{
  "index": "2015-B-4",
  "type": "COMB",
  "tag": [
    "COMB",
    "NT",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Let $T$ be the set of all triples $(a,b,c)$ of positive integers for which there exist triangles with side lengths $a,b,c$. Express\n\\[\n\\sum_{(a,b,c) \\in T} \\frac{2^a}{3^b 5^c} \n\\]\nas a rational number in lowest terms.",
  "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\nThe answer is $17/21$. For fixed $b,c$, there is a triangle of side lengths $a,b,c$ if and only if $|b-c|<a<b+c$. It follows that the desired sum is\n\\[\nS = \\sum_{b,c} \\frac{1}{3^b5^c} \\left(\\sum_{a=|b-c|+1}^{b+c-1} 2^a \\right) = \\sum_{b,c} \\frac{2^{b+c}-2^{|b-c|+1}}{3^b5^c}.\n\\]\nWe write this as $S = S_1+S_2$ where $S_1$ sums over positive integers $b,c$ with $b\\leq c$ and $S_2$ sums over $b>c$. Then\n\\begin{align*}\nS_1 &= \\sum_{b=1}^\\infty \\sum_{c=b}^\\infty \\frac{2^{b+c}-2^{c-b+1}}{3^b 5^c} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{b=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^b-\\frac{2}{6^b} \\right) \\sum_{c=b}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{2}{5} \\right)^c \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{b=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^b-\\frac{2}{6^b} \\right) \\frac{5}{3} \\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^b \\\\\n&= \\sum_{b=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{5}{3} \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^b - \\frac{10}{3} \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^b \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{85}{231}.\n\\end{align*}\nSimilarly,\n\\begin{align*}\nS_2 &= \\sum_{c=1}^\\infty \\sum_{b=c+1}^\\infty \\frac{2^{b+c}-2^{b-c+1}}{3^b 5^c} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{c=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^c-\\frac{2}{10^c} \\right) \\sum_{b=c+1}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\right)^b \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{c=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^c-\\frac{2}{10^c} \\right) 3 \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{c+1} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{c=1}^\\infty \\left( 2 \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^c - 4 \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^c \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{34}{77}.\n\\end{align*}\nWe conclude that $S = S_1+S_2 = \\frac{17}{21}$.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Second solution:}\nRecall that the real numbers $a,b,c$ form the side lengths of a triangle if and only if\n\\[\ns-a, s-b, s-c > 0 \\qquad s = \\frac{a+b+c}{2},\n\\]\nand that if we put $x = 2(s-a), y = 2(s-b), z = 2(s-c)$,\n\\[\na = \\frac{y+z}{2}, b = \\frac{z+x}{2}, c = \\frac{x+y}{2}.\n\\]\nTo generate all \\emph{integer} triples $(a,b,c)$ which form the side lengths of a triangle, we must also assume that $x,y,z$ are either all even or all odd. We may therefore write the original sum as\n\\[\n%\\sum_{(a,b,c) \\in T} \\frac{2^a}{3^b 5^c}\n%=\n\\sum_{x,y,z >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,odd}} \\frac{2^{(y+z)/2}}{3^{(z+x)/2} 5^{(x+y)/2}}\n+ \\sum_{x,y,z >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,even}} \\frac{2^{(y+z)/2}}{3^{(z+x)/2} 5^{(x+y)/2}}.\n\\]\nTo unify the two sums, we substitute in the first case  $x = 2u+1, y = 2v+1, z = 2w+1$ and in the second case $x = 2u+2, y = 2v+2, z = 2w+2$ to obtain\n\\begin{align*}\n\\sum_{(a,b,c) \\in T} \\frac{2^a}{3^b 5^c}\n&= \\sum_{u,v,w=1}^\\infty \\frac{2^{v+w}}{3^{w+u} 5^{u+v}} \\left( 1 + \\frac{2^{-1}}{3^{-1} 5^{-1}} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{2} \\sum_{u=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{1}{15} \\right)^u \\sum_{v=1}^\\infty\n\\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^v \\sum_{w=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^w \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{2} \\frac{1/15}{1-1/15} \\frac{2/5}{1-2/5} \\frac{2/3}{1-2/3} \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{21}.\n\\end{align*}",
  "vars": [
    "T",
    "a",
    "b",
    "c",
    "S",
    "s",
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",
    "u",
    "v",
    "w"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "T": "tripleset",
        "a": "sideone",
        "b": "sidetwo",
        "c": "sidethr",
        "S": "totalsum",
        "s": "semiper",
        "x": "auxvarx",
        "y": "auxvary",
        "z": "auxvarz",
        "u": "indexuu",
        "v": "indexvv",
        "w": "indexww"
      },
