{
  "index": "2009-B-5",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "ALG"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Let $f: (1, \\infty) \\to \\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function such that\n\\[\n f'(x) = \\frac{x^2 - f(x)^2}{x^2 (f(x)^2 + 1)}\n\\qquad \\mbox{for all $x>1$.}\n\\]\nProve that $\\lim_{x \\to \\infty} f(x) = \\infty$.",
  "solution": "\\textbf{First solution.}\nIf $f(x) \\geq x$ for all $x > 1$, then the desired conclusion clearly holds.\nWe may thus assume hereafter that there exists $x_0 > 1$ for which $f(x_0) < x_0$.\n\nRewrite the original differential equation as\n\\[\n f'(x) = 1 - \\frac{x^2 + 1}{x^2} \\frac{f(x)^2}{1 + f(x)^2}.\n\\]\nPut $c_0 = \\min\\{0, f(x_0) - 1/x_0\\}$.\nFor all $x \\geq x_0$, we have $f'(x) > -1/x^2$ and so\n\\[\nf(x) \\geq f(x_0) -\\int_{x_0}^x dt/t^2 > c_0.\n\\]\nIn the other direction, we claim that $f(x) < x$ for all $x \\geq x_0$.\nTo see this, suppose the contrary; then by continuity, there is a least\n$x \\geq x_0$ for which $f(x) \\geq x$, and this least value satisfies $f(x) = x$.\nHowever, this forces $f'(x) = 0 < 1$ and so\n$f(x-\\epsilon) > x-\\epsilon$ for $\\epsilon > 0$ small,\ncontradicting the choice of $x$.\n\nPut $x_1 = \\max\\{x_0, -c_0\\}$. For $x \\geq x_1$, we have\n$|f(x)| < x$ and so $f'(x) > 0$.\nIn particular, the limit $\\lim_{x \\to +\\infty} f(x) = L$\nexists.\n\nSuppose that $L < +\\infty$; then $\\lim_{x \\to +\\infty}\nf'(x) = 1/(1 + L^2) > 0$. Hence for any sufficiently small $\\epsilon > 0$,\nwe can choose $x_2 \\geq x_1$ so that $f'(x) \\geq \\epsilon$\nfor $x \\geq x_2$. But then $f(x) \\geq f(x_2) + \\epsilon(x-x_2)$,\nwhich contradicts $L < +\\infty$. Hence $L = +\\infty$,\nas desired.\n\n\\textbf{Variant.} (by Leonid Shteyman) One obtains a similar argument by\nwriting\n\\[\n f'(x) = \\frac{1}{1 + f(x)^2} - \\frac{f(x)^2}{x^2(1+f(x)^2)},\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n-\\frac{1}{x^2} \\leq f'(x) - \\frac{1}{1 + f(x)^2} \\leq 0.\n\\]\nHence $f'(x) - 1/(1 + f(x)^2)$ tends to 0 as $x \\to +\\infty$, so $f(x)$ is bounded below, and\ntends to $+\\infty$\nif and only if the improper integral $\\int dx/(1+f(x)^2)$ diverges. However, if the integral were to\nconverge, then as $x \\to +\\infty$ we would have $1/(1+f(x)^2) \\to 0$; however, since $f$ is bounded below,\nthis again forces $f(x) \\to +\\infty$.\n\n\\textbf{Second solution.} (by Catalin Zara)\nThe function $g(x) = f(x)+x$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\ng'(x) = 1 + \\frac{1 - (g(x)/x - 1)^2}{1 + x^2(g(x)/x - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $g'(x) > 0$ for all $x > 1$, so\nthe limit $L_1 = \\lim_{x \\to +\\infty} g(x)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$L_1 < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{x \\to +\\infty} g'(x) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be 1.\nHence $g(x) \\to +\\infty$ as $x \\to +\\infty$.\n\nSimilarly, the function $h(x) = -f(x) + x$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nh'(x) = 1 - \\frac{1 - (h(x)/x - 1)^2}{1 + x^2(h(x)/x - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $h'(x) \\geq 0$ for all $x$,\nso the limit $L_2 = \\lim_{x \\to +\\infty} h(x)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$L_2 < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{x \\to +\\infty} h'(x) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be 1.\nHence $h(x) \\to +\\infty$ as $x \\to +\\infty$.\n\nFor some $x_1 > 1$, we must have $g(x), h(x) > 0$ for all $x \\geq x_1$. For\n$x \\geq x_1$, we have $|f(x)| < x$ and hence $f'(x) > 0$, so the limit\n$L = \\lim_{x \\to +\\infty} f(x)$ exists. Once again,\nwe cannot have $L < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{x \\to +\\infty} f'(x) = 0$ whereas the original differential equation (e.g., in the form\ngiven in the first solution) forces\nthis limit to be $1/(1 + L^2) > 0$.