{
  "index": "1985-A-2",
  "type": "GEO",
  "tag": [
    "GEO",
    "ALG",
    "ANA",
    "COMB",
    "NT"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Let $T$ be an acute triangle. Inscribe a rectangle $R$ in $T$ with one\nside along a side of $T$. Then inscribe a rectangle $S$ in the triangle\nformed by the side of $R$ opposite the side on the boundary of $T$,\nand the other two sides of $T$, with one side along the side of\n$R$. For any polygon $X$, let $A(X)$ denote the area of $X$. Find the\nmaximum value, or show that no maximum exists, of\n$\\frac{A(R)+A(S)}{A(T)}$, where $T$ ranges over all triangles and\n$R,S$ over all rectangles as above.",
  "solution": "Solution. In fact, for any \\( n \\geq 2 \\), we can find the maximum value of\n\\[\n\\frac{A\\left(R_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+A\\left(R_{n-1}\\right)}{A(T)}\n\\]\nfor any stack of rectangles inscribed in \\( T \\) as shown in Figure 2. The altitude of \\( T \\) divides \\( T \\) into right triangles \\( U \\) on the left and \\( V \\) on the right. For \\( i=1, \\ldots, n-1 \\), let \\( U_{i} \\) denote the small right triangle to the left of \\( R_{i} \\), and let \\( U_{n} \\) denote the small right triangle above \\( R_{n-1} \\) and to the left of the altitude of \\( T \\). Symmetrically define \\( V_{1}, \\ldots \\), \\( V_{n} \\) to be the right triangles on the right. Each \\( U_{i} \\) is similar to \\( U \\), so \\( A\\left(U_{i}\\right)=a_{i}^{2} A(U) \\), where \\( a_{i} \\) is the altitude of \\( U_{i} \\), measured as a fraction of the altitude of \\( T \\). Similarly, \\( A\\left(V_{i}\\right)=a_{i}^{2} A(V) \\). Hence\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nA\\left(U_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+A\\left(U_{n}\\right)+A\\left(V_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+A\\left(V_{n}\\right) & =\\left(a_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2}\\right)(A(U)+A(V)) \\\\\n& =\\left(a_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2}\\right) A(T)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince \\( T \\) is the disjoint union of all the \\( R_{i}, U_{i} \\), and \\( V_{i} \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{A\\left(R_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+A\\left(R_{n-1}\\right)}{A(T)} & =1-\\frac{A\\left(U_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+A\\left(U_{n}\\right)+A\\left(V_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+A\\left(V_{n}\\right)}{A(T)} \\\\\n& =1-\\left(a_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2}\\right)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThe \\( a_{i} \\) must be positive numbers with sum 1, and conversely any such \\( a_{i} \\) give rise to a stack of rectangles in \\( T \\).\n\nIt remains to minimize \\( a_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2} \\) subject to the constraints \\( a_{i}>0 \\) for all \\( i \\) and \\( a_{1}+\\cdots+a_{n}=1 \\). That the minimum is attained when \\( a_{1}=\\cdots=a_{n}=1 / n \\) can be proved in many ways:\n1. The identity\n\\[\nn\\left(a_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2}\\right)=\\left(a_{1}+\\cdots+a_{n}\\right)^{2}+\\sum_{i<j}\\left(a_{i}-a_{j}\\right)^{2}\n\\]\nimplies that\n\\[\na_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2} \\geq \\frac{1}{n}\\left(a_{1}+\\cdots+a_{n}\\right)^{2}=\\frac{1}{n}\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if \\( a_{1}=a_{2}=\\cdots=a_{n} \\).\n2. Take \\( b_{1}=\\cdots=b_{n}=1 \\) in the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality [HLP, Theorem 7]\n\\[\n\\left(a_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2}\\right)\\left(b_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+b_{n}^{2}\\right) \\geq\\left(a_{1} b_{1}+\\cdots+a_{n} b_{n}\\right)^{2}\n\\]\nwhich holds for arbitrary \\( a_{1}, \\ldots, a_{n}, b_{1}, \\ldots, b_{n} \\in \\mathbb{R} \\), with equality if and only if \\( \\left(a_{1}, \\ldots, a_{n}\\right) \\) and \\( \\left(b_{1}, \\ldots, b_{n}\\right) \\) are linearly dependent.\n3. Take \\( b_{i}=a_{i} \\) in Chebychev's Inequality [HLP, Theorem 43], which states that if \\( a_{1} \\geq \\cdots \\geq a_{n}>0 \\) and \\( b_{1} \\geq \\cdots \\geq b_{n}>0 \\), then\n\\[\n\\left(\\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i} b_{i}}{n}\\right) \\geq\\left(\\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i}}{n}\\right)\\left(\\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^{n} b_{i}}{n}\\right)\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if all the \\( a_{i} \\) are equal or all the \\( b_{i} \\) are equal.\n4. Take \\( r=2 \\) and \\( s=1 \\) in the Power Mean Inequality [HLP, Theorem 16], which states that for real numbers \\( a_{1}, \\ldots, a_{n}>0 \\), if we define the \\( r^{\\text {th }} \\) power mean as\n\\[\nP_{r}=\\left(\\frac{a_{1}^{r}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{r}}{n}\\right)^{1 / r}\n\\]\n(and \\( \\left.P_{0}=\\lim _{r \\rightarrow 0} P_{r}=\\left(a_{1} a_{2} \\cdots a_{n}\\right)^{1 / n}\\right) \\), then \\( P_{r} \\geq P_{s} \\) whenever \\( r>s \\), with equality if and only if \\( a_{1}=\\cdots=a_{n} \\).\n5. Take \\( f(x)=x^{2} \\) in Jensen's Inequality [HLP, Theorem 90], which states that if \\( f(x) \\) is a convex (concave-up) function on an interval \\( I \\), then\n\\[\n\\frac{f\\left(a_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+f\\left(a_{n}\\right)}{n} \\geq f\\left(\\frac{a_{1}+\\cdots+a_{n}}{n}\\right)\n\\]\nfor all \\( a_{1}, \\ldots, a_{n} \\in I \\), with equality if and only if the \\( a_{i} \\) are all equal or \\( f \\) is linear on a closed interval containing all the \\( a_{i} \\).