Multiple interacting techniques – solution requires\n   • intelligent guessing of one solution (exponential),  \n   • recognition of an embedded second-order equation to obtain a polynomial solution,  \n   • understanding of how a repeated factor \\(D-3\\) generates \\(x\\,e^{3x}\\),  \n   • construction of the full particular solution and use of three independent initial/functional conditions.\n\n4. Algebraic complexity – the coefficients are of higher degree, and the simultaneous equations for the constants \\((h,m,k)\\) involve both polynomial and exponential terms, making the algebra appreciably more involved than in the original.\n\n5. Verification rigor – part (a) demands proof of linear independence via the Wronskian; part (b) forces careful evaluation of derivatives and products at several points.\n\nAll these additions raise the problem well beyond the technical level of the original and the prior kernel variant while keeping the essential “guess-a-solution → build general solution → satisfy conditions” backbone intact."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "calculation"
}