{
  "index": "1991-A-6",
  "type": "COMB",
  "tag": [
    "COMB",
    "NT",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Let $A(n)$ denote the number of sums of positive integers\n\\[\na_1 + a_2 + \\cdots + a_r\n\\]\nwhich add up to $n$ with\n\\begin{gather*}\na_1 > a_2 + a_3, a_2 > a_3 + a_4, \\ldots, \\\\\na_{r-2} > a_{r-1} + a_r, a_{r-1}  > a_r.\n\\end{gather*}\nLet $B(n)$ denote the number of $b_1 + b_2 + \\cdots + b_s$ which add up\nto $n$, with\n\\begin{enumerate}\n    \\item $b_1 \\geq b_2 \\geq \\dots \\geq b_s,$\n    \\item each $b_i$ is in the sequence $1, 2, 4, \\dots, g_j, \\dots$\n    defined by $g_1 = 1$, $g_2 = 2$, and $g_j = g_{j-1} + g_{j-2} + 1,$ and\n    \\item if $b_1 = g_k$ then every element in $\\{1, 2, 4, \\dots, g_k\\}$\n    appears at least once as a $b_i$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $A(n) = B(n)$ for each $n \\geq 1$.\n\n(For example, $A(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $7, 6+1, 5+2, 4+3,\n4+2+1,$ and $B(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $4+2+1, 2+2+2+1,\n2+2+1+1+1, 2+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1.$)",
  "solution": "Solution 1. First, given a sum counted by \\( A(n) \\), we construct a \"tableau\" of Fibonacci numbers. Start with two rows, the lower row with \\( a_{r} \\) ones and the upper with \\( a_{r-1} \\) ones, as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllll}\na_{r-1}: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\na_{r}: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThe top row is longer than the bottom row since \\( a_{r-1}>a_{r} \\).\nSince \\( a_{r-2}>a_{r-1}+a_{r} \\), we may add a new row on top, such that each new entry directly above two entries is the sum of those two, each entry above a single entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the sum of the new row equal \\( a_{r-2} \\).\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rllllllllll}\na_{r-2}: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\na_{r-1}: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & \\\\\na_{r}: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nNext, \\( a_{r-3}>a_{r-2}+a_{r-1} \\), so we can add another row on top, such that each entry above at least two entries is the sum of the two below it, each entry above one entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the row sum \\( a_{r-3} \\), as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllllllll}\na_{r-3}: & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\na_{r-2}: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & \\\\\na_{r-1}: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & \\\\\na_{r}: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nContinue this construction to make a tableau of \\( r \\) rows, in which the total of all entries is \\( n \\). Let \\( s \\) be the number of columns, and let \\( b_{i} \\) denote the sum of the \\( i \\) th column. Then \\( b_{i}=F_{1}+F_{2}+\\cdots+F_{j} \\), where \\( j \\) is the length of the \\( i \\) th column. The sequence \\( g_{j}^{\\prime}=F_{1}+F_{2}+\\cdots+F_{j} \\) satisfies \\( g_{1}^{\\prime}=1=g_{1}, g_{2}^{\\prime}=2=g_{2} \\) and for \\( j \\geq 3 \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ng_{j-1}^{\\prime}+g_{j-2}^{\\prime}+1= & F_{1}+F_{2}+\\cdots+F_{j-1} \\\\\n& \\quad+F_{1}+\\cdots+F_{j-2}+1 \\\\\n= & F_{2}+F_{3}+\\cdots+F_{j} \\quad+F_{1} \\quad\\left(\\text { since } F_{1}=F_{2}=1\\right) \\\\\n= & g_{j}^{\\prime}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nso \\( g_{j}^{\\prime}=g_{j} \\) for all \\( j \\). Thus the \\( b_{i} \\) satisfy condition (i) in the definition of \\( B(n) \\). The sum of the \\( b_{i} \\) equals the sum of all entries of the tableau, namely \\( n \\). Each row is at least one longer than the next row, so each column is either equal in length or one longer than the next column. Thus the \\( b_{i} \\) satisfy conditions (ii) and (iii) as well.\n\nConversely, given a sum \\( b_{1}+\\cdots+b_{s} \\) counted by \\( B(n) \\), construct a (top and left justified) tableau in which the entries of the \\( i \\) th column from the top down are \\( F_{k} \\), \\( F_{k-1}, \\ldots, F_{1} \\), where \\( k \\) is the positive integer such that \\( b_{i}=g_{k} \\); then let \\( a_{i} \\) denote the sum of the \\( i \\) th row.\n\nIt is straightforward to check that these constructions define inverse bijections between the partitions counted by \\( A(n) \\) and those counted by \\( B(n) \\). Thus \\( A(n)= \\) \\( B(n) \\) for all \\( n \\).\n\nSolution 2. Let \\( A(n, r) \\) denote the number of sums counted by \\( A(n) \\) with exactly \\( r \\) terms. Let \\( B(n, r) \\) denote the number of sums counted by \\( B(n) \\) in which \\( b_{1}=g_{r} \\).\n\nFix \\( r \\geq 1 \\). Form the \\( r \\times r \\) matrix\n\\[\nM=\\left(m_{i j}\\right)=\\left(\\begin{array}{cccccc}\n1 & -1 & -1 & 0 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 1 & -1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\cdots & 1\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\]\nwith\n\\[\nm_{i j}=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n1 & \\text { if } j-i=0 \\\\\n-1 & \\text { if } j-i=1 \\text { or } j-i=2 \\\\\n0 & \\text { otherwise }\n\\end{array}\\right.