{
  "index": "1972-B-4",
  "type": "ALG",
  "tag": [
    "ALG",
    "NT"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "B-4. Let \\( n \\) be an integer greater than 1. Show that there exists a polynomial \\( P(x, y, z) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( x \\equiv P\\left(x^{n}, x^{n+1}, x+x^{n+2}\\right) \\).",
  "solution": "B-4 Let \\( x=t^{n}, y=t^{n+1}, z=t+t^{n+2} \\). We construct a polynomial \\( P(x, y, z) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( P(x, y, z)=t \\). We have\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nz=t+t^{n+2} \\\\\nz y=t^{n+2}+t^{2 n+3} \\\\\nz y^{2}=t^{2 n+3}+t^{3 n+4} \\\\\n\\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\\\\nz^{n-2}=t^{n^{2}-n-1}+t^{n^{2}}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiply the above equations alternately by +1 and -1 and add:\n\\[\nz\\left[1-y+y^{2}-\\cdots+(-1)^{n-2} y^{n-2}\\right]=t+(-1)^{n-2} t^{n^{2}}=t+(-1)^{n} x^{n}\n\\]\n\nHence, if we define\n\\[\nP(x, y, x)=z\\left[\\sum_{1=0}^{n-2}(-1)^{i} y^{i}\\right]+(-1)^{n-1} x^{n}\n\\]\n\nThen \\( P\\left(t^{n}, t^{n+1}, t+t^{n+2}\\right)=t \\).",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",
    "t",
    "i"
  ],
  "params": [
    "n",
    "P"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "firstvar",
        "y": "secondvar",
        "z": "thirdvar",
        "t": "parameter",
        "i": "indexer",
        "n": "exponent",
        "P": "polyfunc"
      },
      "question": "B-4. Let \\( exponent \\) be an integer greater than 1. Show that there exists a polynomial \\( polyfunc(firstvar, secondvar, thirdvar) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( firstvar \\equiv polyfunc\\left(firstvar^{exponent}, firstvar^{exponent+1}, firstvar+firstvar^{exponent+2}\\right) \\).",
      "solution": "B-4 Let \\( firstvar=parameter^{exponent}, secondvar=parameter^{exponent+1}, thirdvar=parameter+parameter^{exponent+2} \\). We construct a polynomial \\( polyfunc(firstvar, secondvar, thirdvar) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( polyfunc(firstvar, secondvar, thirdvar)=parameter \\). We have\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nthirdvar=parameter+parameter^{exponent+2} \\\\\nthirdvar\\, secondvar=parameter^{exponent+2}+parameter^{2\\, exponent+3} \\\\\nthirdvar\\, secondvar^{2}=parameter^{2\\, exponent+3}+parameter^{3\\, exponent+4} \\\\\n\\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\\\\nthirdvar^{exponent-2}=parameter^{exponent^{2}-exponent-1}+parameter^{exponent^{2}}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiply the above equations alternately by +1 and -1 and add:\n\\[\nthirdvar\\left[1-secondvar+secondvar^{2}-\\cdots+(-1)^{exponent-2} secondvar^{exponent-2}\\right]=parameter+(-1)^{exponent-2} parameter^{exponent^{2}}=parameter+(-1)^{exponent} firstvar^{exponent}\n\\]\n\nHence, if we define\n\\[\npolyfunc(firstvar, secondvar, firstvar)=thirdvar\\left[\\sum_{indexer=0}^{exponent-2}(-1)^{indexer} secondvar^{indexer}\\right]+(-1)^{exponent-1} firstvar^{exponent}\n\\]\n\nThen \\( polyfunc\\left(parameter^{exponent}, parameter^{exponent+1}, parameter+parameter^{exponent+2}\\right)=parameter \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "meadowlark",
        "y": "sailcloth",
        "z": "breadcrumb",
        "t": "lanternfly",
        "i": "firestone",
        "n": "skyscraper",
        "P": "waterfall"
      },
      "question": "B-4. Let \\( skyscraper \\) be an integer greater than 1. Show that there exists a polynomial \\( waterfall(meadowlark, sailcloth, breadcrumb) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( meadowlark \\equiv waterfall\\left(meadowlark^{skyscraper}, meadowlark^{skyscraper+1}, meadowlark+meadowlark^{skyscraper+2}\\right) \\).",
      "solution": "B-4 Let \\( meadowlark=lanternfly^{skyscraper},\\; sailcloth=lanternfly^{skyscraper+1},\\; breadcrumb=lanternfly+lanternfly^{skyscraper+2} \\). We construct a polynomial \\( waterfall(meadowlark, sailcloth, breadcrumb) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( waterfall(meadowlark, sailcloth, breadcrumb)=lanternfly \\). We have\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nbreadcrumb=lanternfly+lanternfly^{skyscraper+2} \\\\\nbreadcrumb\\,sailcloth=lanternfly^{skyscraper+2}+lanternfly^{2\\skyscraper+3} \\\\\nbreadcrumb\\,sailcloth^{2}=lanternfly^{2\\skyscraper+3}+lanternfly^{3\\skyscraper+4} \\\\\n\\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\\\\nbreadcrumb^{\\skyscraper-2}=lanternfly^{\\skyscraper^{2}-\\skyscraper-1}+lanternfly^{\\skyscraper^{2}}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiply the above equations alternately by \\(+1\\) and \\(-1\\) and add:\n\\[\nbreadcrumb\\left[1-sailcloth+sailcloth^{2}-\\cdots+(-1)^{\\skyscraper-2}sailcloth^{\\skyscraper-2}\\right]\n=lanternfly+(-1)^{\\skyscraper-2}lanternfly^{\\skyscraper^{2}}\n=lanternfly+(-1)^{\\skyscraper}meadowlark^{\\skyscraper}\n\\]\n\nHence, if we define\n\\[\nwaterfall(meadowlark, sailcloth, meadowlark)=\nbreadcrumb\\left[\\sum_{1=0}^{\\skyscraper-2}(-1)^{firestone}sailcloth^{firestone}\\right]\n+(-1)^{\\skyscraper-1}meadowlark^{\\skyscraper}\n\\]\n\nthen \\( waterfall\\left(lanternfly^{\\skyscraper},\\; lanternfly^{\\skyscraper+1},\\; lanternfly+lanternfly^{\\skyscraper+2}\\right)=lanternfly \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "knownvalue",
        "y": "horizontalaxis",
        "z": "groundlevel",
        "t": "spacecoordinate",
        "i": "counterstop",
        "n": "fractionalvalue",
        "P": "irrationalfunc"
      },
      "question": "B-4. Let \\( fractionalvalue \\) be an integer greater than 1. Show that there exists a polynomial \\( irrationalfunc(knownvalue, horizontalaxis, groundlevel) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( knownvalue \\equiv irrationalfunc\\left(knownvalue^{fractionalvalue}, knownvalue^{fractionalvalue+1}, knownvalue+knownvalue^{fractionalvalue+2}\\right) \\).",
      "solution": "B-4 Let \\( knownvalue=spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue}, horizontalaxis=spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue+1}, groundlevel=spacecoordinate+spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue+2} \\). We construct a polynomial \\( irrationalfunc(knownvalue, horizontalaxis, groundlevel) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( irrationalfunc(knownvalue, horizontalaxis, groundlevel)=spacecoordinate \\). We have\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\ngroundlevel=spacecoordinate+spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue+2} \\\\\ngroundlevel\\,horizontalaxis=spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue+2}+spacecoordinate^{2 fractionalvalue+3} \\\\\ngroundlevel\\,horizontalaxis^{2}=spacecoordinate^{2 fractionalvalue+3}+spacecoordinate^{3 fractionalvalue+4} \\\\\n\\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\\\\ngroundlevel^{fractionalvalue-2}=spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue^{2}-fractionalvalue-1}+spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue^{2}}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiply the above equations alternately by +1 and -1 and add:\n\\[\ngroundlevel\\left[1-horizontalaxis+horizontalaxis^{2}-\\cdots+(-1)^{fractionalvalue-2} horizontalaxis^{fractionalvalue-2}\\right]=spacecoordinate+(-1)^{fractionalvalue-2} spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue^{2}}=spacecoordinate+(-1)^{fractionalvalue} knownvalue^{fractionalvalue}\n\\]\n\nHence, if we define\n\\[\nirrationalfunc(knownvalue, horizontalaxis, knownvalue)=groundlevel\\left[\\sum_{1=0}^{fractionalvalue-2}(-1)^{counterstop} horizontalaxis^{counterstop}\\right]+(-1)^{fractionalvalue-1} knownvalue^{fractionalvalue}\n\\]\n\nThen \\( irrationalfunc\\left(spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue}, spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue+1}, spacecoordinate+spacecoordinate^{fractionalvalue+2}\\right)=spacecoordinate \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "y": "hjgrksla",
        "z": "fvdqmscie",
        "t": "lkjhpoyui",
        "i": "wqernmzxv",
        "n": "asdfghjkl",
        "P": "mnbvcxzlk"
      },
      "question": "B-4. Let \\( asdfghjkl \\) be an integer greater than 1. Show that there exists a polynomial \\( mnbvcxzlk(qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, fvdqmscie) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( qzxwvtnp \\equiv mnbvcxzlk\\left(qzxwvtnp^{asdfghjkl}, qzxwvtnp^{asdfghjkl+1}, qzxwvtnp+qzxwvtnp^{asdfghjkl+2}\\right) \\).",
