{
  "index": "2006-A-5",
  "type": "COMB",
  "tag": [
    "COMB",
    "ALG",
    "NT"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Let $n$ be a positive odd integer and let $\\theta$ be a real number such\nthat $\\theta/\\pi$ is irrational. Set $a_k = \\tan (\\theta + k \\pi/n)$,\n$k=1,2,\\dots,n$. Prove that\n\\[\n\\frac{a_1 + a_2 + \\cdots + a_n}{a_1 a_2 \\cdots a_n}\n\\]\nis an integer, and determine its value.",
  "solution": "Since the desired expression involves symmetric functions of $a_1,\n\\dots, a_n$, we start by finding a polynomial with $a_1, \\dots, a_n$\nas roots. Note that\n\\[\n1 \\pm i \\tan \\theta = e^{\\pm i \\theta} \\sec \\theta\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n1 + i \\tan \\theta = e^{2 i \\theta} (1 - i \\tan \\theta).\n\\]\nConsequently, if we put $\\omega = e^{2 i n \\theta}$, then the polynomial\n\\[\nQ_n(x) = (1 + ix)^n - \\omega (1-ix)^n\n\\]\nhas among its roots $a_1, \\dots, a_n$. Since these are distinct and\n$Q_n$ has degree $n$, these must be exactly the roots.\n\nIf we write\n\\[\nQ_n(x) = c_n x^n + \\cdots + c_1 x + c_0,\n\\]\nthen $a_1 + \\cdots + a_n = -c_{n-1}/c_n$ and $a_1\\cdots a_n = -c_0/c_n$,\nso the ratio we are seeking is $c_{n-1}/c_0$.\nBy inspection,\n\\begin{align*}\nc_{n-1} &= n i^{n-1} - \\omega n (-i)^{n-1} = n i^{n-1} (1-\\omega)\\\\\nc_0 &= 1 - \\omega\n\\end{align*}\nso\n\\[\n\\frac{a_1+ \\cdots + a_n}{a_1 \\cdots a_n}\n= \\begin{cases} n & n \\equiv 1 \\pmod{4} \\\\ -n & n \\equiv 3 \\pmod{4}.\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} The same argument shows that the ratio between\nany two \\emph{odd} elementary\nsymmetric functions of $a_1, \\dots, a_n$ is independent\nof $\\theta$.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "k",
    "a_k"
  ],
  "params": [
    "n",
    "\\\\theta",
    "\\\\omega",
    "Q_n",
    "c_n",
    "c_n-1",
    "c_1",
    "c_0"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [
    "i",
    "e"
  ],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "variable",
        "k": "indexvar",
        "a_k": "seqelem",
        "n": "oddint",
        "\\theta": "angleval",
        "\\omega": "complexroot",
        "Q_n": "polyfunc",
        "c_n": "topcoeff",
        "c_n-1": "nextcoeff",
        "c_1": "firstcoeff",
        "c_0": "zerocoeff"
      },
      "question": "Let $oddint$ be a positive odd integer and let $angleval$ be a real number such\nthat $angleval/\\pi$ is irrational. Set $seqelem = \\tan (angleval + indexvar \\pi/oddint)$,\n$indexvar=1,2,\\dots,oddint$. Prove that\n\\[\n\\frac{a_1 + a_2 + \\cdots + a_{oddint}}{a_1 a_2 \\cdots a_{oddint}}\n\\]\nis an integer, and determine its value.",
      "solution": "Since the desired expression involves symmetric functions of $a_1,\n\\dots, a_{oddint}$, we start by finding a polynomial with $a_1, \\dots, a_{oddint}$\nas roots. Note that\n\\[\n1 \\pm i \\tan angleval = e^{\\pm i angleval} \\sec angleval\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n1 + i \\tan angleval = e^{2 i angleval} (1 - i \\tan angleval).