\n\\]\n\nLet \\( \\mathbf{a} \\) and \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) denote column vectors \\( \\left(a_{1}, a_{2}, \\ldots, a_{r}\\right) \\) and \\( \\left(c_{1}, c_{2}, \\ldots, c_{r}\\right) \\), respectively. Since \\( M \\) is an integer matrix with determinant 1 , the relation \\( M \\mathbf{a}=\\mathbf{c} \\) is a bijection between the set of \\( \\mathbf{a} \\) in \\( \\mathbb{Z}^{r} \\) and the set of \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) in \\( \\mathbb{Z}^{r} \\). Under this bijection, the inequalities \\( a_{1}>a_{2}+a_{3}, \\ldots, a_{r-2}>a_{r-1}+a_{r}, a_{r-1}>a_{r}, a_{r}>0 \\) correspond to \\( c_{1}>0, \\ldots \\), \\( c_{r-2}>0, c_{r-1}>0, c_{r}>0 \\). Also, applying the identity\n\\[\n\\left(\\begin{array}{lll}\ng_{1} & g_{2} \\cdots & g_{r}\n\\end{array}\\right) M=\\left(\\begin{array}{llll}\n1 & 1 & \\cdots & 1\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\]\nto a shows that the condition \\( \\sum a_{i}=n \\) corresponds to \\( \\sum g_{i} c_{i}=n \\). Thus \\( A(n, r) \\), which counts the number of \\( \\mathbf{a} \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{r} \\) satisfying the inequalities and sum condition, equals the number of \\( \\mathbf{c} \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{r} \\) satisfying \\( c_{i}>0 \\) for all \\( i \\) and \\( \\sum g_{i} c_{i}=n \\). Such a \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) may be matched with the sequence \\( b_{1}, b_{2}, \\ldots, b_{s} \\) consisting of \\( c_{r} \\) copies of \\( g_{r}, \\ldots \\), and \\( c_{1} \\) copies of \\( g_{1} \\); the \\( b \\)-sequences arising in this way are exactly the sequences summing to \\( n \\) that satisfy conditions (i)-(iii) of the problem and \\( b_{1}=g_{r} \\). Hence the number of such c equals \\( B(n, r) \\).\n\nThus \\( A(n, r)=B(n, r) \\). Summing over \\( r \\) yields \\( A(n)=B(n) \\).",
  "vars": [
    "n",
    "r",
    "s",
    "i",
    "j",
    "k"
  ],
  "params": [
    "A",
    "B",
    "a_1",
    "a_2",
    "a_3",
    "a_r",
    "a_r-2",
    "a_r-1",
    "b_1",
    "b_2",
    "b_s",
    "b_i",
    "g_j",
    "g_1",
    "g_2",
    "g_j-1",
    "g_j-2",
    "g_k",
    "F_1",
    "F_2",
    "F_j",
    "c_i",
    "c_1",
    "c_2",
    "M"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "n": "totalno",
        "r": "rowcount",
        "s": "colcount",
        "i": "indexone",
        "j": "indextwo",
        "k": "indexthr",
        "A": "alphacount",
        "B": "betacount",
        "a_1": "termone",
        "a_2": "termtwo",
        "a_3": "termthree",
        "a_r": "termlast",
        "a_r-2": "termante",
        "a_r-1": "termpenul",
        "b_1": "partone",
        "b_2": "parttwo",
        "b_s": "partlast",
        "b_i": "partgen",
        "g_j": "genseqj",
        "g_1": "genseqone",
        "g_2": "genseqtwo",
        "g_j-1": "genseqprev",
        "g_j-2": "genseqprv2",
        "g_k": "genseqk",
        "F_1": "fibone",
        "F_2": "fibtwo",
        "F_j": "fibgen",
        "c_i": "coeffgen",
        "c_1": "coeffone",
        "c_2": "coefftwo",
        "M": "matrixbig"
      },
      "question": "Let $alphacount(totalno)$ denote the number of sums of positive integers\n\\[\ntermone + termtwo + \\cdots + termlast\n\\]\nwhich add up to $totalno$ with\n\\begin{gather*}\ntermone > termtwo + termthree, termtwo > termthree + a_4, \\ldots, \\\\\ntermante > termpenul + termlast, termpenul  > termlast.\n\\end{gather*}\nLet $betacount(totalno)$ denote the number of $partone + parttwo + \\cdots + partlast$ which add up\nto $totalno$, with\n\\begin{enumerate}\n    \\item $partone \\geq parttwo \\geq \\dots \\geq partlast,$\n    \\item each $partgen$ is in the sequence $1, 2, 4, \\dots, genseqj, \\dots$\n    defined by $genseqone = 1$, $genseqtwo = 2$, and $genseqj = genseqprev + genseqprv2 + 1,$ and\n    \\item if $partone = genseqk$ then every element in $\\{1, 2, 4, \\dots, genseqk\\}$\n    appears at least once as a $partgen$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $alphacount(totalno) = betacount(totalno)$ for each $totalno \\geq 1$.\n\n(For example, $alphacount(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $7, 6+1, 5+2, 4+3,\n4+2+1,$ and $betacount(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $4+2+1, 2+2+2+1,\n2+2+1+1+1, 2+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1.$)",
      "solution": "Solution 1. First, given a sum counted by \\( alphacount(totalno) \\), we construct a \"tableau\" of Fibonacci numbers. Start with two rows, the lower row with \\( termlast \\) ones and the upper with \\( termpenul \\) ones, as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllll}\ntermpenul: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\ntermlast: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThe top row is longer than the bottom row since \\( termpenul>termlast \\).\nSince \\( termante>termpenul+termlast \\), we may add a new row on top, such that each new entry directly above two entries is the sum of those two, each entry above a single entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the sum of the new row equal \\( termante \\).\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rllllllllll}\ntermante: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\ntermpenul: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & \\\\\ntermlast: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nNext, \\( a_{rowcount-3}>termante+termpenul \\), so we can add another row on top, such that each entry above at least two entries is the sum of the two below it, each entry above one entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the row sum \\( a_{rowcount-3} \\), as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllllllll}\na_{rowcount-3}: & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\ntermante: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & \\\\\ntermpenul: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & \\\\\ntermlast: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nContinue this construction to make a tableau of \\( rowcount \\) rows, in which the total of all entries is \\( totalno \\). Let \\( colcount \\) be the number of columns, and let \\( partgen \\) denote the sum of the \\( indexone \\) th column. Then \\( partgen = fibone+fibtwo+\\cdots+fibgen \\), where \\( indextwo \\) is the length of the \\( indexone \\) th column. The sequence \\( genseqj^{\\prime}=fibone+fibtwo+\\cdots+fibgen \\) satisfies \\( genseqone^{\\prime}=1=genseqone, \\; genseqtwo^{\\prime}=2=genseqtwo \\) and for \\( indextwo \\geq 3 \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ngenseqprev^{\\prime}+genseqprv2^{\\prime}+1= & fibone+fibtwo+\\cdots+F_{indextwo-1} \\\\\n& \\quad+fibone+\\cdots+F_{indextwo-2}+1 \\\\\n= & fibtwo+F_{3}+\\cdots+F_{indextwo} \\quad+fibone \\quad\\left(\\text { since } fibone=fibtwo=1\\right) \\\\\n= & genseqj^{\\prime},\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nso \\( genseqj^{\\prime}=genseqj \\) for all \\( indextwo \\). Thus the \\( partgen \\) satisfy condition (i) in the definition of \\( betacount(totalno) \\). The sum of the \\( partgen \\) equals the sum of all entries of the tableau, namely \\( totalno \\). Each row is at least one longer than the next row, so each column is either equal in length or one longer than the next column. Thus the \\( partgen \\) satisfy conditions (ii) and (iii) as well.