{
  "index": "1940-A-3",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "3. Find \\( f(x) \\) such that\n\\[\n\\int[f(x)]^{n} d x=\\left[\\int f(x) d x\\right]^{n}\n\\]\nwhen constants of integration are suitably chosen.",
  "solution": "Solution. We assume that only real-valued continuous functions \\( f \\) defined on an interval are to be considered. If we put \\( g(x)=\\int f(x)^{n} d x \\) and \\( h(x)=\\int f(x) d x \\), we are asked to find all pairs of \\( C^{1} \\)-functions \\( g \\) and \\( \\boldsymbol{h} \\) defined on an interval such that\n\\[\ng(x)=h(x)^{n}\n\\]\nand\n\\[\ng^{\\prime}(x)=h^{\\prime}(x)^{n} .\n\\]\n\nIf \\( n=1 \\), then obviously any continuous function \\( f \\) and corresponding functions \\( g \\) and \\( h \\) solve the problem, so we assume from now on that \\( n \\neq 1 \\).\n\nWe proceed formally. Differentiate (1) to get\n\\[\ng^{\\prime}(x)=n h(x)^{n-1} h^{\\prime}(x)\n\\]\nwhence\nwhere \\( A=n^{1 /(n-1)} \\). Hence\n\\[\nh(x)=c e^{A x}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( c \\). Finally\n\\[\nf(x)=h^{\\prime}(x)=c A e^{A x} .\n\\]\n\nNow let us examine this formal work critically. Since the step from (4) to (5) requires \\( h^{\\prime}(x) \\neq 0 \\), we shall restrict ourselves temporarily to an open interval \\( I \\) on which neither \\( h \\) nor \\( h^{\\prime} \\) vanishes. There is a problem about the meaning of the exponent so we are obliged to consider several cases.\n\nCASE 1. Suppose \\( n \\) cannot be represented as the quotient of two integers \\( n=p / q \\) where \\( q \\) is odd; i.e., \\( n \\) is either irrational or a rational number having even denominator when written in lowest terms. In this case we have no interpretation of \\( b^{n} \\) if \\( b<0 \\). Hence \\( h \\) and \\( h^{\\prime} \\) must both be positive throughout \\( I \\) and therefore (4) is clearly impossible if \\( n<0 \\). So we must have \\( n>0 \\). Then the solution proceeds as written with the proviso that the constant of integration \\( c \\) must be positive.\n\nCase 2. \\( n=p / q \\) where \\( p \\) and \\( q \\) are integers, \\( q \\) odd. Then \\( b^{n}=(\\sqrt[q]{b})^{p} \\) makes sense for both positive and negative \\( b \\). Equations (3), (4), and (5) follow from (1) and (2). The step to (6) requires that we subdivide the case.\n\nCase \\( 2 a . p \\) is odd. Then \\( n-1=(p-q) / q \\) with even numerator, so \\( h(x)^{n-1} \\) and \\( h^{\\prime}(x)^{n-1} \\) are positive. So again we must have \\( n>0 \\) from (5). Since we have excluded the possibility \\( n-1=0 \\), (6) follows, except that we may have instead\n\\[\nh^{\\prime}(x)=-A h(x)\n\\]\nleading to\n\\[\nh^{\\prime}(x)^{n}=n h(x)^{n-1} h^{\\prime}(x)\n\\]\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nh^{\\prime}(x)^{n-1} & =n h(x)^{n-1} \\\\\nh^{\\prime}(x) & =A h(x)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nIn both (7) and ( \\( 7^{\\prime} \\) ), \\( c \\) may be negative; we need only \\( c \\neq 0 \\).\nCase \\( 2 b . p \\) is even. Then \\( h(x)^{n-1} \\) and \\( h^{\\prime}(x)^{n-1} \\) have the signs of \\( h(x) \\) and \\( h^{\\prime}(x) \\), respectively, so \\( n \\) can be either positive or negative. (It cannot be zero, however, under our hypothesis on \\( h \\) and \\( h^{\\prime} \\).) The formal solution is then correct, \\( n^{1 /(n-1)} \\) being well defined, while the constant \\( c \\) can be either positive or negative.\n\nNow we examine the role of our hypothesis on \\( h \\) and \\( h^{\\prime} \\). Suppose we had a solution \\( h \\) defined on an interval \\( J \\) such that either \\( h \\) or \\( h^{\\prime} \\) vanished at some point of \\( J \\) but not throughout all of \\( J \\). Then there would be an open subinterval \\( I \\) of \\( J \\) on which neither \\( h \\) nor \\( h^{\\prime} \\) vanishes but with one of \\( h \\) and \\( h^{\\prime} \\) vanishing at an endpoint of I. On \\( I, h \\) and \\( h^{\\prime} \\) are given by exponential functions as we have shown (we are still assuming \\( n \\neq 1 \\) ) and these functions do not have limit zero at an endpoint of \\( I \\). Hence there are no such solutions, and the only solutions not covered above are those identically zero on an interval. Evidently these functions are solutions if \\( n>0 \\).\n\nNote that there are never solutions if \\( n=0 \\) since in that case (1) and (2) become \\( g(x)=1, g^{\\prime}(x)=1 \\).\n\nIn summary we have found that all solutions are given as follows:\nIf \\( n=1 \\), any continuous function \\( f \\) is a solution.\nIf \\( n>0, n \\neq 1 \\), then (8) gives solutions with \\( c \\geq 0 \\). If, furthermore, \\( n=p / q \\) with \\( q \\) odd, the constant \\( c \\) may be taken negative. And if also \\( p \\) is odd we have additional solutions ( \\( 8^{\\prime} \\) ) with arbitrary \\( c \\).\nIf \\( \\boldsymbol{n}=0 \\), there are no solutions.\nIf \\( n<0 \\), there are no solutions unless \\( n=p / q \\) where \\( p \\) is even and \\( q \\) is odd, in which case (8) is a solution for \\( c \\neq 0 \\).",
  "vars": [
    "f",
