{
  "index": "1995-B-1",
  "type": "COMB",
  "tag": [
    "COMB"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "let $\\pi(x)$ be the number of elements in the part containing $x$.\nProve that for any two partitions $\\pi$ and $\\pi'$, there are two\ndistinct numbers $x$ and $y$ in $\\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\\}$\nsuch that $\\pi(x) = \\pi(y)$ and $\\pi'(x) = \\pi'(y)$. [A {\\em\npartition} of a set $S$ is a collection of disjoint subsets (parts)\nwhose union is $S$.]",
  "solution": "are possible (four would require one part each of size at least\n1,2,3,4, and that's already more than 9 elements). If no such $x, y$\nexist, each pair $(\\pi(x), \\pi'(x))$ occurs for at most 1 element of\n$x$, and\nsince there are only $3 \\times 3$ possible pairs, each must occur\nexactly once. In particular, each value of $\\pi(x)$ must occur 3\ntimes. However, clearly any given value of $\\pi(x)$ occurs $k\\pi(x)$\ntimes, where $k$ is the number of distinct partitions of that size.\nThus $\\pi(x)$ can occur 3 times only if it equals 1 or 3, but we have\nthree distinct values for which it occurs, contradiction.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "k"
  ],
  "params": [
    "\\\\pi",
    "S"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "elementx",
        "y": "elementy",
        "k": "countvar",
        "\\pi": "partfun",
        "S": "superset"
      },
      "question": "let $partfun(elementx)$ be the number of elements in the part containing $elementx$.\nProve that for any two partitions $partfun$ and $partfun'$, there are two\ndistinct numbers $elementx$ and $elementy$ in $\\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\\}$\nsuch that $partfun(elementx) = partfun(elementy)$ and $partfun'(elementx) = partfun'(elementy)$. [A {\\em\npartition} of a set $superset$ is a collection of disjoint subsets (parts)\nwhose union is $superset$.]",
      "solution": "are possible (four would require one part each of size at least\n1,2,3,4, and that's already more than 9 elements). If no such $elementx, elementy$\nexist, each pair $(partfun(elementx), partfun'(elementx))$ occurs for at most 1 element of\n$elementx$, and\nsince there are only $3 \\times 3$ possible pairs, each must occur\nexactly once. In particular, each value of $partfun(elementx)$ must occur 3\ntimes. However, clearly any given value of $partfun(elementx)$ occurs $countvar partfun(elementx)$\ntimes, where $countvar$ is the number of distinct partitions of that size.\nThus $partfun(elementx)$ can occur 3 times only if it equals 1 or 3, but we have\nthree distinct values for which it occurs, contradiction."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "marigold",
        "y": "sandstone",
        "k": "blueprint",
        "\\pi": "driftwood",
        "S": "waterfall"
      },
      "question": "let $\\driftwood(marigold)$ be the number of elements in the part containing $marigold$.\nProve that for any two partitions $\\driftwood$ and $\\driftwood'$, there are two\ndistinct numbers $marigold$ and $sandstone$ in $\\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\\}$\nsuch that $\\driftwood(marigold) = \\driftwood(sandstone)$ and $\\driftwood'(marigold) = \\driftwood'(sandstone)$. [A {\\em\npartition} of a set $waterfall$ is a collection of disjoint subsets (parts)\nwhose union is $waterfall$.]",
      "solution": "are possible (four would require one part each of size at least\n1,2,3,4, and that's already more than 9 elements). If no such $marigold, sandstone$\nexist, each pair $(\\driftwood(marigold), \\driftwood'(marigold))$ occurs for at most 1 element of\n$marigold$, and\nsince there are only $3 \\times 3$ possible pairs, each must occur\nexactly once. In particular, each value of $\\driftwood(marigold)$ must occur 3\ntimes. However, clearly any given value of $\\driftwood(marigold)$ occurs $blueprint\\driftwood(marigold)$\ntimes, where $blueprint$ is the number of distinct partitions of that size.\nThus $\\driftwood(marigold)$ can occur 3 times only if it equals 1 or 3, but we have\nthree distinct values for which it occurs, contradiction."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "knownvalue",
        "y": "fixedcoordinate",
        "k": "vacancy",
        "\\pi": "\\unitysymbol",
        "S": "emptinessset"
      },
      "question": "let $\\unitysymbol(knownvalue)$ be the number of elements in the part containing $knownvalue$.\nProve that for any two partitions $\\unitysymbol$ and $\\unitysymbol'$, there are two\ndistinct numbers $knownvalue$ and $fixedcoordinate$ in $\\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\\}$\nsuch that $\\unitysymbol(knownvalue) = \\unitysymbol(fixedcoordinate)$ and $\\unitysymbol'(knownvalue) = \\unitysymbol'(fixedcoordinate)$. [A {\\em partition} of a set $emptinessset$ is a collection of disjoint subsets (parts)\nwhose union is $emptinessset$.]",
      "solution": "are possible (four would require one part each of size at least\n1,2,3,4, and that's already more than 9 elements). If no such $knownvalue, fixedcoordinate$\nexist, each pair $(\\unitysymbol(knownvalue), \\unitysymbol'(knownvalue))$ occurs for at most 1 element of\n$knownvalue$, and\nsince there are only $3 \\times 3$ possible pairs, each must occur\nexactly once. In particular, each value of $\\unitysymbol(knownvalue)$ must occur 3\ntimes. However, clearly any given value of $\\unitysymbol(knownvalue)$ occurs $vacancy\\unitysymbol(knownvalue)$\ntimes, where $vacancy$ is the number of distinct partitions of that size.\nThus $\\unitysymbol(knownvalue)$ can occur 3 times only if it equals 1 or 3, but we have\nthree distinct values for which it occurs, contradiction."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "y": "hjgrksla",
        "k": "mlrqcnev",