\n6. Let \\( H \\) denote the hyperplane \\( x_{1}+\\cdots+x_{n}=1 \\) in \\( \\mathbb{R}^{n} \\). The line \\( L \\) through \\( \\mathbf{0}=(0, \\ldots, 0) \\) perpendicular to \\( H \\) is the one in the direction of \\( (1, \\ldots, 1) \\), which meets \\( H \\) at \\( P=(1 / n, \\ldots, 1 / n) \\). The quantity \\( a_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2} \\) can be viewed as the square of the distance from \\( \\mathbf{0} \\) to the point \\( \\left(a_{1}, \\ldots, a_{n}\\right) \\) on \\( H \\), and this is minimized when \\( \\left(a_{1}, \\ldots, a_{n}\\right)=P \\).\nIn any case, we find that the minimum value of \\( a_{1}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2} \\) is \\( 1 / n \\), so the maximum value of \\( \\frac{A\\left(R_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+A\\left(R_{n-1}\\right)}{A(T)} \\) is \\( 1-1 / n \\). For the problem as stated, \\( n=3 \\), so the maximum value is \\( 2 / 3 \\).\n\nRemark. The minimum is unchanged if instead of allowing \\( T \\) to vary, we fix a particular acute triangle \\( T \\).\n\nRemark. While we are on the subject of inequalities, we should also mention the very useful Arithmetic-Mean-Geometric-Mean Inequality (AM-GM), which states that for nonnegative real numbers \\( a_{1}, \\ldots, a_{n} \\), we have\n\\[\n\\frac{a_{1}+a_{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}}{n} \\geq\\left(a_{1} a_{2} \\cdots a_{n}\\right)^{1 / n}\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if \\( a_{1}=a_{2}=\\cdots=a_{n} \\). This is the special case \\( P_{1} \\geq P_{0} \\) of the Power Mean Inequality. It can also be deduced by taking \\( f(x)=\\ln x \\) in Jensen's Inequality.",
  "vars": [
    "T",
    "R",
    "R_i",
    "R_1",
    "R_n-1",
    "S",
    "X",
    "U",
    "U_i",
    "U_n",
    "V",
    "V_i",
    "V_1",
    "V_n",
    "n",
    "i",
    "j",
    "a",
    "a_i",
    "a_1",
    "a_n",
    "b",
    "b_i",
    "b_1",
    "b_n",
    "r",
    "s",
    "x",
    "x_i",
    "x_1",
    "x_n",
    "P_r",
    "P_0"
  ],
  "params": [
    "A",
    "H",
    "L",
    "P",
    "f"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "T": "triangletotal",
        "R": "rectanglefirst",
        "R_i": "rectanglegi",
        "R_1": "rectangleone",
        "R_n-1": "rectanglenminusone",
        "S": "rectanglesecond",
        "X": "polygonx",
        "U": "triangleu",
        "U_i": "triangleui",
        "U_n": "triangleun",
        "V": "trianglev",
        "V_i": "trianglevi",
        "V_1": "trianglevone",
        "V_n": "trianglevn",
        "n": "integern",
        "i": "indexi",
        "j": "indexj",
        "a": "variablea",
        "a_i": "variableai",
        "a_1": "variableaone",
        "a_n": "variablean",
        "b": "variableb",
        "b_i": "variablebi",
        "b_1": "variablebone",
        "b_n": "variablebn",
        "r": "powerr",
        "s": "powers",
        "x": "variablex",
        "x_i": "variablexi",
        "x_1": "variablexone",
        "x_n": "variablexn",
        "P_r": "powmeanr",
        "P_0": "powmeanzero",
        "A": "areaoperator",
        "H": "hyperplaneh",
        "L": "linel",
        "P": "pointp",
        "f": "functionf"
      },
      "question": "Let $\\triangletotal$ be an acute triangle. Inscribe a rectangle $\\rectanglefirst$ in $\\triangletotal$ with one\nside along a side of $\\triangletotal$. Then inscribe a rectangle $\\rectanglesecond$ in the triangle\nformed by the side of $\\rectanglefirst$ opposite the side on the boundary of $\\triangletotal$,\nand the other two sides of $\\triangletotal$, with one side along the side of\n$\\rectanglefirst$. For any polygon $\\polygonx$, let $\\areaoperator(\\polygonx)$ denote the area of $\\polygonx$. Find the\nmaximum value, or show that no maximum exists, of\n$\\frac{\\areaoperator(\\rectanglefirst)+\\areaoperator(\\rectanglesecond)}{\\areaoperator(\\triangletotal)}$, where $\\triangletotal$ ranges over all triangles and\n$\\rectanglefirst,\\rectanglesecond$ over all rectangles as above.",
      "solution": "Solution. In fact, for any $\\integern \\geq 2$, we can find the maximum value of\n\\[\n\\frac{\\areaoperator\\left(\\rectangleone\\right)+\\cdots+\\areaoperator\\left(\\rectanglenminusone\\right)}{\\areaoperator(\\triangletotal)}\n\\]\nfor any stack of rectangles inscribed in $\\triangletotal$ as shown in Figure 2. The altitude of $\\triangletotal$ divides $\\triangletotal$ into right triangles $\\triangleu$ on the left and $\\trianglev$ on the right. For $\\indexi=1, \\ldots, \\integern-1$, let $\\triangleui$ denote the small right triangle to the left of $\\rectanglegi$, and let $\\triangleun$ denote the small right triangle above $\\rectanglenminusone$ and to the left of the altitude of $\\triangletotal$. Symmetrically define $\\trianglevone, \\ldots, \\trianglevn$ to be the right triangles on the right. Each $\\triangleui$ is similar to $\\triangleu$, so $\\areaoperator\\left(\\triangleui\\right)=\\variableai^{2} \\,\\areaoperator(\\triangleu)$, where $\\variableai$ is the altitude of $\\triangleui$, measured as a fraction of the altitude of $\\triangletotal$. Similarly, $\\areaoperator\\left(\\trianglevi\\right)=\\variableai^{2} \\,\\areaoperator(\\trianglev)$. Hence\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\areaoperator\\left(\\triangleu_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+\\areaoperator\\left(\\triangleun\\right)+\\areaoperator\\left(\\trianglevone\\right)+\\cdots+\\areaoperator\\left(\\trianglevn\\right) &= \\left(\\variableaone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{2}\\right)(\\areaoperator(\\triangleu)+\\areaoperator(\\trianglev)) \\\\\n&= \\left(\\variableaone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{2}\\right) \\,\\areaoperator(\\triangletotal)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince $\\triangletotal$ is the disjoint union of all the $\\rectanglegi, \\triangleui$, and $\\trianglevi$,\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\areaoperator\\left(\\rectangleone\\right)+\\cdots+\\areaoperator\\left(\\rectanglenminusone\\right)}{\\areaoperator(\\triangletotal)} &= 1-\\frac{\\areaoperator\\left(\\triangleu_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+\\areaoperator\\left(\\triangleun\\right)+\\areaoperator\\left(\\trianglevone\\right)+\\cdots+\\areaoperator\\left(\\trianglevn\\right)}{\\areaoperator(\\triangletotal)} \\\\\n&= 1-\\left(\\variableaone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{2}\\right)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThe $\\variableai$ must be positive numbers with sum 1, and conversely any such $\\variableai$ give rise to a stack of rectangles in $\\triangletotal$.