    "x",
    "g",
    "h",
    "b",
    "I",
    "J"
  ],
  "params": [
    "n",
    "A",
    "c",
    "p",
    "q"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "f": "function",
        "x": "variable",
        "g": "powerint",
        "h": "firstint",
        "b": "basevalue",
        "I": "intervali",
        "J": "intervalj",
        "n": "exponent",
        "A": "expfactor",
        "c": "intconstant",
        "p": "numerator",
        "q": "denominator"
      },
      "question": "3. Find \\( function(variable) \\) such that\n\\[\n\\int[function(variable)]^{exponent} d variable=\\left[\\int function(variable) d variable\\right]^{exponent}\n\\]\nwhen constants of integration are suitably chosen.",
      "solution": "Solution. We assume that only real-valued continuous functions \\( function \\) defined on an interval are to be considered. If we put \\( powerint(variable)=\\int function(variable)^{exponent} d variable \\) and \\( firstint(variable)=\\int function(variable) d variable \\), we are asked to find all pairs of \\( C^{1} \\)-functions \\( powerint \\) and \\( \\boldsymbol{firstint} \\) defined on an interval such that\n\\[\npowerint(variable)=firstint(variable)^{exponent}\n\\]\nand\n\\[\npowerint^{\\prime}(variable)=firstint^{\\prime}(variable)^{exponent} .\n\\]\n\nIf \\( exponent=1 \\), then obviously any continuous function \\( function \\) and corresponding functions \\( powerint \\) and \\( firstint \\) solve the problem, so we assume from now on that \\( exponent \\neq 1 \\).\n\nWe proceed formally. Differentiate (1) to get\n\\[\npowerint^{\\prime}(variable)=exponent\\, firstint(variable)^{exponent-1} firstint^{\\prime}(variable)\n\\]\nwhence\nwhere \\( expfactor=exponent^{1 /(exponent-1)} \\). Hence\n\\[\nfirstint(variable)=intconstant e^{expfactor\\, variable}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( intconstant \\). Finally\n\\[\nfunction(variable)=firstint^{\\prime}(variable)=intconstant\\, expfactor e^{expfactor\\, variable} .\n\\]\n\nNow let us examine this formal work critically. Since the step from (4) to (5) requires \\( firstint^{\\prime}(variable) \\neq 0 \\), we shall restrict ourselves temporarily to an open interval \\( intervali \\) on which neither \\( firstint \\) nor \\( firstint^{\\prime} \\) vanishes. There is a problem about the meaning of the exponent so we are obliged to consider several cases.\n\nCASE 1. Suppose \\( exponent \\) cannot be represented as the quotient of two integers \\( exponent=numerator / denominator \\) where \\( denominator \\) is odd; i.e., \\( exponent \\) is either irrational or a rational number having even denominator when written in lowest terms. In this case we have no interpretation of \\( basevalue^{exponent} \\) if \\( basevalue<0 \\). Hence \\( firstint \\) and \\( firstint^{\\prime} \\) must both be positive throughout \\( intervali \\) and therefore (4) is clearly impossible if \\( exponent<0 \\). So we must have \\( exponent>0 \\). Then the solution proceeds as written with the proviso that the constant of integration \\( intconstant \\) must be positive.\n\nCase 2. \\( exponent=numerator / denominator \\) where \\( numerator \\) and \\( denominator \\) are integers, \\( denominator \\) odd. Then \\( basevalue^{exponent}=(\\sqrt[denominator]{basevalue})^{numerator} \\) makes sense for both positive and negative \\( basevalue \\). Equations (3), (4), and (5) follow from (1) and (2). The step to (6) requires that we subdivide the case.\n\nCase \\( 2 a . numerator \\) is odd. Then \\( exponent-1=(numerator-denominator) / denominator \\) with even numerator, so \\( firstint(variable)^{exponent-1} \\) and \\( firstint^{\\prime}(variable)^{exponent-1} \\) are positive. So again we must have \\( exponent>0 \\) from (5). Since we have excluded the possibility \\( exponent-1=0 \\), (6) follows, except that we may have instead\n\\[\nfirstint^{\\prime}(variable)=-expfactor\\, firstint(variable)\n\\]\nleading to\n\\[\nfirstint^{\\prime}(variable)^{exponent}=exponent\\, firstint(variable)^{exponent-1} firstint^{\\prime}(variable)\n\\]\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nfirstint^{\\prime}(variable)^{exponent-1} & =exponent\\, firstint(variable)^{exponent-1} \\\\\nfirstint^{\\prime}(variable) & =expfactor\\, firstint(variable)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nIn both (7) and ( \\( 7^{\\prime} \\) ), \\( intconstant \\) may be negative; we need only \\( intconstant \\neq 0 \\).\nCase \\( 2 b . numerator \\) is even. Then \\( firstint(variable)^{exponent-1} \\) and \\( firstint^{\\prime}(variable)^{exponent-1} \\) have the signs of \\( firstint(variable) \\) and \\( firstint^{\\prime}(variable) \\), respectively, so \\( exponent \\) can be either positive or negative. (It cannot be zero, however, under our hypothesis on \\( firstint \\) and \\( firstint^{\\prime} \\).) The formal solution is then correct, \\( exponent^{1 /(exponent-1)} \\) being well defined, while the constant \\( intconstant \\) can be either positive or negative.