{
  "index": "1981-B-3",
  "type": "NT",
  "tag": [
    "NT",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Problem B-3\nProve that there are infinitely many positive integers \\( n \\) with the property that if \\( p \\) is a prime divisor of \\( n^{2}+3 \\), then \\( p \\) is also a divisor of \\( k^{2}+3 \\) for some integer \\( k \\) with \\( k^{2}<n \\).",
  "solution": "B-3.\nAs \\( m \\) ranges through all nonnegative integers,\n\\[\nn=\\left(m^{2}+m+2\\right)\\left(m^{2}+m+3\\right)+3\n\\]\ntakes on an infinite set of positive integral values. Let \\( f(x)=x^{2}+3 \\). Examination of \\( \\{f(m)\\}= \\) \\( 3,4,7,12,17,28,39,52,67,84, \\ldots \\) leads one to conjecture that\n\\[\nf(x) f(x+1)=f[x(x+1)+3]=f\\left(x^{2}+x+3\\right)\n\\]\n\nThis is easily proved. Using this property and the above relation between \\( m \\) and \\( n \\), one has\n\\[\nf(n)=f\\left(m^{2}+m+2\\right) f\\left(m^{2}+m+3\\right)=f\\left(m^{2}+m+2\\right) f(m) f(m+1) .\n\\]\n\nThus \\( p \\mid f(n) \\) with \\( p \\) prime implies that \\( p \\mid f(k) \\) with \\( k \\) equal to \\( m, m+1 \\), or \\( m^{2}+m+2 \\). Since each of these possibilities for \\( k \\) satisfies \\( k^{2}<n \\), the desired result follows.",
  "vars": [
    "k",
    "m",
    "n",
    "p",
    "x"
  ],
  "params": [
    "f"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "k": "indexer",
        "m": "iterator",
        "n": "integern",
        "p": "primefac",
        "x": "variable",
        "f": "quadratic"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-3\nProve that there are infinitely many positive integers \\( integern \\) with the property that if \\( primefac \\) is a prime divisor of \\( integern^{2}+3 \\), then \\( primefac \\) is also a divisor of \\( indexer^{2}+3 \\) for some integer \\( indexer \\) with \\( indexer^{2}<integern \\).",
      "solution": "B-3.\nAs \\( iterator \\) ranges through all nonnegative integers,\n\\[\nintegern=\\left(iterator^{2}+iterator+2\\right)\\left(iterator^{2}+iterator+3\\right)+3\n\\]\n takes on an infinite set of positive integral values. Let \\( quadratic(variable)=variable^{2}+3 \\). Examination of \\( \\{quadratic(iterator)\\}= \\) \\( 3,4,7,12,17,28,39,52,67,84, \\ldots \\) leads one to conjecture that\n\\[\nquadratic(variable)\\, quadratic(variable+1)=quadratic[variable(variable+1)+3]=quadratic\\left(variable^{2}+variable+3\\right)\n\\]\n\nThis is easily proved. Using this property and the above relation between \\( iterator \\) and \\( integern \\), one has\n\\[\nquadratic(integern)=quadratic\\left(iterator^{2}+iterator+2\\right) quadratic\\left(iterator^{2}+iterator+3\\right)=quadratic\\left(iterator^{2}+iterator+2\\right) quadratic(iterator) quadratic(iterator+1) .\n\\]\n\nThus \\( primefac \\mid quadratic(integern) \\) with \\( primefac \\) prime implies that \\( primefac \\mid quadratic(indexer) \\) with \\( indexer \\) equal to \\( iterator, iterator+1 \\), or \\( iterator^{2}+iterator+2 \\). Since each of these possibilities for \\( indexer \\) satisfies \\( indexer^{2}<integern \\), the desired result follows."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "k": "pineapple",
        "m": "teaspoon",
        "n": "sailboat",
        "p": "chandelier",
        "x": "labyrinth",
        "f": "daffodil"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-3\nProve that there are infinitely many positive integers \\( sailboat \\) with the property that if \\( chandelier \\) is a prime divisor of \\( sailboat^{2}+3 \\), then \\( chandelier \\) is also a divisor of \\( pineapple^{2}+3 \\) for some integer \\( pineapple \\) with \\( pineapple^{2}<sailboat \\).",