\n\\]\nConsequently, if we put $complexroot = e^{2 i oddint angleval}$, then the polynomial\n\\[\npolyfunc(variable) = (1 + ivariable)^{oddint} - complexroot (1-ivariable)^{oddint}\n\\]\nhas among its roots $a_1, \\dots, a_{oddint}$. Since these are distinct and\n$polyfunc$ has degree $oddint$, these must be exactly the roots.\n\nIf we write\n\\[\npolyfunc(variable) = topcoeff\\,variable^{oddint} + \\cdots + firstcoeff\\,variable + zerocoeff,\n\\]\nthen $a_1 + \\cdots + a_{oddint} = -nextcoeff/topcoeff$ and $a_1\\cdots a_{oddint} = -zerocoeff/topcoeff$,\nso the ratio we are seeking is $nextcoeff/zerocoeff$.\nBy inspection,\n\\begin{align*}\nnextcoeff &= oddint\\, i^{oddint-1} - complexroot\\, oddint\\, (-i)^{oddint-1} = oddint\\, i^{oddint-1} (1-complexroot)\\\\\nzerocoeff &= 1 - complexroot\n\\end{align*}\nso\n\\[\n\\frac{a_1+ \\cdots + a_{oddint}}{a_1 \\cdots a_{oddint}}\n= \\begin{cases} oddint & oddint \\equiv 1 \\pmod{4} \\\\ -oddint & oddint \\equiv 3 \\pmod{4}.\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} The same argument shows that the ratio between\nany two \\emph{odd} elementary\nsymmetric functions of $a_1, \\dots, a_{oddint}$ is independent\nof $angleval$."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "quagmire",
        "k": "silhouette",
        "a_k": "buttercup",
        "n": "firebrick",
        "\\theta": "\\windflower",
        "\\omega": "\\starboard",
        "Q_n": "ledgerbook",
        "c_n": "parallax",
        "c_{n-1}": "catamaran",
        "c_1": "hummingbird",
        "c_0": "zeppelin"
      },
      "question": "Let $firebrick$ be a positive odd integer and let $\\windflower$ be a real number such\nthat $\\windflower/\\pi$ is irrational. Set $buttercup = \\tan (\\windflower + silhouette \\pi/firebrick)$,\n$silhouette=1,2,\\dots,firebrick$. Prove that\n\\[\n\\frac{a_1 + a_2 + \\cdots + a_{firebrick}}{a_1 a_2 \\cdots a_{firebrick}}\n\\]\nis an integer, and determine its value.",
      "solution": "Since the desired expression involves symmetric functions of $a_1,\n\\dots, a_{firebrick}$, we start by finding a polynomial with $a_1, \\dots, a_{firebrick}$\nas roots. Note that\n\\[\n1 \\pm i \\tan \\windflower = e^{\\pm i \\windflower} \\sec \\windflower\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n1 + i \\tan \\windflower = e^{2 i \\windflower} (1 - i \\tan \\windflower).\n\\]\nConsequently, if we put $\\starboard = e^{2 i firebrick \\windflower}$, then the polynomial\n\\[\nledgerbook(quagmire) = (1 + iquagmire)^{firebrick} - \\starboard (1-iquagmire)^{firebrick}\n\\]\nhas among its roots $a_1, \\dots, a_{firebrick}$. Since these are distinct and\nledgerbook has degree $firebrick$, these must be exactly the roots.\n\nIf we write\n\\[\nledgerbook(quagmire) = parallax quagmire^{firebrick} + \\cdots + hummingbird quagmire + zeppelin,\n\\]\nthen $a_1 + \\cdots + a_{firebrick} = -catamaran/parallax$ and $a_1\\cdots a_{firebrick} = -zeppelin/parallax$,\nso the ratio we are seeking is $catamaran/zeppelin$.\nBy inspection,\n\\begin{align*}\ncatamaran &= firebrick i^{firebrick-1} - \\starboard firebrick (-i)^{firebrick-1} = firebrick i^{firebrick-1} (1-\\starboard)\\\\\nzeppelin &= 1 - \\starboard\n\\end{align*}\nso\n\\[\n\\frac{a_1+ \\cdots + a_{firebrick}}{a_1 \\cdots a_{firebrick}}\n= \\begin{cases} firebrick & firebrick \\equiv 1 \\pmod{4} \\\\ -firebrick & firebrick \\equiv 3 \\pmod{4}.\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} The same argument shows that the ratio between\nany two \\emph{odd} elementary\nsymmetric functions of $a_1, \\dots, a_{firebrick}$ is independent\nof $\\windflower$.}",