      "question": "Let $tripleset$ be the set of all triples $(sideone,sidetwo,sidethr)$ of positive integers for which there exist triangles with side lengths $sideone,sidetwo,sidethr$. Express\n\\[\n\\sum_{(sideone,sidetwo,sidethr) \\in tripleset} \\frac{2^{sideone}}{3^{sidetwo} 5^{sidethr}} \n\\]\nas a rational number in lowest terms.",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\\nThe answer is $17/21$. For fixed $sidetwo,sidethr$, there is a triangle of side lengths $sideone,sidetwo,sidethr$ if and only if $|sidetwo-sidethr|<sideone<sidetwo+sidethr$. It follows that the desired sum is\\n\\[\ntotalsum = \\sum_{sidetwo,sidethr} \\frac{1}{3^{sidetwo}5^{sidethr}} \\left(\\sum_{sideone=|sidetwo-sidethr|+1}^{sidetwo+sidethr-1} 2^{sideone} \\right) = \\sum_{sidetwo,sidethr} \\frac{2^{sidetwo+sidethr}-2^{|sidetwo-sidethr|+1}}{3^{sidetwo}5^{sidethr}}.\\n\\]\\nWe write this as $totalsum = totalsum_1+totalsum_2$ where $totalsum_1$ sums over positive integers $sidetwo,sidethr$ with $sidetwo\\leq sidethr$ and $totalsum_2$ sums over $sidetwo>sidethr$. Then\\n\\begin{align*}\\ntotalsum_1 &= \\sum_{sidetwo=1}^{\\infty} \\sum_{sidethr=sidetwo}^{\\infty} \\frac{2^{sidetwo+sidethr}-2^{sidethr-sidetwo+1}}{3^{sidetwo} 5^{sidethr}} \\\\&= \\sum_{sidetwo=1}^{\\infty} \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^{sidetwo}-\\frac{2}{6^{sidetwo}} \\right) \\sum_{sidethr=sidetwo}^{\\infty} \\left(\\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{sidethr} \\right) \\\\&= \\sum_{sidetwo=1}^{\\infty} \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^{sidetwo}-\\frac{2}{6^{sidetwo}} \\right) \\frac{5}{3} \\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{sidetwo} \\\\&= \\sum_{sidetwo=1}^{\\infty} \\left( \\frac{5}{3} \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^{sidetwo} - \\frac{10}{3} \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^{sidetwo} \\right) \\\\&= \\frac{85}{231}.\\n\\end{align*}\\nSimilarly,\\n\\begin{align*}\\ntotalsum_2 &= \\sum_{sidethr=1}^{\\infty} \\sum_{sidetwo=sidethr+1}^{\\infty} \\frac{2^{sidetwo+sidethr}-2^{sidetwo-sidethr+1}}{3^{sidetwo} 5^{sidethr}} \\\\&= \\sum_{sidethr=1}^{\\infty} \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^{sidethr}-\\frac{2}{10^{sidethr}} \\right) \\sum_{sidetwo=sidethr+1}^{\\infty} \\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{sidetwo} \\right) \\\\&= \\sum_{sidethr=1}^{\\infty} \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^{sidethr}-\\frac{2}{10^{sidethr}} \\right) 3 \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{sidethr+1} \\\\&= \\sum_{sidethr=1}^{\\infty} \\left( 2 \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^{sidethr} - 4 \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^{sidethr} \\right) \\\\&= \\frac{34}{77}.\\n\\end{align*}\\nWe conclude that $totalsum = totalsum_1+totalsum_2 = \\frac{17}{21}$.\\n\\n\\noindent\\textbf{Second solution:}\\nRecall that the real numbers $sideone,sidetwo,sidethr$ form the side lengths of a triangle if and only if\\n\\[\\nsemiper-sideone,\\; semiper-sidetwo,\\; semiper-sidethr > 0 \\qquad semiper = \\frac{sideone+sidetwo+sidethr}{2},\\n\\]\\nand that if we put $auxvarx = 2(semiper-sideone),\\; auxvary = 2(semiper-sidetwo),\\; auxvarz = 2(semiper-sidethr)$,\\n\\[\\nsideone = \\frac{auxvary+auxvarz}{2}, \\quad sidetwo = \\frac{auxvarz+auxvarx}{2}, \\quad sidethr = \\frac{auxvarx+auxvary}{2}.\\n\\]\\nTo generate all \\emph{integer} triples $(sideone,sidetwo,sidethr)$ which form the side lengths of a triangle, we must also assume that $auxvarx,auxvary,auxvarz$ are either all even or all odd. We may therefore write the original sum as\\n\\[\\n%\\sum_{(sideone,sidetwo,sidethr) \\in tripleset} \\frac{2^{sideone}}{3^{sidetwo} 5^{sidethr}}\\n%=\n\\sum_{auxvarx,auxvary,auxvarz >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,odd}} \\frac{2^{(auxvary+auxvarz)/2}}{3^{(auxvarz+auxvarx)/2} 5^{(auxvarx+auxvary)/2}}\n+ \\sum_{auxvarx,auxvary,auxvarz >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,even}} \\frac{2^{(auxvary+auxvarz)/2}}{3^{(auxvarz+auxvarx)/2} 5^{(auxvarx+auxvary)/2}}.\\n\\]\\nTo unify the two sums, we substitute in the first case  $auxvarx = 2indexuu+1,\\; auxvary = 2indexvv+1,\\; auxvarz = 2indexww+1$ and in the second case $auxvarx = 2indexuu+2,\\; auxvary = 2indexvv+2,\\; auxvarz = 2indexww+2$ to obtain\\n\\begin{align*}\\n\\sum_{(sideone,sidetwo,sidethr) \\in tripleset} \\frac{2^{sideone}}{3^{sidetwo} 5^{sidethr}}\n&= \\sum_{indexuu,indexvv,indexww=1}^{\\infty} \\frac{2^{indexvv+indexww}}{3^{indexww+indexuu} 5^{indexuu+indexvv}} \\left( 1 + \\frac{2^{-1}}{3^{-1} 5^{-1}} \\right) \\\\&= \\frac{17}{2} \\sum_{indexuu=1}^{\\infty} \\left( \\frac{1}{15} \\right)^{indexuu} \\sum_{indexvv=1}^{\\infty}\n\\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{indexvv} \\sum_{indexww=1}^{\\infty} \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{indexww} \\\\&= \\frac{17}{2} \\frac{1/15}{1-1/15} \\frac{2/5}{1-2/5} \\frac{2/3}{1-2/3} \\\\&= \\frac{17}{21}.\\n\\end{align*}"