\nHence $f(x) \\to +\\infty$ as $x \\to \\infty$, as desired.\n\n\\textbf{Third solution.}\n(by Noam Elkies)\nConsider the function $g(x) = f(x) + \\frac{1}{3}f(x)^3$, for which\n\\[\n g'(x) = f'(x)(1 + f(x)^2) = 1 - \\frac{f(x)^2}{x^2}\n\\]\nfor $x>1$. Since evidently $g'(x) < 1$,\n$g(x) - x$ is bounded above for $x$ large.\nAs in the first solution,\n$f(x)$ is bounded below for $x$ large,\nso $\\frac{1}{3} f(x)^3 - x$ is bounded above by some $c>0$. For $x \\geq c$,\nwe obtain $f(x) \\leq (6x)^{1/3}$.\n\nSince $f(x)/x \\to 0$ as $x \\to +\\infty$, $g'(x) \\to 1$ and so\n$g(x)/x \\to 1$. Since $g(x)$ tends to $+\\infty$,\nso does $f(x)$. (With a tiny bit of extra work, one shows that in fact $f(x)/(3x)^{1/3} \\to 1$ as $x \\to +\\infty$.)",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "t"
  ],
  "params": [
    "f",
    "g",
    "h",
    "c_0",
    "x_0",
    "x_1",
    "x_2",
    "L",
    "L_1",
    "L_2",
    "c",
    "\\\\epsilon"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "variablex",
        "t": "variablet",
        "f": "funcf",
        "g": "funcg",
        "h": "funch",
        "c_0": "constczero",
        "x_0": "constxzero",
        "x_1": "constxone",
        "x_2": "constxtwo",
        "L": "limitl",
        "L_1": "limitlone",
        "L_2": "limitltwo",
        "c": "constc",
        "\\epsilon": "epsilonn"
      },
      "question": "Let $funcf: (1, \\infty) \\to \\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function such that\n\\[\n funcf'(variablex) = \\frac{variablex^2 - funcf(variablex)^2}{variablex^2 (funcf(variablex)^2 + 1)}\n\\qquad \\mbox{for all $variablex>1$.}\n\\]\nProve that $\\lim_{variablex \\to \\infty} funcf(variablex) = \\infty$.",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution.}\nIf $funcf(variablex) \\geq variablex$ for all $variablex > 1$, then the desired conclusion clearly holds.\nWe may thus assume hereafter that there exists $constxzero > 1$ for which $funcf(constxzero) < constxzero$.\n\nRewrite the original differential equation as\n\\[\n funcf'(variablex) = 1 - \\frac{variablex^2 + 1}{variablex^2} \\frac{funcf(variablex)^2}{1 + funcf(variablex)^2}.\n\\]\nPut $constczero = \\min\\{0, funcf(constxzero) - 1/constxzero\\}$.\nFor all $variablex \\geq constxzero$, we have $funcf'(variablex) > -1/variablex^2$ and so\n\\[\nfuncf(variablex) \\geq funcf(constxzero) -\\int_{constxzero}^{variablex} dvariablet/variablet^2 > constczero.\n\\]\n\nIn the other direction, we claim that $funcf(variablex) < variablex$ for all $variablex \\geq constxzero$.\nTo see this, suppose the contrary; then by continuity, there is a least\n$variablex \\geq constxzero$ for which $funcf(variablex) \\geq variablex$, and this least value satisfies $funcf(variablex) = variablex$.\nHowever, this forces $funcf'(variablex) = 0 < 1$ and so\n$funcf(variablex-\\epsilonn) > variablex-\\epsilonn$ for $\\epsilonn > 0$ small,\ncontradicting the choice of $variablex$.\n\nPut $constxone = \\max\\{constxzero, -constczero\\}$. For $variablex \\geq constxone$, we have\n$|funcf(variablex)| < variablex$ and so $funcf'(variablex) > 0$.\nIn particular, the limit $\\lim_{variablex \\to +\\infty} funcf(variablex) = limitl$\nexists.\n\nSuppose that $limitl < +\\infty$; then $\\lim_{variablex \\to +\\infty}\nfuncf'(variablex) = 1/(1 + limitl^2) > 0$. Hence for any sufficiently small $\\epsilonn > 0$,\nwe can choose $constxtwo \\geq constxone$ so that $funcf'(variablex) \\geq \\epsilonn$\nfor $variablex \\geq constxtwo$. But then $funcf(variablex) \\geq funcf(constxtwo) + \\epsilonn(variablex-constxtwo)$,\nwhich contradicts $limitl < +\\infty$. Hence $limitl = +\\infty$,\nas desired.\n\n\\textbf{Variant.