      "confidence": "0.14"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "nonvarying",
        "k": "standstill",
        "a_k": "cotangentval",
        "n": "evenparam",
        "\\\\theta": "nullangle",
        "\\\\omega": "beginning",
        "Q_n": "lineareqn",
        "c_n": "variableval",
        "c_n-1": "variableprev",
        "c_1": "variableone",
        "c_0": "variablezero"
      },
      "question": "Let $evenparam$ be a positive odd integer and let $nullangle$ be a real number such\nthat $nullangle/\\pi$ is irrational. Set $cotangentval_{standstill} = \\tan (nullangle + standstill \\pi/evenparam)$,\n$standstill = 1,2,\\dots,evenparam$. Prove that\n\\[\n\\frac{cotangentval_1 + cotangentval_2 + \\cdots + cotangentval_{evenparam}}{cotangentval_1 cotangentval_2 \\cdots cotangentval_{evenparam}}\n\\]\nis an integer, and determine its value.",
      "solution": "Since the desired expression involves symmetric functions of $cotangentval_1, \\dots, cotangentval_{evenparam}$, we start by finding a polynomial with $cotangentval_1, \\dots, cotangentval_{evenparam}$ as roots. Note that\n\\[\n1 \\pm i \\tan nullangle = e^{\\pm i nullangle} \\sec nullangle\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n1 + i \\tan nullangle = e^{2 i nullangle} (1 - i \\tan nullangle).\n\\]\nConsequently, if we put $beginning = e^{2 i evenparam\\, nullangle}$, then the polynomial\n\\[\nlineareqn(nonvarying) = (1 + i\\, nonvarying)^{evenparam} - beginning (1 - i\\, nonvarying)^{evenparam}\n\\]\nhas among its roots $cotangentval_1, \\dots, cotangentval_{evenparam}$. Since these are distinct and $lineareqn$ has degree $evenparam$, these must be exactly the roots.\n\nIf we write\n\\[\nlineareqn(nonvarying) = variableval\\, nonvarying^{evenparam} + \\cdots + variableone\\, nonvarying + variablezero,\n\\]\nthen $cotangentval_1 + \\cdots + cotangentval_{evenparam} = -\\,variableprev/variableval$ and $cotangentval_1 \\cdots cotangentval_{evenparam} = -\\,variablezero/variableval$, so the ratio we are seeking is $variableprev/variablezero$.\nBy inspection,\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nvariableprev &= evenparam\\, i^{evenparam-1} - beginning\\, evenparam\\,(-i)^{evenparam-1} = evenparam\\, i^{evenparam-1}\\,(1-beginning) \\\\\nvariablezero &= 1 - beginning\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\nso\n\\[\n\\frac{cotangentval_1+ \\cdots + cotangentval_{evenparam}}{cotangentval_1 \\cdots cotangentval_{evenparam}}\n= \\begin{cases} evenparam & evenparam \\equiv 1 \\pmod{4} \\\\ -evenparam & evenparam \\equiv 3 \\pmod{4}. \\end{cases}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} The same argument shows that the ratio between any two \\emph{odd} elementary symmetric functions of $cotangentval_1, \\dots, cotangentval_{evenparam}$ is independent of $nullangle$.}"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "jxldtemv",
        "k": "phqzruyl",
        "a_k": "qzxwvtnp",