\n\nIt remains to minimize $\\variableaone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{2}$ subject to the constraints $\\variableai>0$ for all $\\indexi$ and $\\variableaone+\\cdots+\\variablean=1$. That the minimum is attained when $\\variableaone=\\cdots=\\variablean=1/\\integern$ can be proved in many ways:\n\n1. The identity\n\\[\n\\integern\\bigl(\\variableaone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{2}\\bigr)=\\bigl(\\variableaone+\\cdots+\\variablean\\bigr)^{2}+\\sum_{\\indexi<\\indexj}\\bigl(\\variableai-\\variableaj\\bigr)^{2}\n\\]\nimplies that\n\\[\n\\variableaone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{2}\\ge \\frac{1}{\\integern}\\bigl(\\variableaone+\\cdots+\\variablean\\bigr)^{2}=\\frac{1}{\\integern},\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if $\\variableaone=\\variablea_{2}=\\cdots=\\variablean$.\n\n2. Take $\\variablebone=\\cdots=\\variablebn=1$ in the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality [HLP, Theorem 7]\n\\[\n\\bigl(\\variableaone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{2}\\bigr)\\bigl(\\variablebone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablebn^{2}\\bigr)\\ge\\bigl(\\variableaone\\,\\variablebone+\\cdots+\\variablean\\,\\variablebn\\bigr)^{2},\n\\]\nwhich holds for arbitrary $\\variableaone,\\ldots,\\variablean,\\variablebone,\\ldots,\\variablebn\\in\\mathbb R$, with equality if and only if $(\\variableaone,\\ldots,\\variablean)$ and $(\\variablebone,\\ldots,\\variablebn)$ are linearly dependent.\n\n3. Take $\\variablebi=\\variableai$ in Chebyshev’s inequality [HLP, Theorem 43], which states that if $\\variableaone\\ge\\cdots\\ge\\variablean>0$ and $\\variablebone\\ge\\cdots\\ge\\variablebn>0$, then\n\\[\n\\Bigl(\\frac{\\sum_{\\indexi=1}^{\\integern}\\variableai\\,\\variablebi}{\\integern}\\Bigr)\\ge\\Bigl(\\frac{\\sum_{\\indexi=1}^{\\integern}\\variableai}{\\integern}\\Bigr)\\Bigl(\\frac{\\sum_{\\indexi=1}^{\\integern}\\variablebi}{\\integern}\\Bigr),\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if all the $\\variableai$ are equal or all the $\\variablebi$ are equal.\n\n4. Take $\\powerr=2$ and $\\powers=1$ in the power–mean inequality [HLP, Theorem 16], which states that for real numbers $\\variableaone,\\ldots,\\variablean>0$, if we define the $\\powerr^{\\text{th}}$ power mean as\n\\[\n\\powmeanr=\\Bigl(\\frac{\\variableaone^{\\powerr}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{\\powerr}}{\\integern}\\Bigr)^{1/\\powerr},\n\\]\n(and $\\powmeanzero=\\lim_{\\powerr\\to0}\\powmeanr=(\\variableaone\\variablea_{2}\\cdots\\variablean)^{1/\\integern}$), then $\\powmeanr\\ge pointp_{s}$ whenever $\\powerr>\\powers$, with equality if and only if $\\variableaone=\\cdots=\\variablean$.\n\n5. Take $\\functionf(\\variablex)=\\variablex^{2}$ in Jensen’s inequality [HLP, Theorem 90], which states that if $\\functionf(\\variablex)$ is convex on an interval $I$, then\n\\[\n\\frac{\\functionf\\bigl(\\variableaone\\bigr)+\\cdots+\\functionf\\bigl(\\variablean\\bigr)}{\\integern}\\ge \\functionf\\Bigl(\\frac{\\variableaone+\\cdots+\\variablean}{\\integern}\\Bigr),\n\\]\nfor all $\\variableaone,\\ldots,\\variablean\\in I$, with equality if and only if the $\\variableai$ are all equal or $\\functionf$ is linear on a closed interval containing all the $\\variableai$.\n\n6. Let $\\hyperplaneh$ denote the hyperplane $\\variablexone+\\cdots+\\variablexn=1$ in $\\mathbb R^{\\integern}$. The line $\\linel$ through $\\mathbf 0=(0,\\ldots,0)$ perpendicular to $\\hyperplaneh$ is the one in the direction of $(1,\\ldots,1)$, which meets $\\hyperplaneh$ at $\\pointp=(1/\\integern,\\ldots,1/\\integern)$. The quantity $\\variableaone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{2}$ can be viewed as the square of the distance from $\\mathbf 0$ to the point $(\\variableaone,\\ldots,\\variablean)$ on $\\hyperplaneh$, and this is minimized when $(\\variableaone,\\ldots,\\variablean)=\\pointp$.\n\nIn any case, we find that the minimum value of $\\variableaone^{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean^{2}$ is $1/\\integern$, so the maximum value of $\\frac{\\areaoperator\\left(\\rectangleone\\right)+\\cdots+\\areaoperator\\left(\\rectanglenminusone\\right)}{\\areaoperator(\\triangletotal)}$ is $1-1/\\integern$. For the problem as stated, $\\integern=3$, so the maximum value is $2/3$.\n\nRemark. The minimum is unchanged if instead of allowing $\\triangletotal$ to vary, we fix a particular acute triangle $\\triangletotal$.\n\nRemark. While we are on the subject of inequalities, we should also mention the very useful arithmetic–mean–geometric–mean inequality (AM–GM), which states that for non-negative real numbers $\\variableaone,\\ldots,\\variablean$, we have\n\\[\n\\frac{\\variableaone+\\variablea_{2}+\\cdots+\\variablean}{\\integern}\\ge \\bigl(\\variableaone\\variablea_{2}\\cdots\\variablean\\bigr)^{1/\\integern},\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if $\\variableaone=\\variablea_{2}=\\cdots=\\variablean$. This is the special case $pointp_{1}\\ge\\powmeanzero$ of the power–mean inequality. It can also be deduced by taking $\\functionf(\\variablex)=\\ln\\variablex$ in Jensen’s inequality."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "T": "cloudstone",