} (by Leonid Shteyman) One obtains a similar argument by\nwriting\n\\[\n funcf'(variablex) = \\frac{1}{1 + funcf(variablex)^2} - \\frac{funcf(variablex)^2}{variablex^2(1+funcf(variablex)^2)},\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n-\\frac{1}{variablex^2} \\leq funcf'(variablex) - \\frac{1}{1 + funcf(variablex)^2} \\leq 0.\n\\]\nHence $funcf'(variablex) - 1/(1 + funcf(variablex)^2)$ tends to 0 as $variablex \\to +\\infty$, so $funcf(variablex)$ is bounded below, and\ntends to $+\\infty$\nif and only if the improper integral $\\int dvariablex/(1+funcf(variablex)^2)$ diverges. However, if the integral were to\nconverge, then as $variablex \\to +\\infty$ we would have $1/(1+funcf(variablex)^2) \\to 0$; however, since $funcf$ is bounded below,\nthis again forces $funcf(variablex) \\to +\\infty$.\n\n\\textbf{Second solution.} (by Catalin Zara)\nThe function $funcg(variablex) = funcf(variablex)+variablex$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nfuncg'(variablex) = 1 + \\frac{1 - (funcg(variablex)/variablex - 1)^2}{1 + variablex^2(funcg(variablex)/variablex - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $funcg'(variablex) > 0$ for all $variablex > 1$, so\nthe limit $limitlone = \\lim_{variablex \\to +\\infty} funcg(variablex)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$limitlone < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{variablex \\to +\\infty} funcg'(variablex) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be 1.\nHence $funcg(variablex) \\to +\\infty$ as $variablex \\to +\\infty$.\n\nSimilarly, the function $funch(variablex) = -funcf(variablex) + variablex$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nfunch'(variablex) = 1 - \\frac{1 - (funch(variablex)/variablex - 1)^2}{1 + variablex^2(funch(variablex)/variablex - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $funch'(variablex) \\geq 0$ for all $variablex$,\nso the limit $limitltwo = \\lim_{variablex \\to +\\infty} funch(variablex)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$limitltwo < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{variablex \\to +\\infty} funch'(variablex) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be 1.\nHence $funch(variablex) \\to +\\infty$ as $variablex \\to +\\infty$.\n\nFor some $constxone > 1$, we must have $funcg(variablex), funch(variablex) > 0$ for all $variablex \\geq constxone$. For\n$variablex \\geq constxone$, we have $|funcf(variablex)| < variablex$ and hence $funcf'(variablex) > 0$, so the limit\n$limitl = \\lim_{variablex \\to +\\infty} funcf(variablex)$ exists. Once again,\nwe cannot have $limitl < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{variablex \\to +\\infty} funcf'(variablex) = 0$ whereas the original differential equation (e.g., in the form\ngiven in the first solution) forces\nthis limit to be $1/(1 + limitl^2) > 0$.\nHence $funcf(variablex) \\to +\\infty$ as $variablex \\to \\infty$, as desired.\n\n\\textbf{Third solution.}\n(by Noam Elkies)\nConsider the function $funcg(variablex) = funcf(variablex) + \\frac{1}{3}funcf(variablex)^3$, for which\n\\[\n funcg'(variablex) = funcf'(variablex)(1 + funcf(variablex)^2) = 1 - \\frac{funcf(variablex)^2}{variablex^2}\n\\]\nfor $variablex>1$. Since evidently $funcg'(variablex) < 1$,\n$funcg(variablex) - variablex$ is bounded above for $variablex$ large.\nAs in the first solution,\n$funcf(variablex)$ is bounded below for $variablex$ large,\nso $\\frac{1}{3} funcf(variablex)^3 - variablex$ is bounded above by some $constc>0$. For $variablex \\geq constc$,\nwe obtain $funcf(variablex) \\leq (6variablex)^{1/3}$.\n\nSince $funcf(variablex)/variablex \\to 0$ as $variablex \\to +\\infty$, $funcg'(variablex) \\to 1$ and so\n$funcg(variablex)/variablex \\to 1$. Since $funcg(variablex)$ tends to $+\\infty$,\nso does $funcf(variablex)$. (With a tiny bit of extra work, one shows that in fact $funcf(variablex)/(3variablex)^{1/3} \\to 1$ as $variablex \\to +\\infty$.)"