\n\nNow we examine the role of our hypothesis on \\( firstint \\) and \\( firstint^{\\prime} \\). Suppose we had a solution \\( firstint \\) defined on an interval \\( intervalj \\) such that either \\( firstint \\) or \\( firstint^{\\prime} \\) vanished at some point of \\( intervalj \\) but not throughout all of \\( intervalj \\). Then there would be an open subinterval \\( intervali \\) of \\( intervalj \\) on which neither \\( firstint \\) nor \\( firstint^{\\prime} \\) vanishes but with one of \\( firstint \\) and \\( firstint^{\\prime} \\) vanishing at an endpoint of intervali. On \\( intervali, firstint \\) and \\( firstint^{\\prime} \\) are given by exponential functions as we have shown (we are still assuming \\( exponent \\neq 1 \\) ) and these functions do not have limit zero at an endpoint of \\( intervali \\). Hence there are no such solutions, and the only solutions not covered above are those identically zero on an interval. Evidently these functions are solutions if \\( exponent>0 \\).\n\nNote that there are never solutions if \\( exponent=0 \\) since in that case (1) and (2) become \\( powerint(variable)=1, powerint^{\\prime}(variable)=1 \\).\n\nIn summary we have found that all solutions are given as follows:\nIf \\( exponent=1 \\), any continuous function \\( function \\) is a solution.\nIf \\( exponent>0, exponent \\neq 1 \\), then (8) gives solutions with \\( intconstant \\geq 0 \\). If, furthermore, \\( exponent=numerator / denominator \\) with \\( denominator \\) odd, the constant \\( intconstant \\) may be taken negative. And if also \\( numerator \\) is odd we have additional solutions ( \\( 8^{\\prime} \\) ) with arbitrary \\( intconstant \\).\nIf \\( exponent=0 \\), there are no solutions.\nIf \\( exponent<0 \\), there are no solutions unless \\( exponent=numerator / denominator \\) where \\( numerator \\) is even and \\( denominator \\) is odd, in which case (8) is a solution for \\( intconstant \\neq 0 \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "f": "watermelon",
        "x": "paperclip",
        "g": "hydrogen",
        "h": "telescope",
        "b": "suitcase",
        "I": "blueberry",
        "J": "sailboat",
        "n": "crocodile",
        "A": "marshmallow",
        "c": "refrigerator",
        "p": "strawberry",
        "q": "harmonica"
      },
      "question": "Find \\( watermelon(paperclip) \\) such that\n\\[\n\\int[watermelon(paperclip)]^{crocodile} d paperclip=\\left[\\int watermelon(paperclip) d paperclip\\right]^{crocodile}\n\\]\nwhen constants of integration are suitably chosen.",
      "solution": "We assume that only real-valued continuous functions \\( watermelon \\) defined on an interval are to be considered. If we put \\( hydrogen(paperclip)=\\int watermelon(paperclip)^{crocodile} d paperclip \\) and \\( telescope(paperclip)=\\int watermelon(paperclip) d paperclip \\), we are asked to find all pairs of \\( C^{1} \\)-functions \\( hydrogen \\) and \\( \\boldsymbol{telescope} \\) defined on an interval such that\n\\[\nhydrogen(paperclip)=telescope(paperclip)^{crocodile}\n\\]\nand\n\\[\nhydrogen^{\\prime}(paperclip)=telescope^{\\prime}(paperclip)^{crocodile} .\n\\]\n\nIf \\( crocodile=1 \\), then obviously any continuous function \\( watermelon \\) and corresponding functions \\( hydrogen \\) and \\( telescope \\) solve the problem, so we assume from now on that \\( crocodile \\neq 1 \\).\n\nWe proceed formally. Differentiate (1) to get\n\\[\nhydrogen^{\\prime}(paperclip)=crocodile \\, telescope(paperclip)^{crocodile-1} \\, telescope^{\\prime}(paperclip)\n\\]\nwhence\nwhere \\( marshmallow=crocodile^{1 /(crocodile-1)} \\). Hence\n\\[\ntelescope(paperclip)=refrigerator \\, e^{marshmallow \\, paperclip}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( refrigerator \\). Finally\n\\[\nwatermelon(paperclip)=telescope^{\\prime}(paperclip)=refrigerator \\, marshmallow \\, e^{marshmallow \\, paperclip} .\n\\]\n\nNow let us examine this formal work critically. Since the step from (4) to (5) requires \\( telescope^{\\prime}(paperclip) \\neq 0 \\), we shall restrict ourselves temporarily to an open interval \\( blueberry \\) on which neither \\( telescope \\) nor \\( telescope^{\\prime} \\) vanishes. There is a problem about the meaning of the exponent so we are obliged to consider several cases.\n\nCASE 1. Suppose \\( crocodile \\) cannot be represented as the quotient of two integers \\( crocodile=strawberry / harmonica \\) where \\( harmonica \\) is odd; i.e., \\( crocodile \\) is either irrational or a rational number having even denominator when written in lowest terms. In this case we have no interpretation of \\( suitcase^{crocodile} \\) if \\( suitcase<0 \\). Hence \\( telescope \\) and \\( telescope^{\\prime} \\) must both be positive throughout \\( blueberry \\) and therefore (4) is clearly impossible if \\( crocodile<0 \\). So we must have \\( crocodile>0 \\). Then the solution proceeds as written with the proviso that the constant of integration \\( refrigerator \\) must be positive.