\n\nConversely, given a sum \\( partone+\\cdots+partlast \\) counted by \\( betacount(totalno) \\), construct a (top and left justified) tableau in which the entries of the \\( indexone \\) th column from the top down are \\( F_{indexthr}, F_{indexthr-1}, \\ldots, fibone \\), where \\( indexthr \\) is the positive integer such that \\( partgen=genseqk \\); then let \\( a_{indexone} \\) denote the sum of the \\( indexone \\) th row.\n\nIt is straightforward to check that these constructions define inverse bijections between the partitions counted by \\( alphacount(totalno) \\) and those counted by \\( betacount(totalno) \\). Thus \\( alphacount(totalno)=betacount(totalno) \\) for all \\( totalno \\).\n\nSolution 2. Let \\( alphacount(totalno, rowcount) \\) denote the number of sums counted by \\( alphacount(totalno) \\) with exactly \\( rowcount \\) terms. Let \\( betacount(totalno, rowcount) \\) denote the number of sums counted by \\( betacount(totalno) \\) in which \\( partone=genseqk \\) with \\( k=rowcount \\).\n\nFix \\( rowcount \\geq 1 \\). Form the \\( rowcount \\times rowcount \\) matrix\n\\[\nmatrixbig=\\left(m_{indexone\\,indextwo}\\right)=\\left(\\begin{array}{cccccc}\n1 & -1 & -1 & 0 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 1 & -1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\cdots & 1\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\]\nwith\n\\[\nm_{indexone\\,indextwo}= \\begin{cases}\n1 & \\text { if } indextwo-indexone=0, \\\\\n-1 & \\text { if } indextwo-indexone=1 \\text { or } indextwo-indexone=2, \\\\\n0 & \\text { otherwise. }\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\n\nLet \\( \\mathbf{a} \\) and \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) denote column vectors \\( \\left(a_{1}, a_{2}, \\ldots, a_{rowcount}\\right) \\) and \\( \\left(coeffone, coefftwo, c_{3}, \\ldots, c_{rowcount}\\right) \\), respectively. Since \\( matrixbig \\) is an integer matrix with determinant $1$, the relation \\( matrixbig\\,\\mathbf{a}=\\mathbf{c} \\) is a bijection between the set of \\( \\mathbf{a} \\) in \\( \\mathbb{Z}^{rowcount} \\) and the set of \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) in \\( \\mathbb{Z}^{rowcount} \\). Under this bijection, the inequalities \\( a_{1}>a_{2}+a_{3}, \\ldots, a_{rowcount-2}>a_{rowcount-1}+a_{rowcount}, a_{rowcount-1}>a_{rowcount}, a_{rowcount}>0 \\) correspond to \\( coeffone>0, \\ldots, c_{rowcount-2}>0, c_{rowcount-1}>0, c_{rowcount}>0 \\). Also, applying the identity\n\\[\n\\left(\\begin{array}{lll}\ngenseqone & genseqtwo \\cdots & g_{rowcount}\n\\end{array}\\right) matrixbig=\\left(\\begin{array}{llll}\n1 & 1 & \\cdots & 1\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\]\nto \\( \\mathbf{a} \\) shows that the condition \\( \\sum a_{indexone}=totalno \\) corresponds to \\( \\sum g_{indexone} c_{indexone}=totalno \\). Thus \\( alphacount(totalno, rowcount) \\), which counts the number of \\( \\mathbf{a} \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{rowcount} \\) satisfying the inequalities and sum condition, equals the number of \\( \\mathbf{c} \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{rowcount} \\) satisfying \\( c_{indexone}>0 \\) for all \\( indexone \\) and \\( \\sum g_{indexone} c_{indexone}=totalno \\). Such a \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) may be matched with the sequence \\( partone, parttwo, \\ldots, partlast \\) consisting of \\( c_{rowcount} \\) copies of \\( g_{rowcount}, \\ldots \\), and \\( coeffone \\) copies of \\( genseqone \\); the $b$-sequences arising in this way are exactly the sequences summing to \\( totalno \\) that satisfy conditions (i)-(iii) of the problem and \\( partone=g_{rowcount} \\). Hence the number of such $\\mathbf{c}$ equals \\( betacount(totalno, rowcount) \\).\n\nThus \\( alphacount(totalno, rowcount)=betacount(totalno, rowcount) \\). Summing over \\( rowcount \\) yields \\( alphacount(totalno)=betacount(totalno) \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "n": "cranberry",
        "r": "goldfinch",
        "s": "driftwood",
        "i": "marigold",
        "j": "paintbrush",
        "k": "rainstorm",
        "A": "stargazer",
        "B": "crosswind",
        "a_1": "stalemate",
        "a_2": "firebrand",
        "a_3": "moonlight",
        "a_r": "stoneware",
        "a_r-2": "whitepine",
        "a_r-1": "varnisher",
        "b_1": "sandalwood",
        "b_2": "turnpike",
        "b_s": "gatehouse",
        "b_i": "cloudburst",
        "g_j": "parchment",
        "g_1": "sugarcane",
        "g_2": "thistledown",
        "g_j-1": "scarecrow",
        "g_j-2": "riverbank",
        "g_k": "blacksmith",
        "F_1": "treetopper",
        "F_2": "daydream",
        "F_j": "hawkfeather",
        "c_i": "cornstalk",
        "c_1": "ironworks",
        "c_2": "floodgate",
        "M": "campfire"
      },
      "question": "Let $stargazer(cranberry)$ denote the number of sums of positive integers\n\\[\nstalemate + firebrand + \\cdots + stoneware\n\\]\nwhich add up to $cranberry$ with\n\\begin{gather*}\nstalemate > firebrand + moonlight, firebrand > moonlight + a_4, \\ldots, \\\\\nwhitepine > varnisher + stoneware, varnisher  > stoneware.\n\\end{gather*}\nLet $crosswind(cranberry)$ denote the number of $sandalwood + turnpike + \\cdots + gatehouse$ which add up\nto $cranberry$, with\n\\begin{enumerate}\n    \\item $sandalwood \\geq turnpike \\geq \\dots \\geq gatehouse,$\n    \\item each $cloudburst$ is in the sequence $1, 2, 4, \\dots, parchment, \\dots$\n    defined by $sugarcane = 1$, $thistledown = 2$, and $parchment = scarecrow + riverbank + 1,$ and\n    \\item if $sandalwood = blacksmith$ then every element in $\\{1, 2, 4, \\dots, blacksmith\\}$\n    appears at least once as a $cloudburst$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $stargazer(cranberry) = crosswind(cranberry)$ for each $cranberry \\geq 1$.\n\n(For example, $stargazer(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $7, 6+1, 5+2, 4+3,\n4+2+1,$ and $crosswind(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $4+2+1, 2+2+2+1,\n2+2+1+1+1, 2+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1.$)",