        "R": "mapletrack",
        "R_i": "canyonbluff",
        "R_1": "pinesummit",
        "R_n-1": "ridgetrail",
        "S": "brookhaven",
        "X": "orchardvale",
        "U": "oceancrest",
        "U_i": "valleybrook",
        "U_n": "mistyharbor",
        "V": "silverbay",
        "V_i": "greymoss",
        "V_1": "brightsand",
        "V_n": "darkhollow",
        "n": "stonebrook",
        "i": "amberleaf",
        "j": "copperpine",
        "a": "sunsetridge",
        "a_i": "rosemeadow",
        "a_1": "elmwooden",
        "a_n": "cedarfield",
        "b": "morningdew",
        "b_i": "foggycreek",
        "b_1": "lilacgrove",
        "b_n": "moonglade",
        "r": "thunderbay",
        "s": "whispering",
        "x": "rainbowval",
        "x_i": "autumnglen",
        "x_1": "winterhaven",
        "x_n": "springvale",
        "P_r": "tidewater",
        "P_0": "redrocker",
        "A": "evergreen",
        "H": "seabreeze",
        "L": "deserthaze",
        "P": "willowbend",
        "f": "lavender"
      },
      "question": "Let $cloudstone$ be an acute triangle. Inscribe a rectangle $mapletrack$ in $cloudstone$ with one side along a side of $cloudstone$. Then inscribe a rectangle $brookhaven$ in the triangle formed by the side of $mapletrack$ opposite the side on the boundary of $cloudstone$, and the other two sides of $cloudstone$, with one side along the side of $mapletrack$. For any polygon $orchardvale$, let $evergreen(orchardvale)$ denote the area of $orchardvale$. Find the maximum value, or show that no maximum exists, of $\\frac{evergreen(mapletrack)+evergreen(brookhaven)}{evergreen(cloudstone)}$, where $cloudstone$ ranges over all triangles and $mapletrack,brookhaven$ over all rectangles as above.",
      "solution": "Solution. In fact, for any $ stonebrook \\geq 2 $, we can find the maximum value of\n\\[\n\\frac{evergreen\\left(pinesummit\\right)+\\cdots+evergreen\\left(ridgetrail\\right)}{evergreen(cloudstone)}\n\\]\nfor any stack of rectangles inscribed in $ cloudstone $ as shown in Figure 2. The altitude of $ cloudstone $ divides $ cloudstone $ into right triangles $ oceancrest $ on the left and $ silverbay $ on the right. For $ amberleaf=1, \\ldots, stonebrook-1 $, let $ valleybrook $ denote the small right triangle to the left of $ canyonbluff $, and let $ mistyharbor $ denote the small right triangle above $ ridgetrail $ and to the left of the altitude of $ cloudstone $. Symmetrically define $ brightsand, \\ldots, darkhollow $ to be the right triangles on the right. Each $ valleybrook $ is similar to $ oceancrest $, so $ evergreen\\left(valleybrook\\right)=rosemeadow^{2}evergreen(oceancrest) $, where $ rosemeadow $ is the altitude of $ valleybrook $, measured as a fraction of the altitude of $ cloudstone $. Similarly, $ evergreen\\left(greymoss\\right)=rosemeadow^{2}evergreen(silverbay) $. Hence\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nevergreen\\left(valleybrook\\right)+\\cdots+evergreen\\left(mistyharbor\\right)+evergreen\\left(brightsand\\right)+\\cdots+evergreen\\left(darkhollow\\right) &= (elmwooden^{2}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{2})(evergreen(oceancrest)+evergreen(silverbay)) \\\\\n&= (elmwooden^{2}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{2})\\,evergreen(cloudstone).\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nSince $ cloudstone $ is the disjoint union of all the $ canyonbluff, valleybrook $, and $ greymoss $,\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{evergreen\\left(pinesummit\\right)+\\cdots+evergreen\\left(ridgetrail\\right)}{evergreen(cloudstone)}&=1-\\frac{evergreen\\left(valleybrook\\right)+\\cdots+evergreen\\left(mistyharbor\\right)+evergreen\\left(brightsand\\right)+\\cdots+evergreen\\left(darkhollow\\right)}{evergreen(cloudstone)}\\\\\n&=1-(elmwooden^{2}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{2}).\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nThe $ rosemeadow $ must be positive numbers with sum 1, and conversely any such $ rosemeadow $ give rise to a stack of rectangles in $ cloudstone $. \n\nIt remains to minimize $ elmwooden^{2}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{2} $ subject to the constraints $ rosemeadow>0 $ for all $ amberleaf $ and $ elmwooden+\\cdots+cedarfield=1 $. That the minimum is attained when $ elmwooden=\\cdots=cedarfield=1/stonebrook $ can be proved in many ways:\n\n1. The identity\n\\[\nstonebrook\\bigl(elmwooden^{2}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{2}\\bigr)=\\bigl(elmwooden+\\cdots+cedarfield\\bigr)^{2}+\\sum_{amberleaf<copperpine}(rosemeadow-rosemeadow)^{2}\n\\]\nimplies\n\\[\nelmwooden^{2}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{2}\\ge\\frac1{stonebrook}\\bigl(elmwooden+\\cdots+cedarfield\\bigr)^{2}=\\frac1{stonebrook},\n\\]\nwith equality iff $ elmwooden=cedarfield $.  \n\n2. Take $ lilacgrove=\\cdots=moonglade=1 $ in Cauchy–Schwarz [HLP, Theorem 7]\n\\[\n\\bigl(rosemeadow^{2}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{2}\\bigr)\\bigl(foggycreek^{2}+\\cdots+moonglade^{2}\\bigr)\\ge\\bigl(rosemeadow\\,lilacgrove+\\cdots+cedarfield\\,moonglade\\bigr)^{2},\n\\]\nwith equality iff the two vectors are linearly dependent.\n\n3. Take $ foggycreek=rosemeadow $ in Chebyshev’s Inequality [HLP, Theorem 43].\n\n4. Take $ thunderbay=2 $ and $ whispering=1 $ in the Power–Mean Inequality [HLP, Theorem 16], writing the $ thunderbay $-th power mean as\n\\[\ntidewater=\\left(\\frac{rosemeadow^{thunderbay}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{thunderbay}}{stonebrook}\\right)^{1/thunderbay},\n\\]\nso $ tidewater\\ge redrocker $, with equality iff $ rosemeadow=\\cdots=cedarfield $.\n\n5. Take $ lavender(rainbowval)=rainbowval^{2} $ in Jensen’s Inequality [HLP, Theorem 90].