{
  "index": "2009-B-1",
  "type": "NT",
  "tag": [
    "NT",
    "COMB"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Show that every positive rational number can be written as a quotient of products of factorials\nof (not necessarily distinct) primes. For example,\n\\[\n\\frac{10}{9} = \\frac{2!\\cdot 5!}{3!\\cdot 3! \\cdot 3!}.\n\\]\n\\,",
  "solution": "Every positive rational number can be uniquely written in lowest terms\nas $a/b$ for $a,b$ positive integers. We prove the statement in the\nproblem by induction on the largest prime dividing either $a$ or $b$\n(where this is considered to be $1$ if $a=b=1$). For the base case, we\ncan write $1/1 = 2!/2!$. For a general $a/b$, let $p$ be the largest\nprime dividing either $a$ or $b$; then $a/b = p^k a'/b'$ for some $k\\neq\n0$ and positive integers $a',b'$ whose largest prime factors are\nstrictly less than $p$. We now have $a/b = (p!)^k \\frac{a'}{(p-1)!^k b'}$,\nand all prime factors of $a'$ and $(p-1)!^k b'$ are strictly less than $p$.\nBy the induction assumption, $\\frac{a'}{(p-1)!^k b'}$ can be written as a\nquotient of products of prime factorials, and so $a/b = (p!)^k\n\\frac{a'}{(p-1)!^k b'}$ can as well. This completes the induction.\n\n\\textbf{Remark.} Noam Elkies points out that the representations are unique\nup to rearranging and canceling common factors.",
  "vars": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "p",
    "k"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "a": "numerator",
        "b": "denominator",
        "p": "primefactor",
        "k": "exponent"
      },
      "question": "Show that every positive rational number can be written as a quotient of products of factorials\nof (not necessarily distinct) primes. For example,\n\\[\n\\frac{10}{9} = \\frac{2!\\cdot 5!}{3!\\cdot 3! \\cdot 3!}.\n\\]\n",
      "solution": "Every positive rational number can be uniquely written in lowest terms\nas $numerator/denominator$ for $numerator,denominator$ positive integers. We prove the statement in the\nproblem by induction on the largest prime dividing either $numerator$ or $denominator$\n(where this is considered to be $1$ if $numerator=denominator=1$). For the base case, we\ncan write $1/1 = 2!/2!$. For a general $numerator/denominator$, let $primefactor$ be the largest\nprime dividing either $numerator$ or $denominator$; then $numerator/denominator = primefactor^{exponent} numerator'/denominator'$ for some $exponent\\neq\n0$ and positive integers $numerator',denominator'$ whose largest prime factors are\nstrictly less than $primefactor$. We now have $numerator/denominator = (primefactor!)^{exponent} \\frac{numerator'}{(primefactor-1)!^{exponent} denominator'}$,\nand all prime factors of $numerator'$ and $(primefactor-1)!^{exponent} denominator'$ are strictly less than $primefactor$.\nBy the induction assumption, $\\frac{numerator'}{(primefactor-1)!^{exponent} denominator'}$ can be written as a\nquotient of products of prime factorials, and so $numerator/denominator = (primefactor!)^{exponent}\n\\frac{numerator'}{(primefactor-1)!^{exponent} denominator'}$ can as well. This completes the induction.\n\n\\textbf{Remark.} Noam Elkies points out that the representations are unique\nup to rearranging and canceling common factors."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "a": "umbrella",
        "b": "marigold",
        "p": "coconuts",
        "k": "vestibule"
      },
      "question": "Show that every positive rational number can be written as a quotient of products of factorials\nof (not necessarily distinct) primes. For example,\n\\[\n\\frac{10}{9} = \\frac{2!\\cdot 5!}{3!\\cdot 3! \\cdot 3!}.\n\\]\n",