      "solution": "Solution 1. First, given a sum counted by \\( stargazer(cranberry) \\), we construct a \"tableau\" of Fibonacci numbers. Start with two rows, the lower row with \\( stoneware \\) ones and the upper with \\( varnisher \\) ones, as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllll}\nvarnisher: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\nstoneware: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThe top row is longer than the bottom row since \\( varnisher>stoneware \\).\nSince \\( whitepine>varnisher+stoneware \\), we may add a new row on top, such that each new entry directly above two entries is the sum of those two, each entry above a single entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the sum of the new row equal \\( whitepine \\).\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rllllllllll}\nwhitepine: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\nvarnisher: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & \\\\\nstoneware: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nNext, \\( a_{r-3}>whitepine+varnisher \\), so we can add another row on top, such that each entry above at least two entries is the sum of the two below it, each entry above one entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the row sum \\( a_{r-3} \\), as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllllllll}\na_{r-3}: & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\nwhitepine: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & \\\\\nvarnisher: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & \\\\\nstoneware: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nContinue this construction to make a tableau of \\( goldfinch \\) rows, in which the total of all entries is \\( cranberry \\). Let \\( driftwood \\) be the number of columns, and let \\( cloudburst \\) denote the sum of the \\( marigold \\) th column. Then \\( cloudburst =treetopper+daydream+\\cdots+hawkfeather \\), where \\( paintbrush \\) is the length of the \\( marigold \\) th column. The sequence \\( parchment^{\\prime}=treetopper+daydream+\\cdots+hawkfeather \\) satisfies \\( g_{1}^{\\prime}=1=sugarcane, g_{2}^{\\prime}=2=thistledown \\) and for \\( paintbrush \\geq 3 \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nparchment_{paintbrush-1}^{\\prime}+parchment_{paintbrush-2}^{\\prime}+1=& treetopper+daydream+\\cdots+F_{paintbrush-1}\\\\\n&\\quad+treetopper+\\cdots+F_{paintbrush-2}+1\\\\\n=& F_{2}+F_{3}+\\cdots+F_{paintbrush}\\quad+F_{1}\\quad(\\text{since }F_{1}=F_{2}=1)\\\\\n=& parchment_{paintbrush}^{\\prime}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nso \\( parchment=parchment \\) for all \\( paintbrush \\). Thus the \\( cloudburst \\) satisfy condition (i) in the definition of \\( crosswind(cranberry) \\). The sum of the \\( cloudburst \\) equals the sum of all entries of the tableau, namely \\( cranberry \\). Each row is at least one longer than the next row, so each column is either equal in length or one longer than the next column. Thus the \\( cloudburst \\) satisfy conditions (ii) and (iii) as well.\n\nConversely, given a sum \\( sandalwood+\\cdots+gatehouse \\) counted by \\( crosswind(cranberry) \\), construct a (top and left justified) tableau in which the entries of the \\( marigold \\) th column from the top down are \\( F_{k} , F_{k-1}, \\ldots, F_{1} \\), where \\( k \\) is the positive integer such that \\( cloudburst=parchment \\); then let \\( a_{marigold} \\) denote the sum of the \\( marigold \\) th row.\n\nIt is straightforward to check that these constructions define inverse bijections between the partitions counted by \\( stargazer(cranberry) \\) and those counted by \\( crosswind(cranberry) \\). Thus \\( stargazer(cranberry)=crosswind(cranberry) \\) for all \\( cranberry \\).\n\nSolution 2. Let \\( stargazer(cranberry, goldfinch) \\) denote the number of sums counted by \\( stargazer(cranberry) \\) with exactly \\( goldfinch \\) terms. Let \\( crosswind(cranberry, goldfinch) \\) denote the number of sums counted by \\( crosswind(cranberry) \\) in which \\( sandalwood=g_{goldfinch} \\).\n\nFix \\( goldfinch \\geq 1 \\). Form the \\( goldfinch \\times goldfinch \\) matrix\n\\[\ncampfire=\\left(m_{i j}\\right)=\\left(\\begin{array}{cccccc}\n1 & -1 & -1 & 0 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 1 & -1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\cdots & 1\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\]\nwith\n\\[\nm_{i j}=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n1 & \\text { if } j-i=0 \\\\\n-1 & \\text { if } j-i=1 \\text { or } j-i=2 \\\\\n0 & \\text { otherwise }\n\\end{array}\\right.\n\\]\n\nLet \\( \\mathbf{a} \\) and \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) denote column vectors \\( \\left(a_{1}, a_{2}, \\ldots, a_{goldfinch}\\right) \\) and \\( \\left(ironworks, floodgate, \\ldots, c_{goldfinch}\\right) \\), respectively. Since \\( campfire \\) is an integer matrix with determinant 1, the relation \\( campfire \\mathbf{a}=\\mathbf{c} \\) is a bijection between the set of \\( \\mathbf{a} \\) in \\( \\mathbb{Z}^{goldfinch} \\) and the set of \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) in \\( \\mathbb{Z}^{goldfinch} \\). Under this bijection, the inequalities \\( stalemate>firebrand+moonlight, \\ldots, a_{goldfinch-2}>a_{goldfinch-1}+stoneware, varnisher>stoneware, stoneware>0 \\) correspond to \\( c_{1}>0, \\ldots, c_{goldfinch-2}>0, c_{goldfinch-1}>0, c_{goldfinch}>0 \\). Also, applying the identity\n\\[\n\\left(\\begin{array}{lll}\ng_{1} & g_{2} \\cdots & g_{goldfinch}\n\\end{array}\\right) campfire=\\left(\\begin{array}{llll}\n1 & 1 & \\cdots & 1\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\]\nto a shows that the condition \\( \\sum a_{marigold}=cranberry \\) corresponds to \\( \\sum g_{marigold} c_{marigold}=cranberry \\). Thus \\( stargazer(cranberry, goldfinch) \\), which counts the number of \\( \\mathbf{a} \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{goldfinch} \\) satisfying the inequalities and sum condition, equals the number of \\( \\mathbf{c} \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{goldfinch} \\) satisfying \\( c_{marigold}>0 \\) for all \\( marigold \\) and \\( \\sum g_{marigold} c_{marigold}=cranberry \\). Such a \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) may be matched with the sequence \\( sandalwood, turnpike, \\ldots, gatehouse \\) consisting of \\( c_{goldfinch} \\) copies of \\( g_{goldfinch}, \\ldots \\), and \\( ironworks \\) copies of \\( g_{1} \\); the $b$-sequences arising in this way are exactly the sequences summing to \\( cranberry \\) that satisfy conditions (i)-(iii) of the problem and \\( sandalwood=g_{goldfinch} \\). Hence the number of such $\\mathbf{c}$ equals \\( crosswind(cranberry, goldfinch) \\).\n\nThus \\( stargazer(cranberry, goldfinch)=crosswind(cranberry, goldfinch) \\). Summing over \\( goldfinch \\) yields \\( stargazer(cranberry)=crosswind(cranberry) \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "n": "voidness",
        "r": "singular",
        "s": "unitedly",
        "i": "entirety",
        "j": "afterward",
        "k": "terminus",
        "A": "scarcity",
        "B": "abundance",
        "a_1": "gapfirst",
        "a_2": "gapsecond",
        "a_3": "gapthird",
        "a_r": "gapending",
        "a_r-2": "gapanteend",
        "a_r-1": "gappreend",
        "b_1": "bulkfirst",
        "b_2": "bulksecond",
        "b_s": "bulkending",
        "b_i": "bulkindex",
        "g_j": "hollowseq",
        "g_1": "hollowone",
        "g_2": "hollowtwo",
        "g_j-1": "hollowprev",
        "g_j-2": "hollowante",
        "g_k": "hollowkey",
        "F_1": "antiunit",
        "F_2": "antipair",
        "F_j": "antiseries",
        "c_i": "crackindex",
        "c_1": "crackfirst",
        "c_2": "cracksecond",
        "M": "soleitem"
      },
      "question": "Let $scarcity(voidness)$ denote the number of sums of positive integers\n\\[\ngapfirst + gapsecond + \\cdots + gapending\n\\]\nwhich add up to $voidness$ with\n\\begin{gather*}\ngapfirst > gapsecond + gapthird, gapsecond > gapthird + a_4, \\ldots, \\\\\ngapanteend > gappreend + gapending, gappreend  > gapending.\n\\end{gather*}\nLet $abundance(voidness)$ denote the number of $bulkfirst + bulksecond + \\cdots + bulkending$ which add up\nto $voidness$, with\n\\begin{enumerate}\n    \\item $bulkfirst \\geq bulksecond \\geq \\dots \\geq bulkending,$\n    \\item each $bulkindex$ is in the sequence $1, 2, 4, \\dots, hollowseq, \\dots$\n    defined by $hollowone = 1$, $hollowtwo = 2$, and $hollowseq = hollowprev + hollowante + 1,$ and\n    \\item if $bulkfirst = hollowkey$ then every element in $\\{1, 2, 4, \\dots, hollowkey\\}$\n    appears at least once as a $bulkindex$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $scarcity(voidness) = abundance(voidness)$ for each $voidness \\geq 1$.\n\n(For example, $scarcity(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $7, 6+1, 5+2, 4+3,\n4+2+1,$ and $abundance(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $4+2+1, 2+2+2+1,\n2+2+1+1+1, 2+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1.$)",
      "solution": "Solution 1. First, given a sum counted by \\( scarcity(voidness) \\), we construct a \"tableau\" of Fibonacci numbers. Start with two rows, the lower row with \\( gapending \\) ones and the upper with \\( gappreend \\) ones, as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllll}\ngappreend: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\ngapending: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThe top row is longer than the bottom row since \\( gappreend>gapending \\).\nSince \\( gapanteend>gappreend+gapending \\), we may add a new row on top, such that each new entry directly above two entries is the sum of those two, each entry above a single entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the sum of the new row equal \\( gapanteend \\).\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rllllllllll}\ngapanteend: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\ngappreend: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & \\\\\ngapending: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nNext, \\( a_{r-3}>gapanteend+gappreend \\), so we can add another row on top, such that each entry above at least two entries is the sum of the two below it, each entry above one entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the row sum \\( a_{r-3} \\), as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllllllll}\na_{r-3}: & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\ngapanteend: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & \\\\\ngappreend: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & \\\\\ngapending: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nContinue this construction to make a tableau of \\( singular \\) rows, in which the total of all entries is \\( voidness \\). Let \\( unitedly \\) be the number of columns, and let \\( bulkindex \\) denote the sum of the \\( entirety \\) th column. Then \\( bulkindex=antiunit+antipair+\\cdots+antiseries \\), where \\( afterward \\) is the length of the \\( entirety \\) th column. The sequence \\( g_{afterward}^{\\prime}=antiunit+antipair+\\cdots+antiseries \\) satisfies \\( g_{1}^{\\prime}=1=hollowone, g_{2}^{\\prime}=2=hollowtwo \\) and for \\( afterward \\geq 3 \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\ng_{afterward-1}^{\\prime}+g_{afterward-2}^{\\prime}+1= & antiunit+antipair+\\cdots+F_{afterward-1} \\\\\n& \\quad+antiunit+\\cdots+F_{afterward-2}+1 \\\\\n= & antipair+F_{3}+\\cdots+F_{afterward} \\quad+antiunit \\quad\\left(\\text { since } antiunit=antipair=1\\right) \\\\\n= & g_{afterward}^{\\prime}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nso \\( g_{afterward}^{\\prime}=hollowseq \\) for all \\( afterward \\). Thus the \\( bulkindex \\) satisfy condition (i) in the definition of abundance(voidness). The sum of the \\( bulkindex \\) equals the sum of all entries of the tableau, namely \\( voidness \\). Each row is at least one longer than the next row, so each column is either equal in length or one longer than the next column. Thus the \\( bulkindex \\) satisfy conditions (ii) and (iii) as well.