      "solution": "B-4 Let \\( qzxwvtnp = lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl}, hjgrksla = lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl+1}, fvdqmscie = lkjhpoyui + lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl+2} \\). We construct a polynomial \\( mnbvcxzlk(qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, fvdqmscie) \\) with integral coefficients such that \\( mnbvcxzlk(qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, fvdqmscie)=lkjhpoyui \\). We have\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nfvdqmscie=lkjhpoyui+lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl+2} \\\\\nfvdqmscie\\,hjgrksla=lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl+2}+lkjhpoyui^{2\\,asdfghjkl+3} \\\\\nfvdqmscie\\,hjgrksla^{2}=lkjhpoyui^{2\\,asdfghjkl+3}+lkjhpoyui^{3\\,asdfghjkl+4} \\\\\n\\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\\\\nfvdqmscie^{asdfghjkl-2}=lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl^{2}-asdfghjkl-1}+lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl^{2}}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nMultiply the above equations alternately by +1 and -1 and add:\n\\[\nfvdqmscie\\left[1-hjgrksla+hjgrksla^{2}-\\cdots+(-1)^{asdfghjkl-2} hjgrksla^{asdfghjkl-2}\\right]=lkjhpoyui+(-1)^{asdfghjkl-2} lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl^{2}}=lkjhpoyui+(-1)^{asdfghjkl} qzxwvtnp^{asdfghjkl}\n\\]\n\nHence, if we define\n\\[\nmnbvcxzlk(qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, qzxwvtnp)=fvdqmscie\\left[\\sum_{1=0}^{asdfghjkl-2}(-1)^{wqernmzxv} hjgrksla^{wqernmzxv}\\right]+(-1)^{asdfghjkl-1} qzxwvtnp^{asdfghjkl}\n\\]\n\nThen \\( mnbvcxzlk\\left(lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl}, lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl+1}, lkjhpoyui+lkjhpoyui^{asdfghjkl+2}\\right)=lkjhpoyui \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $n\\ge 2$ be an integer and put  \n\n\\[\n\\mathcal S=\\mathbf Z[t,x,y,z],\n\\qquad   \nt\\succ x\\succ y\\succ z\\quad (\\text{lexicographic order}).\n\\]\n\nDefine  \n\n\\[\nF_{1}=t^{\\,n}-x,\\qquad   \nF_{2}=t^{\\,n+1}-y,\\qquad   \nF_{3}=t+t^{\\,n+2}-z ,\\qquad    \nI:=(F_{1},F_{2},F_{3})\\subset\\mathcal S ,\n\\]\nand set  \n\n\\[\nI_{0}=I\\cap\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]\\subset\\mathbf Z[x,y,z],\n\\qquad x\\succ y\\succ z\\quad\\text{on }\\mathbf Z[x,y,z].\n\\tag{$\\xi$}\n\\]\n\nIntroduce the three boxed polynomials  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{S=y^{\\,n}-x^{\\,n+1}},\\qquad\n\\boxed{G=xz-y-y^{2}},\\qquad\n\\boxed{P=z\\!\\sum_{k=0}^{\\,n-2}(-1)^{k}y^{\\,k}+(-1)^{\\,n-1}x^{\\,n}},\n\\qquad\n\\boxed{R=P^{\\,n}-x}.\n\\]\n\n1.  Algebraic elimination.  \n\n(a)  Let  \n\n\\[\n\\Phi:\\mathcal S\\longrightarrow\\mathbf Z[t],\\qquad\n(t,x,y,z)\\longmapsto\\bigl(t,\\ t^{\\,n},\\ t^{\\,n+1},\\ t+t^{\\,n+2}\\bigr).\n\\]\n\nShow that the induced map\n$\\overline\\Phi:\\mathcal S/I\\longrightarrow\\mathbf Z[t]$,\n$\\overline t\\longmapsto t$, is an isomorphism; deduce\n$\\ker\\Phi=I$ and $\\ker\\varphi=I_{0}$ for \n$\\varphi=\\Phi|_{\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]}$.\nConclude $S,G,R\\in I_{0}$.\n\n(b)  Prove  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{lm}(S)=x^{\\,n+1},\\qquad\n\\operatorname{lm}(G)=xz,\\qquad\n\\operatorname{lm}(R)=x^{\\,n^{2}}\n\\quad\\text{for the order }(\\xi).\n\\]\n\n(c)  Compute the six $S$–polynomials of the set\n$\\{S,G,R\\}$, namely  \n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nS(S,G)&= zS-x^{\\,n}G, &\nS(G,S)&= x^{\\,n}G-zS,\\\\[2mm]\nS(S,R)&= x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S-R, &\nS(R,S)&= R-x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S,\\\\[2mm]\nS(G,R)&= x^{\\,n^{2}-1}G-zR, &\nS(R,G)&= zR-x^{\\,n^{2}-1}G,\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nand verify that each of them reduces to $0$ with respect to\n$\\{S,G,R\\}$.  Deduce that  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\{S,G,R\\}\\text{ is a Gröbner basis of }I_{0}\\text{ for }(\\xi).}\n\\]\n\n(d)  Show that $I_{0}=(S,G,R)$.\n\n(e)  Prove that $I_{0}$ is a prime ideal and that  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{Krull\\,dim}\\!\\bigl(\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/I_{0}\\bigr)=2.\n\\]\n\n2.  A three–variable “inverse’’.  \n\nVerify  \n\n\\[\nP\\bigl(x^{\\,n},x^{\\,n+1},x+x^{\\,n+2}\\bigr)=x\n\\qquad\\text{in }\\mathbf Z[x].\n\\tag{$\\dagger$}\n\\]\n\n3.  Degrees and cancellations.  \n\n(a)  Prove $\\deg P=n$.\n\n(b)  Put $Q_{n}(X)=P\\bigl(X^{\\,n},X^{\\,n+1},X+X^{\\,n+2}\\bigr)$.\nShow that the naive expansion of $Q_{n}$ starts with\n$(-1)^{\\,n-1}X^{\\,n^{2}}$, yet after collecting like terms all\nmonomials of degree at least $2$ cancel and $Q_{n}(X)=X$.\n\n4.  A complete Gröbner–basis construction in four variables.  \n\nSet  \n\n\\[\nJ=\\bigl(F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4}:=t-P\\bigr)\\subset\\mathcal S,\n\\qquad t\\succ x\\succ y\\succ z .\n\\]\n\nShow that  \n\n\\[\n\\mathcal G=\\{F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4},G,S,R\\}\n\\]\n\nis a Gröbner basis of $J$ and that the \\emph{$t$–free} part of the\n\\emph{reduced} Gröbner basis equals  \n\n\\[\n\\mathfrak G_{0}=\\{G,S,R\\}.