\n\nCase 2. \\( crocodile=strawberry / harmonica \\) where \\( strawberry \\) and \\( harmonica \\) are integers, \\( harmonica \\) odd. Then \\( suitcase^{crocodile}=(\\sqrt[harmonica]{suitcase})^{strawberry} \\) makes sense for both positive and negative \\( suitcase \\). Equations (3), (4), and (5) follow from (1) and (2). The step to (6) requires that we subdivide the case.\n\nCase \\( 2 a . strawberry \\) is odd. Then \\( crocodile-1=(strawberry-harmonica) / harmonica \\) with even numerator, so \\( telescope(paperclip)^{crocodile-1} \\) and \\( telescope^{\\prime}(paperclip)^{crocodile-1} \\) are positive. So again we must have \\( crocodile>0 \\) from (5). Since we have excluded the possibility \\( crocodile-1=0 \\), (6) follows, except that we may have instead\n\\[\ntelescope^{\\prime}(paperclip)=-marshmallow \\, telescope(paperclip)\n\\]\nleading to\n\\[\ntelescope^{\\prime}(paperclip)^{crocodile}=crocodile \\, telescope(paperclip)^{crocodile-1} \\, telescope^{\\prime}(paperclip)\n\\]\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ntelescope^{\\prime}(paperclip)^{crocodile-1} & =crocodile \\, telescope(paperclip)^{crocodile-1} \\\\\ntelescope^{\\prime}(paperclip) & =marshmallow \\, telescope(paperclip)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nIn both (7) and ( \\( 7^{\\prime} \\) ), \\( refrigerator \\) may be negative; we need only \\( refrigerator \\neq 0 \\).\nCase \\( 2 b . strawberry \\) is even. Then \\( telescope(paperclip)^{crocodile-1} \\) and \\( telescope^{\\prime}(paperclip)^{crocodile-1} \\) have the signs of \\( telescope(paperclip) \\) and \\( telescope^{\\prime}(paperclip) \\), respectively, so \\( crocodile \\) can be either positive or negative. (It cannot be zero, however, under our hypothesis on \\( telescope \\) and \\( telescope^{\\prime} \\).) The formal solution is then correct, \\( crocodile^{1 /(crocodile-1)} \\) being well defined, while the constant \\( refrigerator \\) can be either positive or negative.\n\nNow we examine the role of our hypothesis on \\( telescope \\) and \\( telescope^{\\prime} \\). Suppose we had a solution \\( telescope \\) defined on an interval \\( sailboat \\) such that either \\( telescope \\) or \\( telescope^{\\prime} \\) vanished at some point of \\( sailboat \\) but not throughout all of \\( sailboat \\). Then there would be an open subinterval \\( blueberry \\) of \\( sailboat \\) on which neither \\( telescope \\) nor \\( telescope^{\\prime} \\) vanishes but with one of \\( telescope \\) and \\( telescope^{\\prime} \\) vanishing at an endpoint of blueberry. On \\( blueberry, telescope \\) and \\( telescope^{\\prime} \\) are given by exponential functions as we have shown (we are still assuming \\( crocodile \\neq 1 \\) ) and these functions do not have limit zero at an endpoint of \\( blueberry \\). Hence there are no such solutions, and the only solutions not covered above are those identically zero on an interval. Evidently these functions are solutions if \\( crocodile>0 \\).\n\nNote that there are never solutions if \\( crocodile=0 \\) since in that case (1) and (2) become \\( hydrogen(paperclip)=1, hydrogen^{\\prime}(paperclip)=1 \\).\n\nIn summary we have found that all solutions are given as follows:\nIf \\( crocodile=1 \\), any continuous function \\( watermelon \\) is a solution.\nIf \\( crocodile>0, crocodile \\neq 1 \\), then (8) gives solutions with \\( refrigerator \\geq 0 \\). If, furthermore, \\( crocodile=strawberry / harmonica \\) with \\( harmonica \\) odd, the constant \\( refrigerator \\) may be taken negative. And if also \\( strawberry \\) is odd we have additional solutions ( \\( 8^{\\prime} \\) ) with arbitrary \\( refrigerator \\).\nIf \\( \\boldsymbol{crocodile}=0 \\), there are no solutions.\nIf \\( crocodile<0 \\), there are no solutions unless \\( crocodile=strawberry / harmonica \\) where \\( strawberry \\) is even and \\( harmonica \\) is odd, in which case (8) is a solution for \\( refrigerator \\neq 0 \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "f": "constantval",
        "x": "staticpoint",
        "g": "derivativepower",
        "h": "derivativebasic",
        "b": "exponentvalue",
        "I": "closedsegment",
        "J": "singularpoint",
        "n": "divisorindex",
        "A": "variablefactor",
        "c": "variableterm",
        "p": "denominator",
        "q": "numeratorval"
      },
      "question": "Problem:\n<<<\n3. Find \\( constantval(staticpoint) \\) such that\n\\[\n\\int[constantval(staticpoint)]^{divisorindex} d staticpoint=\\left[\\int constantval(staticpoint) d staticpoint\\right]^{divisorindex}\n\\]\nwhen constants of integration are suitably chosen.\n>>>\n",