\n\n6. Let $ seabreeze $ be the hyperplane $ winterhaven+\\cdots+springvale=1 $ in $ \\mathbb{R}^{stonebrook} $. The line $ deserthaze $ through $ \\mathbf0 $ perpendicular to $ seabreeze $ meets it at $ willowbend=(1/stonebrook,\\ldots,1/stonebrook) $. The distance interpretation again shows that $ elmwooden^{2}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{2} $ is minimized at $ willowbend $.\n\nThus the minimum of $ elmwooden^{2}+\\cdots+cedarfield^{2} $ is $ 1/stonebrook $, so the maximum of $ \\dfrac{evergreen\\left(pinesummit\\right)+\\cdots+evergreen\\left(ridgetrail\\right)}{evergreen(cloudstone)} $ is $ 1-1/stonebrook $. For the stated problem, $ stonebrook=3 $, giving the maximum value $ 2/3 $.\n\nRemark. The minimum is unchanged if, instead of allowing $ cloudstone $ to vary, we fix a particular acute triangle $ cloudstone $.  \n\nRemark. The Arithmetic–Mean–Geometric–Mean Inequality (AM–GM) for non-negative $ rosemeadow $ says\n\\[\n\\frac{rosemeadow}{stonebrook}\\ge (rosemeadow)^{1/stonebrook},\n\\]\nwith equality iff all the $ rosemeadow $ are equal. This is the case $ tidewater\\ge redrocker $ of the Power–Mean Inequality, and also follows from Jensen with $ lavender(rainbowval)=\\ln rainbowval $.",
      "errors": []
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "T": "roundshape",
        "R": "skewshape",
        "R_i": "skewshapei",
        "R_1": "skewshapeone",
        "R_n-1": "skewshapenlessone",
        "S": "trapezoid",
        "X": "blobfigure",
        "U": "rightchunk",
        "U_i": "rightchunki",
        "U_n": "rightchunkn",
        "V": "leftchunk",
        "V_i": "leftchunki",
        "V_1": "leftchunkone",
        "V_n": "leftchunkn",
        "n": "smallnum",
        "i": "datavalue",
        "j": "argvalue",
        "a": "deepness",
        "a_i": "deepnessi",
        "a_1": "deepnessone",
        "a_n": "deepnessn",
        "b": "shallowness",
        "b_i": "shallownessi",
        "b_1": "shallownessone",
        "b_n": "shallownessn",
        "r": "minorroot",
        "s": "largepower",
        "x": "constanty",
        "x_i": "constantyi",
        "x_1": "constantyone",
        "x_n": "constantyn",
        "P_r": "harmonmeanr",
        "P_0": "harmonmeanzero",
        "A": "perimeter",
        "H": "baseline",
        "L": "broadplane",
        "P": "regionzone",
        "f": "constant"
      },
      "question": "Let $roundshape$ be an acute triangle. Inscribe a rectangle $skewshape$ in $roundshape$ with one\nside along a side of $roundshape$. Then inscribe a rectangle $trapezoid$ in the triangle\nformed by the side of $skewshape$ opposite the side on the boundary of $roundshape$,\nand the other two sides of $roundshape$, with one side along the side of\n$skewshape$. For any polygon $blobfigure$, let $perimeter(blobfigure)$ denote the area of $blobfigure$. Find the\nmaximum value, or show that no maximum exists, of\n$\\frac{perimeter(skewshape)+perimeter(trapezoid)}{perimeter(roundshape)}$, where $roundshape$ ranges over all triangles and\n$skewshape,trapezoid$ over all rectangles as above.",
      "solution": "Solution. In fact, for any \\( smallnum \\geq 2 \\), we can find the maximum value of\n\\[\n\\frac{perimeter\\left(skewshapeone\\right)+\\cdots+perimeter\\left(skewshapenlessone\\right)}{perimeter(roundshape)}\n\\]\nfor any stack of rectangles inscribed in \\( roundshape \\) as shown in Figure 2. The altitude of \\( roundshape \\) divides \\( roundshape \\) into right triangles \\( rightchunk \\) on the left and \\( leftchunk \\) on the right. For \\( datavalue=1, \\ldots, smallnum-1 \\), let \\( rightchunki \\) denote the small right triangle to the left of \\( skewshapei \\), and let \\( rightchunkn \\) denote the small right triangle above \\( skewshapenlessone \\) and to the left of the altitude of \\( roundshape \\). Symmetrically define \\( leftchunkone, \\ldots \\), \\( leftchunkn \\) to be the right triangles on the right. Each \\( rightchunki \\) is similar to \\( rightchunk \\), so \\( perimeter\\left(rightchunki\\right)=deepnessi^{2} perimeter(rightchunk) \\), where \\( deepnessi \\) is the altitude of \\( rightchunki \\), measured as a fraction of the altitude of \\( roundshape \\). Similarly, \\( perimeter\\left(leftchunki\\right)=deepnessi^{2} perimeter(leftchunk) \\). Hence\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nperimeter\\left(rightchunkone\\right)+\\cdots+perimeter\\left(rightchunkn\\right)+perimeter\\left(leftchunkone\\right)+\\cdots+perimeter\\left(leftchunkn\\right) & =\\left(deepnessone^{2}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{2}\\right)(perimeter(rightchunk)+perimeter(leftchunk)) \\\\\n& =\\left(deepnessone^{2}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{2}\\right) perimeter(roundshape)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince \\( roundshape \\) is the disjoint union of all the \\( skewshapei, rightchunki \\), and \\( leftchunki \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{perimeter\\left(skewshapeone\\right)+\\cdots+perimeter\\left(skewshapenlessone\\right)}{perimeter(roundshape)} & =1-\\frac{perimeter\\left(rightchunkone\\right)+\\cdots+perimeter\\left(rightchunkn\\right)+perimeter\\left(leftchunkone\\right)+\\cdots+perimeter\\left(leftchunkn\\right)}{perimeter(roundshape)} \\\\\n& =1-\\left(deepnessone^{2}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{2}\\right)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThe \\( deepnessi \\) must be positive numbers with sum 1, and conversely any such \\( deepnessi \\) give rise to a stack of rectangles in \\( roundshape \\).