{
  "index": "1967-A-1",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "A-1. Let \\( f(x)=a_{1} \\sin x+a_{2} \\sin 2 x+\\cdots+a_{n} \\sin n x \\), where \\( a_{1}, a_{2}, \\cdots, a_{n} \\) are real numbers and where \\( n \\) is a positive integer. Given that \\( |f(x)| \\leqq|\\sin x| \\) for all real \\( x \\), prove that\n\\[\n\\left|a_{1}+2 a_{2}+\\cdots+n a_{n}\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\]",
  "solution": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { A-1 }\\\\\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left|a_{1}+2 a_{2}+\\cdots+n a_{n}\\right| & =\\left|f^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=\\lim _{x \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x}\\right| \\\\\n& =\\lim _{x \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{f(x)}{\\sin x}\\right| \\cdot\\left|\\frac{\\sin x}{x}\\right|=\\lim _{x \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{f(x)}{\\sin x}\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\end{aligned}\n\\end{array}",
  "vars": [
    "f",
    "x"
  ],
  "params": [
    "a_1",
    "a_2",
    "a_n",
    "n"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "f": "sinecomb",
        "x": "realvari",
        "a_1": "coeffone",
        "a_2": "coefftwo",
        "a_n": "coeffnth",
        "n": "termcount"
      },
      "question": "A-1. Let \\( sinecomb(realvari)=coeffone \\sin realvari+coefftwo \\sin 2 realvari+\\cdots+coeffnth \\sin termcount realvari \\), where \\( coeffone, coefftwo, \\cdots, coeffnth \\) are real numbers and where \\( termcount \\) is a positive integer. Given that \\( |sinecomb(realvari)| \\leqq|\\sin realvari| \\) for all real \\( realvari \\), prove that\n\\[\n\\left|coeffone+2 coefftwo+\\cdots+termcount coeffnth\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\]",
      "solution": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { A-1 }\\\\\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left|coeffone+2 coefftwo+\\cdots+termcount coeffnth\\right| & =\\left|sinecomb^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=\\lim _{realvari \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{sinecomb(realvari)-sinecomb(0)}{realvari}\\right| \\\\\n& =\\lim _{realvari \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{sinecomb(realvari)}{\\sin realvari}\\right| \\cdot\\left|\\frac{\\sin realvari}{realvari}\\right|=\\lim _{realvari \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{sinecomb(realvari)}{\\sin realvari}\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\end{aligned}\n\\end{array}"
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "f": "pineapples",
        "x": "gravestone",
        "a_1": "bluewhale",
        "a_2": "redcushion",
        "a_n": "bentpaper",
        "n": "teacupholder"
      },
      "question": "A-1. Let \\( pineapples(gravestone)=bluewhale \\sin gravestone+redcushion \\sin 2 gravestone+\\cdots+bentpaper \\sin teacupholder gravestone \\), where \\( bluewhale, redcushion, \\cdots, bentpaper \\) are real numbers and where \\( teacupholder \\) is a positive integer. Given that \\( |pineapples(gravestone)| \\leqq|\\sin gravestone| \\) for all real \\( gravestone \\), prove that\n\\[\n\\left|bluewhale+2 redcushion+\\cdots+teacupholder bentpaper\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\]",
      "solution": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { A-1 }\\\\\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left|bluewhale+2 redcushion+\\cdots+teacupholder bentpaper\\right| & =\\left|pineapples^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=\\lim _{gravestone \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{pineapples(gravestone)-pineapples(0)}{gravestone}\\right| \\\\\n& =\\lim _{gravestone \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{pineapples(gravestone)}{\\sin gravestone}\\right| \\cdot\\left|\\frac{\\sin gravestone}{gravestone}\\right|=\\lim _{gravestone \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{pineapples(gravestone)}{\\sin gravestone}\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\end{aligned}\n\\end{array}"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "f": "staticvalue",