      "solution": "Every positive rational number can be uniquely written in lowest terms\nas $\\umbrella/\\marigold$ for $\\umbrella,\\marigold$ positive integers. We prove the statement in the\nproblem by induction on the largest prime dividing either $\\umbrella$ or $\\marigold$\n(where this is considered to be $1$ if $\\umbrella=\\marigold=1$). For the base case, we\ncan write $1/1 = 2!/2!$. For a general $\\umbrella/\\marigold$, let $\\coconuts$ be the largest\nprime dividing either $\\umbrella$ or $\\marigold$; then $\\umbrella/\\marigold = \\coconuts^{\\vestibule} \\umbrella'/\\marigold'$ for some $\\vestibule\\neq\n0$ and positive integers $\\umbrella',\\marigold'$ whose largest prime factors are\nstrictly less than $\\coconuts$. We now have $\\umbrella/\\marigold = (\\coconuts!)^{\\vestibule} \\frac{\\umbrella'}{(\\coconuts-1)!^{\\vestibule} \\marigold'}$,\nand all prime factors of $\\umbrella'$ and $(\\coconuts-1)!^{\\vestibule} \\marigold'$ are strictly less than $\\coconuts$.\nBy the induction assumption, $\\frac{\\umbrella'}{(\\coconuts-1)!^{\\vestibule} \\marigold'}$ can be written as a\nquotient of products of prime factorials, and so $\\umbrella/\\marigold = (\\coconuts!)^{\\vestibule}\n\\frac{\\umbrella'}{(\\coconuts-1)!^{\\vestibule} \\marigold'}$ can as well. This completes the induction.\n\n\\textbf{Remark.} Noam Elkies points out that the representations are unique\nup to rearranging and canceling common factors."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "a": "irrational",
        "b": "infinite",
        "p": "composite",
        "k": "fractional"
      },
      "question": "Show that every positive rational number can be written as a quotient of products of factorials\nof (not necessarily distinct) primes. For example,\n\\[\n\\frac{10}{9} = \\frac{2!\\cdot 5!}{3!\\cdot 3! \\cdot 3!}.\n\\]\n\\,",
      "solution": "Every positive rational number can be uniquely written in lowest terms\nas $irrational/infinite$ for $irrational,infinite$ positive integers. We prove the statement in the\nproblem by induction on the largest prime dividing either $irrational$ or $infinite$\n(where this is considered to be $1$ if $irrational=infinite=1$). For the base case, we\ncan write $1/1 = 2!/2!$. For a general $irrational/infinite$, let $composite$ be the largest\nprime dividing either $irrational$ or $infinite$; then $irrational/infinite = composite^{fractional} irrational'/infinite'$ for some $fractional\\neq\n0$ and positive integers $irrational',infinite'$ whose largest prime factors are\nstrictly less than $composite$. We now have $irrational/infinite = (composite!)^{fractional} \\frac{irrational'}{(composite-1)!^{fractional} infinite'}$,\nand all prime factors of $irrational'$ and $(composite-1)!^{fractional} infinite'$ are strictly less than $composite$.\nBy the induction assumption, $\\frac{irrational'}{(composite-1)!^{fractional} infinite'}$ can be written as a\nquotient of products of prime factorials, and so $irrational/infinite = (composite!)^{fractional}\n\\frac{irrational'}{(composite-1)!^{fractional} infinite'}$ can as well. This completes the induction.\n\n\\textbf{Remark.} Noam Elkies points out that the representations are unique\nup to rearranging and canceling common factors."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "a": "qzxwvtnp",
        "b": "hjgrksla",
        "p": "mdfqvczx",
        "k": "lksnqwer"
      },
      "question": "Show that every positive rational number can be written as a quotient of products of factorials\nof (not necessarily distinct) primes. For example,\n\\[\n\\frac{10}{9} = \\frac{2!\\cdot 5!}{3!\\cdot 3! \\cdot 3!}.\n\\]\n",
