{
  "index": "1956-A-6",
  "type": "GEO",
  "tag": [
    "GEO",
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "6. (i) A transformation of the plane into itself preserves all rational distances. Prove that it preserves all distances.\n(ii) Show that the corresponding theorem for the line is false.",
  "solution": "Solution. (i) Suppose \\( T \\) is a transformation of the plane into itself that preserves all rational distances. Denote the distance between any two points \\( P, Q \\) by \\( d(P, Q) \\).\nLet \\( A \\) and \\( B \\) be any two distinct points in the plane. Given any positive number \\( \\epsilon<d(A, B) \\), choose a rational number \\( r \\) such that\n\\[\nd(A, B)-\\epsilon<r<d(A, B)\n\\]\nand choose a second rational number \\( s \\) such that \\( s<\\epsilon \\) and \\( r+s> \\) \\( d(A, B) \\). Then the circle of radius \\( r \\) about \\( A \\) and the circle of radius \\( s \\) about \\( B \\) intersect; let \\( C \\) be one of the intersection points. Then \\( d(A, C) \\) \\( =r \\), and \\( d(B, C)=s \\). Hence \\( d(T A, T C)=r \\) and \\( d(T B, T C)=s \\), so we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nr-s & =d(T A, T C)-d(T B, T C) \\\\\n& \\leq d(T A, T B) \\leq d(T A, T C)+d(T C, T B)=r+s\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nHence\n\\[\nd(A, B)-2 \\epsilon<d(T A, T B)<d(A, B)+\\epsilon\n\\]\n\nSince \\( \\epsilon \\) can be taken arbitrarily small, this shows that\n\\[\nd(T A, T B)=d(A, B)\n\\]\n\nSince \\( A \\) and \\( B \\) were chosen arbitrarily, this proves that \\( T \\) is distance preserving.\n(ii) Identify the line with \\( \\mathbf{R} \\), as usual. Consider the transformation \\( S(x)=x \\) if \\( x \\) is rational, and \\( S(x)=x+1 \\) if \\( x \\) is irrational. Then \\( S \\) preserves all rational distances, but not all distances. For example \\( d(0, \\sqrt{2}) \\) \\( =\\sqrt{2} \\), but \\( d(S(0), S(\\sqrt{2}))=d(0, \\sqrt{2}+1)=\\sqrt{2}+1 \\).\n\nRemarks. The result and the argument given above remain valid for Euclidean \\( n \\)-dimensional space \\( E^{n} \\) for any \\( n \\geq 2 \\). A stronger result is true:\n\nIf \\( n \\geq 2 \\) and \\( T \\) maps \\( E^{n} \\) into itself so that, for one positive number \\( \\alpha \\), \\( d(T A, T B)=\\alpha \\) whenever \\( d(A, B)=\\alpha \\), then \\( T \\) is an isometry. (See F. S. Beckman and D. A. Quarles, Jr., \"On Isometries of Euclidean Spaces,\" Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 4 (1953), pp. 810-815.)\n\nEvery isometric map of \\( E^{n} \\) into itself can be represented as the product of not more than \\( n+1 \\) reflections. Hence, when expressed in Cartesian coordinates, it is given by a (possibly) inhomogeneous linear transformation where the coefficient matrix is orthogonal. (See P. B. Yale, Geometry and Symmetry, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1968, p. 60. The proof there generalizes immediately to \\( E^{n} \\).)",
  "vars": [
    "A",
    "B",
    "C",
    "P",
    "Q",
    "T",
    "S",
    "d",
    "r",
    "s",
    "x",
    "\\\\epsilon"
  ],
  "params": [
    "n",
    "E",
    "\\\\alpha"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "A": "pointa",
        "B": "pointb",
        "C": "pointc",
        "P": "pointp",
        "Q": "pointq",
        "T": "transfm",
        "S": "linefunc",
        "d": "distfun",
        "r": "radiusr",
        "s": "smallnum",
        "x": "varxval",
        "\\epsilon": "epsilonval",
        "n": "dimcount",
        "E": "euclidspace",
        "\\alpha": "alphaval"
      },
      "question": "6. (i) A transformation of the plane into itself preserves all rational distances. Prove that it preserves all distances.\n(ii) Show that the corresponding theorem for the line is false.",
      "solution": "Solution. (i) Suppose \\( transfm \\) is a transformation of the plane into itself that preserves all rational distances. Denote the distance between any two points \\( pointp, pointq \\) by \\( distfun(pointp, pointq) \\).\nLet \\( pointa \\) and \\( pointb \\) be any two distinct points in the plane. Given any positive number \\( epsilonval<distfun(pointa, pointb) \\), choose a rational number \\( radiusr \\) such that\n\\[\ndistfun(pointa, pointb)-epsilonval<radiusr<distfun(pointa, pointb)\n\\]\nand choose a second rational number \\( smallnum \\) such that \\( smallnum<epsilonval \\) and \\( radiusr+smallnum>distfun(pointa, pointb) \\). Then the circle of radius \\( radiusr \\) about \\( pointa \\) and the circle of radius \\( smallnum \\) about \\( pointb \\) intersect; let \\( pointc \\) be one of the intersection points. Then \\( distfun(pointa, pointc)=radiusr \\), and \\( distfun(pointb, pointc)=smallnum \\). Hence \\( distfun(transfm pointa, transfm pointc)=radiusr \\) and \\( distfun(transfm pointb, transfm pointc)=smallnum \\), so we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nradiusr-smallnum&=distfun(transfm pointa, transfm pointc)-distfun(transfm pointb, transfm pointc)\\\\\n&\\leq distfun(transfm pointa, transfm pointb)\\leq distfun(transfm pointa, transfm pointc)+distfun(transfm pointc, transfm pointb)=radiusr+smallnum\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\ndistfun(pointa, pointb)-2\\,epsilonval<distfun(transfm pointa, transfm pointb)<distfun(pointa, pointb)+epsilonval\n\\]\nSince \\( epsilonval \\) can be taken arbitrarily small, this shows that\n\\[\ndistfun(transfm pointa, transfm pointb)=distfun(pointa, pointb)\n\\]\nSince \\( pointa \\) and \\( pointb \\) were chosen arbitrarily, this proves that \\( transfm \\) is distance preserving.