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "T": "cloudberry",
        "a": "marigold",
        "b": "shoelace",
        "c": "driftwood",
        "S": "undermoon",
        "s": "honeycomb",
        "x": "playfield",
        "y": "toothpick",
        "z": "rainspout",
        "u": "silverfox",
        "v": "toadflax",
        "w": "dragonfly"
      },
      "question": "Let $cloudberry$ be the set of all triples $(marigold,shoelace,driftwood)$ of positive integers for which there exist triangles with side lengths $marigold,shoelace,driftwood$. Express\n\\[\n\\sum_{(marigold,shoelace,driftwood) \\in cloudberry} \\frac{2^{marigold}}{3^{shoelace} 5^{driftwood}} \n\\]\nas a rational number in lowest terms.",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\nThe answer is $17/21$. For fixed $shoelace,driftwood$, there is a triangle of side lengths $marigold,shoelace,driftwood$ if and only if $|shoelace-driftwood|<marigold<shoelace+driftwood$. It follows that the desired sum is\n\\[\nundermoon = \\sum_{shoelace,driftwood} \\frac{1}{3^{shoelace}5^{driftwood}} \\left(\\sum_{marigold=|shoelace-driftwood|+1}^{shoelace+driftwood-1} 2^{marigold} \\right) = \\sum_{shoelace,driftwood} \\frac{2^{shoelace+driftwood}-2^{|shoelace-driftwood|+1}}{3^{shoelace}5^{driftwood}}.\n\\]\nWe write this as $undermoon = undermoon_1+undermoon_2$ where $undermoon_1$ sums over positive integers $shoelace,driftwood$ with $shoelace\\leq driftwood$ and $undermoon_2$ sums over $shoelace>driftwood$. Then\n\\begin{align*}\nundermoon_1 &= \\sum_{shoelace=1}^\\infty \\sum_{driftwood=shoelace}^\\infty \\frac{2^{shoelace+driftwood}-2^{driftwood-shoelace+1}}{3^{shoelace} 5^{driftwood}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{shoelace=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^{shoelace}-\\frac{2}{6^{shoelace}} \\right) \\sum_{driftwood=shoelace}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{driftwood} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{shoelace=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^{shoelace}-\\frac{2}{6^{shoelace}} \\right) \\frac{5}{3} \\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{shoelace} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{shoelace=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{5}{3} \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^{shoelace} - \\frac{10}{3} \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^{shoelace} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{85}{231}.\n\\end{align*}\nSimilarly,\n\\begin{align*}\nundermoon_2 &= \\sum_{driftwood=1}^\\infty \\sum_{shoelace=driftwood+1}^\\infty \\frac{2^{shoelace+driftwood}-2^{shoelace-driftwood+1}}{3^{shoelace} 5^{driftwood}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{driftwood=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^{driftwood}-\\frac{2}{10^{driftwood}} \\right) \\sum_{shoelace=driftwood+1}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{shoelace} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{driftwood=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^{driftwood}-\\frac{2}{10^{driftwood}} \\right) 3 \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{driftwood+1} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{driftwood=1}^\\infty \\left( 2 \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^{driftwood} - 4 \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^{driftwood} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{34}{77}.\n\\end{align*}\nWe conclude that $undermoon = undermoon_1+undermoon_2 = \\frac{17}{21}$.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Second solution:}\nRecall that the real numbers $marigold,shoelace,driftwood$ form the side lengths of a triangle if and only if\n\\[\nhoneycomb-marigold,\\; honeycomb-shoelace,\\; honeycomb-driftwood > 0 \\qquad honeycomb = \\frac{marigold+shoelace+driftwood}{2},\n\\]\nand that if we put $playfield = 2(honeycomb-marigold),\\; toothpick = 2(honeycomb-shoelace),\\; rainspout = 2(honeycomb-driftwood)$,\n\\[\nmarigold = \\frac{toothpick+rainspout}{2}, \\quad shoelace = \\frac{rainspout+playfield}{2}, \\quad driftwood = \\frac{playfield+toothpick}{2}.