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "lanternfish",
        "t": "windchimes",
        "f": "dewberries",
        "g": "marshmallow",
        "h": "snowglobes",
        "c_0": "toothbrush",
        "x_0": "rainclouds",
        "x_1": "sandcastle",
        "x_2": "stargazers",
        "L": "nightingale",
        "L_1": "thunderbolt",
        "L_2": "dragonflies",
        "c": "buttercup",
        "\\epsilon": "paperclips"
      },
      "question": "Let $dewberries: (1, \\infty) \\to \\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function such that\n\\[\n dewberries'(lanternfish) = \\frac{lanternfish^2 - dewberries(lanternfish)^2}{lanternfish^2 (dewberries(lanternfish)^2 + 1)}\n\\qquad \\mbox{for all $lanternfish>1$.}\n\\]\nProve that $\\lim_{lanternfish \\to \\infty} dewberries(lanternfish) = \\infty$.",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution.}\nIf $dewberries(lanternfish) \\geq lanternfish$ for all $lanternfish > 1$, then the desired conclusion clearly holds.\nWe may thus assume hereafter that there exists $rainclouds > 1$ for which $dewberries(rainclouds) < rainclouds$.\n\nRewrite the original differential equation as\n\\[\n dewberries'(lanternfish) = 1 - \\frac{lanternfish^2 + 1}{lanternfish^2} \\frac{dewberries(lanternfish)^2}{1 + dewberries(lanternfish)^2}.\n\\]\nPut $toothbrush = \\min\\{0,\\, dewberries(rainclouds) - 1/rainclouds\\}$.\nFor all $lanternfish \\geq rainclouds$, we have $dewberries'(lanternfish) > -1/lanternfish^2$ and so\n\\[\ndewberries(lanternfish) \\geq dewberries(rainclouds) -\\int_{rainclouds}^{lanternfish} d\\!windchimes/ windchimes^2 > toothbrush.\n\\]\nIn the other direction, we claim that $dewberries(lanternfish) < lanternfish$ for all $lanternfish \\geq rainclouds$.\nTo see this, suppose the contrary; then by continuity, there is a least\n$lanternfish \\geq rainclouds$ for which $dewberries(lanternfish) \\geq lanternfish$, and this least value satisfies $dewberries(lanternfish) = lanternfish$.\nHowever, this forces $dewberries'(lanternfish) = 0 < 1$ and so\n$dewberries(lanternfish-paperclips) > lanternfish-paperclips$ for $paperclips > 0$ small,\ncontradicting the choice of $lanternfish$.\n\nPut $sandcastle = \\max\\{rainclouds, -toothbrush\\}$. For $lanternfish \\geq sandcastle$, we have\n$|dewberries(lanternfish)| < lanternfish$ and so $dewberries'(lanternfish) > 0$.\nIn particular, the limit $\\lim_{lanternfish \\to +\\infty} dewberries(lanternfish) = nightingale$\nexists.\n\nSuppose that $nightingale < +\\infty$; then $\\lim_{lanternfish \\to +\\infty}\ndewberries'(lanternfish) = 1/(1 + nightingale^2) > 0$. Hence for any sufficiently small $paperclips > 0$,\nwe can choose $stargazers \\geq sandcastle$ so that $dewberries'(lanternfish) \\geq paperclips$\nfor $lanternfish \\geq stargazers$. But then $dewberries(lanternfish) \\geq dewberries(stargazers) + paperclips(lanternfish-stargazers)$,\nwhich contradicts $nightingale < +\\infty$. Hence $nightingale = +\\infty$,\nas desired.\n\n\\textbf{Variant.} (by Leonid Shteyman) One obtains a similar argument by\nwriting\n\\[\n dewberries'(lanternfish) = \\frac{1}{1 + dewberries(lanternfish)^2} - \\frac{dewberries(lanternfish)^2}{lanternfish^2(1+dewberries(lanternfish)^2)},\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n-\\frac{1}{lanternfish^2} \\leq dewberries'(lanternfish) - \\frac{1}{1 + dewberries(lanternfish)^2} \\leq 0.\n\\]\nHence $dewberries'(lanternfish) - 1/(1 + dewberries(lanternfish)^2)$ tends to $0$ as $lanternfish \\to +\\infty$, so $dewberries(lanternfish)$ is bounded below, and\ntends to $+\\infty$\nif and only if the improper integral $\\int dlanternfish/(1+dewberries(lanternfish)^2)$ diverges. However, if the integral were to\nconverge, then as $lanternfish \\to +\\infty$ we would have $1/(1+dewberries(lanternfish)^2) \\to 0$; however, since $dewberries$ is bounded below,\nthis again forces $dewberries(lanternfish) \\to +\\infty$.