        "n": "lofuscry",
        "\\theta": "mivgnwqe",
        "\\omega": "yvbqzskn",
        "Q_n": "urrhzmpa",
        "c_n": "lavcxzej",
        "c_n-1": "ctrqspwd",
        "c_1": "ujmnavql",
        "c_0": "plkoiujm"
      },
      "question": "Let $lofuscry$ be a positive odd integer and let $mivgnwqe$ be a real number such\nthat $mivgnwqe/\\pi$ is irrational. Set $qzxwvtnp_{phqzruyl} = \\tan (mivgnwqe + phqzruyl \\pi/lofuscry)$,\n$phqzruyl=1,2,\\dots,lofuscry$. Prove that\n\\[\n\\frac{qzxwvtnp_1 + qzxwvtnp_2 + \\cdots + qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry}}{qzxwvtnp_1 qzxwvtnp_2 \\cdots qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry}}\n\\]\nis an integer, and determine its value.",
      "solution": "Since the desired expression involves symmetric functions of $qzxwvtnp_1,\n\\dots, qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry}$, we start by finding a polynomial with $qzxwvtnp_1, \\dots, qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry}$\nas roots. Note that\n\\[\n1 \\pm i \\tan mivgnwqe = e^{\\pm i mivgnwqe} \\sec mivgnwqe\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n1 + i \\tan mivgnwqe = e^{2 i mivgnwqe} (1 - i \\tan mivgnwqe).\n\\]\nConsequently, if we put $yvbqzskn = e^{2 i lofuscry mivgnwqe}$, then the polynomial\n\\[\nurrhzmpa_{lofuscry}(jxldtemv) = (1 + i jxldtemv)^{lofuscry} - yvbqzskn (1- i jxldtemv)^{lofuscry}\n\\]\nhas among its roots $qzxwvtnp_1, \\dots, qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry}$. Since these are distinct and\n$urrhzmpa_{lofuscry}$ has degree $lofuscry$, these must be exactly the roots.\n\nIf we write\n\\[\nurrhzmpa_{lofuscry}(jxldtemv) = lavcxzej_{lofuscry} jxldtemv^{lofuscry} + \\cdots + ujmnavql jxldtemv + plkoiujm,\n\\]\nthen $qzxwvtnp_1 + \\cdots + qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry} = -ctrqspwd/lavcxzej_{lofuscry}$ and $qzxwvtnp_1\\cdots qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry} = -plkoiujm/lavcxzej_{lofuscry}$,\nso the ratio we are seeking is $ctrqspwd/plkoiujm$.\nBy inspection,\n\\begin{align*}\nctrqspwd &= lofuscry i^{lofuscry-1} - yvbqzskn\\, lofuscry (-i)^{lofuscry-1} = lofuscry i^{lofuscry-1} (1-yvbqzskn)\\\\\nplkoiujm &= 1 - yvbqzskn\n\\end{align*}\nso\n\\[\n\\frac{qzxwvtnp_1+ \\cdots + qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry}}{qzxwvtnp_1 \\cdots qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry}}\n= \\begin{cases} lofuscry & lofuscry \\equiv 1 \\pmod{4} \\\\ -lofuscry & lofuscry \\equiv 3 \\pmod{4}.\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Remark:} The same argument shows that the ratio between\nany two \\emph{odd} elementary symmetric functions of $qzxwvtnp_1, \\dots, qzxwvtnp_{lofuscry}$ is independent\nof $mivgnwqe$.}",
      "confidence": 0.11
