{
  "index": "1970-B-3",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "\\text { B-3. A closed subset } S \\text { of } R^{2} \\text { lies in } a<x<b \\text {. Show that its projection on the } y \\text {-axis is closed. }",
  "solution": "B-3 Let \\( y_{n} \\rightarrow y \\) with \\( \\left(x_{n}, y_{n}\\right) \\in S \\) for all \\( n \\). The Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem implies that a subsequence \\( x_{k(n)} \\rightarrow x \\). Then \\( y_{k(n)} \\rightarrow y \\) and since \\( S \\) is closed, \\( (x, y) \\in S \\). Thus \\( y \\) is in the projection of \\( S \\) on the \\( y \\)-axis.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "n",
    "k",
    "x_n",
    "y_n",
    "x_k(n)",
    "y_k(n)"
  ],
  "params": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "S",
    "R"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "horizcoor",
        "y": "verticor",
        "n": "indexseq",
        "k": "subseqix",
        "x_n": "horizcoorindex",
        "y_n": "verticorindex",
        "x_k(n)": "horizcoorsubseq",
        "y_k(n)": "verticorsubseq",
        "a": "leftmost",
        "b": "rightmost",
        "S": "closedset",
        "R": "realsystem"
      },
      "question": "\\text { B-3. A closed subset closedset of realsystem^{2} lies in leftmost<horizcoor<rightmost . Show that its projection on the verticor-axis is closed. }",
      "solution": "B-3 Let \\( verticorindex \\rightarrow verticor \\) with \\( \\left(horizcoorindex, verticorindex\\right) \\in closedset \\) for all \\( indexseq \\). The Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem implies that a subsequence \\( horizcoorsubseq \\rightarrow horizcoor \\). Then \\( verticorsubseq \\rightarrow verticor \\) and since \\( closedset \\) is closed, \\( (horizcoor, verticor) \\in closedset \\). Thus verticor is in the projection of closedset on the verticor-axis."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "pineapple",
        "y": "carnation",
        "n": "lighthouse",
        "k": "waterfall",
        "x_n": "tangerine",
        "y_n": "magnolia",
        "x_k(n)": "blackberry",
        "y_k(n)": "honeysuckle",
        "a": "astronomy",
        "b": "bungalow",
        "S": "rainstorm",
        "R": "sailboat"
      },
      "question": "\\text { B-3. A closed subset } rainstorm \\text { of } sailboat^{2} \\text { lies in } astronomy<pineapple<bungalow \\text {. Show that its projection on the } carnation \\text {-axis is closed. }",
      "solution": "B-3 Let \\( magnolia \\rightarrow carnation \\) with \\( \\left(tangerine, magnolia\\right) \\in rainstorm \\) for all \\( lighthouse \\). The Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem implies that a subsequence \\( blackberry \\rightarrow pineapple \\). Then \\( honeysuckle \\rightarrow carnation \\) and since \\( rainstorm \\) is closed, \\( (pineapple, carnation) \\in rainstorm \\). Thus \\( carnation \\) is in the projection of \\( rainstorm \\) on the \\( carnation \\)-axis."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "verticaldistance",
        "y": "horizontaldistance",
        "n": "finiteindex",
        "k": "constantindex",
        "x_n": "verticalsequence",
        "y_n": "horizontalsequence",
        "x_k(n)": "verticalsubseq",
        "y_k(n)": "horizontalsubseq",
        "a": "upperlimit",
        "b": "lowerlimit",
        "S": "openset",
        "R": "complexfield"
      },
      "question": "\\text { B-3. A closed subset } openset \\text { of } complexfield^{2} \\text { lies in } upperlimit<verticaldistance<lowerlimit \\text {. Show that its projection on the } horizontaldistance \\text {-axis is closed. }",
      "solution": "B-3 Let \\( horizontalsequence \\rightarrow horizontaldistance \\) with \\( \\left(verticalsequence, horizontalsequence\\right) \\in openset \\) for all \\( finiteindex \\). The Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem implies that a subsequence \\( verticalsubseq \\rightarrow verticaldistance \\). Then \\( horizontalsubseq \\rightarrow horizontaldistance \\) and since \\( openset \\) is closed, \\( (verticaldistance, horizontaldistance) \\in openset \\). Thus \\( horizontaldistance \\) is in the projection of \\( openset \\) on the \\( horizontaldistance \\)-axis."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "zmxrplqa",