      "solution": "Every positive rational number can be uniquely written in lowest terms\nas $qzxwvtnp/hjgrksla$ for $qzxwvtnp,hjgrksla$ positive integers. We prove the statement in the\nproblem by induction on the largest prime dividing either $qzxwvtnp$ or $hjgrksla$\n(where this is considered to be $1$ if $qzxwvtnp=hjgrksla=1$). For the base case, we\ncan write $1/1 = 2!/2!$. For a general $qzxwvtnp/hjgrksla$, let $mdfqvczx$ be the largest\nprime dividing either $qzxwvtnp$ or $hjgrksla$; then $qzxwvtnp/hjgrksla = mdfqvczx^{lksnqwer} qzxwvtnp'/hjgrksla'$ for some $lksnqwer\\neq\n0$ and positive integers $qzxwvtnp',hjgrksla'$ whose largest prime factors are\nstrictly less than $mdfqvczx$. We now have $qzxwvtnp/hjgrksla = (mdfqvczx!)^{lksnqwer} \\frac{qzxwvtnp'}{(mdfqvczx-1)!^{lksnqwer} hjgrksla'}$,\nand all prime factors of $qzxwvtnp'$ and $(mdfqvczx-1)!^{lksnqwer} hjgrksla'$ are strictly less than $mdfqvczx$.\nBy the induction assumption, $\\frac{qzxwvtnp'}{(mdfqvczx-1)!^{lksnqwer} hjgrksla'}$ can be written as a\nquotient of products of prime factorials, and so $qzxwvtnp/hjgrksla = (mdfqvczx!)^{lksnqwer}\n\\frac{qzxwvtnp'}{(mdfqvczx-1)!^{lksnqwer} hjgrksla'}$ can as well. This completes the induction.\n\n\\textbf{Remark.} Noam Elkies points out that the representations are unique\nup to rearranging and canceling common factors."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Show that every positive rational number can be expressed as a quotient of products of factorials of (not necessarily distinct) prime numbers. For instance,\n\\[\n\\frac{21}{20}=\\frac{7!\\,\\cdot 3!}{5!\\,\\cdot 5!\\,\\cdot 2!}.\n\\]",
      "solution": "Write any positive rational number in lowest terms as a/b with positive integers a,b.  We prove by induction on the largest prime dividing either a or b that a/b can be written as a quotient of products of prime factorials.\n\nBase case.  If a=b=1 the largest prime is defined to be 1.  We may write\n\n    1/1 = 3!/3! ,\n\nexpressing the unit fraction with prime factorials.\n\nInductive step.  Suppose the statement holds whenever the largest prime divisor of numerator or denominator is smaller than some fixed prime p.  Consider a fraction a/b whose largest such prime is exactly p.  Then\n\n    a/b = p^k · (a'/b')\n\nfor some nonzero integer k and positive integers a',b' whose prime factors are all strictly less than p.\n\nIsolate the power of p with factorials:\n\n    p^k = (p!)^k / ((p−1)!)^k.\n\nHence\n\n    a/b = (p!)^k · ( a' / ( (p−1)!)^k b' ).\n\nAll prime factors in the latter fraction are less than p, so by the induction hypothesis it can itself be written as a quotient of products of prime factorials.  Multiplying by the explicit prime factorial (p!)^k we obtain such a representation for a/b as well.  This completes the induction and the proof.\n\nFor example, 21/20 = 7! · 3! / (5! · 5! · 2!) as displayed in the statement.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Write the rational number a/b in lowest terms",
          "Induct on the largest prime p dividing either numerator or denominator",
          "Isolate the p–power:  a/b = p^k · a'/b' with k ≠ 0 and smaller–prime part a'/b'",
          "Convert p^k via factorials:  p^k = (p!)^k / ( (p−1)! )^k",
          "Apply the induction hypothesis to a' / ( (p−1)! )^k b' to finish"
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "The illustrative rational number used in the statement as an example",
            "original": "10/9"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "The particular factorial decomposition shown for that example",
            "original": "2! · 5! / (3! · 3! · 3!)"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "The factorial chosen to express 1 in the base case of the induction",
            "original": "2! / 2!"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}