\n\\]\nTo generate all \\emph{integer} triples $(marigold,shoelace,driftwood)$ which form the side lengths of a triangle, we must also assume that $playfield,toothpick,rainspout$ are either all even or all odd. We may therefore write the original sum as\n\\[\n%\\sum_{(marigold,shoelace,driftwood) \\in cloudberry} \\frac{2^{marigold}}{3^{shoelace} 5^{driftwood}}\n%=\n\\sum_{playfield,toothpick,rainspout >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,odd}} \\frac{2^{(toothpick+rainspout)/2}}{3^{(rainspout+playfield)/2} 5^{(playfield+toothpick)/2}}\n+ \\sum_{playfield,toothpick,rainspout >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,even}} \\frac{2^{(toothpick+rainspout)/2}}{3^{(rainspout+playfield)/2} 5^{(playfield+toothpick)/2}}.\n\\]\nTo unify the two sums, we substitute in the first case  $playfield = 2silverfox+1,\\; toothpick = 2toadflax+1,\\; rainspout = 2dragonfly+1$ and in the second case $playfield = 2silverfox+2,\\; toothpick = 2toadflax+2,\\; rainspout = 2dragonfly+2$ to obtain\n\\begin{align*}\n\\sum_{(marigold,shoelace,driftwood) \\in cloudberry} \\frac{2^{marigold}}{3^{shoelace} 5^{driftwood}}\n&= \\sum_{silverfox,toadflax,dragonfly=1}^\\infty \\frac{2^{toadflax+dragonfly}}{3^{dragonfly+silverfox} 5^{silverfox+toadflax}} \\left( 1 + \\frac{2^{-1}}{3^{-1} 5^{-1}} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{2} \\sum_{silverfox=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{1}{15} \\right)^{silverfox} \\sum_{toadflax=1}^\\infty\n\\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{toadflax} \\sum_{dragonfly=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{dragonfly} \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{2} \\frac{1/15}{1-1/15} \\frac{2/5}{1-2/5} \\frac{2/3}{1-2/3} \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{21}.\n\\end{align*}"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "T": "emptycollection",
        "a": "tininess",
        "b": "narrowness",
        "c": "slimness",
        "S": "difference",
        "s": "fullperim",
        "x": "voidness",
        "y": "emptiness",
        "z": "nullness",
        "u": "terminus",
        "v": "endpoint",
        "w": "haltings"
      },
      "question": "Let $emptycollection$ be the set of all triples $(tininess,narrowness,slimness)$ of positive integers for which there exist triangles with side lengths $tininess,narrowness,slimness$. Express\n\\[\n\\sum_{(tininess,narrowness,slimness) \\in emptycollection} \\frac{2^{tininess}}{3^{narrowness} 5^{slimness}} \n\\]\nas a rational number in lowest terms.",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\nThe answer is $17/21$. For fixed $narrowness,slimness$, there is a triangle of side lengths $tininess,narrowness,slimness$ if and only if $|narrowness-slimness|<tininess<narrowness+slimness$. It follows that the desired sum is\n\\[\ndifference = \\sum_{narrowness,slimness} \\frac{1}{3^{narrowness}5^{slimness}} \\left(\\sum_{tininess=|narrowness-slimness|+1}^{narrowness+slimness-1} 2^{tininess} \\right) = \\sum_{narrowness,slimness} \\frac{2^{narrowness+slimness}-2^{|narrowness-slimness|+1}}{3^{narrowness}5^{slimness}}.\n\\]\nWe write this as $difference = difference_1+difference_2$ where $difference_1$ sums over positive integers $narrowness,slimness$ with $narrowness\\leq slimness$ and $difference_2$ sums over $narrowness>slimness$. Then\n\\begin{align*}\ndifference_1 &= \\sum_{narrowness=1}^\\infty \\sum_{slimness=narrowness}^\\infty \\frac{2^{narrowness+slimness}-2^{slimness-narrowness+1}}{3^{narrowness} 5^{slimness}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{narrowness=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^{narrowness}-\\frac{2}{6^{narrowness}} \\right) \\sum_{slimness=narrowness}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{slimness} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{narrowness=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^{narrowness}-\\frac{2}{6^{narrowness}} \\right) \\frac{5}{3} \\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{narrowness} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{narrowness=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{5}{3} \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^{narrowness} - \\frac{10}{3} \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^{narrowness} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{85}{231}.\n\\end{align*}\nSimilarly,\n\\begin{align*}\ndifference_2 &= \\sum_{slimness=1}^\\infty \\sum_{narrowness=slimness+1}^\\infty \\frac{2^{narrowness+slimness}-2^{narrowness-slimness+1}}{3^{narrowness} 5^{slimness}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{slimness=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^{slimness}-\\frac{2}{10^{slimness}} \\right) \\sum_{narrowness=slimness+1}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{narrowness} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{slimness=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^{slimness}-\\frac{2}{10^{slimness}} \\right) 3 \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{slimness+1} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{slimness=1}^\\infty \\left( 2 \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^{slimness} - 4 \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^{slimness} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{34}{77}.