      "solution": "Solution:\n<<<\nSolution. We assume that only real-valued continuous functions \\( constantval \\) defined on an interval are to be considered. If we put \\( derivativepower(staticpoint)=\\int constantval(staticpoint)^{divisorindex} d staticpoint \\) and \\( derivativebasic(staticpoint)=\\int constantval(staticpoint) d staticpoint \\), we are asked to find all pairs of \\( C^{1} \\)-functions \\( derivativepower \\) and \\( \\boldsymbol{derivativebasic} \\) defined on an interval such that\n\\[\nderivativepower(staticpoint)=derivativebasic(staticpoint)^{divisorindex}\n\\]\nand\n\\[\nderivativepower^{\\prime}(staticpoint)=derivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint)^{divisorindex} .\n\\]\n\nIf \\( divisorindex=1 \\), then obviously any continuous function \\( constantval \\) and corresponding functions \\( derivativepower \\) and \\( derivativebasic \\) solve the problem, so we assume from now on that \\( divisorindex \\neq 1 \\).\n\nWe proceed formally. Differentiate (1) to get\n\\[\nderivativepower^{\\prime}(staticpoint)=divisorindex\\,derivativebasic(staticpoint)^{divisorindex-1}\\,derivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint)\n\\]\nwhence\nwhere \\( variablefactor=divisorindex^{1 /(divisorindex-1)} \\). Hence\n\\[\nderivativebasic(staticpoint)=variableterm e^{variablefactor staticpoint}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( variableterm \\). Finally\n\\[\nconstantval(staticpoint)=derivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint)=variableterm\\,variablefactor e^{variablefactor staticpoint} .\n\\]\n\nNow let us examine this formal work critically. Since the step from (4) to (5) requires \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint) \\neq 0 \\), we shall restrict ourselves temporarily to an open interval \\( closedsegment \\) on which neither \\( derivativebasic \\) nor \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime} \\) vanishes. There is a problem about the meaning of the exponent so we are obliged to consider several cases.\n\nCASE 1. Suppose \\( divisorindex \\) cannot be represented as the quotient of two integers \\( divisorindex=denominator / numeratorval \\) where \\( numeratorval \\) is odd; i.e., \\( divisorindex \\) is either irrational or a rational number having even denominator when written in lowest terms. In this case we have no interpretation of \\( exponentvalue^{divisorindex} \\) if \\( exponentvalue<0 \\). Hence \\( derivativebasic \\) and \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime} \\) must both be positive throughout \\( closedsegment \\) and therefore (4) is clearly impossible if \\( divisorindex<0 \\). So we must have \\( divisorindex>0 \\). Then the solution proceeds as written with the proviso that the constant of integration \\( variableterm \\) must be positive.\n\nCase 2. \\( divisorindex=denominator / numeratorval \\) where \\( denominator \\) and \\( numeratorval \\) are integers, \\( numeratorval \\) odd. Then \\( exponentvalue^{divisorindex}=(\\sqrt[numeratorval]{exponentvalue})^{denominator} \\) makes sense for both positive and negative \\( exponentvalue \\). Equations (3), (4), and (5) follow from (1) and (2). The step to (6) requires that we subdivide the case.\n\nCase \\( 2 a . denominator \\) is odd. Then \\( divisorindex-1=(denominator-numeratorval) / numeratorval \\) with even numerator, so \\( derivativebasic(staticpoint)^{divisorindex-1} \\) and \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint)^{divisorindex-1} \\) are positive. So again we must have \\( divisorindex>0 \\) from (5). Since we have excluded the possibility \\( divisorindex-1=0 \\), (6) follows, except that we may have instead\n\\[\nderivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint)=-variablefactor\\,derivativebasic(staticpoint)\n\\]\nleading to\n\\[\nderivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint)^{divisorindex}=divisorindex\\,derivativebasic(staticpoint)^{divisorindex-1}\\,derivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint)\n\\]\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nderivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint)^{divisorindex-1} & =divisorindex\\,derivativebasic(staticpoint)^{divisorindex-1} \\\\\nderivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint) & =variablefactor\\,derivativebasic(staticpoint)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nIn both (7) and ( \\( 7^{\\prime} \\) ), \\( variableterm \\) may be negative; we need only \\( variableterm \\neq 0 \\).\nCase \\( 2 b . denominator \\) is even. Then \\( derivativebasic(staticpoint)^{divisorindex-1} \\) and \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint)^{divisorindex-1} \\) have the signs of \\( derivativebasic(staticpoint) \\) and \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime}(staticpoint) \\), respectively, so \\( divisorindex \\) can be either positive or negative. (It cannot be zero, however, under our hypothesis on \\( derivativebasic \\) and \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime} \\).) The formal solution is then correct, \\( divisorindex^{1 /(divisorindex-1)} \\) being well defined, while the constant \\( variableterm \\) can be either positive or negative.