        "S": "lxvwqbak"
      },
      "question": "let $\\pi(qzxwvtnp)$ be the number of elements in the part containing $qzxwvtnp$.\nProve that for any two partitions $\\pi$ and $\\pi'$, there are two\ndistinct numbers $qzxwvtnp$ and $hjgrksla$ in $\\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\\}$\nsuch that $\\pi(qzxwvtnp) = \\pi(hjgrksla)$ and $\\pi'(qzxwvtnp) = \\pi'(hjgrksla)$. [A {\\em\npartition} of a set $lxvwqbak$ is a collection of disjoint subsets (parts)\nwhose union is $lxvwqbak$.]",
      "solution": "are possible (four would require one part each of size at least\n1,2,3,4, and that's already more than 9 elements). If no such $qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla$\nexist, each pair $(\\pi(qzxwvtnp), \\pi'(qzxwvtnp))$ occurs for at most 1 element of\n$qzxwvtnp$, and\nsince there are only $3 \\times 3$ possible pairs, each must occur\nexactly once. In particular, each value of $\\pi(qzxwvtnp)$ must occur 3\ntimes. However, clearly any given value of $\\pi(qzxwvtnp)$ occurs $mlrqcnev\\pi(qzxwvtnp)$\ntimes, where $mlrqcnev$ is the number of distinct partitions of that size.\nThus $\\pi(qzxwvtnp)$ can occur 3 times only if it equals 1 or 3, but we have\nthree distinct values for which it occurs, contradiction."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let S = {1,2,3,4,5}.  A pair of partitions (π,π′) of S is called twin-free if no two different elements of S lie in the same part of both partitions; equivalently,\n  for every distinct x,y ∈ S  we have π(x)=π(y) ⇒ π′(x)≠π′(y).\nThroughout the problem every part of π and of π′ must contain at least two elements (singletons are forbidden).\n\nProve that a twin-free pair of partitions of S satisfying the above size condition cannot exist; that is, for any two partitions π and π′ of {1,2,3,4,5} in which all parts have size ≥2 there are distinct elements x and y such that π(x)=π(y) and π′(x)=π′(y).",
      "solution": "Assume, towards a contradiction, that twin-free partitions π and π′ of S={1,2,3,4,5} exist and that every part of both partitions has size at least two.\n\nStep 1.  Possible shapes of π.\nBecause the five elements must be covered by parts of size ≥2, only the following two shapes are possible.\n  •  One part of size 5 (call it P₀).  \n  •  Two parts, one of size 2 and one of size 3 (call them P₁ and P₂, |P₁|=2, |P₂|=3).\nA partition into three or more parts would require at least 6 elements, which we do not have.\n\nWe treat the two shapes separately.\n\nCase A.  π consists of a single five-element part P₀.\nTwin-freeness says that no two elements that lie together in π may lie together in π′.  But here every pair of elements lies together in π, so π′ would have to separate every pair, i.e. π′ would have to have five singleton parts.  Singletons are forbidden, so this case is impossible.\n\nCase B.  π has two parts, P₁ of size 2 and P₂ of size 3.\n\nStep 2.  Consequences for π′.\nLet R be any part of π′.  Because of twin-freeness, the intersection R∩Pᵢ (i = 1,2) can contain at most one element; if two different elements of the same Pᵢ also belonged to R, they would lie together in the same parts of both partitions, contradicting the twin-free requirement.\n\nStep 3.  How many parts must π′ have?\n•  The two elements of P₁ must be placed in different parts of π′, so we already need at least two parts.\n•  The three elements of P₂ must be placed in three different parts of π′, so we need at least three parts in total.\n\nStep 4.  Counting elements in π′.\nEvery part of π′ contains at least two elements, yet π′ has at least three parts, so π′ would contain at least 3 × 2 = 6 elements.  That is impossible because S has only five elements.\n\nStep 5.  Contradiction.\nBoth possible shapes for π lead to contradictions, so our initial assumption was false.  Therefore no twin-free pair (π,π′) of partitions of S exists when singletons are forbidden. Equivalently, for every two partitions π and π′ of {1,2,3,4,5} with all parts of size at least two there are distinct elements x and y for which π(x)=π(y) and π′(x)=π′(y).",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Triangular-number bound: a partition of N elements can have at most d distinct block-sizes, where 1+2+…+d ≤ N < 1+2+…+(d+1).",
          "Injective–pair argument: if no x,y share both sizes, the map x ↦ (π(x),π′(x)) is injective, giving at most d² possible pairs.",
          "Equality of counts: when N = d² the injectivity forces every pair to occur exactly once, so each size value of π occurs exactly d times.",
          "Divisibility condition: the number of occurrences of a size s equals ks (k whole parts of size s), so s | d.",
          "Divisor shortage: d distinct divisors of d cannot exist (d>1), contradiction; therefore some x,y must share both sizes."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Size of the ground set",
            "original": 9
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Maximum number d of distinct part-sizes allowed by the triangular bound",
            "original": 3
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "First triangular sum that exceeds the ground-set size (1+2+…+4)",
            "original": 10
          },
          "slot4": {
            "description": "Number of ordered size-pairs (d × d)",
            "original": "3 × 3"
          },
          "slot5": {
            "description": "Forced number of occurrences of each size when pairs are all distinct",
            "original": 3
          },
          "slot6": {
            "description": "Only block-sizes dividing d and hence eligible under the divisibility test",
            "original": [
              1,
              3
            ]
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}