{
  "index": "2024-A-4",
  "type": "NT",
  "tag": [
    "NT",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Find all primes $p > 5$ for which there exists an integer $a$ and an integer $r$ satisfying $1 \\leq r \\leq p-1$ with the following property: the sequence $1,a,a^2,\\dots,a^{p-5}$ can be rearranged to form a sequence $b_0,b_1,b_2,\\dots,b_{p-5}$ such that $b_n-b_{n-1}-r$ is divisible by $p$ for $1 \\leq n \\leq p-5$.",
  "solution": "The prime $p=7$ works: choose $a=5$ and $r=3$, and note that $1,a,a^2$ can be rearranged to form $b_0=5$, $b_1=1$, $b_2=25$ satisfying the stated property.\n\nWe claim that no prime $p>7$ works. Suppose otherwise: there exist $p,a,r$ with $p>7$ and $r\\nmid p$ such that $1,a,\\ldots,a^{p-5}$ can be rearranged to form $b_0,\\ldots,b_{p-5}$ with $b_n \\equiv b_0+nr \\pmod{p}$ for all $0\\leq n\\leq p-5$. Since $r\\nmid p$, $\\{b_0,b_0+r,\\ldots,b_0+(p-5)r\\}$ represents a collection of $p-4$ distinct elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/p\\mathbb{Z}$. It follows that all of $1,a,\\ldots,a^{p-5}$ are distinct mod $p$. In particular, $p\\nmid a$; also, since $p-5 \\geq \\frac{p-1}{2}$, we conclude that $a^k \\not\\equiv 1 \\pmod{p}$ for any $1\\leq k\\leq \\frac{p-1}{2}$. It follows that $a$ is a primitive root mod $p$.\n\nSince $a$ is a primitive root, $a^{-3},a^{-2},a^{-1},a^0,\\ldots,a^{p-5}$ runs through all nonzero elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/p$ exactly once. On the other hand, $b_0-4r,b_0-3r,b_0-2r,b_0-r,b_0,\\ldots,b_0+(p-5)r$ runs through all elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/p\\mathbb{Z}$ exactly once. The given condition now implies that\n\\[\n\\{b_0-4r,b_0-3r,b_0-2r,b_0-r\\} = \\{0,c,c^2,c^3\\}\n\\]\n\nwhere $c = a^{-1}$; that is, $0,c,c^2,c^3$ can be rearranged to give an arithmetic sequence $x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4$ in $\\mathbb{Z}/p\\mathbb{Z}$.\n\nIf $0, c, c^2, c^3$ can be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression, then by dividing the progression by $c$,\nwe see that $0,1,c,c^2$ can also be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression. Now no two of $1,c,c^2$ can\nboth be adjacent to 0 in this arithmetic progression, or otherwise they would be negative of each other; but this is\nimpossible because the order of $c$ is greater than 4. We conclude that 0 must be either the first or the last term of the \nprogression, and by reversing the sequence if necessary, we can assume that 0 is the first term of the progression. \nNow the last three terms of this progression cannot be $1,c,c^2$ or $c^2,c,1$ in that order, as $c-1\\neq c^2-c$ because $c\\neq 1$. \nThus the only possibilities for the arithmetic progression that remain are\n\\begin{gather*}\n0,1,c^2,c; \\qquad\n0,c^2,1,c; \\\\\n0,c,1,c^2; \\qquad\n0,c,c^2,1.\n\\end{gather*}\nAs twice the second term must be the third term, and thrice the second term must be the fourth term, we immediately eliminate each of the above possibilities: the first sequence is not possible because we must have $c^2=2, c=3$, which is a valid solution only when $p=7$; for the second sequence, we must have $1=2c^2$ and $1=3c$, which is again a valid solution only when $p=7$; for the third sequence, we must have $1=2c$ and $c^2=3c$, implying $c=1/2=3$, which is possible only when $p=5$; and for the fourth sequence, we must have $c^2=2c$ and $1=3c$, implying $c=2=1/3$, which is again possible only when $p=5$.",
  "vars": [
    "b",
    "n",
    "k",
    "c",
    "x"
  ],
  "params": [
    "p",
    "a",
    "r"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "b": "seqelem",
        "n": "indexnn",
        "k": "powerkk",
        "c": "recipro",
        "x": "arithxx",
        "p": "primeval",
        "a": "baseint",
        "r": "offsetv"