\n\nNow we examine the role of our hypothesis on \\( derivativebasic \\) and \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime} \\). Suppose we had a solution \\( derivativebasic \\) defined on an interval \\( singularpoint \\) such that either \\( derivativebasic \\) or \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime} \\) vanished at some point of \\( singularpoint \\) but not throughout all of \\( singularpoint \\). Then there would be an open subinterval \\( closedsegment \\) of \\( singularpoint \\) on which neither \\( derivativebasic \\) nor \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime} \\) vanishes but with one of \\( derivativebasic \\) and \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime} \\) vanishing at an endpoint of closedsegment. On \\( closedsegment, derivativebasic \\) and \\( derivativebasic^{\\prime} \\) are given by exponential functions as we have shown (we are still assuming \\( divisorindex \\neq 1 \\) ) and these functions do not have limit zero at an endpoint of \\( closedsegment \\). Hence there are no such solutions, and the only solutions not covered above are those identically zero on an interval. Evidently these functions are solutions if \\( divisorindex>0 \\).\n\nNote that there are never solutions if \\( divisorindex=0 \\) since in that case (1) and (2) become \\( derivativepower(staticpoint)=1, derivativepower^{\\prime}(staticpoint)=1 \\).\n\nIn summary we have found that all solutions are given as follows:\nIf \\( divisorindex=1 \\), any continuous function \\( constantval \\) is a solution.\nIf \\( divisorindex>0, divisorindex \\neq 1 \\), then (8) gives solutions with \\( variableterm \\geq 0 \\). If, furthermore, \\( divisorindex=denominator / numeratorval \\) with \\( numeratorval \\) odd, the constant \\( variableterm \\) may be taken negative. And if also \\( denominator \\) is odd we have additional solutions ( \\( 8^{\\prime} \\) ) with arbitrary \\( variableterm \\).\nIf \\( \\boldsymbol{divisorindex}=0 \\), there are no solutions.\nIf \\( divisorindex<0 \\), there are no solutions unless \\( divisorindex=denominator / numeratorval \\) where \\( denominator \\) is even and \\( numeratorval \\) is odd, in which case (8) is a solution for \\( variableterm \\neq 0 \\).\n>>>\n"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "f": "lqkzopxea",
        "x": "znbrkstuf",
        "g": "prdmlowei",
        "h": "qvnstgepa",
        "b": "mzyfhcdor",
        "I": "rklvndepa",
        "J": "ajvfogrix",
        "n": "wsyzrhjbo",
        "A": "udxnplmte",
        "c": "hvyqprdsa",
        "p": "kczsmrtaf",
        "q": "bndqfylue"
      },
      "question": "3. Find \\( lqkzopxea(znbrkstuf) \\) such that\n\\[\n\\int[lqkzopxea(znbrkstuf)]^{wsyzrhjbo} d znbrkstuf=\\left[\\int lqkzopxea(znbrkstuf) d znbrkstuf\\right]^{wsyzrhjbo}\n\\]\nwhen constants of integration are suitably chosen.",
      "solution": "Solution. We assume that only real-valued continuous functions \\( lqkzopxea \\) defined on an interval are to be considered. If we put \\( prdmlowei(znbrkstuf)=\\int lqkzopxea(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo} d znbrkstuf \\) and \\( qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)=\\int lqkzopxea(znbrkstuf) d znbrkstuf \\), we are asked to find all pairs of \\( C^{1} \\)-functions \\( prdmlowei \\) and \\( \\boldsymbol{qvnstgepa} \\) defined on an interval such that\n\\[\nprdmlowei(znbrkstuf)=qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo}\n\\]\nand\n\\[\nprdmlowei^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)=qvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo} .\n\\]\n\nIf \\( wsyzrhjbo=1 \\), then obviously any continuous function \\( lqkzopxea \\) and corresponding functions \\( prdmlowei \\) and \\( qvnstgepa \\) solve the problem, so we assume from now on that \\( wsyzrhjbo \\neq 1 \\).\n\nWe proceed formally. Differentiate (1) to get\n\\[\nprdmlowei^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)=wsyzrhjbo \\, qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo-1} \\, qvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)\n\\]\nwhence\nwhere \\( udxnplmte=wsyzrhjbo^{1 /(wsyzrhjbo-1)} \\). Hence\n\\[\nqvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)=hvyqprdsa e^{udxnplmte \\, znbrkstuf}\n\\]\nfor some constant \\( hvyqprdsa \\). Finally\n\\[\nlqkzopxea(znbrkstuf)=qvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)=hvyqprdsa \\, udxnplmte \\, e^{udxnplmte \\, znbrkstuf} .\n\\]\n\nNow let us examine this formal work critically. Since the step from (4) to (5) requires \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf) \\neq 0 \\), we shall restrict ourselves temporarily to an open interval \\( rklvndepa \\) on which neither \\( qvnstgepa \\) nor \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime} \\) vanishes. There is a problem about the meaning of the exponent so we are obliged to consider several cases.\n\nCASE 1. Suppose \\( wsyzrhjbo \\) cannot be represented as the quotient of two integers \\( wsyzrhjbo=kczsmrtaf / bndqfylue \\) where \\( bndqfylue \\) is odd; i.e., \\( wsyzrhjbo \\) is either irrational or a rational number having even denominator when written in lowest terms. In this case we have no interpretation of \\( mzyfhcdor^{wsyzrhjbo} \\) if \\( mzyfhcdor<0 \\). Hence \\( qvnstgepa \\) and \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime} \\) must both be positive throughout \\( rklvndepa \\) and therefore (4) is clearly impossible if \\( wsyzrhjbo<0 \\). So we must have \\( wsyzrhjbo>0 \\). Then the solution proceeds as written with the proviso that the constant of integration \\( hvyqprdsa \\) must be positive.