        "y": "vbgthnkj",
        "n": "qzxwvtnp",
        "k": "hjgrksla",
        "x_n": "qrpasdkw",
        "y_n": "mxnvoeui",
        "x_k(n)": "lkjhgwer",
        "y_k(n)": "fdsamcvb",
        "a": "tuyerpql",
        "b": "jkyutrew",
        "S": "cvbnmrew",
        "R": "plmoknij"
      },
      "question": "\\text { B-3. A closed subset } cvbnmrew \\text { of } plmoknij^{2} \\text { lies in } tuyerpql<zmxrplqa<jkyutrew \\text {. Show that its projection on the } vbgthnkj \\text {-axis is closed. }",
      "solution": "B-3 Let \\( mxnvoeui \\rightarrow vbgthnkj \\) with \\( \\left(qrpasdkw, mxnvoeui\\right) \\in cvbnmrew \\) for all \\( qzxwvtnp \\). The Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem implies that a subsequence \\( lkjhgwer \\rightarrow zmxrplqa \\). Then \\( fdsamcvb \\rightarrow vbgthnkj \\) and since \\( cvbnmrew \\) is closed, \\( (zmxrplqa, vbgthnkj) \\in cvbnmrew \\). Thus \\( vbgthnkj \\) is in the projection of \\( cvbnmrew \\) on the \\( vbgthnkj \\)-axis."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let I be an arbitrary (possibly uncountable) index set and split it into a disjoint union  \n I = K ⊔ L, with K ≠ ∅ and L ≠ ∅.  \nEquip ℝ^I with the product (Tychonoff) topology, and for x ∈ ℝ^I write x = (x_K , x_L ) with  \nx_K = (x_α)_α∈K and x_L = (x_β)_β∈L.\n\nLet  \n S ⊆ ℝ^I  \nbe a closed subset satisfying the uniform “strip” condition  \n\n  (∀x = (x_K , x_L ) ∈ S)(∀α ∈ K) –7 ≤ x_α ≤ 12.\n\nDefine the projection  \n\n π : ℝ^I → ℝ^L, π(x_K , x_L ) = x_L.\n\nProve that π(S) is a closed subset of ℝ^L (with the product topology).",
      "solution": "We must show that the complement of π(S) in ℝ^L is open.  \nEquivalently, if a net (y_γ)_γ in π(S) converges (in the product topology of ℝ^L) to some y ∈ ℝ^L, then y ∈ π(S).\n\nStep 1.  Lifting a convergent net from π(S) to S  \nFor every index γ pick an x_γ = (x_{γ,K}, x_{γ,L}) ∈ S such that  \n π(x_γ) = x_{γ,L} = y_γ.  \nBecause y_γ → y in ℝ^L, the net (x_{γ,L})_γ converges to y.\n\nStep 2.  Uniform boundedness of the K–coordinates  \nBy hypothesis, for every γ and every α ∈ K we have –7 ≤ (x_{γ,K})_α ≤ 12.  \nThus the family (x_{γ,K})_γ is contained in the cube  \n\n C := [–7, 12]^K ⊂ ℝ^K.\n\nStep 3.  Compactness of C in the product topology  \nEach factor [–7,12] is compact in ℝ, and the product of compact spaces is compact by Tychonoff’s Theorem. Hence C is compact.\n\nStep 4.  Extracting a convergent subnet in C  \nSince C is compact, the net (x_{γ,K})_γ has a subnet (x_{γ’,K})_{γ’} converging to some z_K ∈ C.\n\nStep 5.  Convergence of the lifted subnet in ℝ^I  \nConsider the subnet (x_{γ’})_{γ’} = (x_{γ’,K}, x_{γ’,L}).  \n• Its K–component converges to z_K by construction.  \n• Its L–component is the subnet (y_{γ’})_{γ’}, which still converges to y.  \nBecause convergence in the product topology is coordinate–wise, we have  \n\n x_{γ’} → x := (z_K , y) in ℝ^I.\n\nStep 6.  Closure of S gives membership of the limit  \nEach x_{γ’} lies in the closed set S, and x_{γ’} → x.  \nTherefore x ∈ S.\n\nStep 7.  The limit y lies in π(S)  \nApplying π to x yields π(x) = y. Hence y ∈ π(S).\n\nConclusion.  Every net in π(S) that converges in ℝ^L has its limit still in π(S); equivalently, π(S) is closed in ℝ^L.",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.594062",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher‐dimensional framework  \n   • We pass from ℝ² (or ℂ²) to an arbitrary, possibly uncountable, product space ℝ^I.  \n   • The domain need not be metrizable; first-countability fails when I is uncountable.\n\n2. Advanced topological machinery  \n   • Sequential arguments are no longer sufficient; nets (or filters) are indispensable.  \n   • The proof hinges on Tychonoff’s Theorem for compactness of an infinite product.