\n\\]\n\n5.  Concrete examples.  \nWrite out $S,G,P,R$, prove $(\\dagger)$, and confirm that\n$\\mathfrak G_{0}$ is a Gröbner basis of $I_{0}$ for  \n\n(a) $n=3$, \\quad (b) $n=4$.\n\n\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "solution": "Throughout $n\\ge 2$ is fixed and the notation of the problem is\nkept.  For any non–zero polynomial $f$ we write\n$\\operatorname{lt}(f)$ and $\\operatorname{lm}(f)$ for its leading\nterm and leading monomial with respect to the order specified in\neach context.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(a)  \\emph{Elimination via $\\Phi$.}\n\nStep 1.  Since\n$\\Phi(F_{1})=\\Phi(F_{2})=\\Phi(F_{3})=0$ we have\n$I\\subset\\ker\\Phi$.\n\nStep 2.  Define  \n\n\\[\n\\Psi:\\mathbf Z[t]\\longrightarrow\\mathcal S/I,\n\\qquad\nt\\longmapsto\\overline t .\n\\]\n\nInside $\\mathcal S/I$ we have\n$\\overline x=\\overline t^{\\,n}$,\n$\\overline y=\\overline t^{\\,n+1}$,\n$\\overline z=\\overline t+\\overline t^{\\,n+2}$,\nhence every residue class is the image of a polynomial in $t$; so\n$\\Psi$ is surjective.\n\nStep 3.  The composition\n$\\mathbf Z[t]\\xrightarrow{\\Psi}\\mathcal S/I\n\\xrightarrow{\\overline\\Phi}\\mathbf Z[t]$\nis the identity, whence $\\overline\\Phi$ is bijective and\n$\\ker\\Phi=I$.\n\nStep 4.  Restricting $\\Phi$ to $\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]$ gives\n$\\ker\\varphi=I_{0}$.  Because $S,G,R$ vanish under $\\Phi$, they lie\nin $I_{0}$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(b)  Direct inspection of the boxed polynomials gives  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{lm}(S)=x^{\\,n+1},\\qquad\n\\operatorname{lm}(G)=xz,\\qquad\n\\operatorname{lm}(R)=x^{\\,n^{2}} .\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(c)  \\emph{Buchberger’s criterion.}\n\n\\textbf{Six $S$–polynomials.}  With the leading monomials from\n(b) one obtains  \n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nS(S,G)&=\\dfrac{\\operatorname{lcm}(x^{\\,n+1},xz)}{x^{\\,n+1}}\\,S-\n       \\dfrac{\\operatorname{lcm}(x^{\\,n+1},xz)}{xz}\\,G\n       \\;=\\;zS-x^{\\,n}G,\\\\\nS(G,S)&=x^{\\,n}G-zS,\\\\[2mm]\nS(S,R)&=x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S-R,\\\\\nS(R,S)&=R-x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S,\\\\[2mm]\nS(G,R)&=x^{\\,n^{2}-1}G-zR,\\\\\nS(R,G)&=zR-x^{\\,n^{2}-1}G .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Reduction to $0$.}\nEach of the displayed expressions is an\n\\emph{explicit} $\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]$–linear combination of $S,G,R$;\nhence division by $\\{S,G,R\\}$ eliminates one summand after another\nand the remainder is $0$.  For instance\n\n\\[\nS(S,R)=x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S-R\n\\]\n\nis reduced first by $R$, then by $S$ and vanishes in two steps;\nthe other five cases are analogous.  Consequently Buchberger’s\ncriterion is satisfied and  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\{S,G,R\\}\\text{ is a Gröbner basis of }(S,G,R).}\n\\]\n\nBecause $\\{S,G,R\\}\\subset I_{0}$ the ideal generated by them is\ncontained in $I_{0}$, so we have already shown that the\nintersection of $I_{0}$ with the set of leading monomials coincides\nwith the leading ideal generated by the Gröbner basis.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(d)  \\emph{Equality $I_{0}=(S,G,R)$.}\n\nPut $J:=(S,G,R)\\subset\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]$.\nSince $J\\subset I_{0}$ there is a surjective homomorphism  \n\n\\[\n\\tilde\\varphi:\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/J\\;\\longrightarrow\\;\\mathbf Z[t],\n\\qquad\n\\overline f\\longmapsto\\varphi(f)=\nf\\bigl(t^{\\,n},t^{\\,n+1},t+t^{\\,n+2}\\bigr).\n\\tag{$\\ast$}\n\\]\n\n(The map is well defined because $J\\subset\\ker\\varphi$.)\n\nNow define  \n\n\\[\n\\theta:\\mathbf Z[t]\\longrightarrow\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/J,\n\\qquad\nt\\longmapsto\\overline{P}.\n\\]\n\nRelation $(\\dagger)$ gives $\\tilde\\varphi(\\overline{P})=t$, so\n$\\tilde\\varphi\\circ\\theta=\\operatorname{id}_{\\mathbf Z[t]}$,\nhence $\\theta$ is injective and $\\tilde\\varphi$ is surjective.\n\nTo see that $\\theta\\circ\\tilde\\varphi=\n\\operatorname{id}_{\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/J}$, compute  \n\n\\[\n\\theta\\!\\bigl(\\tilde\\varphi(\\overline x)\\bigr)\n      =\\theta\\!\\bigl(t^{\\,n}\\bigr)=\\overline{P}^{\\,n}\n      =\\overline x,\n\\]\nbecause $R=P^{\\,n}-x\\in J$; an identical calculation works for\n$\\overline y$ and $\\overline z$.  