\n\nCase 2. \\( wsyzrhjbo=kczsmrtaf / bndqfylue \\) where \\( kczsmrtaf \\) and \\( bndqfylue \\) are integers, \\( bndqfylue \\) odd. Then \\( mzyfhcdor^{wsyzrhjbo}=(\\sqrt[bndqfylue]{mzyfhcdor})^{kczsmrtaf} \\) makes sense for both positive and negative \\( mzyfhcdor \\). Equations (3), (4), and (5) follow from (1) and (2). The step to (6) requires that we subdivide the case.\n\nCase \\( 2 a . kczsmrtaf \\) is odd. Then \\( wsyzrhjbo-1=(kczsmrtaf-bndqfylue) / bndqfylue \\) with even numerator, so \\( qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo-1} \\) and \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo-1} \\) are positive. So again we must have \\( wsyzrhjbo>0 \\) from (5). Since we have excluded the possibility \\( wsyzrhjbo-1=0 \\), (6) follows, except that we may have instead\n\\[\nqvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)=-udxnplmte \\, qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)\n\\]\nleading to\n\\[\nqvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo}=wsyzrhjbo \\, qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo-1} \\, qvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)\n\\]\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nqvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo-1} & =wsyzrhjbo \\, qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo-1} \\\\\nqvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf) & =udxnplmte \\, qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nIn both (7) and ( \\( 7^{\\prime} \\) ), \\( hvyqprdsa \\) may be negative; we need only \\( hvyqprdsa \\neq 0 \\).\nCase \\( 2 b . kczsmrtaf \\) is even. Then \\( qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo-1} \\) and \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)^{wsyzrhjbo-1} \\) have the signs of \\( qvnstgepa(znbrkstuf) \\) and \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf) \\), respectively, so \\( wsyzrhjbo \\) can be either positive or negative. (It cannot be zero, however, under our hypothesis on \\( qvnstgepa \\) and \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime} \\).) The formal solution is then correct, \\( wsyzrhjbo^{1 /(wsyzrhjbo-1)} \\) being well defined, while the constant \\( hvyqprdsa \\) can be either positive or negative.\n\nNow we examine the role of our hypothesis on \\( qvnstgepa \\) and \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime} \\). Suppose we had a solution \\( qvnstgepa \\) defined on an interval \\( ajvfogrix \\) such that either \\( qvnstgepa \\) or \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime} \\) vanished at some point of \\( ajvfogrix \\) but not throughout all of \\( ajvfogrix \\). Then there would be an open subinterval \\( rklvndepa \\) of \\( ajvfogrix \\) on which neither \\( qvnstgepa \\) nor \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime} \\) vanishes but with one of \\( qvnstgepa \\) and \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime} \\) vanishing at an endpoint of \\( rklvndepa \\). On \\( rklvndepa, qvnstgepa \\) and \\( qvnstgepa^{\\prime} \\) are given by exponential functions as we have shown (we are still assuming \\( wsyzrhjbo \\neq 1 \\) ) and these functions do not have limit zero at an endpoint of \\( rklvndepa \\). Hence there are no such solutions, and the only solutions not covered above are those identically zero on an interval. Evidently these functions are solutions if \\( wsyzrhjbo>0 \\).\n\nNote that there are never solutions if \\( wsyzrhjbo=0 \\) since in that case (1) and (2) become \\( prdmlowei(znbrkstuf)=1, prdmlowei^{\\prime}(znbrkstuf)=1 \\).\n\nIn summary we have found that all solutions are given as follows:\nIf \\( wsyzrhjbo=1 \\), any continuous function \\( lqkzopxea \\) is a solution.\nIf \\( wsyzrhjbo>0, wsyzrhjbo \\neq 1 \\), then (8) gives solutions with \\( hvyqprdsa \\geq 0 \\). If, furthermore, \\( wsyzrhjbo=kczsmrtaf / bndqfylue \\) with \\( bndqfylue \\) odd, the constant \\( hvyqprdsa \\) may be taken negative. And if also \\( kczsmrtaf \\) is odd we have additional solutions ( \\( 8^{\\prime} \\) ) with arbitrary \\( hvyqprdsa \\).\nIf \\( \\boldsymbol{wsyzrhjbo}=0 \\), there are no solutions.\nIf \\( wsyzrhjbo<0 \\), there are no solutions unless \\( wsyzrhjbo=kczsmrtaf / bndqfylue \\) where \\( kczsmrtaf \\) is even and \\( bndqfylue \\) is odd, in which case (8) is a solution for \\( hvyqprdsa \\neq 0 \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let p be a fixed real number with p ≠ 1 and let I ⊂ ℝ be a non-degenerate interval.\n\nThroughout we use the following convention for real powers.\n• If p is irrational, or p = r/s written in lowest terms with s even, the expression a^p is defined only for a > 0.\n• If p = r/s with s odd, the power a^p is defined for every real a (we take the unique real s-th root when s is odd and then raise to the r-th power).\n\nIn particular 0^p is defined only when p = r/s with s odd and p > 0; otherwise the expression 0^p is not defined.\n\nA continuous real-valued function f : I → ℝ is said to satisfy condition (★) if there exist two (fixed) antiderivatives F, G of f and f^p, respectively, such that\n      G(x) = ( 1 + F(x) )^p   for every x ∈ I.    (★)\n\nDetermine all continuous functions f that satisfy (★) according to the above convention on real powers.",