\n\nConversely, given a sum \\( bulkfirst+\\cdots+bulkending \\) counted by abundance(voidness), construct a (top and left justified) tableau in which the entries of the \\( entirety \\) th column from the top down are \\( F_{k} \\), \\( F_{k-1}, \\ldots, F_{1} \\), where \\( k \\) is the positive integer such that \\( bulkindex = hollowkey \\); then let \\( a_{entirety} \\) denote the sum of the \\( entirety \\) th row.\n\nIt is straightforward to check that these constructions define inverse bijections between the partitions counted by scarcity(voidness) and those counted by abundance(voidness). Thus \\( scarcity(voidness)=abundance(voidness) \\) for all \\( voidness \\).\n\nSolution 2. Let \\( scarcity(voidness, singular) \\) denote the number of sums counted by scarcity(voidness) with exactly singular terms. Let \\( abundance(voidness, singular) \\) denote the number of sums counted by abundance(voidness) in which \\( bulkfirst=g_{singular} \\).\n\nFix \\( singular \\geq 1 \\). Form the \\( singular \\times singular \\) matrix\n\\[\nsoleitem=\\left(m_{entirety afterward}\\right)=\\left(\\begin{array}{cccccc}\n1 & -1 & -1 & 0 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 1 & -1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\cdots & 1\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\]\nwith\n\\[\nm_{entirety afterward}=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n1 & \\text { if } afterward-entirety=0 \\\\\n-1 & \\text { if } afterward-entirety=1 \\text { or } afterward-entirety=2 \\\\\n0 & \\text { otherwise }\n\\end{array}\\right.\n\\]\n\nLet \\( \\mathbf{a} \\) and \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) denote column vectors \\( \\left(a_{1}, a_{2}, \\ldots, a_{singular}\\right) \\) and \\( \\left(crackfirst, cracksecond, \\ldots, c_{singular}\\right) \\), respectively. Since \\( soleitem \\) is an integer matrix with determinant 1 , the relation \\( soleitem \\mathbf{a}=\\mathbf{c} \\) is a bijection between the set of \\( \\mathbf{a} \\) in \\( \\mathbb{Z}^{singular} \\) and the set of \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) in \\( \\mathbb{Z}^{singular} \\). Under this bijection, the inequalities \\( a_{1}>a_{2}+a_{3}, \\ldots, a_{singular-2}>a_{singular-1}+a_{singular}, a_{singular-1}>a_{singular}, a_{singular}>0 \\) correspond to \\( crackfirst>0, \\ldots, c_{singular-2}>0, c_{singular-1}>0, c_{singular}>0 \\). Also, applying the identity\n\\[\n\\left(\\begin{array}{lll}\nhollowone & hollowtwo \\cdots & g_{singular}\n\\end{array}\\right) soleitem=\\left(\\begin{array}{llll}\n1 & 1 & \\cdots & 1\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\]\nto a shows that the condition \\( \\sum a_{entirety}=voidness \\) corresponds to \\( \\sum g_{entirety} crackindex=voidness \\). Thus \\( scarcity(voidness, singular) \\), which counts the number of \\( \\mathbf{a} \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{singular} \\) satisfying the inequalities and sum condition, equals the number of \\( \\mathbf{c} \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{singular} \\) satisfying \\( crackindex>0 \\) for all \\( entirety \\) and \\( \\sum g_{entirety} crackindex=voidness \\). Such a \\( \\mathbf{c} \\) may be matched with the sequence \\( bulkfirst, bulksecond, \\ldots, bulkending \\) consisting of \\( c_{singular} \\) copies of \\( g_{singular}, \\ldots \\), and \\( crackfirst \\) copies of \\( hollowone \\); the bulk sequences arising in this way are exactly the sequences summing to \\( voidness \\) that satisfy conditions (i)-(iii) of the problem and \\( bulkfirst=g_{singular} \\). Hence the number of such c equals \\( abundance(voidness, singular) \\).\n\nThus \\( scarcity(voidness, singular)=abundance(voidness, singular) \\). Summing over \\( singular \\) yields \\( scarcity(voidness)=abundance(voidness) \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "n": "qzxwvtnp",
        "r": "hjgrksla",
        "s": "mnplkqwe",
        "j": "bvcxzmna",
        "k": "poiulkjh",
        "A": "lskdjfgh",
        "B": "asdfhjkl",
        "a_1": "qwerasdf",
        "a_2": "zxcvtyui",
        "a_3": "plmoknij",
        "a_r": "uytrewqa",
        "a_r-2": "poilkjmn",
        "a_r-1": "mnbvcxza",
        "b_1": "qazxswed",
        "b_2": "rfvtgbyh",
        "b_s": "edcrfvtg",
        "b_i": "tgbnhyuj",
        "g_j": "ikmjunhy",
        "g_1": "olpwsxed",
        "g_2": "nhygtvfr",
        "g_j-1": "okmijnuh",
        "g_j-2": "yhnujmko",
        "g_k": "ujmnhygt",
        "F_1": "sfghjklp",
        "F_2": "vbnmlpoi",
        "F_j": "bnhyujmi",
        "c_i": "klmnopiuy",
        "c_1": "yuioplkj",
        "c_2": "asdfrtyu",
        "M": "qwertyui"
      },
      "question": "Let $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp)$ denote the number of sums of positive integers\n\\[\nqwerasdf + zxcvtyui + \\cdots + uytrewqa\n\\]\nwhich add up to $qzxwvtnp$ with\n\\begin{gather*}\nqwerasdf > zxcvtyui + plmoknij,\\; zxcvtyui > plmoknij + uytrewqa, \\ldots, \\\\\npoilkjmn > mnbvcxza + uytrewqa,\\; mnbvcxza  > uytrewqa.\n\\end{gather*}\nLet $asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp)$ denote the number of $qazxswed + rfvtgbyh + \\cdots + edcrfvtg$ which add up\nto $qzxwvtnp$, with\n\\begin{enumerate}\n    \\item $qazxswed \\ge rfvtgbyh \\ge \\dots \\ge edcrfvtg,$\n    \\item each $tgbnhyuj$ is in the sequence $1, 2, 4, \\dots, ikmjunhy, \\dots$\n    defined by $olpwsxed = 1$, $nhygtvfr = 2$, and $ikmjunhy = okmijnuh + yhnujmko + 1,$ and\n    \\item if $qazxswed = ujmnhygt$ then every element in $\\{1, 2, 4, \\dots, ujmnhygt\\}$\n    appears at least once as a $tgbnhyuj$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nProve that $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp) = asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp)$ for each $qzxwvtnp \\ge 1$.\n\n(For example, $lskdjfgh(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $7, 6+1, 5+2, 4+3,\n4+2+1,$ and $asdfhjkl(7) = 5$ because the relevant sums are $4+2+1, 2+2+2+1,\n2+2+1+1+1, 2+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1.$)",