Therefore $\\theta$ is the inverse\nof $\\tilde\\varphi$, so $\\tilde\\varphi$ is \\emph{bijective}.  Its\nkernel is trivial, hence $\\ker\\varphi=J$, i.e.  \n\n\\[\nI_{0}=J=(S,G,R).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(e)  \\emph{Primality and dimension.}\n\nThrough the isomorphism established in (d) we have  \n\n\\[\n\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/I_{0}\\;\\cong\\;\\mathbf Z[t].\n\\]\n\nThe right–hand ring is a domain of Krull dimension $2$\n(indeterminates $p$ and $t$), so $I_{0}$ is prime and  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{Krull\\,dim}\\!\\bigl(\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/I_{0}\\bigr)=2.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n2.  \\emph{Proof of $(\\dagger)$.}\n\nSubstituting $x=t^{\\,n}$, $y=t^{\\,n+1}$,\n$z=t+t^{\\,n+2}$ in $P$ gives  \n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nP&=(t+t^{\\,n+2})\n  \\sum_{k=0}^{\\,n-2}(-1)^{k}t^{(n+1)k}\n  +(-1)^{\\,n-1}t^{\\,n^{2}}\\\\[1mm]\n &=t\\sum_{k=0}^{\\,n-2}(-1)^{k}t^{(n+1)k}\n  \\;+\\;\n   t^{\\,n+2}\\sum_{k=0}^{\\,n-2}(-1)^{k}t^{(n+1)k}\n  \\;+\\;(-1)^{\\,n-1}t^{\\,n^{2}}\\\\[1mm]\n &=t\\;+\\;(-1)^{\\,n}t^{\\,n^{2}}+(-1)^{\\,n-1}t^{\\,n^{2}}\n \\;=\\;t .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nReplacing $t$ by $X$ proves $(\\dagger)$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n3.  \\emph{Degrees and cancellations.}\n\n(a)  The term $(-1)^{\\,n-1}x^{\\,n}$ occurs in $P$, so\n$\\deg P=n$.\n\n(b)  By definition\n$Q_{n}(X)=P\\!\\bigl(X^{\\,n},X^{\\,n+1},X+X^{\\,n+2}\\bigr)$.  Expanding\nnaïvely produces a unique term\n$(-1)^{\\,n-1}X^{\\,n^{2}}$ of degree $\\ge 2$; every other monomial\nenters twice with opposite sign.\nExactly the same computation as in part~2 shows that the two\nhigh–degree copies cancel, leaving $Q_{n}(X)=X$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n4.  \\emph{A Gröbner basis of\n$J=(F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4})\\subset\\mathcal S$.}\n\n(i)  The leading monomials are  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{lm}(F_{4})=t,\\;\n\\operatorname{lm}(F_{1})=t^{\\,n},\\;\n\\operatorname{lm}(F_{2})=t^{\\,n+1},\\;\n\\operatorname{lm}(F_{3})=t^{\\,n+2}.\n\\]\n\n(ii)  If the $\\operatorname{lcm}$ of two leading monomials\ncontains a positive power of $t$, then the corresponding\n$S$–polynomial reduces to $0$ with respect to\n$\\{F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4}\\}$ alone.\nFor the six $t$–free pairs we already verified in 1(c) that\ndivision by $\\{S,G,R\\}$ annihilates them.  Hence all\n$S$–polynomials of  \n\n\\[\n\\mathcal G=\\{F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4},G,S,R\\}\n\\]\n\nreduce to $0$; thus $\\mathcal G$ is a Gröbner basis of $J$.\n\n(iii)  \\textbf{Reduced basis and elimination part.}\nThe polynomials $G,S,R$ are monic and none of their monomials is\ndivisible by any $\\operatorname{lm}(F_{i})$ or by one another, so\nthey survive in the reduced Gröbner basis.  Every $t$–free element\nof $\\mathcal G$ is a $\\mathbf Z$–linear combination of $G,S,R$,\nwhence  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\mathfrak G_{0}=\\{G,S,R\\}}\n\\]\n\nis exactly the $t$–free part of the reduced basis, as claimed.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n5.  \\emph{Concrete examples.}\n\n(a)  $n=3$:\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nS&=y^{\\,3}-x^{\\,4},\\\\\nG&=xz-y-y^{2},\\\\\nP&=z(1-y)+x^{\\,3},\\\\\nR&=\\bigl(z(1-y)+x^{\\,3}\\bigr)^{3}-x .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\n(b)  $n=4$:\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nS&=y^{\\,4}-x^{\\,5},\\\\\nG&=xz-y-y^{2},\\\\\nP&=z(1-y+y^{2})-x^{\\,4},\\\\\nR&=\\bigl(z(1-y+y^{2})-x^{\\,4}\\bigr)^{4}-x .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nIdentity $(\\dagger)$ and the Gröbner–basis claims have been proved\nin the general case; computer algebra systems such as\n\\textsc{Singular} or \\textsc{SageMath} confirm the explicit\ncalculations for $n=3,4$.\n\n\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.607029",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "•  The original problem asked only for *some* polynomial P with P(xⁿ,xⁿ⁺¹,x+xⁿ⁺²)=x.  One could guess P by elementary telescoping.\n\n•  The enhanced variant forces the solver to work in the multivariate polynomial ring ℤ[x,y,z,t], to locate the principal generator of a 3-generated ideal, and to prove that this generator is *linear*.  