      },
      "question": "Find all primes $primeval > 5$ for which there exists an integer $baseint$ and an integer $offsetv$ satisfying $1 \\leq offsetv \\leq primeval-1$ with the following property: the sequence $1,baseint,baseint^2,\\dots,baseint^{primeval-5}$ can be rearranged to form a sequence $seqelem_0,seqelem_1,seqelem_2,\\dots,seqelem_{primeval-5}$ such that $seqelem_{indexnn}-seqelem_{indexnn-1}-offsetv$ is divisible by $primeval$ for $1 \\leq indexnn \\leq primeval-5$.",
      "solution": "The prime $primeval=7$ works: choose $baseint=5$ and $offsetv=3$, and note that $1,baseint,baseint^2$ can be rearranged to form $seqelem_0=5$, $seqelem_1=1$, $seqelem_2=25$ satisfying the stated property.\n\nWe claim that no prime $primeval>7$ works. Suppose otherwise: there exist $primeval,baseint,offsetv$ with $primeval>7$ and $offsetv\\nmid primeval$ such that $1,baseint,\\ldots,baseint^{primeval-5}$ can be rearranged to form $seqelem_0,\\ldots,seqelem_{primeval-5}$ with $seqelem_{indexnn} \\equiv seqelem_0+indexnn\\,offsetv \\pmod{primeval}$ for all $0\\leq indexnn\\leq primeval-5$. Since $offsetv\\nmid primeval$, $\\{seqelem_0,seqelem_0+offsetv,\\ldots,seqelem_0+(primeval-5)offsetv\\}$ represents a collection of $primeval-4$ distinct elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/primeval\\mathbb{Z}$. It follows that all of $1,baseint,\\ldots,baseint^{primeval-5}$ are distinct mod $primeval$. In particular, $primeval\\nmid baseint$; also, since $primeval-5 \\geq \\frac{primeval-1}{2}$, we conclude that $baseint^{powerkk} \\not\\equiv 1 \\pmod{primeval}$ for any $1\\leq powerkk\\leq \\frac{primeval-1}{2}$. It follows that $baseint$ is a primitive root mod $primeval$.\n\nSince $baseint$ is a primitive root, $baseint^{-3},baseint^{-2},baseint^{-1},baseint^0,\\ldots,baseint^{primeval-5}$ runs through all nonzero elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/primeval$ exactly once. On the other hand, $seqelem_0-4offsetv,seqelem_0-3offsetv,seqelem_0-2offsetv,seqelem_0-offsetv,seqelem_0,\\ldots,seqelem_0+(primeval-5)offsetv$ runs through all elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/primeval\\mathbb{Z}$ exactly once. The given condition now implies that\n\\[\n\\{seqelem_0-4offsetv,seqelem_0-3offsetv,seqelem_0-2offsetv,seqelem_0-offsetv\\}=\\{0,recipro,recipro^2,recipro^3\\}\n\\]\nwhere $recipro = baseint^{-1}$; that is, $0,recipro,recipro^2,recipro^3$ can be rearranged to give an arithmetic sequence $arithxx_1,arithxx_2,arithxx_3,arithxx_4$ in $\\mathbb{Z}/primeval\\mathbb{Z}$.\n\nIf $0,recipro,recipro^2,recipro^3$ can be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression, then by dividing the progression by $recipro$, we see that $0,1,recipro,recipro^2$ can also be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression. Now no two of $1,recipro,recipro^2$ can both be adjacent to $0$ in this arithmetic progression, or otherwise they would be negatives of each other; but this is impossible because the order of $recipro$ is greater than $4$. We conclude that $0$ must be either the first or the last term of the progression, and by reversing the sequence if necessary, we can assume that $0$ is the first term of the progression. The last three terms of this progression cannot be $1,recipro,recipro^2$ or $recipro^2,recipro,1$ in that order, as $recipro-1\\neq recipro^2-recipro$ because $recipro\\neq 1$. Thus the only possibilities for the arithmetic progression that remain are\n\\begin{gather*}\n0,1,recipro^2,recipro;\\qquad\n0,recipro^2,1,recipro;\\\\\n0,recipro,1,recipro^2;\\qquad\n0,recipro,recipro^2,1.