\n\n3. Additional constraints and subtleties  \n   • One must carefully separate the bounded coordinates (K) from the unbounded ones (L) and track convergence in each coordinate set simultaneously.  \n   • Compactness of the strip [–7,12]^K is used in an essential way; without it the conclusion need not hold.\n\n4. Deeper theoretical requirements  \n   • Understanding of product topologies, net convergence, compactness in non-metrizable settings, and the general closed-map lemma in a non-sequential context are all required.  \n\nThese ingredients elevate the problem well beyond the techniques needed for the original two-dimensional, metrizable variants."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let I be an arbitrary (possibly uncountable) index set and split it into a disjoint union  \n I = K ⊔ L, with K ≠ ∅ and L ≠ ∅.  \nEquip ℝ^I with the product (Tychonoff) topology, and for x ∈ ℝ^I write x = (x_K , x_L ) with  \nx_K = (x_α)_α∈K and x_L = (x_β)_β∈L.\n\nLet  \n S ⊆ ℝ^I  \nbe a closed subset satisfying the uniform “strip” condition  \n\n  (∀x = (x_K , x_L ) ∈ S)(∀α ∈ K) –7 ≤ x_α ≤ 12.\n\nDefine the projection  \n\n π : ℝ^I → ℝ^L, π(x_K , x_L ) = x_L.\n\nProve that π(S) is a closed subset of ℝ^L (with the product topology).",
      "solution": "We must show that the complement of π(S) in ℝ^L is open.  \nEquivalently, if a net (y_γ)_γ in π(S) converges (in the product topology of ℝ^L) to some y ∈ ℝ^L, then y ∈ π(S).\n\nStep 1.  Lifting a convergent net from π(S) to S  \nFor every index γ pick an x_γ = (x_{γ,K}, x_{γ,L}) ∈ S such that  \n π(x_γ) = x_{γ,L} = y_γ.  \nBecause y_γ → y in ℝ^L, the net (x_{γ,L})_γ converges to y.\n\nStep 2.  Uniform boundedness of the K–coordinates  \nBy hypothesis, for every γ and every α ∈ K we have –7 ≤ (x_{γ,K})_α ≤ 12.  \nThus the family (x_{γ,K})_γ is contained in the cube  \n\n C := [–7, 12]^K ⊂ ℝ^K.\n\nStep 3.  Compactness of C in the product topology  \nEach factor [–7,12] is compact in ℝ, and the product of compact spaces is compact by Tychonoff’s Theorem. Hence C is compact.\n\nStep 4.  Extracting a convergent subnet in C  \nSince C is compact, the net (x_{γ,K})_γ has a subnet (x_{γ’,K})_{γ’} converging to some z_K ∈ C.\n\nStep 5.  Convergence of the lifted subnet in ℝ^I  \nConsider the subnet (x_{γ’})_{γ’} = (x_{γ’,K}, x_{γ’,L}).  \n• Its K–component converges to z_K by construction.  \n• Its L–component is the subnet (y_{γ’})_{γ’}, which still converges to y.  \nBecause convergence in the product topology is coordinate–wise, we have  \n\n x_{γ’} → x := (z_K , y) in ℝ^I.\n\nStep 6.  Closure of S gives membership of the limit  \nEach x_{γ’} lies in the closed set S, and x_{γ’} → x.  \nTherefore x ∈ S.\n\nStep 7.  The limit y lies in π(S)  \nApplying π to x yields π(x) = y. Hence y ∈ π(S).\n\nConclusion.  Every net in π(S) that converges in ℝ^L has its limit still in π(S); equivalently, π(S) is closed in ℝ^L.",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.475887",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher‐dimensional framework  \n   • We pass from ℝ² (or ℂ²) to an arbitrary, possibly uncountable, product space ℝ^I.  \n   • The domain need not be metrizable; first-countability fails when I is uncountable.\n\n2. Advanced topological machinery  \n   • Sequential arguments are no longer sufficient; nets (or filters) are indispensable.  \n   • The proof hinges on Tychonoff’s Theorem for compactness of an infinite product.\n\n3. Additional constraints and subtleties  \n   • One must carefully separate the bounded coordinates (K) from the unbounded ones (L) and track convergence in each coordinate set simultaneously.  \n   • Compactness of the strip [–7,12]^K is used in an essential way; without it the conclusion need not hold.\n\n4. Deeper theoretical requirements  \n   • Understanding of product topologies, net convergence, compactness in non-metrizable settings, and the general closed-map lemma in a non-sequential context are all required.  \n\nThese ingredients elevate the problem well beyond the techniques needed for the original two-dimensional, metrizable variants."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}