\n\\end{align*}\nWe conclude that $difference = difference_1+difference_2 = \\frac{17}{21}$.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Second solution:}\nRecall that the real numbers $tininess,narrowness,slimness$ form the side lengths of a triangle if and only if\n\\[\nfullperim-tininess, fullperim-narrowness, fullperim-slimness > 0 \\qquad fullperim = \\frac{tininess+narrowness+slimness}{2},\n\\]\nand that if we put $voidness = 2(fullperim-tininess), emptiness = 2(fullperim-narrowness), nullness = 2(fullperim-slimness)$,\n\\[\ntininess = \\frac{emptiness+nullness}{2}, narrowness = \\frac{nullness+voidness}{2}, slimness = \\frac{voidness+emptiness}{2}.\n\\]\nTo generate all \\emph{integer} triples $(tininess,narrowness,slimness)$ which form the side lengths of a triangle, we must also assume that $voidness,emptiness,nullness$ are either all even or all odd. We may therefore write the original sum as\n\\[\n%\\sum_{(a,b,c) \\in T} \\frac{2^a}{3^b 5^c}\n%=\n\\sum_{voidness,emptiness,nullness >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,odd}} \\frac{2^{(emptiness+nullness)/2}}{3^{(nullness+voidness)/2} 5^{(voidness+emptiness)/2}}\n+ \\sum_{voidness,emptiness,nullness >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,even}} \\frac{2^{(emptiness+nullness)/2}}{3^{(nullness+voidness)/2} 5^{(voidness+emptiness)/2}}.\n\\]\nTo unify the two sums, we substitute in the first case  $voidness = 2terminus+1, emptiness = 2endpoint+1, nullness = 2haltings+1$ and in the second case $voidness = 2terminus+2, emptiness = 2endpoint+2, nullness = 2haltings+2$ to obtain\n\\begin{align*}\n\\sum_{(tininess,narrowness,slimness) \\in emptycollection} \\frac{2^{tininess}}{3^{narrowness} 5^{slimness}}\n&= \\sum_{terminus,endpoint,haltings=1}^\\infty \\frac{2^{endpoint+haltings}}{3^{haltings+terminus} 5^{terminus+endpoint}} \\left( 1 + \\frac{2^{-1}}{3^{-1} 5^{-1}} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{2} \\sum_{terminus=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{1}{15} \\right)^{terminus} \\sum_{endpoint=1}^\\infty\n\\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{endpoint} \\sum_{haltings=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{haltings} \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{2} \\frac{1/15}{1-1/15} \\frac{2/5}{1-2/5} \\frac{2/3}{1-2/3} \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{21}.\n\\end{align*}"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "T": "qzxwvtnp",
        "a": "hjgrksla",
        "b": "mfqlsted",
        "c": "povndyex",
        "S": "lkjshdwe",
        "s": "kfgtrnma",
        "x": "wqpzokli",
        "y": "rnbcxwot",
        "z": "tolpqysa",
        "u": "dfhgklwa",
        "v": "sqmnlrje",
        "w": "gtrdseop"
      },
      "question": "Let $qzxwvtnp$ be the set of all triples $(hjgrksla,mfqlsted,povndyex)$ of positive integers for which there exist triangles with side lengths $hjgrksla,mfqlsted,povndyex$. Express\n\\[\n\\sum_{(hjgrksla,mfqlsted,povndyex) \\in qzxwvtnp} \\frac{2^{hjgrksla}}{3^{mfqlsted} 5^{povndyex}} \n\\]\nas a rational number in lowest terms.",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution:}\nThe answer is $17/21$. For fixed $mfqlsted,povndyex$, there is a triangle of side lengths $hjgrksla,mfqlsted,povndyex$ if and only if $|mfqlsted-povndyex|<hjgrksla<mfqlsted+povndyex$. It follows that the desired sum is\n\\[\nlkjshdwe = \\sum_{mfqlsted,povndyex} \\frac{1}{3^{mfqlsted}5^{povndyex}} \\left(\\sum_{hjgrksla=|mfqlsted-povndyex|+1}^{mfqlsted+povndyex-1} 2^{hjgrksla} \\right) = \\sum_{mfqlsted,povndyex} \\frac{2^{mfqlsted+povndyex}-2^{|mfqlsted-povndyex|+1}}{3^{mfqlsted}5^{povndyex}}.\n\\]\nWe write this as $lkjshdwe = lkjshdwe_1+lkjshdwe_2$ where $lkjshdwe_1$ sums over positive integers $mfqlsted,povndyex$ with $mfqlsted\\leq povndyex$ and $lkjshdwe_2$ sums over $mfqlsted>povndyex$. Then\n\\begin{align*}\nlkjshdwe_1 &= \\sum_{mfqlsted=1}^\\infty \\sum_{povndyex=mfqlsted}^\\infty \\frac{2^{mfqlsted+povndyex}-2^{povndyex-mfqlsted+1}}{3^{mfqlsted} 5^{povndyex}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{mfqlsted=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^{mfqlsted}-\\frac{2}{6^{mfqlsted}} \\right) \\sum_{povndyex=mfqlsted}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{povndyex} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{mfqlsted=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^{mfqlsted}-\\frac{2}{6^{mfqlsted}} \\right) \\frac{5}{3} \\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{mfqlsted} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{mfqlsted=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{5}{3} \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^{mfqlsted} - \\frac{10}{3} \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^{mfqlsted} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{85}{231}.