\n\nIt remains to minimize \\( deepnessone^{2}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{2} \\) subject to the constraints \\( deepnessi>0 \\) for all \\( datavalue \\) and \\( deepnessone+\\cdots+deepnessn=1 \\). That the minimum is attained when \\( deepnessone=\\cdots=deepnessn=1 / smallnum \\) can be proved in many ways:\n1. The identity\n\\[\nsmallnum\\left(deepnessone^{2}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{2}\\right)=\\left(deepnessone+\\cdots+deepnessn\\right)^{2}+\\sum_{datavalue<argvalue}\\left(deepnessi-deepnessj\\right)^{2}\n\\]\nimplifies that\n\\[\ndeepnessone^{2}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{2} \\geq \\frac{1}{smallnum}\\left(deepnessone+\\cdots+deepnessn\\right)^{2}=\\frac{1}{smallnum}\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if \\( deepnessone=deepnesstwo=\\cdots=deepnessn \\).\n2. Take \\( shallownessone=\\cdots=shallownessn=1 \\) in the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality [HLP, Theorem 7]\n\\[\n\\left(deepnessone^{2}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{2}\\right)\\left(shallownessone^{2}+\\cdots+shallownessn^{2}\\right) \\geq\\left(deepnessone\\, shallownessone+\\cdots+deepnessn\\, shallownessn\\right)^{2}\n\\]\nwhich holds for arbitrary \\( deepnessone, \\ldots, deepnessn, shallownessone, \\ldots, shallownessn \\in \\mathbb{R} \\), with equality if and only if \\( \\left(deepnessone, \\ldots, deepnessn\\right) \\) and \\( \\left(shallownessone, \\ldots, shallownessn\\right) \\) are linearly dependent.\n3. Take \\( shallownessi=deepnessi \\) in Chebychev's Inequality [HLP, Theorem 43], which states that if \\( deepnessone \\geq \\cdots \\geq deepnessn>0 \\) and \\( shallownessone \\geq \\cdots \\geq shallownessn>0 \\), then\n\\[\n\\left(\\frac{\\sum_{datavalue=1}^{smallnum} deepnessi\\, shallownessi}{smallnum}\\right) \\geq\\left(\\frac{\\sum_{datavalue=1}^{smallnum} deepnessi}{smallnum}\\right)\\left(\\frac{\\sum_{datavalue=1}^{smallnum} shallownessi}{smallnum}\\right)\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if all the \\( deepnessi \\) are equal or all the \\( shallownessi \\) are equal.\n4. Take \\( minorroot=2 \\) and \\( largepower=1 \\) in the Power Mean Inequality [HLP, Theorem 16], which states that for real numbers \\( deepnessone, \\ldots, deepnessn>0 \\), if we define the \\( minorroot^{\\text {th }} \\) power mean as\n\\[\nharmonmeanr=\\left(\\frac{deepnessone^{minorroot}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{minorroot}}{smallnum}\\right)^{1 / minorroot}\n\\]\n(and \\( harmonmeanzero=\\lim _{minorroot \\rightarrow 0} harmonmeanr=\\left(deepnessone deepnesstwo \\cdots deepnessn\\right)^{1 / smallnum}\\) ), then \\( harmonmeanr \\geq P_{s} \\) whenever \\( minorroot>largepower \\), with equality if and only if \\( deepnessone=\\cdots=deepnessn \\).\n5. Take \\( constant(constanty)=constanty^{2} \\) in Jensen's Inequality [HLP, Theorem 90], which states that if \\( constant(constanty) \\) is a convex (concave-up) function on an interval \\( I \\), then\n\\[\n\\frac{constant\\left(deepnessone\\right)+\\cdots+constant\\left(deepnessn\\right)}{smallnum} \\geq constant\\left(\\frac{deepnessone+\\cdots+deepnessn}{smallnum}\\right)\n\\]\nfor all \\( deepnessone, \\ldots, deepnessn \\in I \\), with equality if and only if the \\( deepnessi \\) are all equal or \\( constant \\) is linear on a closed interval containing all the \\( deepnessi \\).\n6. Let \\( baseline \\) denote the hyperplane \\( constantyone+\\cdots+constantyn=1 \\) in \\( \\mathbb{R}^{smallnum} \\). The line \\( broadplane \\) through \\( \\mathbf{0}=(0, \\ldots, 0) \\) perpendicular to \\( baseline \\) is the one in the direction of \\( (1, \\ldots, 1) \\), which meets \\( baseline \\) at \\( regionzone=(1 / smallnum, \\ldots, 1 / smallnum) \\). The quantity \\( deepnessone^{2}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{2} \\) can be viewed as the square of the distance from \\( \\mathbf{0} \\) to the point \\( \\left(deepnessone, \\ldots, deepnessn\\right) \\) on \\( baseline \\), and this is minimized when \\( \\left(deepnessone, \\ldots, deepnessn\\right)=regionzone \\).\nIn any case, we find that the minimum value of \\( deepnessone^{2}+\\cdots+deepnessn^{2} \\) is \\( 1 / smallnum \\), so the maximum value of \\( \\frac{perimeter\\left(skewshapeone\\right)+\\cdots+perimeter\\left(skewshapenlessone\\right)}{perimeter(roundshape)} \\) is \\( 1-1 / smallnum \\). For the problem as stated, \\( smallnum=3 \\), so the maximum value is \\( 2 / 3 \\).\n\nRemark. The minimum is unchanged if instead of allowing \\( roundshape \\) to vary, we fix a particular acute triangle \\( roundshape \\).\n\nRemark. While we are on the subject of inequalities, we should also mention the very useful Arithmetic-Mean-Geometric-Mean Inequality (AM-GM), which states that for nonnegative real numbers \\( deepnessone, \\ldots, deepnessn \\), we have\n\\[\n\\frac{deepnessone+deepnesstwo+\\cdots+deepnessn}{smallnum} \\geq\\left(deepnessone deepnesstwo \\cdots deepnessn\\right)^{1 / smallnum}\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if \\( deepnessone=deepnesstwo=\\cdots=deepnessn \\). This is the special case \\( P_{1} \\geq harmonmeanzero \\) of the Power Mean Inequality. It can also be deduced by taking \\( constant(constanty)=\\ln constanty \\) in Jensen's Inequality."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "T": "klmjvtrq",
        "R": "zxqplmno",
        "R_i": "hazcsyue",
        "R_1": "wofdnjbr",
        "R_n-1": "rnfjgavc",
        "S": "kuyzenaf",
        "X": "pyghsalo",
        "U": "eytsfakn",
        "U_i": "mxlravne",
        "U_n": "sjpovlka",
        "V": "quidnaso",
        "V_i": "vmtczhga",
        "V_1": "gqpzwcuy",
        "V_n": "ktoalner",
        "n": "lzdntkwo",
        "i": "bqxhrpma",
        "j": "cmduvolk",
        "a": "dazpemur",
        "a_i": "qjfrulox",
        "a_1": "zohkivap",
        "a_n": "nsxatwye",
        "b": "ufsyqlem",
        "b_i": "rysupdac",
        "b_1": "vdokghae",
        "b_n": "wgfpzlro",
        "r": "itdpqarh",