\n\\end{gather*}\nAs twice the second term must be the third term, and thrice the second term must be the fourth term, we immediately eliminate each of the above possibilities: the first sequence is not possible because we must have $recipro^2=2,\\;recipro=3$, which is a valid solution only when $primeval=7$; for the second sequence, we must have $1=2recipro^2$ and $1=3recipro$, which is again a valid solution only when $primeval=7$; for the third sequence, we must have $1=2recipro$ and $recipro^2=3recipro$, implying $recipro=1/2=3$, which is possible only when $primeval=5$; and for the fourth sequence, we must have $recipro^2=2recipro$ and $1=3recipro$, implying $recipro=2=1/3$, which is again possible only when $primeval=5$.\n\nHence no prime $primeval>7$ satisfies the required condition, and the only solution is $primeval=7$."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "p": "dandelion",
        "a": "pumpkinseed",
        "r": "parachute",
        "b": "whirlpool",
        "n": "buttercup",
        "k": "sugarcane",
        "c": "lighthouse",
        "x": "fjordscape"
      },
      "question": "Find all primes $dandelion > 5$ for which there exists an integer $pumpkinseed$ and an integer $parachute$ satisfying $1 \\leq parachute \\leq dandelion-1$ with the following property: the sequence $1,pumpkinseed,pumpkinseed^2,\\dots,pumpkinseed^{dandelion-5}$ can be rearranged to form a sequence $whirlpool_0,whirlpool_1,whirlpool_2,\\dots,whirlpool_{dandelion-5}$ such that $whirlpool_{buttercup}-whirlpool_{buttercup-1}-parachute$ is divisible by $dandelion$ for $1 \\leq buttercup \\leq dandelion-5$.",
      "solution": "The prime $dandelion=7$ works: choose $pumpkinseed=5$ and $parachute=3$, and note that $1,pumpkinseed,pumpkinseed^2$ can be rearranged to form $whirlpool_0=5$, $whirlpool_1=1$, $whirlpool_2=25$ satisfying the stated property.\n\nWe claim that no prime $dandelion>7$ works. Suppose otherwise: there exist $dandelion,pumpkinseed,parachute$ with $dandelion>7$ and $parachute\\nmid dandelion$ such that $1,pumpkinseed,\\ldots,pumpkinseed^{dandelion-5}$ can be rearranged to form $whirlpool_0,\\ldots,whirlpool_{dandelion-5}$ with $whirlpool_{buttercup} \\equiv whirlpool_0+buttercup\\,parachute \\pmod{dandelion}$ for all $0\\leq buttercup\\leq dandelion-5$. Since $parachute\\nmid dandelion$, $\\{whirlpool_0,whirlpool_0+parachute,\\ldots,whirlpool_0+(dandelion-5)parachute\\}$ represents a collection of $dandelion-4$ distinct elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/dandelion\\mathbb{Z}$. It follows that all of $1,pumpkinseed,\\ldots,pumpkinseed^{dandelion-5}$ are distinct mod $dandelion$. In particular, $dandelion\\nmid pumpkinseed$; also, since $dandelion-5 \\geq \\frac{dandelion-1}{2}$, we conclude that $pumpkinseed^{sugarcane} \\not\\equiv 1 \\pmod{dandelion}$ for any $1\\leq sugarcane\\leq \\frac{dandelion-1}{2}$. It follows that $pumpkinseed$ is a primitive root mod $dandelion$.\n\nSince $pumpkinseed$ is a primitive root, $pumpkinseed^{-3},pumpkinseed^{-2},pumpkinseed^{-1},pumpkinseed^0,\\ldots,pumpkinseed^{dandelion-5}$ runs through all nonzero elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/dandelion$ exactly once. On the other hand, $whirlpool_0-4parachute,whirlpool_0-3parachute,whirlpool_0-2parachute,whirlpool_0-parachute,whirlpool_0,\\ldots,whirlpool_0+(dandelion-5)parachute$ runs through all elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/dandelion\\mathbb{Z}$ exactly once. The given condition now implies that\n\\[\n\\{whirlpool_0-4parachute,whirlpool_0-3parachute,whirlpool_0-2parachute,whirlpool_0-parachute\\} = \\{0,lighthouse,lighthouse^2,lighthouse^3\\}\n\\]\nwhere $lighthouse = pumpkinseed^{-1}$; that is, $0,lighthouse,lighthouse^2,lighthouse^3$ can be rearranged to give an arithmetic sequence $fjordscape_1,fjordscape_2,fjordscape_3,fjordscape_4$ in $\\mathbb{Z}/dandelion\\mathbb{Z}$.