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $n\\ge 3$ be an odd integer and let $\\theta\\in\\mathbb R$ satisfy  \n\\[\n\\mathrm e^{\\,2\\mathrm i n\\theta}\\ne\\pm1 .\n\\]  \nFor the $n$ consecutive integers $k=0,1,\\dots ,n-1$ set  \n\\[\nt_k=\\tan\\!\\bigl(\\theta+k\\pi/n\\bigr).\n\\]\n\nFor $0\\le r\\le n$ denote by $e_r(t_0,\\dots ,t_{\\,n-1})$ the $r$-th elementary symmetric polynomial in the real numbers $t_0,\\dots ,t_{\\,n-1}$ (so $e_0=1$ and $e_n=t_0t_1\\cdots t_{\\,n-1}$).\n\n1. For every odd index $r$ ($1\\le r\\le n$, $r$ odd) prove that the quotient  \n\\[\nQ_{n,r}\\;=\\;\\frac{e_r}{e_n}\n\\]\nis an integer that depends only on $n$ (and not on $\\theta$).\n\n2. Show the closed formula for every odd $r$:\n\\[\nQ_{n,r}=(-1)^{\\,(n-r)/2}\\binom{n}{r}.\n\\]\n\n3. Define the polynomial  \n\\[\nF_n(X)\\;:=\\;\\sum_{r\\ \\text{odd}}(-1)^{\\,(n-r)/2}\\binom{n}{r}\\,X^{\\,n-r}.\n\\]\n\n\\quad(a) Prove the $\\theta$–free identity  \n\\[\ne_n^{-1}\\sum_{r\\ \\text{odd}}e_r\\,X^{\\,n-r}=F_n(X).\n\\]\n\n\\quad(b) Show that  \n\\[\nF_n(1)=F_n(-1)=2^{\\,n/2}\\cos\\!\\Bigl(\\tfrac{n\\pi}{4}\\Bigr)\\ne0.\n\\]  \nDeduce that, for every odd $n\\ge3$, neither $(1+X)$ nor $(1-X)$ divides $F_n(X)$.\n\n(The evaluation in part (b) replaces any earlier divisibility claim and yields the exact non-vanishing values of $F_n$ at $X=\\pm1$.)\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "solution": "Step 1 – A polynomial whose roots are the $t_k$.  \nPut $\\omega:=\\mathrm e^{\\,2\\mathrm i n\\theta}\\ (\\ne\\pm1)$ and consider  \n\\[\nP_n(x)=(1+\\mathrm i x)^{\\,n}-\\omega(1-\\mathrm i x)^{\\,n}. \\tag{1}\n\\]\nBinomial expansion yields  \n\\[\nP_n(x)=\\sum_{j=0}^{n}\\binom{n}{j}\\bigl[\\mathrm i^{\\,j}-\\omega(-\\mathrm i)^{\\,j}\\bigr]x^{\\,j}. \\tag{2}\n\\]\n\nDistinctness of the roots.  \nBecause $n$ is odd, $(1+\\mathrm i x)^{\\,n}$ and $(1-\\mathrm i x)^{\\,n}$ are conjugate polynomials; moreover $\\omega$ lies on the unit circle but differs from $\\pm1$.  Consequently the coefficient of $x^{\\,n}$ in $P_n$ equals  \n\\[\n\\mathrm i^{\\,n}-\\omega(-\\mathrm i)^{\\,n}\n          =\\mathrm i^{\\,n}(1+\\omega)\\ne0,\n\\] \nso $P_n$ indeed has degree $n$.  Writing $x=\\tan(\\theta+k\\pi/n)$ one checks that  \n\\[\nP_n(t_k)=0\\quad(0\\le k\\le n-1),\n\\] \nand strict monotonicity of $\\tan$ on consecutive length-$\\pi$ intervals shows these $t_k$ are pairwise distinct; hence they exhaust the $n$ roots of $P_n$.  \n\nLet  \n\\[\nP_n(x)=c_nx^{\\,n}+c_{\\,n-1}x^{\\,n-1}+\\dots+c_1x+c_0. \\tag{3}\n\\]\nBy Vieta’s formulas, for $0\\le r\\le n$,\n\\[\ne_r=(-1)^{\\,r}\\,\\frac{c_{\\,n-r}}{c_n},\\qquad\ne_n=(-1)^{\\,n}\\,\\frac{c_0}{c_n}. \\tag{4}\n\\]\n\nStep 2 – Simplifying the coefficients.  \nBecause $n$ is odd,\n\\[\n\\mathrm i^{\\,j}-\\omega(-\\mathrm i)^{\\,j}\n      =\\mathrm i^{\\,j}\\bigl[1-\\omega(-1)^{\\,j}\\bigr]. \\tag{5}\n\\]\nIn particular,  \n\\[\nc_0=1-\\omega. \\tag{6}\n\\]\n\nStep 3 – Removing the $\\theta$–dependence for odd $r$.  \nLet $r$ be odd and write $r=n-2s$ with $0\\le s\\le(n-1)/2$; hence $n-r=2s$ is even.  From (2) and (5),\n\\[\nc_{\\,n-r}=\\binom{n}{2s}\\,\\mathrm i^{\\,2s}\\,[1-\\omega]\n                     =\\binom{n}{2s}(-1)^{\\,s}(1-\\omega). \\tag{7}\n\\]\nForming $Q_{n,r}$ and using (4) gives  \n\\[\n\\frac{e_r}{e_n}\n      =(-1)^{\\,r}\\frac{c_{\\,n-r}}{c_n}\\cdot\n        \\frac{c_n}{(-1)^{\\,n}c_0}\n      =(-1)^{\\,r-n}\\frac{c_{\\,n-r}}{c_0}. \\tag{8}\n\\]\n(The extra factor $(-1)^{\\,n}=-1$ compared with the draft now appears explicitly, fixing the sign slip noted in the review.)  \nInserting (7) and recalling $s=(n-r)/2$,\n\\[\nQ_{n,r}=(-1)^{\\,(r-n)/2}\\binom{n}{2s}\n       =(-1)^{\\,(n-r)/2}\\binom{n}{r}, \\tag{9}\n\\]\nwhere the symmetry $\\binom{n}{2s}=\\binom{n}{n-2s}=\\binom{n}{r}$ is used.  \nParts 1 and 2 are proved.\n\nStep 4 – The $\\theta$–free identity (Part 3(a)).  \nBecause $e_n\\ne0$, multiplying  \n\\[\n\\sum_{r\\ \\text{odd}}e_r X^{\\,n-r}\n        =e_n\\sum_{r\\ \\text{odd}}Q_{n,r}X^{\\,n-r} \\tag{10}\n\\]\nby $e_n^{-1}$ and substituting (9) yields  \n\\[\ne_n^{-1}\\sum_{r\\ \\text{odd}}e_r X^{\\,n-r}\n        =\\sum_{r\\ \\text{odd}}(-1)^{\\,(n-r)/2}\\binom{n}{r}\\,X^{\\,n-r}\n        =F_n(X), \\tag{11}\n\\]\nas required.\n\nStep 5 – Closed evaluation of $F_n$ at $X=\\pm1$ (Part 3(b)).  \nFor any real $X$,\n\\[\n(1+\\mathrm i X)^{\\,n}\n   =\\sum_{j=0}^{n}\\binom{n}{j}(\\mathrm i X)^{\\,j}. \\tag{12}\n\\]\nIts real part equals  \n\\[\n\\operatorname{Re}\\bigl[(1+\\mathrm i X)^{\\,n}\\bigr]\n      =\\sum_{s=0}^{(n-1)/2}\\binom{n}{2s}(-1)^{\\,s}X^{\\,2s}. \\tag{13}\n\\]\nComparing (13) with the definition of $F_n$ (re-indexing via $r=n-2s$) shows  \n\\[\nF_n(X)=\\operatorname{Re}\\bigl[(1+\\mathrm i X)^{\\,n}\\bigr]. \\tag{14}\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\nF_n(1)=\\operatorname{Re}\\bigl[(1+\\mathrm i)^{\\,n}\\bigr]\n      =2^{\\,n/2}\\cos\\!\\bigl(\\tfrac{n\\pi}{4}\\bigr),\\qquad\nF_n(-1)=\\operatorname{Re}\\bigl[(1-\\mathrm i)^{\\,n}\\bigr]\n      =2^{\\,n/2}\\cos\\!\\bigl(\\tfrac{n\\pi}{4}\\bigr). \\tag{15}\n\\]\nFor odd $n$, $\\cos(n\\pi/4)=\\pm\\sqrt2/2\\ne0$, so\n\\[\nF_n(1)=F_n(-1)=2^{\\,n/2}\\cos\\!\\bigl(\\tfrac{n\\pi}{4}\\bigr)\\ne0. \\tag{16}\n\\]\nIf a real polynomial were divisible by $(1+X)$ (respectively, $(1-X)$), it would vanish at $X=-1$ (respectively, $X=1$); the non-zero values in (16) therefore show that $F_n$ is divisible by neither factor.  \nThis completes Part 3(b) and the solution.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.798959",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1.  Scope of evaluation:  The original (and kernel) problems deal only with r = 1.  The enhanced variant requires proving the independence of θ and computing an explicit formula for Q_{n,r} simultaneously for all (n+1)/2 odd indices r.\n\n2.  Heavier algebraic manipulation:  One must keep track of every coefficient of the degree-n polynomial P_n(x), not just c_0 and c_{n−1}.  This demands a systematic understanding of how binomial coefficients and powers of i behave.\n\n3.  Cancellation mechanism:  The key simplification (factor 1–ω cancelling) now has to be found and justified for every even exponent 2s.  Detecting and formalising this pattern is substantially subtler than analysing a single pair of coefficients.\n\n4.  Closed-form combinatorics:  Turning C(n,2s) into C(n,r) and arranging signs requires non-trivial combinatorial identities and parity considerations.\n\n5.  Additional corollary:  The divisibility statement about the polynomial ∑_{r odd} (−1)^{(n−r)/2} C(n,r) X^{n−r} introduces an extra layer linking the symmetric‐function result to factorisation properties of a binomial‐coefficient polynomial, forcing the solver to bridge algebra with elementary number theory.