\n(ii) Identify the line with \\( \\mathbf{R} \\), as usual. Consider the transformation \\( linefunc(varxval)=varxval \\) if \\( varxval \\) is rational, and \\( linefunc(varxval)=varxval+1 \\) if \\( varxval \\) is irrational. Then \\( linefunc \\) preserves all rational distances, but not all distances. For example \\( distfun(0, \\sqrt{2})=\\sqrt{2} \\), but \\( distfun(linefunc(0), linefunc(\\sqrt{2}))=distfun(0, \\sqrt{2}+1)=\\sqrt{2}+1 \\).\n\nRemarks. The result and the argument given above remain valid for Euclidean \\( dimcount \\)-dimensional space \\( euclidspace^{dimcount} \\) for any \\( dimcount \\geq 2 \\). A stronger result is true:\n\nIf \\( dimcount \\geq 2 \\) and \\( transfm \\) maps \\( euclidspace^{dimcount} \\) into itself so that, for one positive number \\( alphaval \\), \\( distfun(transfm pointa, transfm pointb)=alphaval \\) whenever \\( distfun(pointa, pointb)=alphaval \\), then \\( transfm \\) is an isometry. (See F. S. Beckman and D. A. Quarles, Jr., \"On Isometries of Euclidean Spaces,\" Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 4 (1953), pp. 810-815.)\n\nEvery isometric map of \\( euclidspace^{dimcount} \\) into itself can be represented as the product of not more than \\( dimcount+1 \\) reflections. Hence, when expressed in Cartesian coordinates, it is given by a (possibly) inhomogeneous linear transformation where the coefficient matrix is orthogonal. (See P. B. Yale, Geometry and Symmetry, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1968, p. 60. The proof there generalizes immediately to \\( euclidspace^{dimcount} \\).)"
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "A": "pineapple",
        "B": "watermelon",
        "C": "strawberry",
        "P": "butterfly",
        "Q": "elephant",
        "T": "sunflower",
        "S": "rhinoceros",
        "d": "blackbird",
        "r": "tablecloth",
        "s": "chocolate",
        "x": "spaghetti",
        "\\epsilon": "lighthouse",
        "n": "continent",
        "E": "playhouse",
        "\\alpha": "sandwich"
      },
      "question": "6. (i) A transformation of the plane into itself preserves all rational distances. Prove that it preserves all distances.\n(ii) Show that the corresponding theorem for the line is false.",
      "solution": "Solution. (i) Suppose \\( sunflower \\) is a transformation of the plane into itself that preserves all rational distances. Denote the distance between any two points \\( butterfly, elephant \\) by \\( blackbird(butterfly, elephant) \\).\nLet \\( pineapple \\) and \\( watermelon \\) be any two distinct points in the plane. Given any positive number \\( lighthouse<blackbird(pineapple, watermelon) \\), choose a rational number \\( tablecloth \\) such that\n\\[\nblackbird(pineapple, watermelon)-lighthouse<tablecloth<blackbird(pineapple, watermelon)\n\\]\nand choose a second rational number \\( chocolate \\) such that \\( chocolate<lighthouse \\) and \\( tablecloth+chocolate> \\) \\( blackbird(pineapple, watermelon) \\). Then the circle of radius \\( tablecloth \\) about \\( pineapple \\) and the circle of radius \\( chocolate \\) about \\( watermelon \\) intersect; let \\( strawberry \\) be one of the intersection points. Then \\( blackbird(pineapple, strawberry)=tablecloth \\), and \\( blackbird(watermelon, strawberry)=chocolate \\). Hence \\( blackbird(sunflower\\,pineapple, sunflower\\,strawberry)=tablecloth \\) and \\( blackbird(sunflower\\,watermelon, sunflower\\,strawberry)=chocolate \\), so we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ntablecloth-chocolate & =blackbird(sunflower\\,pineapple, sunflower\\,strawberry)-blackbird(sunflower\\,watermelon, sunflower\\,strawberry) \\\\\n& \\leq blackbird(sunflower\\,pineapple, sunflower\\,watermelon) \\leq blackbird(sunflower\\,pineapple, sunflower\\,strawberry)+blackbird(sunflower\\,strawberry, sunflower\\,watermelon)=tablecloth+chocolate\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nHence\n\\[\nblackbird(pineapple, watermelon)-2\\,lighthouse<blackbird(sunflower\\,pineapple, sunflower\\,watermelon)<blackbird(pineapple, watermelon)+lighthouse\n\\]\n\nSince \\( lighthouse \\) can be taken arbitrarily small, this shows that\n\\[\nblackbird(sunflower\\,pineapple, sunflower\\,watermelon)=blackbird(pineapple, watermelon)\n\\]\n\nSince \\( pineapple \\) and \\( watermelon \\) were chosen arbitrarily, this proves that \\( sunflower \\) is distance preserving.