\n\nIf $0, lighthouse, lighthouse^2, lighthouse^3$ can be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression, then by dividing the progression by $lighthouse$, we see that $0,1,lighthouse,lighthouse^2$ can also be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression. Now no two of $1,lighthouse,lighthouse^2$ can both be adjacent to 0 in this arithmetic progression, or otherwise they would be negative of each other; but this is impossible because the order of $lighthouse$ is greater than 4. We conclude that 0 must be either the first or the last term of the progression, and by reversing the sequence if necessary, we can assume that 0 is the first term of the progression. Now the last three terms of this progression cannot be $1,lighthouse,lighthouse^2$ or $lighthouse^2,lighthouse,1$ in that order, as $lighthouse-1\\neq lighthouse^2-lighthouse$ because $lighthouse\\neq 1$. Thus the only possibilities for the arithmetic progression that remain are\n\\begin{gather*}\n0,1,lighthouse^2,lighthouse; \\qquad\n0,lighthouse^2,1,lighthouse; \\\\\n0,lighthouse,1,lighthouse^2; \\qquad\n0,lighthouse,lighthouse^2,1.\n\\end{gather*}\nAs twice the second term must be the third term, and thrice the second term must be the fourth term, we immediately eliminate each of the above possibilities: the first sequence is not possible because we must have $lighthouse^2=2, lighthouse=3$, which is a valid solution only when $dandelion=7$; for the second sequence, we must have $1=2lighthouse^2$ and $1=3lighthouse$, which is again a valid solution only when $dandelion=7$; for the third sequence, we must have $1=2lighthouse$ and $lighthouse^2=3lighthouse$, implying $lighthouse=1/2=3$, which is possible only when $dandelion=5$; and for the fourth sequence, we must have $lighthouse^2=2lighthouse$ and $1=3lighthouse$, implying $lighthouse=2=1/3$, which is again possible only when $dandelion=5$. Hence no prime $dandelion>7$ satisfies the given condition, and the only solution is $dandelion=7$.",
      "language": "LaTeX"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "b": "fixedterm",
        "n": "totalizer",
        "k": "logarithm",
        "c": "directval",
        "x": "constant",
        "p": "composite",
        "a": "leafnumber",
        "r": "staticvalue"
      },
      "question": "Find all primes $composite > 5$ for which there exists an integer $leafnumber$ and an integer $staticvalue$ satisfying $1 \\leq staticvalue \\leq composite-1$ with the following property: the sequence $1,leafnumber,leafnumber^2,\\dots,leafnumber^{composite-5}$ can be rearranged to form a sequence $fixedterm_0,fixedterm_1,fixedterm_2,\\dots,fixedterm_{composite-5}$ such that $fixedterm_{totalizer}-fixedterm_{totalizer-1}-staticvalue$ is divisible by $composite$ for $1 \\leq totalizer \\leq composite-5$.",
      "solution": "The prime $composite=7$ works: choose $leafnumber=5$ and $staticvalue=3$, and note that $1,leafnumber,leafnumber^2$ can be rearranged to form $fixedterm_0=5$, $fixedterm_1=1$, $fixedterm_2=25$ satisfying the stated property.\n\nWe claim that no prime $composite>7$ works. Suppose otherwise: there exist $composite,leafnumber,staticvalue$ with $composite>7$ and $staticvalue\\nmid composite$ such that $1,leafnumber,\\ldots,leafnumber^{composite-5}$ can be rearranged to form $fixedterm_0,\\ldots,fixedterm_{composite-5}$ with $fixedterm_{totalizer} \\equiv fixedterm_0+totalizer staticvalue \\pmod{composite}$ for all $0\\leq totalizer\\leq composite-5$. Since $staticvalue\\nmid composite$, $\\{fixedterm_0,fixedterm_0+staticvalue,\\ldots,fixedterm_0+(composite-5)staticvalue\\}$ represents a collection of $composite-4$ distinct elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/composite\\mathbb{Z}$. It follows that all of $1,leafnumber,\\ldots,leafnumber^{composite-5}$ are distinct mod $composite$. In particular, $composite\\nmid leafnumber$; also, since $composite-5 \\geq \\frac{composite-1}{2}$, we conclude that $leafnumber^{logarithm} \\not\\equiv 1 \\pmod{composite}$ for any $1\\leq logarithm\\leq \\frac{composite-1}{2}$. It follows that $leafnumber$ is a primitive root mod $composite$.