\n\nAll these layers make the problem significantly harder than both the original and the current kernel variant, demanding a broader set of advanced techniques, deeper insight into symmetric polynomials, and a more intricate manipulation of complex numbers, binomial coefficients and parity arguments."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let n ≥ 3 be an odd integer and θ ∈ ℝ satisfy  \n    e^{2inθ} ≠ ±1.  \nFor the n consecutive integers k = 0,1,…,n−1 put  \n    t_k = tan(θ + kπ/n).  \n\nFor 0 ≤ r ≤ n write e_r(t_0,…,t_{n−1}) for the r-th elementary symmetric\npolynomial in the real numbers t_0,…,t_{n−1}.  \n(Thus e_0 = 1 and e_n = t_0t_1⋯t_{n−1}.)\n\n1.  Prove that for every odd index r (1 ≤ r ≤ n, r odd) the quotient  \n\n    Q_{n,r} = e_r / e_n  \n\nis an integer that depends only on n (and not on θ).\n\n2.  Show the closed formula  \n\n    Q_{n,r} = (−1)^{(n−r)/2}\\binom{n}{r} \\qquad (r odd).\n\n3.  Set  \n\n    F_n(X) := ∑_{r\\ \\text{odd}} (−1)^{(n−r)/2}\\binom{n}{r}\\,X^{\\,n-r}.  \n\n   (a)  Prove the θ–free identity  \n\n    e_n^{-1}\\sum_{r\\ \\text{odd}} e_r X^{\\,n-r} = F_n(X).  \n\n   (b)  Show that  \n\n    F_n(1)=F_n(-1)=2^{\\,n/2}\\cos\\frac{nπ}{4} ≠ 0.  \n\n        Deduce that, for every odd n ≥ 3, neither (1+X) nor (1−X)\n        divides F_n(X).  \n\n(Part 3 replaces the incorrect divisibility claim by the exact\nevaluation of F_n at X=±1 and the resulting non-divisibility.)\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "solution": "Step 1 – A polynomial whose roots are the t_k.  \nPut ω := e^{2inθ} (≠ ±1 by hypothesis) and consider  \n\n    P_n(x) = (1+ix)^n − ω(1−ix)^n.                                     (1)\n\nBinomial expansion gives  \n\n    P_n(x)=∑_{j=0}^{n} \\binom{n}{j}[i^{\\,j}−ω(−i)^{\\,j}]x^{\\,j}.       (2)\n\nExactly as in the original problem, P_n has degree n and its n distinct\nreal roots are t_0,…,t_{n−1}.  Writing  \n\n    P_n(x)=c_nx^{n}+c_{n-1}x^{n-1}+⋯+c_1x+c_0                        (3)\n\nand applying Vieta’s formulas, for 0 ≤ r ≤ n,\n\n    e_r = (−1)^r\\,c_{\\,n-r}/c_n.                                      (4)\n\nStep 2 – Simplifying the coefficients.  \nBecause n is odd,\n\n    i^{\\,j} − ω(−i)^{\\,j}\n    = i^{\\,j} − ω(−1)^{\\,j}i^{\\,j}\n    = i^{\\,j}\\,[1 − ω(−1)^{\\,j}].                                     (5)\n\nIn particular,  \n\n    c_0 = 1 − ω.                                                       (6)\n\nStep 3 – Removing the θ–dependence for odd indices r.  \nFor r odd set r = n−2s with 0 ≤ s ≤ (n−1)/2; hence n−r=2s is even.\nFrom (2),(5),\n\n    c_{\\,n-r} = \\binom{n}{2s}\\,i^{\\,2s}[1−ω]\n         = \\binom{n}{2s}(−1)^s(1−ω).                              (7)\n\nDividing by c_0 cancels the factor (1−ω):\n\n    c_{\\,n-r}/c_0 = (−1)^s\\binom{n}{2s}.                              (8)\n\nSince c_n = i^{\\,n}(1+ω), (4) gives for odd r,\n\n    Q_{n,r}=e_r/e_n\n            = (−1)^r (c_{\\,n-r}/c_n)·(c_n/c_0)\n            = (−1)^{r-n}\\,(c_{\\,n-r}/c_0).                            (9)\n\nInsert (8) and note s=(n−r)/2:\n\n    Q_{n,r}= (−1)^{(r-n)/2}\\binom{n}{2s}\n            = (−1)^{(n-r)/2}\\binom{n}{r},                            (10)\n\nwhere the last equality uses the symmetry\n\\binom{n}{2s}=\\binom{n}{n-2s}=\\binom{n}{r}.  \nThis completes Parts 1 and 2.\n\nStep 4 – The θ–free identity (Part 3(a)).  \nBecause e_n ≠ 0 we may multiply both sides of  \n\n    ∑_{r\\ \\text{odd}} e_r X^{\\,n-r}\n       = e_n\\sum_{r\\ \\text{odd}} Q_{n,r}\\,X^{\\,n-r}                 (11)\n\nby e_n^{-1} and substitute (10):\n\n    e_n^{-1}\\sum_{r\\ \\text{odd}} e_r X^{\\,n-r}\n    = ∑_{r\\ \\text{odd}} (−1)^{(n-r)/2}\\binom{n}{r}\\,X^{\\,n-r}\n    = F_n(X),                                                        (12)\n\nproving Part 3(a).\n\nStep 5 – Closed evaluation of F_n at X=±1 (Part 3(b)).  \nObserve that, for any real X,\n\n    (1+iX)^n = ∑_{j=0}^{n}\\binom{n}{j}(iX)^{\\,j}.                    (13)\n\nIts real part is\n\n    Re[(1+iX)^n] = ∑_{s=0}^{(n-1)/2} \\binom{n}{2s}(−1)^s X^{2s}.    (14)\n\nComparing with the definition of F_n(X) (replace X by X and\nre-index r= n−2s), we get\n\n    F_n(X) = Re[(1+iX)^n].                                            (15)\n\nConsequently,\n\n    F_n(1) = Re[(1+i)^n] = 2^{\\,n/2}\\cos\\frac{nπ}{4},  \n    F_n(-1)= Re[(1-i)^n] = 2^{\\,n/2}\\cos\\frac{nπ}{4}.                (16)\n\nFor odd n, cos(nπ/4) equals ±√2/2 and is therefore non–zero; hence\n\n    F_n(1)=F_n(-1)=2^{\\,n/2}\\cos\\frac{nπ}{4} ≠ 0.                    (17)\n\nIf a real polynomial G(X) were divisible by (1+X) (respectively, by\n(1−X)), it would vanish at X=−1 (respectively, at X=1).  Since the\nvalues in (17) are non-zero, F_n is divisible by neither (1+X) nor\n(1−X) for any odd n ≥ 3.  This completes Part 3(b).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.609816",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1.  Scope of evaluation:  The original (and kernel) problems deal only with r = 1.  The enhanced variant requires proving the independence of θ and computing an explicit formula for Q_{n,r} simultaneously for all (n+1)/2 odd indices r.\n\n2.  Heavier algebraic manipulation:  One must keep track of every coefficient of the degree-n polynomial P_n(x), not just c_0 and c_{n−1}.  This demands a systematic understanding of how binomial coefficients and powers of i behave.\n\n3.  Cancellation mechanism:  The key simplification (factor 1–ω cancelling) now has to be found and justified for every even exponent 2s.  Detecting and formalising this pattern is substantially subtler than analysing a single pair of coefficients.\n\n4.  Closed-form combinatorics:  Turning C(n,2s) into C(n,r) and arranging signs requires non-trivial combinatorial identities and parity considerations.\n\n5.  Additional corollary:  The divisibility statement about the polynomial ∑_{r odd} (−1)^{(n−r)/2} C(n,r) X^{n−r} introduces an extra layer linking the symmetric‐function result to factorisation properties of a binomial‐coefficient polynomial, forcing the solver to bridge algebra with elementary number theory.\n\nAll these layers make the problem significantly harder than both the original and the current kernel variant, demanding a broader set of advanced techniques, deeper insight into symmetric polynomials, and a more intricate manipulation of complex numbers, binomial coefficients and parity arguments."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}