        "s": "oycfrnel",
        "x": "ksqpjwud",
        "x_i": "xkomejra",
        "x_1": "jtlvious",
        "x_n": "fpuhmzye",
        "P_r": "cgraleti",
        "P_0": "owirthne",
        "A": "zlnmdfoe",
        "H": "etjovykh",
        "L": "dmrcokeu",
        "P": "nsvhiqaz",
        "f": "eqiulcma"
      },
      "question": "Let $klmjvtrq$ be an acute triangle. Inscribe a rectangle $zxqplmno$ in $klmjvtrq$ with one\nside along a side of $klmjvtrq$. Then inscribe a rectangle $kuyzenaf$ in the triangle\nformed by the side of $zxqplmno$ opposite the side on the boundary of $klmjvtrq$,\nand the other two sides of $klmjvtrq$, with one side along the side of\n$zxqplmno$. For any polygon $pyghsalo$, let $zlnmdfoe(pyghsalo)$ denote the area of $pyghsalo$. Find the\nmaximum value, or show that no maximum exists, of\n$\\frac{zlnmdfoe(zxqplmno)+zlnmdfoe(kuyzenaf)}{zlnmdfoe(klmjvtrq)}$, where $klmjvtrq$ ranges over all triangles and\n$zxqplmno,kuyzenaf$ over all rectangles as above.",
      "solution": "Solution. In fact, for any $ lzdntkwo \\geq 2 $, we can find the maximum value of\n\\[\n\\frac{zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(wofdnjbr\\right)+\\cdots+zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(rnfjgavc\\right)}{zlnmdfoe(klmjvtrq)}\n\\]\nfor any stack of rectangles inscribed in $ klmjvtrq $ as shown in Figure 2. The altitude of $ klmjvtrq $ divides $ klmjvtrq $ into right triangles $ eytsfakn $ on the left and $ quidnaso $ on the right. For $ bqxhrpma=1,\\ldots ,lzdntkwo-1 $, let $ mxlravne $ denote the small right triangle to the left of $ hazcsyue $, and let $ sjpovlka $ denote the small right triangle above $ rnfjgavc $ and to the left of the altitude of $ klmjvtrq $. Symmetrically define $ gqpzwcuy,\\ldots ,ktoalner $ to be the right triangles on the right. Each $ mxlravne $ is similar to $ eytsfakn $, so $ zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(mxlravne\\right)=qjfrulox^{2}\\,zlnmdfoe(eytsfakn) $, where $ qjfrulox $ is the altitude of $ mxlravne $, measured as a fraction of the altitude of $ klmjvtrq $. Similarly, $ zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(vmtczhga\\right)=qjfrulox^{2}\\,zlnmdfoe(quidnaso) $. Hence\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nzlnmdfoe\\!\\left(eytsfakn_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(sjpovlka\\right)+zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(gqpzwcuy\\right)+\\cdots+zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(ktoalner\\right)\n&=\\left(zohkivap^{2}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{2}\\right)\\bigl(zlnmdfoe(eytsfakn)+zlnmdfoe(quidnaso)\\bigr)\\\\\n&=\\left(zohkivap^{2}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{2}\\right) zlnmdfoe(klmjvtrq).\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince $ klmjvtrq $ is the disjoint union of all the $ hazcsyue, mxlravne $, and $ vmtczhga $,\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(wofdnjbr\\right)+\\cdots+zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(rnfjgavc\\right)}{zlnmdfoe(klmjvtrq)}\n&=1-\\frac{zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(eytsfakn_{1}\\right)+\\cdots+zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(sjpovlka\\right)+zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(gqpzwcuy\\right)+\\cdots+zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(ktoalner\\right)}{zlnmdfoe(klmjvtrq)}\\\\\n&=1-\\left(zohkivap^{2}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{2}\\right).\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nThe $ qjfrulox $ must be positive numbers with sum $1$, and conversely any such $ qjfrulox $ give rise to a stack of rectangles in $ klmjvtrq $.\n\nIt remains to minimize $ zohkivap^{2}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{2} $ subject to the constraints $ qjfrulox>0 $ for all $ bqxhrpma $ and $ zohkivap+\\cdots+nsxatwye=1 $. That the minimum is attained when $ zohkivap=\\cdots=nsxatwye=1/lzdntkwo $ can be proved in many ways:\n\n1. The identity\n\\[\nlzdntkwo\\bigl(zohkivap^{2}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{2}\\bigr)=\\bigl(zohkivap+\\cdots+nsxatwye\\bigr)^{2}+\\sum_{bqxhrpma<cmduvolk}\\bigl(qjfrulox-cmduvolk\\bigr)^{2}\n\\]\nimplies that\n\\[\nzohkivap^{2}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{2}\\ge \\frac{1}{lzdntkwo}\\bigl(zohkivap+\\cdots+nsxatwye\\bigr)^{2}=\\frac{1}{lzdntkwo},\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if $ zohkivap=zohkivap=\\cdots=nsxatwye $.\n\n2. Take $ vdokghae=\\cdots=wgfpzlro=1 $ in the Cauchy–Schwarz Inequality [HLP, Theorem 7]\n\\[\n\\bigl(zohkivap^{2}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{2}\\bigr)\\bigl(vdokghae^{2}+\\cdots+wgfpzlro^{2}\\bigr)\\ge\\bigl(zohkivap vdokghae+\\cdots+nsxatwye wgfpzlro\\bigr)^{2},\n\\]\nwhich holds for arbitrary $ zohkivap,\\ldots,nsxatwye,vdokghae,\\ldots,wgfpzlro \\in \\mathbb{R} $, with equality if and only if $ (zohkivap,\\ldots,nsxatwye) $ and $ (vdokghae,\\ldots,wgfpzlro) $ are linearly dependent.\n\n3. Take $ rysupdac=qjfrulox $ in Chebychev's Inequality [HLP, Theorem 43], which states that if $ zohkivap \\ge \\cdots \\ge nsxatwye>0 $ and $ vdokghae \\ge \\cdots \\ge wgfpzlro>0 $, then\n\\[\n\\left(\\frac{\\sum_{bqxhrpma=1}^{lzdntkwo} qjfrulox rysupdac}{lzdntkwo}\\right)\n\\ge \\left(\\frac{\\sum_{bqxhrpma=1}^{lzdntkwo} qjfrulox}{lzdntkwo}\\right)\n\\left(\\frac{\\sum_{bqxhrpma=1}^{lzdntkwo} rysupdac}{lzdntkwo}\\right),\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if all the $ qjfrulox $ are equal or all the $ rysupdac $ are equal.