\n\nSince $leafnumber$ is a primitive root, $leafnumber^{-3},leafnumber^{-2},leafnumber^{-1},leafnumber^0,\\ldots,leafnumber^{composite-5}$ runs through all nonzero elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/composite$ exactly once. On the other hand, $fixedterm_0-4staticvalue,fixedterm_0-3staticvalue,fixedterm_0-2staticvalue,fixedterm_0-staticvalue,fixedterm_0,\\ldots,fixedterm_0+(composite-5)staticvalue$ runs through all elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/composite\\mathbb{Z}$ exactly once. The given condition now implies that\n\\[\n\\{fixedterm_0-4staticvalue,fixedterm_0-3staticvalue,fixedterm_0-2staticvalue,fixedterm_0-staticvalue\\} = \\{0,directval,directval^2,directval^3\\}\n\\]\nwhere $directval = leafnumber^{-1}$; that is, $0,directval,directval^2,directval^3$ can be rearranged to give an arithmetic sequence $constant_1,constant_2,constant_3,constant_4$ in $\\mathbb{Z}/composite\\mathbb{Z}$.\n\nIf $0, directval, directval^2, directval^3$ can be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression, then by dividing the progression by $directval$, we see that $0,1,directval,directval^2$ can also be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression. Now no two of $1,directval,directval^2$ can both be adjacent to 0 in this arithmetic progression, or otherwise they would be negative of each other; but this is impossible because the order of $directval$ is greater than 4. We conclude that 0 must be either the first or the last term of the progression, and by reversing the sequence if necessary, we can assume that 0 is the first term of the progression. Now the last three terms of this progression cannot be $1,directval,directval^2$ or $directval^2,directval,1$ in that order, as $directval-1\\neq directval^2-directval$ because $directval\\neq 1$. Thus the only possibilities for the arithmetic progression that remain are\n\\begin{gather*}\n0,1,directval^2,directval; \\qquad\n0,directval^2,1,directval; \\\\\n0,directval,1,directval^2; \\qquad\n0,directval,directval^2,1.\n\\end{gather*}\nAs twice the second term must be the third term, and thrice the second term must be the fourth term, we immediately eliminate each of the above possibilities: the first sequence is not possible because we must have $directval^2=2, directval=3$, which is a valid solution only when $composite=7$; for the second sequence, we must have $1=2directval^2$ and $1=3directval$, which is again a valid solution only when $composite=7$; for the third sequence, we must have $1=2directval$ and $directval^2=3directval$, implying $directval=1/2=3$, which is possible only when $composite=5$; and for the fourth sequence, we must have $directval^2=2directval$ and $1=3directval$, implying $directval=2=1/3$, which is again possible only when $composite=5$. Thus no prime $composite>7$ satisfies the required condition."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "b": "lmfqnpsr",
        "n": "xtjkwdva",
        "k": "rndopvye",
        "c": "asdajfgh",
        "x": "pqofnesd",
        "p": "kzwsplqu",
        "a": "qzxwvtnp",
        "r": "hjgrksla"
      },
      "question": "Find all primes $kzwsplqu > 5$ for which there exists an integer $qzxwvtnp$ and an integer $hjgrksla$ satisfying $1 \\leq hjgrksla \\leq kzwsplqu-1$ with the following property: the sequence $1,qzxwvtnp,qzxwvtnp^2,\\dots,qzxwvtnp^{kzwsplqu-5}$ can be rearranged to form a sequence $lmfqnpsr_0,lmfqnpsr_1,lmfqnpsr_2,\\dots,lmfqnpsr_{kzwsplqu-5}$ such that $lmfqnpsr_{xtjkwdva}-lmfqnpsr_{xtjkwdva-1}-hjgrksla$ is divisible by $kzwsplqu$ for $1 \\leq xtjkwdva \\leq kzwsplqu-5$.",