      "solution": "B-3.\nAs \\( teaspoon \\) ranges through all nonnegative integers,\n\\[\nsailboat=\\left(teaspoon^{2}+teaspoon+2\\right)\\left(teaspoon^{2}+teaspoon+3\\right)+3\n\\]\ntakes on an infinite set of positive integral values. Let \\( daffodil(labyrinth)=labyrinth^{2}+3 \\). Examination of \\( \\{daffodil(teaspoon)\\}= \\) \\( 3,4,7,12,17,28,39,52,67,84, \\ldots \\) leads one to conjecture that\n\\[\ndaffodil(labyrinth)\\, daffodil(labyrinth+1)=daffodil[labyrinth(labyrinth+1)+3]=daffodil\\left(labyrinth^{2}+labyrinth+3\\right)\n\\]\n\nThis is easily proved. Using this property and the above relation between \\( teaspoon \\) and \\( sailboat \\), one has\n\\[\ndaffodil(sailboat)=daffodil\\left(teaspoon^{2}+teaspoon+2\\right)\\, daffodil\\left(teaspoon^{2}+teaspoon+3\\right)=daffodil\\left(teaspoon^{2}+teaspoon+2\\right)\\, daffodil(teaspoon)\\, daffodil(teaspoon+1) .\n\\]\n\nThus \\( chandelier \\mid daffodil(sailboat) \\) with \\( chandelier \\) prime implies that \\( chandelier \\mid daffodil(pineapple) \\) with \\( pineapple \\) equal to \\( teaspoon, teaspoon+1 \\), or \\( teaspoon^{2}+teaspoon+2 \\). Since each of these possibilities for \\( pineapple \\) satisfies \\( pineapple^{2}<sailboat \\), the desired result follows."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "k": "colossalindex",
        "m": "enormouscounter",
        "n": "limitedscalar",
        "p": "compositefactor",
        "x": "knownconstant",
        "f": "staticnumber"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-3\nProve that there are infinitely many positive integers \\( limitedscalar \\) with the property that if \\( compositefactor \\) is a prime divisor of \\( limitedscalar^{2}+3 \\), then \\( compositefactor \\) is also a divisor of \\( colossalindex^{2}+3 \\) for some integer \\( colossalindex \\) with \\( colossalindex^{2}<limitedscalar \\).",
      "solution": "B-3.\nAs \\( enormouscounter \\) ranges through all nonnegative integers,\n\\[\nlimitedscalar=\\left(enormouscounter^{2}+enormouscounter+2\\right)\\left(enormouscounter^{2}+enormouscounter+3\\right)+3\n\\]\ntakes on an infinite set of positive integral values. Let \\( staticnumber(knownconstant)=knownconstant^{2}+3 \\). Examination of \\( \\{staticnumber(enormouscounter)\\}= \\) \\( 3,4,7,12,17,28,39,52,67,84, \\ldots \\) leads one to conjecture that\n\\[\nstaticnumber(knownconstant)\\ staticnumber(knownconstant+1)=staticnumber[knownconstant(knownconstant+1)+3]=staticnumber\\left(knownconstant^{2}+knownconstant+3\\right)\n\\]\n\nThis is easily proved. Using this property and the above relation between \\( enormouscounter \\) and \\( limitedscalar \\), one has\n\\[\nstaticnumber(limitedscalar)=staticnumber\\left(enormouscounter^{2}+enormouscounter+2\\right)\\ staticnumber\\left(enormouscounter^{2}+enormouscounter+3\\right)=staticnumber\\left(enormouscounter^{2}+enormouscounter+2\\right)\\ staticnumber(enormouscounter)\\ staticnumber(enormouscounter+1) .\n\\]\n\nThus \\( compositefactor \\mid staticnumber(limitedscalar) \\) with \\( compositefactor \\) prime implies that \\( compositefactor \\mid staticnumber(colossalindex) \\) with \\( colossalindex \\) equal to \\( enormouscounter,\\ enormouscounter+1 \\), or \\( enormouscounter^{2}+enormouscounter+2 \\). Since each of these possibilities for \\( colossalindex \\) satisfies \\( colossalindex^{2}<limitedscalar \\), the desired result follows."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "k": "qzxwvtnp",
        "m": "hjgrksla",
        "n": "vbcmdfqr",
        "p": "lsdnqwer",
        "x": "zptjkmna",
        "f": "plxqrmno"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-3\nProve that there are infinitely many positive integers \\( vbcmdfqr \\) with the property that if \\( lsdnqwer \\) is a prime divisor of \\( vbcmdfqr^{2}+3 \\), then \\( lsdnqwer \\) is also a divisor of \\( qzxwvtnp^{2}+3 \\) for some integer \\( qzxwvtnp \\) with \\( qzxwvtnp^{2}<vbcmdfqr \\).",