      "solution": "Solution 1. First, given a sum counted by $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp)$, we construct a \"tableau\" of Fibonacci numbers. Start with two rows, the lower row with $uytrewqa$ ones and the upper with $mnbvcxza$ ones, as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllll}\nmnbvcxza: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\nuytrewqa: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nThe top row is longer than the bottom row since $mnbvcxza>uytrewqa$.\nSince $poilkjmn>mnbvcxza+uytrewqa$, we may add a new row on top, such that each new entry directly above two entries is the sum of those two, each entry above a single entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the sum of the new row equal $poilkjmn$.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rllllllllll}\npoilkjmn: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\nmnbvcxza: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & \\\\\nuytrewqa: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nNext, $a_{r-3}>poilkjmn+mnbvcxza$, so we can add another row on top, such that each entry above at least two entries is the sum of the two below it, each entry above one entry is equal to that entry, and the rest are enough ones (at least one) to make the row sum $a_{r-3}$, as shown below.\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{rlllllllllll}\na_{r-3}: & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\\\npoilkjmn: & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & \\\\\nmnbvcxza: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & \\\\\nuytrewqa: & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & & & & & &\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nContinue this construction to make a tableau of $hjgrksla$ rows, in which the total of all entries is $qzxwvtnp$. Let $mnplkqwe$ be the number of columns, and let $tgbnhyuj$ denote the sum of the $i$th column. Then\n\\[\n tgbnhyuj = sfghjklp + vbnmlpoi + \\cdots + bnhyujmi,\n\\]\nwhere $bvcxzmna$ is the length of the $i$th column. The sequence $ikmjunhy^{\\prime}=sfghjklp+vbnmlpoi+\\cdots+bnhyujmi$ satisfies $ikmjunhy^{\\prime}_{1}=1=olpwsxed$, $ikmjunhy^{\\prime}_{2}=2=nhygtvfr$ and, for $bvcxzmna\\ge3$,\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nokmijnuh + yhnujmko + 1 &= sfghjklp + vbnmlpoi + \\cdots + F_{bvcxzmna-1} \\\\\n&\\quad+ sfghjklp + \\cdots + F_{bvcxzmna-2} + 1 \\\\\n&= F_{2}+F_{3}+\\cdots+F_{bvcxzmna}+F_{1} \\\\\n&= bnhyujmi.\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nThus the $tgbnhyuj$ satisfy condition (i) in the definition of $asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp)$. The sum of the $tgbnhyuj$ equals the sum of all entries of the tableau, namely $qzxwvtnp$. Each row is at least one longer than the next row, so each column is either equal in length or one longer than the next column. Thus the $tgbnhyuj$ satisfy conditions (ii) and (iii) as well.\n\nConversely, given a sum $qazxswed+\\cdots+edcrfvtg$ counted by $asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp)$, construct a (top and left justified) tableau in which the entries of the $i$th column from the top down are $F_{k}, F_{k-1}, \\ldots, F_{1}$, where $poiulkjh$ is the positive integer such that $tgbnhyuj=ujmnhygt$; then let $a_{i}$ denote the sum of the $i$th row.\n\nIt is straightforward to check that these constructions define inverse bijections between the partitions counted by $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp)$ and those counted by $asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp)$. Thus $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp)=asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp)$ for all $qzxwvtnp$.\n\nSolution 2. Let $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla)$ denote the number of sums counted by $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp)$ with exactly $hjgrksla$ terms. Let $asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla)$ denote the number of sums counted by $asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp)$ in which $qazxswed=ujmnhygt$.\n\nFix $hjgrksla\\ge1$. Form the $hjgrksla\\times hjgrksla$ matrix\n\\[\nqwertyui=(m_{ij})=\\begin{pmatrix}\n1 & -1 & -1 & 0 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 1 & -1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\cdots & 1\n\\end{pmatrix},\n\\]\nwith\n\\[\n m_{ij}=\\begin{cases}1 & \\text{if } j-i=0,\\\\-1 & \\text{if } j-i=1 \\text{ or } j-i=2,\\\\0 & \\text{otherwise.}\\end{cases}\n\\]\n\nLet $\\mathbf{a}$ and $\\mathbf{c}$ denote column vectors $(a_{1}, a_{2}, \\ldots, a_{hjgrksla})$ and $(klmnopiuy_{1}, klmnopiuy_{2}, \\ldots, klmnopiuy_{hjgrksla})$, respectively. Since $qwertyui$ is an integer matrix with determinant $1$, the relation $qwertyui\\,\\mathbf{a}=\\mathbf{c}$ is a bijection between the set of $\\mathbf{a}$ in $\\mathbb{Z}^{hjgrksla}$ and the set of $\\mathbf{c}$ in $\\mathbb{Z}^{hjgrksla}$. Under this bijection, the inequalities $a_{1}>a_{2}+a_{3}, \\ldots, a_{hjgrksla-2}>a_{hjgrksla-1}+a_{hjgrksla}, a_{hjgrksla-1}>a_{hjgrksla}, a_{hjgrksla}>0$ correspond to $klmnopiuy_{1}>0, \\ldots, klmnopiuy_{hjgrksla}>0$. Also, applying the identity\n\\[\n(olpwsxed, nhygtvfr, \\dots, g_{hjgrksla})\\,qwertyui=(1,1,\\dots,1)\n\\]\nto $\\mathbf{a}$ shows that the condition $\\sum a_{i}=qzxwvtnp$ corresponds to $\\sum g_{i}\\,klmnopiuy_{i}=qzxwvtnp$. Thus $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp,hjgrksla)$, which counts the number of $\\mathbf{a}\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{hjgrksla}$ satisfying the inequalities and sum condition, equals the number of $\\mathbf{c}\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{hjgrksla}$ satisfying $klmnopiuy_{i}>0$ for all $i$ and $\\sum g_{i}\\,klmnopiuy_{i}=qzxwvtnp$. Such a $\\mathbf{c}$ may be matched with the sequence $b_{1}, b_{2}, \\ldots, b_{mnplkqwe}$ consisting of $klmnopiuy_{hjgrksla}$ copies of $g_{hjgrksla}, \\ldots,$ and $klmnopiuy_{1}$ copies of $olpwsxed$; the $b$-sequences arising in this way are exactly the sequences summing to $qzxwvtnp$ that satisfy conditions (i)–(iii) of the problem and $qazxswed=ujmnhygt$. Hence the number of such $\\mathbf{c}$ equals $asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp,hjgrksla)$.\n\nThus $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp,hjgrksla)=asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp,hjgrksla)$. Summing over $hjgrksla$ yields $lskdjfgh(qzxwvtnp)=asdfhjkl(qzxwvtnp)$.}",