\n\n\\textbf{Second solution.} (by Catalin Zara)\nThe function $marshmallow(lanternfish) = dewberries(lanternfish)+lanternfish$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nmarshmallow'(lanternfish) = 1 + \\frac{1 - (marshmallow(lanternfish)/lanternfish - 1)^2}{1 + lanternfish^2(marshmallow(lanternfish)/lanternfish - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $marshmallow'(lanternfish) > 0$ for all $lanternfish > 1$, so\nthe limit $thunderbolt = \\lim_{lanternfish \\to +\\infty} marshmallow(lanternfish)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$thunderbolt < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{lanternfish \\to +\\infty} marshmallow'(lanternfish) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be $1$.\nHence $marshmallow(lanternfish) \\to +\\infty$ as $lanternfish \\to +\\infty$.\n\nSimilarly, the function $snowglobes(lanternfish) = -dewberries(lanternfish) + lanternfish$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nsnowglobes'(lanternfish) = 1 - \\frac{1 - (snowglobes(lanternfish)/lanternfish - 1)^2}{1 + lanternfish^2(snowglobes(lanternfish)/lanternfish - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $snowglobes'(lanternfish) \\geq 0$ for all $lanternfish$,\nso the limit $dragonflies = \\lim_{lanternfish \\to +\\infty} snowglobes(lanternfish)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$dragonflies < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{lanternfish \\to +\\infty} snowglobes'(lanternfish) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be $1$.\nHence $snowglobes(lanternfish) \\to +\\infty$ as $lanternfish \\to +\\infty$.\n\nFor some $sandcastle > 1$, we must have $marshmallow(lanternfish),\\, snowglobes(lanternfish) > 0$ for all $lanternfish \\geq sandcastle$. For\n$lanternfish \\geq sandcastle$, we have $|dewberries(lanternfish)| < lanternfish$ and hence $dewberries'(lanternfish) > 0$, so the limit\n$nightingale = \\lim_{lanternfish \\to +\\infty} dewberries(lanternfish)$ exists. Once again,\nwe cannot have $nightingale < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{lanternfish \\to +\\infty} dewberries'(lanternfish) = 0$ whereas the original differential equation (e.g., in the form\ngiven in the first solution) forces\nthis limit to be $1/(1 + nightingale^2) > 0$.\nHence $dewberries(lanternfish) \\to +\\infty$ as $lanternfish \\to \\infty$, as desired.\n\n\\textbf{Third solution.}\n(by Noam Elkies)\nConsider the function $marshmallow(lanternfish) = dewberries(lanternfish) + \\frac{1}{3}dewberries(lanternfish)^3$, for which\n\\[\n marshmallow'(lanternfish) = dewberries'(lanternfish)(1 + dewberries(lanternfish)^2) = 1 - \\frac{dewberries(lanternfish)^2}{lanternfish^2}\n\\]\nfor $lanternfish>1$. Since evidently $marshmallow'(lanternfish) < 1$,\n$marshmallow(lanternfish) - lanternfish$ is bounded above for $lanternfish$ large.\nAs in the first solution,\ndewberries(lanternfish) is bounded below for $lanternfish$ large,\nso $\\frac{1}{3} dewberries(lanternfish)^3 - lanternfish$ is bounded above by some $buttercup>0$. For $lanternfish \\geq buttercup$,\nwe obtain $dewberries(lanternfish) \\leq (6lanternfish)^{1/3}$.\n\nSince $dewberries(lanternfish)/lanternfish \\to 0$ as $lanternfish \\to +\\infty$, $marshmallow'(lanternfish) \\to 1$ and so\n$marshmallow(lanternfish)/lanternfish \\to 1$. Since $marshmallow(lanternfish)$ tends to $+\\infty$,\nso does $dewberries(lanternfish)$. (With a tiny bit of extra work, one shows that in fact $dewberries(lanternfish)/(3lanternfish)^{1/3} \\to 1$ as $lanternfish \\to +\\infty$.)"