\n(ii) Identify the line with \\( \\mathbf{R} \\), as usual. Consider the transformation \\( rhinoceros(spaghetti)=spaghetti \\) if \\( spaghetti \\) is rational, and \\( rhinoceros(spaghetti)=spaghetti+1 \\) if \\( spaghetti \\) is irrational. Then \\( rhinoceros \\) preserves all rational distances, but not all distances. For example \\( blackbird(0, \\sqrt{2})=\\sqrt{2} \\), but \\( blackbird(rhinoceros(0), rhinoceros(\\sqrt{2}))=blackbird(0, \\sqrt{2}+1)=\\sqrt{2}+1 \\).\n\nRemarks. The result and the argument given above remain valid for Euclidean \\( continent \\)-dimensional space \\( playhouse^{continent} \\) for any \\( continent \\geq 2 \\). A stronger result is true:\n\nIf \\( continent \\geq 2 \\) and \\( sunflower \\) maps \\( playhouse^{continent} \\) into itself so that, for one positive number \\( sandwich \\), \\( blackbird(sunflower\\,pineapple, sunflower\\,watermelon)=sandwich \\) whenever \\( blackbird(pineapple, watermelon)=sandwich \\), then \\( sunflower \\) is an isometry. (See F. S. Beckman and D. A. Quarles, Jr., \"On Isometries of Euclidean Spaces,\" Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 4 (1953), pp. 810-815.)\n\nEvery isometric map of \\( playhouse^{continent} \\) into itself can be represented as the product of not more than \\( continent+1 \\) reflections. Hence, when expressed in Cartesian coordinates, it is given by a (possibly) inhomogeneous linear transformation where the coefficient matrix is orthogonal. (See P. B. Yale, Geometry and Symmetry, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1968, p. 60. The proof there generalizes immediately to \\( playhouse^{continent} \\).)"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "A": "notpoint",
        "B": "emptiness",
        "C": "nothingness",
        "P": "antiobject",
        "Q": "countermark",
        "T": "staticmap",
        "S": "stillness",
        "d": "closeness",
        "r": "irrational",
        "s": "vastness",
        "x": "constantvalue",
        "\\epsilon": "gigantism",
        "n": "singulars",
        "E": "nonspace",
        "\\alpha": "negativeone"
      },
      "question": "6. (i) A transformation of the plane into itself preserves all rational distances. Prove that it preserves all distances.\n(ii) Show that the corresponding theorem for the line is false.",
      "solution": "Solution. (i) Suppose \\( staticmap \\) is a transformation of the plane into itself that preserves all rational distances. Denote the distance between any two points \\( antiobject, countermark \\) by \\( closeness(antiobject, countermark) \\).\nLet \\( notpoint \\) and \\( emptiness \\) be any two distinct points in the plane. Given any positive number \\( gigantism<closeness(notpoint, emptiness) \\), choose a rational number \\( irrational \\) such that\n\\[\ncloseness(notpoint, emptiness)-gigantism<irrational<closeness(notpoint, emptiness)\n\\]\nand choose a second rational number \\( vastness \\) such that \\( vastness<gigantism \\) and \\( irrational+vastness> \\) \\( closeness(notpoint, emptiness) \\). Then the circle of radius \\( irrational \\) about \\( notpoint \\) and the circle of radius \\( vastness \\) about \\( emptiness \\) intersect; let \\( nothingness \\) be one of the intersection points. Then \\( closeness(notpoint, nothingness)=irrational \\), and \\( closeness(emptiness, nothingness)=vastness \\). Hence \\( closeness(staticmap notpoint, staticmap nothingness)=irrational \\) and \\( closeness(staticmap emptiness, staticmap nothingness)=vastness \\), so we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nirrational-vastness & =closeness(staticmap notpoint, staticmap nothingness)-closeness(staticmap emptiness, staticmap nothingness) \\\\\n& \\leq closeness(staticmap notpoint, staticmap emptiness) \\leq closeness(staticmap notpoint, staticmap nothingness)+closeness(staticmap nothingness, staticmap emptiness)=irrational+vastness\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\ncloseness(notpoint, emptiness)-2 gigantism<closeness(staticmap notpoint, staticmap emptiness)<closeness(notpoint, emptiness)+gigantism\n\\]\nSince \\( gigantism \\) can be taken arbitrarily small, this shows that\n\\[\ncloseness(staticmap notpoint, staticmap emptiness)=closeness(notpoint, emptiness)\n\\]\nSince \\( notpoint \\) and \\( emptiness \\) were chosen arbitrarily, this proves that \\( staticmap \\) is distance preserving.\n(ii) Identify the line with \\( \\mathbf{R} \\), as usual. Consider the transformation \\( stillness(constantvalue)=constantvalue \\) if \\( constantvalue \\) is rational, and \\( stillness(constantvalue)=constantvalue+1 \\) if \\( constantvalue \\) is irrational. Then \\( stillness \\) preserves all rational distances, but not all distances. For example \\( closeness(0, \\sqrt{2})=\\sqrt{2} \\), but \\( closeness(stillness(0), stillness(\\sqrt{2}))=closeness(0, \\sqrt{2}+1)=\\sqrt{2}+1 \\).