      "confidence": "0.08"
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let the sequence (g_j)_{j\\ge 1} be defined by\\n\\n\\n                g_1 = 1,\\qquad g_2 = 2,\\qquad g_j = g_{j-1}+g_{j-2}+1 \\quad (j\\ge 3).\\n\\n\\nFor a positive integer n put\\n\\n\\nA(n) = |\\{\\,(a_1,\\dots ,a_r) \\in \\mathbb Z_{>0}^r \\mid a_1+a_2+\\dots +a_r=n, \\ a_1>a_2+a_3,\\ a_2>a_3+a_4,\\dots ,\\ a_{r-2}>a_{r-1}+a_r,\\ a_{r-1}>a_r\\,\\}|,\\n\\n\\nwhere r is allowed to vary (the empty list of inequalities means that every single–term composition a_1=n is counted).\\n\\n\\nLet B(n) be the number of partitions b_1+\\dots +b_s=n that satisfy\\n\\n\\n(i)\\; b_1\\ge b_2\\ge\\dots\\ge b_s>0,\\n\\n(ii) every part b_i equals one of the numbers g_1,g_2,\\dots,\\n\\n(iii) if the largest part equals g_k, then each of g_1,g_2,\\dots ,g_k occurs at least once among the parts.\\n\\n\\nProve that A(n)=B(n) for every positive integer n.",
      "solution": "1.  A convenient family of unimodular matrices.  For r\\ge 1 set\\n\\n                M_r :=(m_{ij})_{1\\le i,j\\le r}, \\qquad\n                m_{ij}=\\begin{cases} \\phantom{-}1 & \\text{if } j=i,\\\\\n                                        -1 & \\text{if } j=i+1\\text{ or }j=i+2,\\\\\n                                         0 & \\text{otherwise.}\\end{cases}\\n\\nThe matrix M_r is upper–triangular with 1’s on the main diagonal, hence det\\,M_r=1; in particular M_r is an integer–valued bijection \\mathbb Z^r\\to \\mathbb Z^r.\n\n2.  Linearising the chain of inequalities.\n   For a composition a=(a_1,\\dots ,a_r)^\\top put c=M_r\\,a.  Because M_r is triangular, one checks directly that the conditions\n\n                     a_{i}>a_{i+1}+a_{i+2}\\quad(1\\le i\\le r-2),\\qquad a_{r-1}>a_r>0\n\n   are equivalent to\n\n                     c_1>0,\\;c_2>0,\\;\\dots ,\\;c_r>0.                              (1)\n\n   Consequently, if we let A(n,r) denote the number of length-r compositions counted by A(n), then\n\n                     A(n,r)=|\\{c\\in\\mathbb Z_{>0}^r\\mid (\\ast)\\}|,\n\n   where (\\ast) is the still-to-be translated condition a_1+\\dots +a_r=n.\n\n3.  The key weight identity.  Write G_r=(g_1,\\dots ,g_r).  Using the defining recursion one verifies by a short induction that\n\n                     G_r\\,M_r=(1,1,\\dots ,1).                                     (2)\n\n   Indeed, for every j\\ge 3,\n\n               (G_r M_r)_j = g_j - (g_{j-1}+g_{j-2}) =1,\n\n   while the first two entries are checked directly from g_1=1, g_2=2.\n\n4.  From compositions to positive vectors.  For c=M_r a we have, by (2),\n\n               a_1+\\dots +a_r = (1,\\dots ,1)\\,a = G_r M_r a = G_r\\,c =\\sum_{i=1}^r g_i c_i.\n\n   Hence the equation a_1+\\dots +a_r=n is equivalent to\n\n                     g_1 c_1+g_2 c_2+\\dots +g_r c_r = n.                          (3)\n\n   Putting together (1) and (3) we obtain\n\n               A(n,r)=|\\{c\\in\\mathbb Z_{>0}^r \\mid \\sum_{i=1}^r g_i c_i=n\\}|.      (4)\n\n5.  Reading c as a partition.  For every vector c=(c_1,\\dots ,c_r) with c_i>0 form the multiset consisting of c_r copies of g_r, c_{r-1} copies of g_{r-1}, …, c_1 copies of g_1.  Arranging those copies in non-increasing order produces a partition of\n\n               \\sum_{i=1}^r g_i c_i = n.\n\n   Because each c_i is positive, every g_1,\\dots ,g_r appears at least once, and g_r is the largest part.  Conversely, a partition counted by B(n) whose largest part is g_r yields such a positive vector c in the obvious way.  Therefore\n\n                     A(n,r)=B(n,r),\n\n   where B(n,r) is the number of partitions counted by B(n) whose largest part equals g_r.\n\n6.  Finishing the proof.  Summing the equality A(n,r)=B(n,r) over all r\\ge 1 gives\n\n                     A(n)=\\sum_{r\\ge 1}A(n,r)=\\sum_{r\\ge 1}B(n,r)=B(n),\n\n   establishing the desired identity A(n)=B(n) for every n\\ge 1.\n\nRemark.  The argument is completely bijective: the map a\\;\\mapsto\\;c=M_r a is a bijection between the compositions counted by A(n,r) and the vectors c in (4), while the obvious ‘unpacking’ map c\\;\\mapsto\\;\\text{partition} realises the second bijection.  Hence the proof not only shows that the two numbers coincide but also furnishes an explicit correspondence between the two classes of objects.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Convert an A-partition into a stepped tableau whose entries follow the Fibonacci rule (each entry above two others is their sum).",
          "Use the strict inequalities a_{i} > a_{i+1}+a_{i+2} to guarantee every higher row is (at least) one cell longer than the next, so column-lengths are weakly decreasing.",
          "Show each column-sum equals g_j = Σ_{k=1}^{j} F_k, hence satisfies the recurrence g_j = g_{j-1}+g_{j-2}+1 and is therefore an admissible B-part. ",
          "Read the column sums to obtain a B-partition; reverse the construction to map any B-partition back to an A-partition, giving a bijection.",
          "Conclude A(n)=B(n) by counting via this bijection."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "The ‘+1’ term in the recurrence for the g-sequence can be replaced by any fixed positive constant C; the tableau construction still works provided the bottom two Fibonacci-like seeds are both C.",
            "original": "+1"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Orientation of the tableau (rows vs. columns, top-justified vs. left-justified) can be reversed without affecting the argument; only relative positions of entries matter.",
            "original": "Top- and left-justified tableau with rows indexed by the a_i and columns read to form the b_i."
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}