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "constantvalue",
        "t": "timelessparam",
        "f": "fixedscalar",
        "g": "stagnantvalue",
        "h": "depthvalue",
        "c_0": "shiftingpoint",
        "x_0": "movingorigin",
        "x_1": "driftingstart",
        "x_2": "wanderingstop",
        "L": "fluctuation",
        "L_1": "oscillationone",
        "L_2": "oscillationtwo",
        "c": "variablemark",
        "\\epsilon": "magnitudehuge"
      },
      "question": "Let $fixedscalar: (1, \\infty) \\to \\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function such that\n\\[\n fixedscalar'(constantvalue) = \\frac{constantvalue^2 - fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2}{constantvalue^2 (fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2 + 1)}\n\\qquad \\mbox{for all $constantvalue>1$.}\n\\]\nProve that $\\lim_{constantvalue \\to \\infty} fixedscalar(constantvalue) = \\infty$.",
      "solution": "\\\\textbf{First solution.}\nIf $fixedscalar(constantvalue) \\geq constantvalue$ for all $constantvalue > 1$, then the desired conclusion clearly holds.\nWe may thus assume hereafter that there exists $movingorigin > 1$ for which $fixedscalar(movingorigin) < movingorigin$.\n\nRewrite the original differential equation as\n\\[\n fixedscalar'(constantvalue) = 1 - \\frac{constantvalue^2 + 1}{constantvalue^2} \\frac{fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2}{1 + fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2}.\n\\]\nPut $shiftingpoint = \\min\\{0, fixedscalar(movingorigin) - 1/movingorigin\\}$.\nFor all $constantvalue \\geq movingorigin$, we have $fixedscalar'(constantvalue) > -1/constantvalue^2$ and so\n\\[\nfixedscalar(constantvalue) \\geq fixedscalar(movingorigin) -\\int_{movingorigin}^{constantvalue} d\\,timelessparam/timelessparam^2 > shiftingpoint.\n\\]\nIn the other direction, we claim that $fixedscalar(constantvalue) < constantvalue$ for all $constantvalue \\geq movingorigin$.\nTo see this, suppose the contrary; then by continuity, there is a least\n$constantvalue \\geq movingorigin$ for which $fixedscalar(constantvalue) \\geq constantvalue$, and this least value satisfies $fixedscalar(constantvalue) = constantvalue$.\nHowever, this forces $fixedscalar'(constantvalue) = 0 < 1$ and so\n$fixedscalar(constantvalue-magnitudehuge) > constantvalue-magnitudehuge$ for $magnitudehuge > 0$ small,\ncontradicting the choice of $constantvalue$.\n\nPut $driftingstart = \\max\\{movingorigin, -shiftingpoint\\}$. For $constantvalue \\geq driftingstart$, we have\n$|fixedscalar(constantvalue)| < constantvalue$ and so $fixedscalar'(constantvalue) > 0$.\nIn particular, the limit $\\lim_{constantvalue \\to +\\infty} fixedscalar(constantvalue) = fluctuation$\nexists.\n\nSuppose that $fluctuation < +\\infty$; then $\\lim_{constantvalue \\to +\\infty}\nfixedscalar'(constantvalue) = 1/(1 + fluctuation^2) > 0$. Hence for any sufficiently small $magnitudehuge > 0$,\nwe can choose $wanderingstop \\geq driftingstart$ so that $fixedscalar'(constantvalue) \\geq magnitudehuge$\nfor $constantvalue \\geq wanderingstop$. But then $fixedscalar(constantvalue) \\geq fixedscalar(wanderingstop) + magnitudehuge(constantvalue-wanderingstop)$,\nwhich contradicts $fluctuation < +\\infty$. Hence $fluctuation = +\\infty$,\nas desired.\n\n\\\\textbf{Variant.} (by Leonid Shteyman) One obtains a similar argument by\nwriting\n\\[\n fixedscalar'(constantvalue) = \\frac{1}{1 + fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2} - \\frac{fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2}{constantvalue^2(1+fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2)},\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n-\\frac{1}{constantvalue^2} \\leq fixedscalar'(constantvalue) - \\frac{1}{1 + fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2} \\leq 0.