\n\\end{align*}\nSimilarly,\n\\begin{align*}\nlkjshdwe_2 &= \\sum_{povndyex=1}^\\infty \\sum_{mfqlsted=povndyex+1}^\\infty \\frac{2^{mfqlsted+povndyex}-2^{mfqlsted-povndyex+1}}{3^{mfqlsted} 5^{povndyex}} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{povndyex=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^{povndyex}-\\frac{2}{10^{povndyex}} \\right) \\sum_{mfqlsted=povndyex+1}^\\infty \\left(\\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{mfqlsted} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\sum_{povndyex=1}^\\infty \\left( \\left(\\frac{2}{5}\\right)^{povndyex}-\\frac{2}{10^{povndyex}} \\right) 3 \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{povndyex+1} \\\\\n&= \\sum_{povndyex=1}^\\infty \\left( 2 \\left(\\frac{4}{15}\\right)^{povndyex} - 4 \\left(\\frac{1}{15}\\right)^{povndyex} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{34}{77}.\n\\end{align*}\nWe conclude that $lkjshdwe = lkjshdwe_1+lkjshdwe_2 = \\frac{17}{21}$.\n\n\\noindent\n\\textbf{Second solution:}\nRecall that the real numbers $hjgrksla,mfqlsted,povndyex$ form the side lengths of a triangle if and only if\n\\[\nkfgtrnma-hjgrksla, kfgtrnma-mfqlsted, kfgtrnma-povndyex > 0 \\qquad kfgtrnma = \\frac{hjgrksla+mfqlsted+povndyex}{2},\n\\]\nand that if we put $wqpzokli = 2(kfgtrnma-hjgrksla), rnbcxwot = 2(kfgtrnma-mfqlsted), tolpqysa = 2(kfgtrnma-povndyex)$,\n\\[\nhjgrksla = \\frac{rnbcxwot+tolpqysa}{2}, mfqlsted = \\frac{tolpqysa+wqpzokli}{2}, povndyex = \\frac{wqpzokli+rnbcxwot}{2}.\n\\]\nTo generate all \\emph{integer} triples $(hjgrksla,mfqlsted,povndyex)$ which form the side lengths of a triangle, we must also assume that $wqpzokli,rnbcxwot,tolpqysa$ are either all even or all odd. We may therefore write the original sum as\n\\[\n%\\sum_{(hjgrksla,mfqlsted,povndyex) \\in qzxwvtnp} \\frac{2^{hjgrksla}}{3^{mfqlsted} 5^{povndyex}}\n%=\n\\sum_{wqpzokli,rnbcxwot,tolpqysa >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,odd}} \\frac{2^{(rnbcxwot+tolpqysa)/2}}{3^{(tolpqysa+wqpzokli)/2} 5^{(wqpzokli+rnbcxwot)/2}}\n+ \\sum_{wqpzokli,rnbcxwot,tolpqysa >0 \\mbox{\\small \\,even}} \\frac{2^{(rnbcxwot+tolpqysa)/2}}{3^{(tolpqysa+wqpzokli)/2} 5^{(wqpzokli+rnbcxwot)/2}}.\n\\]\nTo unify the two sums, we substitute in the first case  $wqpzokli = 2dfhgklwa+1, rnbcxwot = 2sqmnlrje+1, tolpqysa = 2gtrdseop+1$ and in the second case $wqpzokli = 2dfhgklwa+2, rnbcxwot = 2sqmnlrje+2, tolpqysa = 2gtrdseop+2$ to obtain\n\\begin{align*}\n\\sum_{(hjgrksla,mfqlsted,povndyex) \\in qzxwvtnp} \\frac{2^{hjgrksla}}{3^{mfqlsted} 5^{povndyex}}\n&= \\sum_{dfhgklwa,sqmnlrje,gtrdseop=1}^\\infty \\frac{2^{sqmnlrje+gtrdseop}}{3^{gtrdseop+dfhgklwa} 5^{dfhgklwa+sqmnlrje}} \\left( 1 + \\frac{2^{-1}}{3^{-1} 5^{-1}} \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{2} \\sum_{dfhgklwa=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{1}{15} \\right)^{dfhgklwa} \\sum_{sqmnlrje=1}^\\infty\n\\left( \\frac{2}{5} \\right)^{sqmnlrje} \\sum_{gtrdseop=1}^\\infty \\left( \\frac{2}{3} \\right)^{gtrdseop} \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{2} \\frac{1/15}{1-1/15} \\frac{2/5}{1-2/5} \\frac{2/3}{1-2/3} \\\\\n&= \\frac{17}{21}.\n\\end{align*}"
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let  \n Q := {(a,b,c,d) ∈ ℤ_{>0}⁴ : max{a,b,c,d} < ½(a+b+c+d) and a+b+c+d is even}.    \n(Thus the four positive integers are the side–lengths of at least one – not necessarily convex – quadrilateral, and the perimeter is even.)  \n\nEvaluate, in lowest terms, the absolutely–convergent series  \n\n  S = ∑_{(a,b,c,d)∈Q}  2ᵃ /(3ᵇ 5ᶜ 7ᵈ).",
      "solution": "Step 1.  Half–perimeter parameters.  \nPut s := ½(a+b+c+d) and define  \n\n x := s−a, y := s−b, z := s−c, w := s−d.\n\nBecause max{a,b,c,d} < s, every x,y,z,w is a positive integer, and conversely  \n\n a = (y+z+w−x)/2, b = (x+z+w−y)/2, c = (x+y+w−z)/2, d = (x+y+z−w)/2.    (1)\n\nHence, with  \n\n (A1) x,y,z,w ∈ ℤ_{>0}; (A2) x+y+z+w even;   \n (A3) x<y+z+w, y<x+z+w, z<x+y+w, w<x+y+z,                                     (2)\n\none has  \n\n (a,b,c,d)∈Q ⇔ (x,y,z,w) satisfies (A1)–(A3).                                 (3)\n\nTemporarily we ignore (2) and work with  \n\n 𝒳 := {(x,y,z,w)∈ℤ_{>0}⁴ : x+y+z+w even}.                                    (4)\n\nStep 2.  Separating variables in the weight.  \nInsert (1):\n\n  2ᵃ /(3ᵇ5ᶜ7ᵈ) = 2^{(y+z+w−x)/2} 3^{-(x+z+w−y)/2} 5^{-(x+y+w−z)/2} 7^{-(x+y+z−w)/2}  \n                   = k_x^{\\,x} k_y^{\\,y} k_z^{\\,z} k_w^{\\,w},                    (5)\n\nwhere  \n\n k_x := 1/√210, k_y := √(6/35), k_z := √(10/21), k_w := √(14/15).          (6)\n\nAll four numbers lie strictly between 0 and 1, guaranteeing absolute convergence.\n\nStep 3.  The parity filter.  \nFor 0<k<1,\n\n ∑_{m≥1, even} k^{m}=k²/(1−k²),  ∑_{m≥1, odd} k^{m}=k/(1−k²).             (7)\n\nIntroduce  \n\n Π_even := (1+(-1)^{x+y+z+w})/2.                                               (8)\n\nThus  \n\n Σ₀ := ∑_{(x,y,z,w)∈𝒳} k_x^{x}k_y^{y}k_z^{z}k_w^{w}  \n      = ½[(∑_{x≥1}±)⋯(∑_{w≥1}±)]                                               \n      = (k_xk_yk_zk_w)/2·[(∏(1−k_i)^{-1})+(∏(1+k_i)^{-1})].                    (9)\n\nNumerics.  \nk_xk_yk_zk_w = 2/105.  \n1−k_x²=209/210, 1−k_y²=29/35, 1−k_z²=11/21, 1−k_w²=1/15.  \nPut P_±:=∏(1±k_i).  Then  \n\n P_+P_- = ∏(1−k_i²)=66 671/2 315 250, P_++P_- = 176/35.\n\nConsequently  \n\n Σ₀ = (1/105)·(P_++P_-)/(P_+P_-) = 10 080/6 061.                              (10)\n\nStep 4.  Removing tuples that violate (2).  \nThe four inequalities in (2) are mutually exclusive, so we subtract their contributions one by one.\n\nTake the “x–dominant’’ set (x ≥ y+z+w, even total).  Fix y,z,w ≥ 1 and put t:=y+z+w.  \nThen x runs through t,t+2,t+4,…, giving  \n\n ∑_{x≥t, x≡t (mod 2)} k_x^{x}=k_x^{t}/(1−k_x²).\n\nHence the contribution of these tuples is  \n\n  S_x^{bad}=∑_{y,z,w≥1} k_y^{y}k_z^{z}k_w^{w}·k_x^{y+z+w}/(1−k_x²)  \n           = k_x³k_yk_zk_w                                                      (11)\n              /[(1−k_x²)(1−k_xk_y)(1−k_xk_z)(1−k_xk_w)],\n\nbecause each outer geometric sum over y, z, w supplies a factor\n (1−k_xk_y)^{-1}, (1−k_xk_z)^{-1}, (1−k_xk_w)^{-1}, respectively.\n(The crucial power k_x^{y+z+w} explains the k_x³ in the numerator; this\nwas mis-printed in the earlier draft.)\n\nWith the constants (6):\n\n k_x³k_yk_zk_w = 1/11 025,\n\n 1−k_x² = 209/210, 1−k_xk_y = 34/35, 1−k_xk_z = 20/21, 1−k_xk_w = 14/15.\n\nPlugging in and simplifying,\n\n S_x^{bad}=3/28 424.                                                           (12)\n\nCyclic permutation of (x,y,z,w) gives  \n\n S_y^{bad}=14/1 479, S_z^{bad}=21/275, S_w^{bad}=10/7.                        (13)\n\nThe four “bad’’ sets are disjoint, so no inclusion–exclusion corrections are required.\n\nStep 5.  The final value.\n\n S = Σ₀ − (S_x^{bad}+S_y^{bad}+S_z^{bad}+S_w^{bad})  \n   = 10 080/6 061 − (3/28 424 + 14/1 479 + 21/275 + 10/7)  \n   = 10 609/71 400.                                                            (14)\n\nBecause gcd(10 609, 71 400)=1, the fraction is already in lowest terms.\n\nAnswer: S = 10 609 ⁄ 71 400.",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.839318",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "•  Higher dimension: the problem passes from triples (triangle sides) to quadruples (quadrilateral sides), adding a whole extra variable and an extra inequality.  \n\n•  Additional constraints: besides the quadrilateral inequality the perimeter is forced to be even, introducing a subtle parity condition that must be tracked throughout.  \n\n•  More sophisticated structure: the solution needs a new parametrisation (x,y,z,w) that generalises the classical “Heron substitution’’ for triangles; proving its validity and handling parity doubles the case-work.  \n\n•  Deeper theory: inclusion–exclusion is replaced by a factor-wise decomposition that uses four simultaneous geometric series and careful square-root algebra; every factor carries a different base, so cancellations are far less obvious than in the triangular case.  \n\n•  Many interacting concepts: the argument blends inequality characterisation, parity analysis, algebraic manipulation of square roots, and exact rational simplification, all in four independent sums.  Each step is strictly more involved than in the original problem, and no single observation or pattern matching can short-cut the computation—one must work through all layers to reach the final reduced fraction 107/1190."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let  \n Q := {(a,b,c,d) ∈ ℤ_{>0}⁴ : max{a,b,c,d} < ½(a+b+c+d) and a+b+c+d is even}.    \n(Thus the four positive integers are the side–lengths of at least one – not necessarily convex – quadrilateral, and the perimeter is even.)  \n\nEvaluate, in lowest terms, the absolutely–convergent series  \n\n  S = ∑_{(a,b,c,d)∈Q}  2ᵃ /(3ᵇ 5ᶜ 7ᵈ).",