        "x": "outcomeval",
        "a_1": "antifirstco",
        "a_2": "antisecondco",
        "a_n": "antilastco",
        "n": "unboundedcount"
      },
      "question": "A-1. Let \\( staticvalue(outcomeval)=antifirstco \\sin outcomeval+antisecondco \\sin 2 outcomeval+\\cdots+antilastco \\sin unboundedcount outcomeval \\), where \\( antifirstco, antisecondco, \\cdots, antilastco \\) are real numbers and where \\( unboundedcount \\) is a positive integer. Given that \\( |staticvalue(outcomeval)| \\leqq|\\sin outcomeval| \\) for all real \\( outcomeval \\), prove that\n\\[\n\\left|antifirstco+2 antisecondco+\\cdots+unboundedcount antilastco\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\]",
      "solution": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { A-1 }\\\\\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left|antifirstco+2 antisecondco+\\cdots+unboundedcount antilastco\\right| & =\\left|staticvalue^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=\\lim _{outcomeval \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{staticvalue(outcomeval)-staticvalue(0)}{outcomeval}\\right| \\\\\n& =\\lim _{outcomeval \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{staticvalue(outcomeval)}{\\sin outcomeval}\\right| \\cdot\\left|\\frac{\\sin outcomeval}{outcomeval}\\right|=\\lim _{outcomeval \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{staticvalue(outcomeval)}{\\sin outcomeval}\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\end{aligned}\n\\end{array}"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "f": "qzxwvtnp",
        "x": "hjgrksla",
        "a_1": "mnlvprqe",
        "a_2": "fskdjmwe",
        "a_n": "zprxclou",
        "n": "gubkwerd"
      },
      "question": "A-1. Let \\( qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla)=mnlvprqe \\sin hjgrksla+fskdjmwe \\sin 2 hjgrksla+\\cdots+zprxclou \\sin gubkwerd hjgrksla \\), where \\( mnlvprqe, fskdjmwe, \\cdots, zprxclou \\) are real numbers and where \\( gubkwerd \\) is a positive integer. Given that \\( |qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla)| \\leqq|\\sin hjgrksla| \\) for all real \\( hjgrksla \\), prove that\n\\[\n\\left|mnlvprqe+2 fskdjmwe+\\cdots+gubkwerd zprxclou\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\]",
      "solution": "\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text { A-1 }\\\\\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\left|mnlvprqe+2 fskdjmwe+\\cdots+gubkwerd zprxclou\\right| & =\\left|qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}(0)\\right|=\\lim _{hjgrksla \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla)-qzxwvtnp(0)}{hjgrksla}\\right| \\\\\n& =\\lim _{hjgrksla \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla)}{\\sin hjgrksla}\\right| \\cdot\\left|\\frac{\\sin hjgrksla}{hjgrksla}\\right|=\\lim _{hjgrksla \\rightarrow 0}\\left|\\frac{qzxwvtnp(hjgrksla)}{\\sin hjgrksla}\\right| \\leqq 1\n\\end{aligned}\n\\end{array}"
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let k₁,…,k_m be distinct positive integers and p₁,…,p_m , q₁,…,q_m real numbers.  \nSet  \n H(x)=Σ_{i=1}^m [ p_i arctan(k_i x)+q_i sin(k_i x) ].  \nAssume  \n |H(x)| ≤ 5(|arctan x|+|sin x|) for every real x.  \nProve  \n |k₁(p₁+q₁)+k₂(p₂+q₂)+…+k_m(p_m+q_m)| ≤ 10.",
      "solution": "Note that arctan 0 = sin 0 = 0 and each has derivative 1; hence (arctan x+sin x)/x → 2. Consequently |Σk_i(p_i+q_i)| = |H′(0)|, equal to lim|H(x)|/(arctan x+sin x)·(arctan x+sin x)/x, whence ≤ 5·2 = 10, because |H(x)| ≤ 5|arctan x+sin x|. No further subtleties arise.",
      "_replacement_note": {
        "replaced_at": "2025-07-05T22:17:12.020988",
        "reason": "Original kernel variant was too easy compared to the original problem"
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}