\n\\]\nHence $fixedscalar'(constantvalue) - 1/(1 + fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2)$ tends to 0 as $constantvalue \\to +\\infty$, so $fixedscalar(constantvalue)$ is bounded below, and\ntends to $+\\infty$\nif and only if the improper integral $\\int d\\,constantvalue/(1+fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2)$ diverges. However, if the integral were to\nconverge, then as $constantvalue \\to +\\infty$ we would have $1/(1+fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2) \\to 0$; however, since $fixedscalar$ is bounded below,\nthis again forces $fixedscalar(constantvalue) \\to +\\infty$.\n\n\\\\textbf{Second solution.} (by Catalin Zara)\nThe function $stagnantvalue(constantvalue) = fixedscalar(constantvalue)+constantvalue$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nstagnantvalue'(constantvalue) = 1 + \\frac{1 - (stagnantvalue(constantvalue)/constantvalue - 1)^2}{1 + constantvalue^2(stagnantvalue(constantvalue)/constantvalue - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $stagnantvalue'(constantvalue) > 0$ for all $constantvalue > 1$, so\nthe limit $oscillationone = \\lim_{constantvalue \\to +\\infty} stagnantvalue(constantvalue)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$oscillationone < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{constantvalue \\to +\\infty} stagnantvalue'(constantvalue) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be 1.\nHence $stagnantvalue(constantvalue) \\to +\\infty$ as $constantvalue \\to +\\infty$.\n\nSimilarly, the function $depthvalue(constantvalue) = -fixedscalar(constantvalue) + constantvalue$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\ndepthvalue'(constantvalue) = 1 - \\frac{1 - (depthvalue(constantvalue)/constantvalue - 1)^2}{1 + constantvalue^2(depthvalue(constantvalue)/constantvalue - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $depthvalue'(constantvalue) \\geq 0$ for all $constantvalue$,\nso the limit $oscillationtwo = \\lim_{constantvalue \\to +\\infty} depthvalue(constantvalue)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$oscillationtwo < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{constantvalue \\to +\\infty} depthvalue'(constantvalue) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be 1.\nHence $depthvalue(constantvalue) \\to +\\infty$ as $constantvalue \\to +\\infty$.\n\nFor some $driftingstart > 1$, we must have $stagnantvalue(constantvalue), depthvalue(constantvalue) > 0$ for all $constantvalue \\geq driftingstart$. For\n$constantvalue \\geq driftingstart$, we have $|fixedscalar(constantvalue)| < constantvalue$ and hence $fixedscalar'(constantvalue) > 0$, so the limit\n$fluctuation = \\lim_{constantvalue \\to +\\infty} fixedscalar(constantvalue)$ exists. Once again,\nwe cannot have $fluctuation < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{constantvalue \\to +\\infty} fixedscalar'(constantvalue) = 0$ whereas the original differential equation (e.g., in the form\ngiven in the first solution) forces\nthis limit to be $1/(1 + fluctuation^2) > 0$.\nHence $fixedscalar(constantvalue) \\to +\\infty$ as $constantvalue \\to \\infty$, as desired.\n\n\\\\textbf{Third solution.}\n(by Noam Elkies)\nConsider the function $stagnantvalue(constantvalue) = fixedscalar(constantvalue) + \\frac{1}{3}fixedscalar(constantvalue)^3$, for which\n\\[\n stagnantvalue'(constantvalue) = fixedscalar'(constantvalue)(1 + fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2) = 1 - \\frac{fixedscalar(constantvalue)^2}{constantvalue^2}\n\\]\nfor $constantvalue>1$. Since evidently $stagnantvalue'(constantvalue) < 1$,\n$stagnantvalue(constantvalue) - constantvalue$ is bounded above for $constantvalue$ large.\nAs in the first solution,\nfixedscalar(constantvalue) is bounded below for $constantvalue$ large,\nso $\\frac{1}{3} fixedscalar(constantvalue)^3 - constantvalue$ is bounded above by some $variablemark>0$. For $constantvalue \\geq variablemark$,\nwe obtain $fixedscalar(constantvalue) \\leq (6constantvalue)^{1/3}$.\n\nSince $fixedscalar(constantvalue)/constantvalue \\to 0$ as $constantvalue \\to +\\infty$, $stagnantvalue'(constantvalue) \\to 1$ and so\n$stagnantvalue(constantvalue)/constantvalue \\to 1$. Since $stagnantvalue(constantvalue)$ tends to $+\\infty$,\nso does $fixedscalar(constantvalue)$. (With a tiny bit of extra work, one shows that in fact $fixedscalar(constantvalue)/(3constantvalue)^{1/3} \\to 1$ as $constantvalue \\to +\\infty$.)"