\n\nRemarks. The result and the argument given above remain valid for Euclidean \\( singulars \\)-dimensional space \\( nonspace^{singulars} \\) for any \\( singulars \\geq 2 \\). A stronger result is true:\n\nIf \\( singulars \\geq 2 \\) and \\( staticmap \\) maps \\( nonspace^{singulars} \\) into itself so that, for one positive number \\( negativeone \\), \\( closeness(staticmap notpoint, staticmap emptiness)=negativeone \\) whenever \\( closeness(notpoint, emptiness)=negativeone \\), then \\( staticmap \\) is an isometry. (See F. S. Beckman and D. A. Quarles, Jr., \"On Isometries of Euclidean Spaces,\" Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 4 (1953), pp. 810-815.)\n\nEvery isometric map of \\( nonspace^{singulars} \\) into itself can be represented as the product of not more than \\( singulars+1 \\) reflections. Hence, when expressed in Cartesian coordinates, it is given by a (possibly) inhomogeneous linear transformation where the coefficient matrix is orthogonal. (See P. B. Yale, Geometry and Symmetry, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1968, p. 60. The proof there generalizes immediately to \\( nonspace^{singulars} \\).)"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "A": "plnqswam",
        "B": "gzdvkjlo",
        "C": "hsprtxne",
        "P": "qdwazrnm",
        "Q": "jfksoqvb",
        "T": "zmrhykte",
        "S": "bdvcxwqo",
        "d": "kvlyfren",
        "r": "nhqgwzio",
        "s": "tfdjmsap",
        "x": "mcnrkehu",
        "\\epsilon": "bqfytjla",
        "n": "qzlxhuwd",
        "E": "tcsnvpao",
        "\\alpha": "gfqmtdzs"
      },
      "question": "6. (i) A transformation of the plane into itself preserves all rational distances. Prove that it preserves all distances.\n(ii) Show that the corresponding theorem for the line is false.",
      "solution": "Solution. (i) Suppose \\( zmrhykte \\) is a transformation of the plane into itself that preserves all rational distances. Denote the distance between any two points \\( qdwazrnm, jfksoqvb \\) by \\( kvlyfren(qdwazrnm, jfksoqvb) \\).\nLet \\( plnqswam \\) and \\( gzdvkjlo \\) be any two distinct points in the plane. Given any positive number \\( bqfytjla<kvlyfren(plnqswam, gzdvkjlo) \\), choose a rational number \\( nhqgwzio \\) such that\n\\[\nkvlyfren(plnqswam, gzdvkjlo)-bqfytjla<nhqgwzio<kvlyfren(plnqswam, gzdvkjlo)\n\\]\nand choose a second rational number \\( tfdjmsap \\) such that \\( tfdjmsap<bqfytjla \\) and \\( nhqgwzio+tfdjmsap> \\) \\( kvlyfren(plnqswam, gzdvkjlo) \\). Then the circle of radius \\( nhqgwzio \\) about \\( plnqswam \\) and the circle of radius \\( tfdjmsap \\) about \\( gzdvkjlo \\) intersect; let \\( hsprtxne \\) be one of the intersection points. Then \\( kvlyfren(plnqswam, hsprtxne)=nhqgwzio \\), and \\( kvlyfren(gzdvkjlo, hsprtxne)=tfdjmsap \\). Hence \\( kvlyfren(zmrhykte plnqswam, zmrhykte hsprtxne)=nhqgwzio \\) and \\( kvlyfren(zmrhykte gzdvkjlo, zmrhykte hsprtxne)=tfdjmsap \\), so we have\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nnhqgwzio-tfdjmsap & =kvlyfren(zmrhykte plnqswam, zmrhykte hsprtxne)-kvlyfren(zmrhykte gzdvkjlo, zmrhykte hsprtxne) \\\\\n& \\leq kvlyfren(zmrhykte plnqswam, zmrhykte gzdvkjlo) \\leq kvlyfren(zmrhykte plnqswam, zmrhykte hsprtxne)+kvlyfren(zmrhykte hsprtxne, zmrhykte gzdvkjlo)=nhqgwzio+tfdjmsap\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nHence\n\\[\nkvlyfren(plnqswam, gzdvkjlo)-2 bqfytjla<kvlyfren(zmrhykte plnqswam, zmrhykte gzdvkjlo)<kvlyfren(plnqswam, gzdvkjlo)+bqfytjla\n\\]\n\nSince \\( bqfytjla \\) can be taken arbitrarily small, this shows that\n\\[\nkvlyfren(zmrhykte plnqswam, zmrhykte gzdvkjlo)=kvlyfren(plnqswam, gzdvkjlo)\n\\]\n\nSince \\( plnqswam \\) and \\( gzdvkjlo \\) were chosen arbitrarily, this proves that \\( zmrhykte \\) is distance preserving.\n(ii) Identify the line with \\( \\mathbf{R} \\), as usual. Consider the transformation \\( bdvcxwqo(mcnrkehu)=mcnrkehu \\) if \\( mcnrkehu \\) is rational, and \\( bdvcxwqo(mcnrkehu)=mcnrkehu+1 \\) if \\( mcnrkehu \\) is irrational. Then \\( bdvcxwqo \\) preserves all rational distances, but not all distances. For example \\( kvlyfren(0, \\sqrt{2})=\\sqrt{2} \\), but \\( kvlyfren(bdvcxwqo(0), bdvcxwqo(\\sqrt{2}))=kvlyfren(0, \\sqrt{2}+1)=\\sqrt{2}+1 \\).\n\nRemarks. The result and the argument given above remain valid for Euclidean \\( qzlxhuwd \\)-dimensional space \\( tcsnvpao^{qzlxhuwd} \\) for any \\( qzlxhuwd \\geq 2 \\). A stronger result is true:\n\nIf \\( qzlxhuwd \\geq 2 \\) and \\( zmrhykte \\) maps \\( tcsnvpao^{qzlxhuwd} \\) into itself so that, for one positive number \\( gfqmtdzs \\), \\( kvlyfren(zmrhykte plnqswam, zmrhykte gzdvkjlo)=gfqmtdzs \\) whenever \\( kvlyfren(plnqswam, gzdvkjlo)=gfqmtdzs \\), then \\( zmrhykte \\) is an isometry. (See F. S. Beckman and D. A. Quarles, Jr., \"On Isometries of Euclidean Spaces,\" Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 4 (1953), pp. 810-815.)\n\nEvery isometric map of \\( tcsnvpao^{qzlxhuwd} \\) into itself can be represented as the product of not more than \\( qzlxhuwd+1 \\) reflections. Hence, when expressed in Cartesian coordinates, it is given by a (possibly) inhomogeneous linear transformation where the coefficient matrix is orthogonal. (See P. B. Yale, Geometry and Symmetry, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1968, p. 60. The proof there generalizes immediately to \\( tcsnvpao^{qzlxhuwd} \\).)"