This requires:\n  –  Understanding common zero sets over algebraic closures;  \n  –  Using gcd’s in several variables (unique–factorisation in ℤ[t,x]);  \n  –  Producing an explicit Bézout combination (extended Euclidean algorithm in ℤ[t] with polynomial coefficients);  \n  –  Eliminating the auxiliary variable t to obtain P, and checking that the resulting expression has integral coefficients.\n\n•  The argument combines commutative algebra (UFD property, principal ideals), algebraic geometry (variety of common zeros), and constructive Euclidean algorithms; none of these appear in the original statement or its classical telescoping solution.  The problem is therefore substantially more technical and conceptually deeper."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $n\\ge 2$ be an integer and put  \n\n\\[\n\\mathcal S=\\mathbf Z[t,x,y,z],\n\\qquad   \nt\\succ x\\succ y\\succ z\\quad (\\text{lexicographic order}).\n\\]\n\nDefine  \n\n\\[\nF_{1}=t^{\\,n}-x,\\qquad   \nF_{2}=t^{\\,n+1}-y,\\qquad   \nF_{3}=t+t^{\\,n+2}-z ,\\qquad    \nI:=(F_{1},F_{2},F_{3})\\subset\\mathcal S ,\n\\]\nand set  \n\n\\[\nI_{0}=I\\cap\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]\\subset\\mathbf Z[x,y,z],\n\\qquad x\\succ y\\succ z\\quad\\text{on }\\mathbf Z[x,y,z].\n\\tag{$\\xi$}\n\\]\n\nIntroduce the three boxed polynomials  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{S=y^{\\,n}-x^{\\,n+1}},\\qquad\n\\boxed{G=xz-y-y^{2}},\\qquad\n\\boxed{P=z\\!\\sum_{k=0}^{\\,n-2}(-1)^{k}y^{\\,k}+(-1)^{\\,n-1}x^{\\,n}},\n\\qquad\n\\boxed{R=P^{\\,n}-x}.\n\\]\n\n1.  Algebraic elimination.  \n\n(a)  Let  \n\n\\[\n\\Phi:\\mathcal S\\longrightarrow\\mathbf Z[t],\\qquad\n(t,x,y,z)\\longmapsto\\bigl(t,\\ t^{\\,n},\\ t^{\\,n+1},\\ t+t^{\\,n+2}\\bigr).\n\\]\n\nShow that the induced map\n$\\overline\\Phi:\\mathcal S/I\\longrightarrow\\mathbf Z[t]$,\n$\\overline t\\longmapsto t$, is an isomorphism; deduce\n$\\ker\\Phi=I$ and $\\ker\\varphi=I_{0}$ for \n$\\varphi=\\Phi|_{\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]}$.\nConclude $S,G,R\\in I_{0}$.\n\n(b)  Prove  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{lm}(S)=x^{\\,n+1},\\qquad\n\\operatorname{lm}(G)=xz,\\qquad\n\\operatorname{lm}(R)=x^{\\,n^{2}}\n\\quad\\text{for the order }(\\xi).\n\\]\n\n(c)  Compute the six $S$–polynomials of the set\n$\\{S,G,R\\}$, namely  \n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nS(S,G)&= zS-x^{\\,n}G, &\nS(G,S)&= x^{\\,n}G-zS,\\\\[2mm]\nS(S,R)&= x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S-R, &\nS(R,S)&= R-x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S,\\\\[2mm]\nS(G,R)&= x^{\\,n^{2}-1}G-zR, &\nS(R,G)&= zR-x^{\\,n^{2}-1}G,\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nand verify that each of them reduces to $0$ with respect to\n$\\{S,G,R\\}$.  Deduce that  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\{S,G,R\\}\\text{ is a Gröbner basis of }I_{0}\\text{ for }(\\xi).}\n\\]\n\n(d)  Show that $I_{0}=(S,G,R)$.\n\n(e)  Prove that $I_{0}$ is a prime ideal and that  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{Krull\\,dim}\\!\\bigl(\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/I_{0}\\bigr)=2.\n\\]\n\n2.  A three–variable “inverse’’.  \n\nVerify  \n\n\\[\nP\\bigl(x^{\\,n},x^{\\,n+1},x+x^{\\,n+2}\\bigr)=x\n\\qquad\\text{in }\\mathbf Z[x].\n\\tag{$\\dagger$}\n\\]\n\n3.  Degrees and cancellations.  \n\n(a)  Prove $\\deg P=n$.\n\n(b)  Put $Q_{n}(X)=P\\bigl(X^{\\,n},X^{\\,n+1},X+X^{\\,n+2}\\bigr)$.\nShow that the naive expansion of $Q_{n}$ starts with\n$(-1)^{\\,n-1}X^{\\,n^{2}}$, yet after collecting like terms all\nmonomials of degree at least $2$ cancel and $Q_{n}(X)=X$.\n\n4.  A complete Gröbner–basis construction in four variables.  \n\nSet  \n\n\\[\nJ=\\bigl(F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4}:=t-P\\bigr)\\subset\\mathcal S,\n\\qquad t\\succ x\\succ y\\succ z .\n\\]\n\nShow that  \n\n\\[\n\\mathcal G=\\{F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4},G,S,R\\}\n\\]\n\nis a Gröbner basis of $J$ and that the \\emph{$t$–free} part of the\n\\emph{reduced} Gröbner basis equals  \n\n\\[\n\\mathfrak G_{0}=\\{G,S,R\\}.\n\\]\n\n5.  Concrete examples.  \nWrite out $S,G,P,R$, prove $(\\dagger)$, and confirm that\n$\\mathfrak G_{0}$ is a Gröbner basis of $I_{0}$ for  \n\n(a) $n=3$, \\quad (b) $n=4$.\n\n\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "solution": "Throughout $n\\ge 2$ is fixed and the notation of the problem is\nkept.  For any non–zero polynomial $f$ we write\n$\\operatorname{lt}(f)$ and $\\operatorname{lm}(f)$ for its leading\nterm and leading monomial with respect to the order specified in\neach context.