      "solution": "The prime $kzwsplqu=7$ works: choose $qzxwvtnp=5$ and $hjgrksla=3$, and note that $1,qzxwvtnp,qzxwvtnp^2$ can be rearranged to form $lmfqnpsr_0, lmfqnpsr_1, lmfqnpsr_2$ satisfying the stated property.\n\nWe claim that no prime $kzwsplqu>7$ works. Suppose otherwise: there exist $kzwsplqu,qzxwvtnp,hjgrksla$ with $kzwsplqu>7$ and $hjgrksla\\nmid kzwsplqu$ such that $1,qzxwvtnp,\\ldots,qzxwvtnp^{kzwsplqu-5}$ can be rearranged to form $lmfqnpsr_0,\\ldots,lmfqnpsr_{kzwsplqu-5}$ with $lmfqnpsr_{xtjkwdva} \\equiv lmfqnpsr_0+xtjkwdva\\,hjgrksla \\pmod{kzwsplqu}$ for all $0\\leq xtjkwdva\\leq kzwsplqu-5$. Since $hjgrksla\\nmid kzwsplqu$, $\\{lmfqnpsr_0,lmfqnpsr_0+hjgrksla,\\ldots,lmfqnpsr_0+(kzwsplqu-5)hjgrksla\\}$ represents a collection of $kzwsplqu-4$ distinct elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/kzwsplqu\\mathbb{Z}$. It follows that all of $1,qzxwvtnp,\\ldots,qzxwvtnp^{kzwsplqu-5}$ are distinct mod $kzwsplqu$. In particular, $kzwsplqu\\nmid qzxwvtnp$; also, since $kzwsplqu-5 \\geq \\frac{kzwsplqu-1}{2}$, we conclude that $qzxwvtnp^{rndopvye} \\not\\equiv 1 \\pmod{kzwsplqu}$ for any $1\\leq rndopvye\\leq \\frac{kzwsplqu-1}{2}$. It follows that $qzxwvtnp$ is a primitive root mod $kzwsplqu$.\n\nSince $qzxwvtnp$ is a primitive root, $qzxwvtnp^{-3},qzxwvtnp^{-2},qzxwvtnp^{-1},qzxwvtnp^0,\\ldots,qzxwvtnp^{kzwsplqu-5}$ runs through all nonzero elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/kzwsplqu$ exactly once. On the other hand, $lmfqnpsr_0-4hjgrksla, lmfqnpsr_0-3hjgrksla, lmfqnpsr_0-2hjgrksla, lmfqnpsr_0-hjgrksla, lmfqnpsr_0,\\ldots,lmfqnpsr_0+(kzwsplqu-5)hjgrksla$ runs through all elements of $\\mathbb{Z}/kzwsplqu\\mathbb{Z}$ exactly once. The given condition now implies that\n\\[\n\\{lmfqnpsr_0-4hjgrksla, lmfqnpsr_0-3hjgrksla, lmfqnpsr_0-2hjgrksla, lmfqnpsr_0-hjgrksla\\} = \\{0, asdajfgh, asdajfgh^2, asdajfgh^3\\}\n\\]\nwhere $asdajfgh = qzxwvtnp^{-1}$; that is, $0, asdajfgh, asdajfgh^2, asdajfgh^3$ can be rearranged to give an arithmetic sequence $pqofnesd_1, pqofnesd_2, pqofnesd_3, pqofnesd_4$ in $\\mathbb{Z}/kzwsplqu\\mathbb{Z}$.\n\nIf $0, asdajfgh, asdajfgh^2, asdajfgh^3$ can be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression, then by dividing the progression by $asdajfgh$,\nwe see that $0,1, asdajfgh, asdajfgh^2$ can also be arranged into a four-term arithmetic progression. Now no two of $1, asdajfgh, asdajfgh^2$ can\nboth be adjacent to 0 in this arithmetic progression, or otherwise they would be negative of each other; but this is\nimpossible because the order of $asdajfgh$ is greater than 4. We conclude that 0 must be either the first or the last term of the \nprogression, and by reversing the sequence if necessary, we can assume that 0 is the first term of the progression. \nNow the last three terms of this progression cannot be $1, asdajfgh, asdajfgh^2$ or $asdajfgh^2, asdajfgh, 1$ in that order, as $asdajfgh-1\\neq asdajfgh^2-asdajfgh$ because $asdajfgh\\neq 1$. \nThus the only possibilities for the arithmetic progression that remain are\n\\begin{gather*}\n0,1,asdajfgh^2,asdajfgh; \\qquad\n0,asdajfgh^2,1,asdajfgh; \\\\\n0,asdajfgh,1,asdajfgh^2; \\qquad\n0,asdajfgh,asdajfgh^2,1.\n\\end{gather*}\nAs twice the second term must be the third term, and thrice the second term must be the fourth term, we immediately eliminate each of the above possibilities: the first sequence is not possible because we must have $asdajfgh^2=2, asdajfgh=3$, which is a valid solution only when $kzwsplqu=7$; for the second sequence, we must have $1=2asdajfgh^2$ and $1=3asdajfgh$, which is again a valid solution only when $kzwsplqu=7$; for the third sequence, we must have $1=2asdajfgh$ and $asdajfgh^2=3asdajfgh$, implying $asdajfgh=1/2=3$, which is possible only when $kzwsplqu=5$; and for the fourth sequence, we must have $asdajfgh^2=2asdajfgh$ and $1=3asdajfgh$, implying $asdajfgh=2=1/3$, which is again possible only when $kzwsplqu=5$. "