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $\\mathcal H$ be a real, separable, infinite\\textnormal{-}dimensional Hilbert space with inner product $\\langle\\cdot,\\cdot\\rangle$ and induced norm $\\lVert\\cdot\\rVert$.  \nDenote by $\\mathbb A$ the set of (real) algebraic numbers.\n\n(i)  Assume that a surjective map  \n\\[\nT:\\mathcal H\\longrightarrow\\mathcal H\n\\]  \nsatisfies  \n\\[\n\\tag{$\\star$}\\label{star}\n\\lVert x-y\\rVert\\in\\mathbb A\n\\;\\Longrightarrow\\;\n\\lVert T(x)-T(y)\\rVert=\\lVert x-y\\rVert\n\\qquad\\text{for all }x,y\\in\\mathcal H .\n\\]\nProve that $T$ is an affine isometry; that is, show that there exist a linear isometry  \n\\[\nU:\\mathcal H\\longrightarrow\\mathcal H,\\qquad\\text{and a vector }b\\in\\mathcal H,\n\\]\nsuch that  \n\\[\nT(x)=Ux+b\\qquad\\text{for every }x\\in\\mathcal H .\n\\]\n\n(ii)  Show that the analogue of (i) is false on the real line: construct an explicit map  \n\\[\nS:\\mathbb R\\longrightarrow\\mathbb R\n\\]  \nthat satisfies \\eqref{star} (with $\\mathcal H=\\mathbb R$) but is not an affine isometry (equivalently, does not preserve at least one transcendental distance).\n\n\\bigskip",
      "solution": "Throughout $\\mathbb A$ denotes the set of algebraic real numbers; a real number that is not algebraic is called \\emph{transcendental}.  For $x,y\\in\\mathcal H$ write\n\\[\nd(x,y):=\\lVert x-y\\rVert .\n\\]\n\n\\bigskip\n\\textbf{Step 0. Fixing data and notation.}  \nLet $x,y\\in\\mathcal H$ be arbitrary and set\n\\[\nd:=d(x,y)=\\lVert x-y\\rVert>0 .\n\\]\nOur first goal is to prove that $T$ preserves \\emph{all} distances; i.e.\\ $T$ is an isometry.\n\n\\bigskip\n\\textbf{Step 1. Extending the preservation from algebraic to all distances.}\n\n\\medskip\n\\emph{Step 1.1. Choosing two algebraic radii that satisfy the triangle inequalities.}\n\nBecause $\\mathbb A$ is dense in $\\mathbb R$, we can approximate $d$ from below by algebraic numbers.  Fix\n\\[\nk_{0}:=\\Bigl\\lceil \\frac{1}{2d}\\Bigr\\rceil+1,\n\\]\nso that $\\tfrac1{2k}<d$ whenever $k\\ge k_{0}$.\n\nFor every integer $k\\ge k_{0}$ choose algebraic numbers $r_{k},s_{k}\\in\\mathbb A$ fulfilling\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n0<d-r_{k}<\\tfrac1{2k},\\qquad\\;\nd-r_{k}<s_{k}<\\tfrac1{2k}}\\tag{1}\n\\]\n(the second inequality is possible since $\\tfrac1{2k}>d-r_{k}>0$).\n\nFrom \\eqref{1} we obtain\n\\begin{align}\nr_{k}&<d, & r_{k}+s_{k}&>d, \\label{2a}\\\\[2pt]\n\\lvert r_{k}-s_{k}\\rvert\n&=d-\\bigl[s_{k}-(d-r_{k})\\bigr]<d ,\\label{2b}\n\\end{align}\nso the triangle inequalities\n\\[\n\\lvert r_{k}-s_{k}\\rvert\\le d\\le r_{k}+s_{k}\\tag{3}\n\\]\nhold for every $k\\ge k_{0}$.  Furthermore,\n\\[\nr_{k}+s_{k}\\longrightarrow d,\n\\quad\n\\lvert r_{k}-s_{k}\\rvert\\longrightarrow d\n\\qquad(k\\to\\infty).\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\n\\medskip\n\\emph{Step 1.2. Constructing a point realising the two algebraic distances.}\n\nPut\n\\[\nu:=\\frac{y-x}{d}\\quad(\\lVert u\\rVert=1).\n\\]\nBecause $\\mathcal H$ is infinite\\textnormal{-}dimensional, there exists a unit vector $e\\perp u$.  Define\n\\[\nt_{k}:=\\frac{d^{2}+r_{k}^{2}-s_{k}^{2}}{2d},\n\\qquad\nh_{k}:=\\sqrt{\\,r_{k}^{2}-t_{k}^{2}}\\ge0 ,\n\\]\nthe latter being real in view of \\eqref{3} (law of cosines).  Set\n\\[\nz_{k}:=x+t_{k}u+h_{k}e .\n\\]\nA direct computation gives\n\\[\nd(x,z_{k})=r_{k},\n\\qquad\nd(y,z_{k})=s_{k}.\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\n\\medskip\n\\emph{Step 1.3. Transporting the two algebraic distances with $T$.}\n\nBy \\eqref{star} and \\eqref{5},\n\\[\nd\\bigl(Tx,Tz_{k}\\bigr)=r_{k},\n\\qquad\nd\\bigl(Ty,Tz_{k}\\bigr)=s_{k}.\\tag{6}\n\\]\n\n\\medskip\n\\emph{Step 1.4. Pinning down $d(Tx,Ty)$.