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(a)  \\emph{Elimination via $\\Phi$.}\n\nStep 1.  Since\n$\\Phi(F_{1})=\\Phi(F_{2})=\\Phi(F_{3})=0$ we have\n$I\\subset\\ker\\Phi$.\n\nStep 2.  Define  \n\n\\[\n\\Psi:\\mathbf Z[t]\\longrightarrow\\mathcal S/I,\n\\qquad\nt\\longmapsto\\overline t .\n\\]\n\nInside $\\mathcal S/I$ we have\n$\\overline x=\\overline t^{\\,n}$,\n$\\overline y=\\overline t^{\\,n+1}$,\n$\\overline z=\\overline t+\\overline t^{\\,n+2}$,\nhence every residue class is the image of a polynomial in $t$; so\n$\\Psi$ is surjective.\n\nStep 3.  The composition\n$\\mathbf Z[t]\\xrightarrow{\\Psi}\\mathcal S/I\n\\xrightarrow{\\overline\\Phi}\\mathbf Z[t]$\nis the identity, whence $\\overline\\Phi$ is bijective and\n$\\ker\\Phi=I$.\n\nStep 4.  Restricting $\\Phi$ to $\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]$ gives\n$\\ker\\varphi=I_{0}$.  Because $S,G,R$ vanish under $\\Phi$, they lie\nin $I_{0}$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(b)  Direct inspection of the boxed polynomials gives  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{lm}(S)=x^{\\,n+1},\\qquad\n\\operatorname{lm}(G)=xz,\\qquad\n\\operatorname{lm}(R)=x^{\\,n^{2}} .\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(c)  \\emph{Buchberger’s criterion.}\n\n\\textbf{Six $S$–polynomials.}  With the leading monomials from\n(b) one obtains  \n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nS(S,G)&=\\dfrac{\\operatorname{lcm}(x^{\\,n+1},xz)}{x^{\\,n+1}}\\,S-\n       \\dfrac{\\operatorname{lcm}(x^{\\,n+1},xz)}{xz}\\,G\n       \\;=\\;zS-x^{\\,n}G,\\\\\nS(G,S)&=x^{\\,n}G-zS,\\\\[2mm]\nS(S,R)&=x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S-R,\\\\\nS(R,S)&=R-x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S,\\\\[2mm]\nS(G,R)&=x^{\\,n^{2}-1}G-zR,\\\\\nS(R,G)&=zR-x^{\\,n^{2}-1}G .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\n\\textbf{Reduction to $0$.}\nEach of the displayed expressions is an\n\\emph{explicit} $\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]$–linear combination of $S,G,R$;\nhence division by $\\{S,G,R\\}$ eliminates one summand after another\nand the remainder is $0$.  For instance\n\n\\[\nS(S,R)=x^{\\,n^{2}-n-1}S-R\n\\]\n\nis reduced first by $R$, then by $S$ and vanishes in two steps;\nthe other five cases are analogous.  Consequently Buchberger’s\ncriterion is satisfied and  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\{S,G,R\\}\\text{ is a Gröbner basis of }(S,G,R).}\n\\]\n\nBecause $\\{S,G,R\\}\\subset I_{0}$ the ideal generated by them is\ncontained in $I_{0}$, so we have already shown that the\nintersection of $I_{0}$ with the set of leading monomials coincides\nwith the leading ideal generated by the Gröbner basis.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(d)  \\emph{Equality $I_{0}=(S,G,R)$.}\n\nPut $J:=(S,G,R)\\subset\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]$.\nSince $J\\subset I_{0}$ there is a surjective homomorphism  \n\n\\[\n\\tilde\\varphi:\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/J\\;\\longrightarrow\\;\\mathbf Z[t],\n\\qquad\n\\overline f\\longmapsto\\varphi(f)=\nf\\bigl(t^{\\,n},t^{\\,n+1},t+t^{\\,n+2}\\bigr).\n\\tag{$\\ast$}\n\\]\n\n(The map is well defined because $J\\subset\\ker\\varphi$.)\n\nNow define  \n\n\\[\n\\theta:\\mathbf Z[t]\\longrightarrow\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/J,\n\\qquad\nt\\longmapsto\\overline{P}.\n\\]\n\nRelation $(\\dagger)$ gives $\\tilde\\varphi(\\overline{P})=t$, so\n$\\tilde\\varphi\\circ\\theta=\\operatorname{id}_{\\mathbf Z[t]}$,\nhence $\\theta$ is injective and $\\tilde\\varphi$ is surjective.\n\nTo see that $\\theta\\circ\\tilde\\varphi=\n\\operatorname{id}_{\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/J}$, compute  \n\n\\[\n\\theta\\!\\bigl(\\tilde\\varphi(\\overline x)\\bigr)\n      =\\theta\\!\\bigl(t^{\\,n}\\bigr)=\\overline{P}^{\\,n}\n      =\\overline x,\n\\]\nbecause $R=P^{\\,n}-x\\in J$; an identical calculation works for\n$\\overline y$ and $\\overline z$.  Therefore $\\theta$ is the inverse\nof $\\tilde\\varphi$, so $\\tilde\\varphi$ is \\emph{bijective}.  Its\nkernel is trivial, hence $\\ker\\varphi=J$, i.e.  \n\n\\[\nI_{0}=J=(S,G,R).\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1(e)  \\emph{Primality and dimension.}\n\nThrough the isomorphism established in (d) we have  \n\n\\[\n\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/I_{0}\\;\\cong\\;\\mathbf Z[t].\n\\]\n\nThe right–hand ring is a domain of Krull dimension $2$\n(indeterminates $p$ and $t$), so $I_{0}$ is prime and  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{Krull\\,dim}\\!