      "solution": "B-3.\nAs \\( hjgrksla \\) ranges through all nonnegative integers,\n\\[\nvbcmdfqr=\\left(hjgrksla^{2}+hjgrksla+2\\right)\\left(hjgrksla^{2}+hjgrksla+3\\right)+3\n\\]\ntakes on an infinite set of positive integral values. Let \\( plxqrmno(zptjkmna)=zptjkmna^{2}+3 \\). Examination of \\( \\{plxqrmno(hjgrksla)\\}= \\) \\( 3,4,7,12,17,28,39,52,67,84, \\ldots \\) leads one to conjecture that\n\\[\nplxqrmno(zptjkmna)\\,plxqrmno(zptjkmna+1)=plxqrmno[zptjkmna(zptjkmna+1)+3]=plxqrmno\\left(zptjkmna^{2}+zptjkmna+3\\right)\n\\]\n\nThis is easily proved. Using this property and the above relation between \\( hjgrksla \\) and \\( vbcmdfqr \\), one has\n\\[\nplxqrmno(vbcmdfqr)=plxqrmno\\left(hjgrksla^{2}+hjgrksla+2\\right)\\,plxqrmno\\left(hjgrksla^{2}+hjgrksla+3\\right)=plxqrmno\\left(hjgrksla^{2}+hjgrksla+2\\right)\\,plxqrmno(hjgrksla)\\,plxqrmno(hjgrksla+1) .\n\\]\n\nThus \\( lsdnqwer \\mid plxqrmno(vbcmdfqr) \\) with \\( lsdnqwer \\) prime implies that \\( lsdnqwer \\mid plxqrmno(qzxwvtnp) \\) with \\( qzxwvtnp \\) equal to \\( hjgrksla, hjgrksla+1 \\), or \\( hjgrksla^{2}+hjgrksla+2 \\). Since each of these possibilities for \\( qzxwvtnp \\) satisfies \\( qzxwvtnp^{2}<vbcmdfqr \\), the desired result follows."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let\n\\[g(x)=x^{2}+7.\\]\nProve that there are infinitely many positive integers \\(n\\) such that every prime divisor \\(p\\) of \\(n^{2}+7\\) also divides \\(k^{2}+7\\) for some integer \\(k\\) satisfying \\(k^{2}<n\\).",
      "solution": "We work with g(x)=x^2+7.  \n\n1.  The key identity\n   For every integer x one checks by expansion that\n   g(x)\\,g(x+1)\n   =(x^2+7)[(x+1)^2+7]\n   =(x^2+x+7)^2+7\n   =g\bigl(x(x+1)+7\\bigr).  \n\n2.  Infinite family of n\n   Fix any nonnegative integer m and set\n     x= m^2+m+6,\n     n= x(x+1)+7 = (m^2+m+6)(m^2+m+7)+7.\n   As m varies, these n are all positive and infinitely many.  \n\n3.  Factorization of g(n)\n   By the identity at x,  \n     g(n)=g(x)\\,g(x+1).  \n   But applying the same identity at x=m gives  \n     g(m^2+m+7)=g(m)\\,g(m+1).  \n   Since x+1= m^2+m+7, we get  \n     g(n)=g(x)\\,g(x+1)=g(m^2+m+6)\\,g(m^2+m+7)\n           =g(m^2+m+6)\\,g(m)\\,g(m+1).  \n   Hence every prime divisor p of n^2+7 divides one of\n     g(m),\n     g(m+1),\n     g(m^2+m+6).\n\n4.  Checking k^2<n\n   We must show for each of k=m, k=m+1, k=m^2+m+6 that k^2<n.  \n   •  For k=m:   m^2 < m^2+m+6 = x < x(x+1)+7 = n.  \n   •  For k=m+1:  note x=m^2+m+6>m+1 for all m, so\n        n = x(x+1)+7 > x^2 ≥(m+1)^2.\n   •  For k=x=m^2+m+6:  \n        k^2 = x^2 < x(x+1) = n-7 < n.  \n\n5.  Conclusion\n   For each m≥0 the integer n just constructed satisfies:\n   if p|n^2+7 then p divides g(k) for some k with k^2<n.  \n   Since there are infinitely many m, there are infinitely many such n.  This completes the proof.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Key identity: for any integer x, (x^2+3)((x+1)^2+3) = (x(x+1)+3)^2+3",
          "Choose x = m^2 + m + 2, giving n = (m^2+m+2)(m^2+m+3) + 3 and f(n) = f(m^2+m+2)f(m^2+m+3)",
          "Apply the same identity to rewrite f(m^2+m+3) as f(m)f(m+1)",
          "Thus every prime divisor of f(n) divides one of f(m), f(m+1), or f(m^2+m+2)",
          "Verify k^2 < n for those three k and let m run over ℕ to get infinitely many n"
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "The constant added inside every square term; any fixed integer C works",
            "original": "3"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "The shift (+2 and +3) in m^2+m+2, m^2+m+3; these become (C−1) and C if the constant is changed",
            "original": "2 and 3"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}