}\n\nApplying the triangle inequality to the triple $(Tx,Tz_{k},Ty)$ yields\n\\[\n\\lvert r_{k}-s_{k}\\rvert\n\\;\\le\\;\nd\\bigl(Tx,Ty\\bigr)\n\\;\\le\\;\nr_{k}+s_{k}.\\tag{7}\n\\]\nSending $k\\to\\infty$ and using \\eqref{4} gives\n\\[\nd\\bigl(Tx,Ty\\bigr)=d .\n\\]\nSince $x,y$ were arbitrary, $T$ preserves every distance; it is a surjective isometry of $\\mathcal H$.\n\n\\bigskip\n\\textbf{Step 2. From surjective isometry to affine map (Mazur–Ulam).}\n\nThe Mazur–Ulam theorem states that every surjective isometry between real normed spaces is affine.  Set $b:=T(0)$ and define\n\\[\nU:\\mathcal H\\longrightarrow\\mathcal H,\\qquad Ux:=T(x)-b .\n\\]\nThen $U$ is a surjective isometry with $U0=0$, hence $U$ is linear.  Consequently\n\\[\nT(x)=Ux+b\\qquad\\text{for all }x\\in\\mathcal H.\n\\]\n\n\\bigskip\n\\textbf{Step 3. $U$ is orthogonal.}\n\nFor $u,v\\in\\mathcal H$,\n\\[\n\\lVert u-v\\rVert^{2}=\\lVert Uu-Uv\\rVert^{2}.\n\\]\nExpanding both sides shows\n\\[\n\\langle u,u\\rangle-2\\langle u,v\\rangle+\\langle v,v\\rangle\n=\n\\langle Uu,Uu\\rangle-2\\langle Uu,Uv\\rangle+\\langle Uv,Uv\\rangle ,\n\\]\nhence $\\langle Uu,Uv\\rangle=\\langle u,v\\rangle$ for all $u,v$.  Thus $U$ is an orthogonal operator.  Parts (1)–(3) prove (i).\n\n\\bigskip\n\\textbf{Step 4. A counter–example on the real line (part (ii)).}\n\nDefine\n\\[\nS:\\mathbb R\\longrightarrow\\mathbb R,\\qquad\nS(t):=\n\\begin{cases}\nt, & t\\in\\mathbb A,\\\\[4pt]\nt+1, & t\\notin\\mathbb A.\n\\end{cases}\\tag{8}\n\\]\n\n\\emph{Claim.} $S$ satisfies \\eqref{star} (with $\\mathcal H=\\mathbb R$) but is not an affine isometry.\n\n\\emph{Proof.}  Let $x,y\\in\\mathbb R$ with $\\lvert x-y\\rvert\\in\\mathbb A$.\n\n\\smallskip\n(a) If $x\\in\\mathbb A$, then\n\\[\ny=x\\pm\\lvert x-y\\rvert\\in\\mathbb A,\n\\]\nso $S(x)=x$, $S(y)=y$, and $\\lvert S(x)-S(y)\\rvert=\\lvert x-y\\rvert$.\n\n(b) If $x\\notin\\mathbb A$, the field property of $\\mathbb A$ implies $y\\notin\\mathbb A$ as well.  Then $S(x)=x+1$, $S(y)=y+1$, and again $\\lvert S(x)-S(y)\\rvert=\\lvert x-y\\rvert$.\n\nHence $S$ satisfies \\eqref{star}.  Choosing $x=0$ and $y=\\pi$ (so that the distance $\\pi$ is transcendental) gives\n\\[\n\\lvert S(0)-S(\\pi)\\rvert=\\lvert 0-(\\pi+1)\\rvert=\\pi+1\\neq\\pi,\n\\]\nso $S$ fails to preserve all distances and is therefore not an affine isometry.  This completes (ii).\n\n\\bigskip\nSteps 1–4 establish the theorem. \\hfill$\\square$\n\n\\bigskip",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.481215",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "• Infinite-dimensional setting – the problem is no longer confined to finite-dimensional Euclidean space; one must handle countably infinite orthogonal directions and use the structure of Hilbert space.  \n• Dense algebraic subset – the preservation hypothesis is restricted to a dense but measure-zero subset of distances; extending from “algebraic” to “all” demands a refined approximation argument in infinitely many dimensions.  \n• Functional-analytic tools – the solution invokes the Mazur–Ulam theorem, properties of linear isometries on Hilbert spaces, and infinite orthogonal decomposition—techniques absent from the original.  \n• Additional non-degeneracy condition – the requirement that three independent points remain independent prevents degenerate solutions and must be checked during the argument.  \nAll these ingredients raise both the conceptual and technical level well above the plane/ℝ³ situation of the original kernel variant."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $\\mathcal H$ be a real, separable, infinite–dimensional Hilbert space with inner product $\\langle\\cdot,\\cdot\\rangle$ and induced norm $\\lVert\\cdot\\rVert$.  \nDenote by $\\mathbb A$ the set of (real) algebraic numbers.\n\n(i)\\; Assume that a surjective map  \n\\[\nT:\\mathcal H\\longrightarrow\\mathcal H\n\\]  \nsatisfies  \n\\[\n\\tag{$\\star$}\\label{star}\n\\lVert x-y\\rVert\\in\\mathbb A\\;\\Longrightarrow\\;\n\\lVert T(x)-T(y)\\rVert=\\lVert x-y\\rVert\n\\qquad\\text{for every }x,y\\in\\mathcal H .\n\\]\nProve that $T$ is an affine isometry; that is, show that there exist a linear isometry  \n\\[\nU:\\mathcal H\\longrightarrow\\mathcal H,\\qquad\\text{and a vector }b\\in\\mathcal H,\n\\]\nsuch that  \n\\[\nT(x)=Ux+b\\qquad\\text{for all }x\\in\\mathcal H .\n\\]\n\n(ii)\\; Show that the analogue of (i) is false on the real line: construct an explicit map  \n\\[\nS:\\mathbb R\\longrightarrow\\mathbb R\n\\]  \nthat satisfies \\eqref{star} (with $\\mathcal H=\\mathbb R$) but is not an affine isometry (equivalently, does not preserve some transcendental distance).\n\n\\bigskip",
      "solution": "Throughout $\\mathbb A$ denotes the set of algebraic real numbers; a real number that is not algebraic is called \\emph{transcendental}.\n\n\\bigskip\nStep 0.\\;Notation.  \nFor $x,y\\in\\mathcal H$ write $d(x,y):=\\lVert x-y\\rVert$.  \nFix arbitrary $x,y\\in\\mathcal H$ with\n\\[\nd:=d(x,y)=\\lVert x-y\\rVert>0 .\n\\]\n\n\\bigskip\nStep 1.\\;Extension of distance preservation from $\\mathbb A$ to all of $\\mathbb R_{+}$.\n\n\\textbf{Goal.} Show that $d\\bigl(Tx,Ty\\bigr)=d(x,y)=d$ for every $x,y$; i.e.\\ $T$ is an isometry.\n\n\\medskip\n1.1\\;Choosing two algebraic radii that automatically satisfy the triangle inequalities.  \n\nBecause $\\mathbb A$ is dense in $\\mathbb R$, we can choose, for each integer $k\\ge1$, algebraic numbers $r_{k},s_{k}\\in\\mathbb A$ such that  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n0<d-r_{k}<\\tfrac1{2k},\\qquad d-r_{k}<s_{k}<\\tfrac1{2k}\\;}\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\n(the second inequality is always possible because $\\tfrac1{2k} > d-r_k>0$).  \nFrom \\eqref{1} we deduce:\n\n\\begin{align}\nr_{k}&<d, & r_{k}+s_{k}&>d, \\label{2a}\\\\\n\\lvert r_{k}-s_{k}\\rvert\n&=d-\\bigl(s_{k}-(d-r_{k})\\bigr)<d. \\label{2b}\n\\end{align}\n\nInequalities \\eqref{2a}–\\eqref{2b} guarantee that the triangle inequalities\n\\[\n\\lvert r_{k}-s_{k}\\rvert\\le d\\le r_{k}+s_{k}\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\nhold for every $k$; this is the crucial point missing in the original draft.\n\nFurthermore, the bounds in \\eqref{1} imply\n\\[\nr_{k}+s_{k}\\longrightarrow d,\n\\qquad\n\\lvert r_{k}-s_{k}\\rvert\\longrightarrow d\n\\qquad(k\\to\\infty).\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\n\\medskip\n1.2\\;Constructing a point with the two prescribed algebraic distances.  \n\nFix $k$.  Put\n\\[\nu:=\\frac{y-x}{d}\\quad(\\lVert u\\rVert=1),\n\\qquad\\text{choose any unit vector }e\\perp u .\n\\]\nDefine\n\\[\nt_{k}:=\\frac{d^{2}+r_{k}^{2}-s_{k}^{2}}{2d},\\qquad\nh_{k}:=\\sqrt{\\,r_{k}^{2}-t_{k}^{2}}\\ge0 .\n\\]\nBecause the triangle inequalities \\eqref{3} are satisfied, the law of cosines ensures $h_{k}\\in\\mathbb R$.  \nSet\n\\[\nz_{k}:=x+t_{k}u+h_{k}e .\n\\]\nA straightforward computation (law of cosines in the two triangles $x\\,y\\,z_{k}$) gives\n\\[\nd\\bigl(x,z_{k}\\bigr)=r_{k},\\qquad\nd\\bigl(y,z_{k}\\bigr)=s_{k}.\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\n\\medskip\n1.3\\;Transporting the two algebraic distances with $T$.  \n\nProperty \\eqref{star} together with \\eqref{5} yields\n\\[\nd\\bigl(Tx,Tz_{k}\\bigr)=r_{k},\\qquad\nd\\bigl(Ty,Tz_{k}\\bigr)=s_{k}.\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\n\n\\medskip\n1.4\\;Bounding $d(Tx,Ty)$.  \n\nApply the triangle inequality to the triple $\\bigl(Tx,Tz_{k},Ty\\bigr)$:\n\\[\n\\lvert r_{k}-s_{k}\\rvert\n\\;\\le\\;\nd\\bigl(Tx,Ty\\bigr)\n\\;\\le\\;\nr_{k}+s_{k}.\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\nTaking $k\\to\\infty$ and using \\eqref{4}, both bounds in \\eqref{7} converge to $d$.  Hence\n\\[\nd\\bigl(Tx,Ty\\bigr)=d.\n\\]\nBecause $x,y$ were arbitrary, $T$ preserves every distance; i.e.\\ $T$ is a surjective isometry of $\\mathcal H$.\n\n\\bigskip\nStep 2.\\;From surjective isometry to affine map (Mazur–Ulam).  \n\nThe Mazur–Ulam theorem states that any surjective isometry between real normed spaces is affine.  \nSet $b:=T(0)$ and define\n\\[\nU:\\mathcal H\\longrightarrow\\mathcal H,\\qquad Ux:=T(x)-b .\n\\]\nThen $U$ is a surjective isometry with $U0=0$, and Mazur–Ulam implies that $U$ is linear.  Consequently\n\\[\nT(x)=Ux+b\\qquad\\text{for all }x\\in\\mathcal H.\n\\]\n\n\\bigskip\nStep 3.\\;$U$ is orthogonal.  \n\nFor any $u,v\\in\\mathcal H$, distance preservation of $U$ gives\n\\[\n\\lVert u-v\\rVert^{2}\n=\\lVert Uu-Uv\\rVert^{2}\n\\]\nwhich expands to\n\\[\n\\langle u,u\\rangle-2\\langle u,v\\rangle+\\langle v,v\\rangle\n=\n\\langle Uu,Uu\\rangle-2\\langle Uu,Uv\\rangle+\\langle Uv,Uv\\rangle .\n\\]\nHence $\\langle Uu,Uv\\rangle=\\langle u,v\\rangle$ for all $u,v$, so $U$ is an orthogonal operator on $\\mathcal H$.  Combining Steps 1–3 proves part (i).\n\n\\bigskip\nStep 4.\\;A counter–example on the line (part (ii)).  \n\nDefine\n\\[\nS:\\mathbb R\\longrightarrow\\mathbb R,\\qquad\nS(t):=\n\\begin{cases}\n\\,t &\\text{if }t\\in\\mathbb A,\\\\[6pt]\n\\,t+1 &\\text{if }t\\notin\\mathbb A.\n\\end{cases}\n\\tag{8}\n\\]\n\n\\emph{Claim.} $S$ satisfies \\eqref{star} with $\\mathcal H=\\mathbb R$ but is not an affine isometry.\n\n\\emph{Proof.} Let $x,y\\in\\mathbb R$ with $\\lvert x-y\\rvert\\in\\mathbb A$.\n\n\\smallskip\n(a) If $x\\in\\mathbb A$, then $y=x\\pm\\lvert x-y\\rvert\\in\\mathbb A$ as well; hence $S(x)=x$ and $S(y)=y$, giving $\\lvert S(x)-S(y)\\rvert=\\lvert x-y\\rvert$.\n\n(b) If $x\\notin\\mathbb A$, then $y$ must also be transcendental (since $\\mathbb A$ is a field).  Here $S(x)=x+1$ and $S(y)=y+1$, so again $\\lvert S(x)-S(y)\\rvert=\\lvert x-y\\rvert$.\n\nThus $S$ satisfies \\eqref{star}.  However, choosing $x=0$ and $y=\\pi$ (transcendental distance $\\pi$) gives\n\\[\n\\lvert S(0)-S(\\pi)\\rvert\n=\\lvert 0-(\\pi+1)\\rvert\n=\\pi+1\\ne\\pi,\n\\]\nso $S$ fails to preserve every distance and hence is not an affine isometry.  This completes part (ii).\n\n\\bigskip\nSteps 1–4 establish the theorem completely.  \\hfill$\\square$\n\n\\bigskip",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.403457",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "• Infinite-dimensional setting – the problem is no longer confined to finite-dimensional Euclidean space; one must handle countably infinite orthogonal directions and use the structure of Hilbert space.  \n• Dense algebraic subset – the preservation hypothesis is restricted to a dense but measure-zero subset of distances; extending from “algebraic” to “all” demands a refined approximation argument in infinitely many dimensions.  \n• Functional-analytic tools – the solution invokes the Mazur–Ulam theorem, properties of linear isometries on Hilbert spaces, and infinite orthogonal decomposition—techniques absent from the original.  \n• Additional non-degeneracy condition – the requirement that three independent points remain independent prevents degenerate solutions and must be checked during the argument.  \nAll these ingredients raise both the conceptual and technical level well above the plane/ℝ³ situation of the original kernel variant."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}