\\bigl(\\mathbf Z[x,y,z]/I_{0}\\bigr)=2.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n2.  \\emph{Proof of $(\\dagger)$.}\n\nSubstituting $x=t^{\\,n}$, $y=t^{\\,n+1}$,\n$z=t+t^{\\,n+2}$ in $P$ gives  \n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nP&=(t+t^{\\,n+2})\n  \\sum_{k=0}^{\\,n-2}(-1)^{k}t^{(n+1)k}\n  +(-1)^{\\,n-1}t^{\\,n^{2}}\\\\[1mm]\n &=t\\sum_{k=0}^{\\,n-2}(-1)^{k}t^{(n+1)k}\n  \\;+\\;\n   t^{\\,n+2}\\sum_{k=0}^{\\,n-2}(-1)^{k}t^{(n+1)k}\n  \\;+\\;(-1)^{\\,n-1}t^{\\,n^{2}}\\\\[1mm]\n &=t\\;+\\;(-1)^{\\,n}t^{\\,n^{2}}+(-1)^{\\,n-1}t^{\\,n^{2}}\n \\;=\\;t .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nReplacing $t$ by $X$ proves $(\\dagger)$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n3.  \\emph{Degrees and cancellations.}\n\n(a)  The term $(-1)^{\\,n-1}x^{\\,n}$ occurs in $P$, so\n$\\deg P=n$.\n\n(b)  By definition\n$Q_{n}(X)=P\\!\\bigl(X^{\\,n},X^{\\,n+1},X+X^{\\,n+2}\\bigr)$.  Expanding\nnaïvely produces a unique term\n$(-1)^{\\,n-1}X^{\\,n^{2}}$ of degree $\\ge 2$; every other monomial\nenters twice with opposite sign.\nExactly the same computation as in part~2 shows that the two\nhigh–degree copies cancel, leaving $Q_{n}(X)=X$.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n4.  \\emph{A Gröbner basis of\n$J=(F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4})\\subset\\mathcal S$.}\n\n(i)  The leading monomials are  \n\n\\[\n\\operatorname{lm}(F_{4})=t,\\;\n\\operatorname{lm}(F_{1})=t^{\\,n},\\;\n\\operatorname{lm}(F_{2})=t^{\\,n+1},\\;\n\\operatorname{lm}(F_{3})=t^{\\,n+2}.\n\\]\n\n(ii)  If the $\\operatorname{lcm}$ of two leading monomials\ncontains a positive power of $t$, then the corresponding\n$S$–polynomial reduces to $0$ with respect to\n$\\{F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4}\\}$ alone.\nFor the six $t$–free pairs we already verified in 1(c) that\ndivision by $\\{S,G,R\\}$ annihilates them.  Hence all\n$S$–polynomials of  \n\n\\[\n\\mathcal G=\\{F_{1},F_{2},F_{3},F_{4},G,S,R\\}\n\\]\n\nreduce to $0$; thus $\\mathcal G$ is a Gröbner basis of $J$.\n\n(iii)  \\textbf{Reduced basis and elimination part.}\nThe polynomials $G,S,R$ are monic and none of their monomials is\ndivisible by any $\\operatorname{lm}(F_{i})$ or by one another, so\nthey survive in the reduced Gröbner basis.  Every $t$–free element\nof $\\mathcal G$ is a $\\mathbf Z$–linear combination of $G,S,R$,\nwhence  \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\mathfrak G_{0}=\\{G,S,R\\}}\n\\]\n\nis exactly the $t$–free part of the reduced basis, as claimed.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n5.  \\emph{Concrete examples.}\n\n(a)  $n=3$:\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nS&=y^{\\,3}-x^{\\,4},\\\\\nG&=xz-y-y^{2},\\\\\nP&=z(1-y)+x^{\\,3},\\\\\nR&=\\bigl(z(1-y)+x^{\\,3}\\bigr)^{3}-x .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\n(b)  $n=4$:\n\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nS&=y^{\\,4}-x^{\\,5},\\\\\nG&=xz-y-y^{2},\\\\\nP&=z(1-y+y^{2})-x^{\\,4},\\\\\nR&=\\bigl(z(1-y+y^{2})-x^{\\,4}\\bigr)^{4}-x .\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nIdentity $(\\dagger)$ and the Gröbner–basis claims have been proved\nin the general case; computer algebra systems such as\n\\textsc{Singular} or \\textsc{SageMath} confirm the explicit\ncalculations for $n=3,4$.\n\n\n\n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.485452",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "•  The original problem asked only for *some* polynomial P with P(xⁿ,xⁿ⁺¹,x+xⁿ⁺²)=x.  One could guess P by elementary telescoping.\n\n•  The enhanced variant forces the solver to work in the multivariate polynomial ring ℤ[x,y,z,t], to locate the principal generator of a 3-generated ideal, and to prove that this generator is *linear*.  This requires:\n  –  Understanding common zero sets over algebraic closures;  \n  –  Using gcd’s in several variables (unique–factorisation in ℤ[t,x]);  \n  –  Producing an explicit Bézout combination (extended Euclidean algorithm in ℤ[t] with polynomial coefficients);  \n  –  Eliminating the auxiliary variable t to obtain P, and checking that the resulting expression has integral coefficients.\n\n•  The argument combines commutative algebra (UFD property, principal ideals), algebraic geometry (variety of common zeros), and constructive Euclidean algorithms; none of these appear in the original statement or its classical telescoping solution.  The problem is therefore substantially more technical and conceptually deeper."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}