      "solution": "We keep one antiderivative for each integrand once and for all\n  F(x)=∫f,  G(x)=∫f^p,  so that  G(x)=(1+F(x))^p.  (1)\nDifferentiating (1) and using F′ = f, G′ = f^p gives\n  f(x)^p = p (1+F(x))^{p-1} f(x).  (2)\nAt points where f(x)≠0 we may divide by f(x):\n  [ f(x)/(1+F(x)) ]^{p-1} = p.  (3)\nHence on every interval J⊂I on which the factors stay non-zero there is a constant A with\n  A^{p-1}=p  and  f(x)=ω A (1+F(x)),  ω∈{±1}, ω^{p-1}=1. (4)\n\nStep 1 Existence of a real A with A^{p-1}=p\n(i) p>0. Take the positive root A = p^{1/(p-1)} >0.\n(ii) p<0. Necessarily p is rational r/s with s odd (otherwise a^p would be undefined for negative a).  One checks that r must be even.  Put A = −|p|^{1/(p-1)}; then (−|p|^{1/(p-1)})^{p-1}=p.  Thus\n  A exists ⇔ either p>0 or p<0 is rational with odd denominator and even numerator. (5)\n\nStep 2 Solving for F and f\nWhenever A exists, (4) together with F′=f is a linear ODE:\n  F′(x)=ω A (1+F(x)).\nIts solutions on J are\n  1+F(x)=C e^{ω A x} (C ≠ 0),  f(x)=ω A C e^{ω A x}.  (6)\n\nStep 3 Sign restrictions coming from the power convention\n•  If p is irrational or p = r/s with s even, the base 1+F must stay positive.  Formula (6) then forces C>0 and ω=+1 (because e^{ωAx}>0).\n•  If p = r/s with s odd, negative bases are admissible.  The choice ω=−1 is possible exactly when (−1)^{p-1}=1, i.e. when r−s is even.  For p>0 this means r is odd; for admissible p<0 (r even) we must take ω=+1.  Because e^{ωAx} never vanishes, the sign of 1+F(x)=C e^{ωAx} equals the sign of C and does not change on any connected component of I.\n\nStep 4 The zero solution\nAssume f≡0.  Then F and G are constant and (1) becomes c₁ = c^p with c = 1+F constant.  We must evaluate f^p = 0^p, which is defined only when p = r/s with s odd and p > 0.  Consequently\n  f≡0 is a solution ⇔ p is a positive rational number with odd denominator (integers included). (7)\n\nStep 5 Complete list of continuous solutions on a connected interval I\nA. Zero family (p positive rational with odd denominator):\n  f(x) ≡ 0.\n  Choose any constant c such that c^p is meaningful (note that c may now be negative if the denominator is odd); put 1+F ≡ c and G ≡ c^p.\n\nB. Exponential family (non-zero solutions):\n  This family exists precisely for\n   (i) all real p>0, p≠1;  (ii) all negative rationals p=r/s with s odd and r even.\n  For such a p let A be as in (5):\n   A = p^{1/(p-1)}  if p>0,\n   A = −|p|^{1/(p-1)} if p<0.\n  Choose\n   C subject to C>0 if p is irrational or p=r/s with s even, otherwise C∈ℝ\\{0};\n   ω = +1 always, and in addition ω = −1 when p = r/s with s odd and r odd (this never occurs when p<0).\n  Then\n   1+F(x)=C e^{ω A x},\n   f(x)=ω A C e^{ω A x},\n   G(x)=(1+F(x))^{p}=C^{p} e^{ω A p x}\n  satisfy (★) on I and exhaust all non-zero solutions.\n\nC. Special value p = 0.\n  Equation (★) forces simultaneously G′ = f^0 ≡ 1 and G constant – a contradiction.  Hence no solutions exist for p = 0.\n\nNo other continuous real solutions of (★) exist (for p = 1 the identity (★) holds for every continuous f, but p = 1 is excluded by hypothesis).\n\n∎",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Set g(x)=∫f(x)^n dx and h(x)=∫f(x) dx, so g=h^n and g'=h'^n",
          "Differentiate g=h^n to get h'^n = n h^{n-1} h', hence h'^{n-1} = n h^{n-1}",
          "Rewrite as (h'/h)^{n-1}=n, giving constant ratio h'/h = ± n^{1/(n-1)} ≡ ±A",
          "Solve ODE h' = ±A h → h(x)=c e^{±A x}; then f(x)=h'(x)=±A c e^{±A x}",
          "Apply real-valued/zero cases (n≠1, sign restrictions, etc.) to catalogue all admissible solutions"
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Exponent parameter in the power identity (any real value except the singular ones dealt with separately)",
            "original": "n"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Arbitrary additive constants chosen when defining the two indefinite integrals",
            "original": "‘constants of integration are suitably chosen’"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "Multiplicative constant appearing in exponential solution for h",
            "original": "c in h(x)=c e^{±A x}"
          },
          "slot4": {
            "description": "Magnitude of the constant ratio linking h' and h",
            "original": "A = n^{1/(n-1)}"
          },
          "slot5": {
            "description": "Choice of sign in the linear ODE h' = ±A h (both signs lead to same reasoning)",
            "original": "positive sign taken first, negative admitted later"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}