      "solution": "Step 1.  Half–perimeter parameters.  \nPut s := ½(a+b+c+d) and define  \n\n x := s−a, y := s−b, z := s−c, w := s−d.\n\nBecause max{a,b,c,d} < s, every x,y,z,w is a positive integer, and conversely  \n\n a = (y+z+w−x)/2, b = (x+z+w−y)/2, c = (x+y+w−z)/2, d = (x+y+z−w)/2.    (1)\n\nHence, with  \n\n (A1) x,y,z,w ∈ ℤ_{>0}; (A2) x+y+z+w even;   \n (A3) x<y+z+w, y<x+z+w, z<x+y+w, w<x+y+z,                                     (2)\n\none has  \n\n (a,b,c,d)∈Q ⇔ (x,y,z,w) satisfies (A1)–(A3).                                 (3)\n\nTemporarily we ignore (2) and work with  \n\n 𝒳 := {(x,y,z,w)∈ℤ_{>0}⁴ : x+y+z+w even}.                                    (4)\n\nStep 2.  Separating variables in the weight.  \nInsert (1):\n\n  2ᵃ /(3ᵇ5ᶜ7ᵈ) = 2^{(y+z+w−x)/2} 3^{-(x+z+w−y)/2} 5^{-(x+y+w−z)/2} 7^{-(x+y+z−w)/2}  \n                   = k_x^{\\,x} k_y^{\\,y} k_z^{\\,z} k_w^{\\,w},                    (5)\n\nwhere  \n\n k_x := 1/√210, k_y := √(6/35), k_z := √(10/21), k_w := √(14/15).          (6)\n\nAll four numbers lie strictly between 0 and 1, guaranteeing absolute convergence.\n\nStep 3.  The parity filter.  \nFor 0<k<1,\n\n ∑_{m≥1, even} k^{m}=k²/(1−k²),  ∑_{m≥1, odd} k^{m}=k/(1−k²).             (7)\n\nIntroduce  \n\n Π_even := (1+(-1)^{x+y+z+w})/2.                                               (8)\n\nThus  \n\n Σ₀ := ∑_{(x,y,z,w)∈𝒳} k_x^{x}k_y^{y}k_z^{z}k_w^{w}  \n      = ½[(∑_{x≥1}±)⋯(∑_{w≥1}±)]                                               \n      = (k_xk_yk_zk_w)/2·[(∏(1−k_i)^{-1})+(∏(1+k_i)^{-1})].                    (9)\n\nNumerics.  \nk_xk_yk_zk_w = 2/105.  \n1−k_x²=209/210, 1−k_y²=29/35, 1−k_z²=11/21, 1−k_w²=1/15.  \nPut P_±:=∏(1±k_i).  Then  \n\n P_+P_- = ∏(1−k_i²)=66 671/2 315 250, P_++P_- = 176/35.\n\nConsequently  \n\n Σ₀ = (1/105)·(P_++P_-)/(P_+P_-) = 10 080/6 061.                              (10)\n\nStep 4.  Removing tuples that violate (2).  \nThe four inequalities in (2) are mutually exclusive, so we subtract their contributions one by one.\n\nTake the “x–dominant’’ set (x ≥ y+z+w, even total).  Fix y,z,w ≥ 1 and put t:=y+z+w.  \nThen x runs through t,t+2,t+4,…, giving  \n\n ∑_{x≥t, x≡t (mod 2)} k_x^{x}=k_x^{t}/(1−k_x²).\n\nHence the contribution of these tuples is  \n\n  S_x^{bad}=∑_{y,z,w≥1} k_y^{y}k_z^{z}k_w^{w}·k_x^{y+z+w}/(1−k_x²)  \n           = k_x³k_yk_zk_w                                                      (11)\n              /[(1−k_x²)(1−k_xk_y)(1−k_xk_z)(1−k_xk_w)],\n\nbecause each outer geometric sum over y, z, w supplies a factor\n (1−k_xk_y)^{-1}, (1−k_xk_z)^{-1}, (1−k_xk_w)^{-1}, respectively.\n(The crucial power k_x^{y+z+w} explains the k_x³ in the numerator; this\nwas mis-printed in the earlier draft.)\n\nWith the constants (6):\n\n k_x³k_yk_zk_w = 1/11 025,\n\n 1−k_x² = 209/210, 1−k_xk_y = 34/35, 1−k_xk_z = 20/21, 1−k_xk_w = 14/15.\n\nPlugging in and simplifying,\n\n S_x^{bad}=3/28 424.                                                           (12)\n\nCyclic permutation of (x,y,z,w) gives  \n\n S_y^{bad}=14/1 479, S_z^{bad}=21/275, S_w^{bad}=10/7.                        (13)\n\nThe four “bad’’ sets are disjoint, so no inclusion–exclusion corrections are required.\n\nStep 5.  The final value.\n\n S = Σ₀ − (S_x^{bad}+S_y^{bad}+S_z^{bad}+S_w^{bad})  \n   = 10 080/6 061 − (3/28 424 + 14/1 479 + 21/275 + 10/7)  \n   = 10 609/71 400.                                                            (14)\n\nBecause gcd(10 609, 71 400)=1, the fraction is already in lowest terms.\n\nAnswer: S = 10 609 ⁄ 71 400.",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.642103",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "•  Higher dimension: the problem passes from triples (triangle sides) to quadruples (quadrilateral sides), adding a whole extra variable and an extra inequality.  \n\n•  Additional constraints: besides the quadrilateral inequality the perimeter is forced to be even, introducing a subtle parity condition that must be tracked throughout.  \n\n•  More sophisticated structure: the solution needs a new parametrisation (x,y,z,w) that generalises the classical “Heron substitution’’ for triangles; proving its validity and handling parity doubles the case-work.  \n\n•  Deeper theory: inclusion–exclusion is replaced by a factor-wise decomposition that uses four simultaneous geometric series and careful square-root algebra; every factor carries a different base, so cancellations are far less obvious than in the triangular case.  \n\n•  Many interacting concepts: the argument blends inequality characterisation, parity analysis, algebraic manipulation of square roots, and exact rational simplification, all in four independent sums.  Each step is strictly more involved than in the original problem, and no single observation or pattern matching can short-cut the computation—one must work through all layers to reach the final reduced fraction 107/1190."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "calculation"
}