\n\n4. Take $ itdpqarh=2 $ and $ oycfrnel=1 $ in the Power Mean Inequality [HLP, Theorem 16], which states that for real numbers $ zohkivap, \\ldots, nsxatwye>0 $, if we define the $ itdpqarh^{\\text{th}} $ power mean as\n\\[\ncgraleti=\\left(\\frac{zohkivap^{itdpqarh}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{itdpqarh}}{lzdntkwo}\\right)^{1/itdpqarh},\n\\]\n(and $ owirthne=\\lim_{itdpqarh\\to 0} cgraleti=(zohkivap nsxatwye\\cdots nsxatwye)^{1/lzdntkwo} $), then $ cgraleti \\ge nsvhiqaz_{oycfrnel} $ whenever $ itdpqarh>oycfrnel $, with equality if and only if $ zohkivap=\\cdots=nsxatwye $.\n\n5. Take $ eqiulcma(k)=k^{2} $ in Jensen's Inequality [HLP, Theorem 90], which states that if $ eqiulcma(k) $ is convex on an interval $ I $, then\n\\[\n\\frac{eqiulcma\\!\\left(zohkivap\\right)+\\cdots+eqiulcma\\!\\left(nsxatwye\\right)}{lzdntkwo}\n\\ge eqiulcma\\!\\left(\\frac{zohkivap+\\cdots+nsxatwye}{lzdntkwo}\\right),\n\\]\nfor all $ zohkivap,\\ldots,nsxatwye \\in I $, with equality if and only if the $ qjfrulox $ are all equal or $ eqiulcma $ is linear on a closed interval containing all the $ qjfrulox $.\n\n6. Let $ etjovykh $ denote the hyperplane $ ksqpjwud_{1}+\\cdots+ksqpjwud_{lzdntkwo}=1 $ in $ \\mathbb{R}^{lzdntkwo} $. The line $ dmrcokeu $ through $ \\mathbf{0}=(0,\\ldots,0) $ perpendicular to $ etjovykh $ is the one in the direction of $ (1,\\ldots,1) $, which meets $ etjovykh $ at $ nsvhiqaz=(1/lzdntkwo,\\ldots,1/lzdntkwo) $. The quantity $ zohkivap^{2}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{2} $ can be viewed as the square of the distance from $ \\mathbf{0} $ to the point $ (zohkivap,\\ldots,nsxatwye) $ on $ etjovykh $, and this is minimized when $ (zohkivap,\\ldots,nsxatwye)=nsvhiqaz $.\n\nIn any case, we find that the minimum value of $ zohkivap^{2}+\\cdots+nsxatwye^{2} $ is $ 1/lzdntkwo $, so the maximum value of\n\\[\n\\frac{zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(wofdnjbr\\right)+\\cdots+zlnmdfoe\\!\\left(rnfjgavc\\right)}{zlnmdfoe(klmjvtrq)} = 1-\\frac{1}{lzdntkwo}.\n\\]\nFor the problem as stated, $ lzdntkwo=3 $, so the maximum value is $ 2/3 $.\n\nRemark. The minimum is unchanged if instead of allowing $ klmjvtrq $ to vary, we fix a particular acute triangle $ klmjvtrq $.\n\nRemark. While we are on the subject of inequalities, we should also mention the very useful Arithmetic–Mean–Geometric–Mean Inequality (AM–GM), which states that for non-negative real numbers $ zohkivap,\\ldots,nsxatwye $ we have\n\\[\n\\frac{zohkivap+zohkivap+\\cdots+nsxatwye}{lzdntkwo}\\ge\\bigl(zohkivap nsxatwye\\cdots nsxatwye\\bigr)^{1/lzdntkwo},\n\\]\nwith equality if and only if $ zohkivap=\\cdots=nsxatwye $. This is the special case $ nsvhiqaz_{oycfrnel}\\ge owirthne $ of the Power Mean Inequality. It can also be deduced by taking $ eqiulcma(k)=\\ln k $ in Jensen's Inequality."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $T$ be a fixed right triangle, and let $H$ denote its hypotenuse.  Inside $T$ draw four rectangles $R_{1},R_{2},R_{3},R_{4}$ inductively as follows.\n\\begin{itemize}\n\\item  $R_{1}$ has one side coinciding with $H$ and its other two vertices lying on the legs of $T$.\n\\item  For $k=2,3,4$, the rectangle $R_{k}$ has one side coinciding with the side of $R_{k-1}$ opposite $H$, and its two remaining vertices on the legs of $T$.\n\\end{itemize}\nAll rectangles are oriented so that their sides are parallel (respectively perpendicular) to $H$.  For any polygon $X$, write $A(X)$ for its area.\n\nDetermine the maximum possible value of\n\\[\n\\frac{A(R_{1})+A(R_{2})+A(R_{3})+A(R_{4})}{A(T)}.\n\\]",
      "solution": "Let the altitude from the right‐angled vertex of T to the hypotenuse H be drawn; call its foot D.  This altitude, of length h, divides T into two similar right triangles U (on the left) and V (on the right).\n\nThe rectangles R₁,R₂,R₃,R₄ slice the altitude into five segments whose lengths we denote by\n    a₁h, a₂h, a₃h, a₄h, a₅h    (aᵢ>0,  a₁+⋯+a₅=1).\nFor i=1,…,5 let Uᵢ be the small right triangle lying on the left of the iᵗʰ rectangle (with U₅ above R₄), and define Vᵢ analogously on the right.  Because every Uᵢ is similar to U, its area equals aᵢ²·A(U), and likewise A(Vᵢ)=aᵢ²·A(V).  Hence\n    ∑_{i=1}^5 [A(Uᵢ)+A(Vᵢ)]\n    = (a₁²+⋯+a₅²)(A(U)+A(V))\n    = (a₁²+⋯+a₅²)·A(T).\nBecause T is the disjoint union of the four rectangles and the ten small right triangles,\n    (A(R₁)+A(R₂)+A(R₃)+A(R₄))/A(T)\n      = 1 − (a₁²+⋯+a₅²).\nThus the desired ratio is maximized when ∑aᵢ² is minimized subject to aᵢ>0 and ∑aᵢ=1.  By Cauchy–Schwarz,\n    5(a₁²+⋯+a₅²) ≥ (a₁+⋯+a₅)² = 1,\nwith equality when a₁=⋯=a₅=1/5.  Hence the minimum of ∑aᵢ² is 1/5, and the maximum value of the ratio is\n    1 − 1/5 = 4/5.\nThis maximum 4/5 is attained when all five altitude‐segments—and hence all four rectangles’ heights—are equal to h/5.  The answer is independent of the particular right triangle T chosen.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Partition T with the altitude through the chosen side: T = Σ rectangles R_i  + paired similar right triangles U_i , V_i.",
          "Use similarity: each small triangle’s area = (a_i)^2 · A(U or V), where a_i is its altitude as a fraction of T’s altitude.",
          "Express target ratio as 1 − Σ a_i^2, noting that Σ a_i = 1 (stack fills the altitude).",
          "Minimize Σ a_i^2 under Σ a_i = 1 via Cauchy–Schwarz (or any convexity argument) ⇒ minimum 1/n attained at a_i = 1/n.",
          "Deduce maximum ratio = 1 − 1/n; for the stated case n = 3, value is 2/3."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Acuteness of triangle; only the existence of an interior altitude is used.",
            "original": "T is specified to be acute"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Permitting T to vary; fixing any one suitable triangle leaves the argument unchanged.",
            "original": "T ranges over all (acute) triangles"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "Number of inscribed rectangles; argument works for any n ≥ 2.",
            "original": "Exactly 2 rectangles (R and S), i.e. n = 3"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}