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let p be a prime number with p>5.  Determine all primes p for which there exist integers a and r satisfying\n   1 \\le r \\le p-1\nsuch that, modulo p, the (p−5) numbers\n   1 ,\\; a ,\\; a^{2} ,\\; \\dots ,\\; a^{p-6}\ncan be rearranged to a sequence\n   b_{0}, b_{1},\\dots , b_{p-6}\nforming an arithmetic progression,\n   b_{n}\\equiv b_{n-1}+r \\pmod{p}\\qquad(1\\le n\\le p-6).",
      "solution": "Answer.  The only prime that works is p = 7.\n\n————————  1.  The prime 7 works  ————————\nWhen p = 7 the list 1 , a consists of the two numbers 1 and a.  Take a = 3.  With\n     b_{0}=3 ,\\; b_{1}=1 ,\\; r=5 ,\nwe have 3+5 \\equiv 1 (mod 7); the required condition holds.\n\nAssume henceforth that p>7 and that integers a,r (1\\le r\\le p-1) satisfy the hypothesis; we shall reach a contradiction.\n\n————————————————  A.  The powers are distinct and a is primitive  ————————————————\nIf a^{i}\\equiv a^{j}\\;(0\\le i<j\\le p-6), then two of the b-values coincide, forcing r \\equiv 0 (mod p), impossible.  Thus the p−5 powers are pairwise distinct, so ord_{p}(a)>p-6.  Because ord_{p}(a)|(p-1) and, for p\\ge 11,\n     (p-1)/2 \\le p-6,\nwe must have ord_{p}(a)=p-1; hence a is a primitive root.  Put c:=a^{-1}; c is primitive as well.\n\n———————————————  B.  Completing the progression and locating 0  ————————————————\nExtend the progression five steps to the left by b_{-k}:=b_{0}-kr\\;(1\\le k\\le5).  The indices -5,…,-1,0,1,…,p-6 give p distinct residues, so the set {b_{-5},…,b_{p-6}} equals \\mathbb F_{p}.  None of 1,a,…,a^{p-6} is 0, hence 0 is one of the new five terms.  Let t\\in\\{1,…,5\\} satisfy\n     b_{-t}\\equiv 0, \\;\\text{so}\\; b_{0}\\equiv tr.                                    (1)\n\n———————————————  C.  Which five residues are missing from 1 , a , … , a^{p−6}?  ————————————————\nBecause a is primitive, the non–zero residues modulo p are 1,a,…,a^{p-2}.  Removing the first p−5 of them leaves exactly\n     a^{p-5},\\; a^{p-4},\\; a^{p-3},\\; a^{p-2}=c^{4} \\; (=a^{-4}),\\; \\text{and } 0.     (2)\nHence\n     \\{b_{-5},…,b_{-1}\\}=\\{0,c,c^{2},c^{3},c^{4}\\}.                             (3)\nIn particular, for every k\\ne t (1\\le k\\le5) there is a unique s_{k}\\in\\{1,2,3,4\\} with\n     r(t-k)\\equiv c^{s_{k}}.                                                         (4)\nThe map k\\mapsto s_{k} is a bijection between \\{1,…,5\\}\\setminus\\{t\\} and \\{1,2,3,4\\}.\n\n———————————————  D.  The cases t = 2 , 3 , 4 are impossible  ————————————————\nIf t\\in\\{2,3,4\\}, the set \\{t-1,…,t-5\\} contains two opposite integers.  Dividing the two corresponding congruences (4) yields\n     c^{s_{i}-s_{j}}\\equiv -1.\nBut ord_{p}(c)=p-1>2, so no power c^{\\pm1}, c^{\\pm2}, c^{\\pm3} equals −1.  Consequently\n     t\\in\\{1,5\\}.                                                                (5)\n\n———————————————  E.  A numerical congruence  ————————————————\nMultiplying the four relations (4) for k\\ne t gives, since \\prod_{k\\ne t}(t-k)=24 for both t=1 and t=5,\n     24\\,r^{4}\\equiv c^{1+2+3+4}=c^{10}.                                     (6)\nBecause c is primitive, write r\\equiv c^{u} and 24\\equiv c^{w} with 0\\le u,w\\le p-2.  Then\n     w+4u\\equiv10\\pmod{p-1}.                                                     (7)\n\n———————————————  F.  Further linear relations  ————————————————\nFrom (4) we have, for k\\ne t,\n     u+\\log_{c}(t-k)\\equiv s_{k}\\pmod{p-1}.                                      (8)\nSubtracting two such equalities (for different k) eliminates u and yields\n     \\log_{c}\\Bigl(\\dfrac{t-k_{1}}{t-k_{2}}\\Bigr)\\equiv s_{k_{1}}-s_{k_{2}}\\pmod{p-1}. (9)\nAll right–hand sides are in \\{\\pm1,\\pm2,\\pm3\\}; hence every logarithm of a ratio (t-k_{1})/(t-k_{2}) lies in this set.\n\n———————————————  G.  Finishing the case t = 5  ————————————————\nHere t-k runs through 1,2,3,4.  Choosing k_{1},k_{2} so that (t-k_{1})/(t-k_{2})=2, equation (9) gives\n     \\log_{c}2\\in\\{\\pm1,\\pm2,\\pm3\\}.                                          (10)\nBecause 4=(t-1)/(t-5) is also such a ratio, (9) yields\n     \\log_{c}4\\in\\{\\pm1,\\pm2,\\pm3\\}.                                          (11)\nBut \\log_{c}4=2\\log_{c}2, so the sets (10)–(11) force\n     \\log_{c}2=\\pm1\\quad\\text{and}\\quad\\log_{c}4=\\pm2.                         (12)\n\nThe four values\n     \\log_{c}1=0,\\; \\log_{c}2,\\; \\log_{c}3,\\; \\log_{c}4\nmust be the four distinct residues\n     10-w-4,\\;10-w-3,\\;10-w-2,\\;10-w-1                     (from (8))            (13)\nin some order, hence they form a set of four consecutive residues modulo p−1.\n\n•  Positive orientation –– If \\log_{c}2=1 and \\log_{c}4=2 (the ‘+’ choice in (12)), the four consecutive residues are \\{0,1,2,3\\}.  Then (13) gives \\log_{c}3=3, whence 3\\equiv c^{3}\\equiv2^{3}=8 (mod p), so p=5, contradicting p>7.\n\n•  Negative orientation –– If \\log_{c}2=−1 and \\log_{c}4=−2, the four consecutive residues are \\{0,−1,−2,−3\\}=\\{0,p-1,p-2,p-3\\}.  Now (13) furnishes \\log_{c}3=−3, so 3\\equiv c^{-3}\\equiv2^{-3}\\equiv8 (mod p) again giving p=5, contrary to p>7.\n\nBoth sub-cases are impossible; hence t\\ne5.\n\n———————————————  H.  The case t = 1  ————————————————\nNow t-k equals −1,−2,−3,−4.  Replacing each numerator and denominator in (9) by its negative shows that (9) again gives logarithms in \\{\\pm1,\\pm2,\\pm3\\}.  Thus the calculation of Step G (with every logarithm multiplied by −1) repeats verbatim and again forces p=5, contradicting p>7.\n\n———————————————  I.  Conclusion  ————————————————\nAll possibilities for t lead to contradictions when p>7.  Therefore no prime p>7 fulfils the required property.  Together with the example p=7 constructed in Section 1, this completes the proof.\n\n∎",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Give a concrete (a,r) showing the condition holds when p=7.",
          "For any p>7 with a rearrangement, deduce all a^k are distinct ⇒ a is a primitive root (uses length ≥(p−1)/2).",
          "Compare the full residue set produced by a^{-3},…,a^{p−5} with the arithmetic progression b_0+nr to force {0,c,c^2,c^3} (c=a^{-1}) into a 4-term arithmetic progression.",
          "Analyze all possible orderings of 0,1,c,c^2 in such a progression; the resulting congruences have no solution for p>7, giving a contradiction."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Specific example of (a,r) that works for p=7 (any pair giving a valid rearrangement would suffice).",
            "original": "a=5, r=3"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "Upper exponent in the original list (p−5); any fixed offset f with p−f ≥ (p−1)/2 would keep the ‘primitive-root’ argument intact.",
            "original": "5 in p−5"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "Number of negative exponents added (−3,−2,−1) so the range a^{−3}…a^{p−5} covers p−1 powers; adjusting this in tandem with slot2 to still attain p−1 distinct exponents leaves the logic unchanged.",
            "original": "3 negative exponents (start at a^{−3})"
          },
          "slot4": {
            "description": "Choice of which term is placed at the start of the arithmetic progression (taken as 0 here); reversing or cyclically shifting the progression does not affect the deductions.",
            "original": "0 chosen as first term of the 4-term progression"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}