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "zqyplmra",
        "t": "xkvudnse",
        "f": "hjgrksla",
        "g": "ptdfamcn",
        "h": "slnqevro",
        "c_0": "vmalxgti",
        "x_0": "bzfryoal",
        "x_1": "wnphkase",
        "x_2": "lubsgziv",
        "L": "rckduset",
        "L_1": "qejxatob",
        "L_2": "kgwymsun",
        "c": "yruqplod",
        "\\epsilon": "ahcuvmel"
      },
      "question": "Let $hjgrksla: (1, \\infty) \\to \\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function such that\n\\[\n hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) = \\frac{zqyplmra^2 - hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2}{zqyplmra^2 (hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2 + 1)}\n\\qquad \\mbox{for all $zqyplmra>1$.}\n\\]\nProve that $\\lim_{zqyplmra \\to \\infty} hjgrksla(zqyplmra) = \\infty$.",
      "solution": "\\textbf{First solution.}\nIf $hjgrksla(zqyplmra) \\geq zqyplmra$ for all $zqyplmra > 1$, then the desired conclusion clearly holds.\nWe may thus assume hereafter that there exists $bzfryoal > 1$ for which $hjgrksla(bzfryoal) < bzfryoal$.\n\nRewrite the original differential equation as\n\\[\n hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) = 1 - \\frac{zqyplmra^2 + 1}{zqyplmra^2} \\frac{hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2}{1 + hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2}.\n\\]\nPut $vmalxgti = \\min\\{0, hjgrksla(bzfryoal) - 1/bzfryoal\\}$.\nFor all $zqyplmra \\geq bzfryoal$, we have $hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) > -1/zqyplmra^2$ and so\n\\[\nhjgrksla(zqyplmra) \\geq hjgrksla(bzfryoal) -\\int_{bzfryoal}^{zqyplmra} d xkvudnse / xkvudnse^2 > vmalxgti.\n\\]\nIn the other direction, we claim that $hjgrksla(zqyplmra) < zqyplmra$ for all $zqyplmra \\geq bzfryoal$.\nTo see this, suppose the contrary; then by continuity, there is a least\n$zqyplmra \\geq bzfryoal$ for which $hjgrksla(zqyplmra) \\geq zqyplmra$, and this least value satisfies $hjgrksla(zqyplmra) = zqyplmra$.\nHowever, this forces $hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) = 0 < 1$ and so\n$hjgrksla(zqyplmra-ahcuvmel) > zqyplmra-ahcuvmel$ for $ahcuvmel > 0$ small,\ncontradicting the choice of $zqyplmra$.\n\nPut $wnphkase = \\max\\{bzfryoal, -vmalxgti\\}$. For $zqyplmra \\geq wnphkase$, we have\n$|hjgrksla(zqyplmra)| < zqyplmra$ and so $hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) > 0$.\nIn particular, the limit $\\lim_{zqyplmra \\to +\\infty} hjgrksla(zqyplmra) = rckduset$\nexists.\n\nSuppose that $rckduset < +\\infty$; then $\\lim_{zqyplmra \\to +\\infty}\nhjgrksla'(zqyplmra) = 1/(1 + rckduset^2) > 0$. Hence for any sufficiently small $ahcuvmel > 0$,\nwe can choose $lubsgziv \\geq wnphkase$ so that $hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) \\geq ahcuvmel$\nfor $zqyplmra \\geq lubsgziv$. But then $hjgrksla(zqyplmra) \\geq hjgrksla(lubsgziv) + ahcuvmel(zqyplmra-lubsgziv)$,\nwhich contradicts $rckduset < +\\infty$. Hence $rckduset = +\\infty$,\nas desired.\n\n\\textbf{Variant.} (by Leonid Shteyman) One obtains a similar argument by\nwriting\n\\[\n hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) = \\frac{1}{1 + hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2} - \\frac{hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2}{zqyplmra^2(1+hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2)},\n\\]\nso that\n\\[\n-\\frac{1}{zqyplmra^2} \\leq hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) - \\frac{1}{1 + hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2} \\leq 0.\n\\]\nHence $hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) - 1/(1 + hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2)$ tends to 0 as $zqyplmra \\to +\\infty$, so $hjgrksla(zqyplmra)$ is bounded below, and\ntends to $+\\infty$\nif and only if the improper integral $\\int d zqyplmra /(1+hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2)$ diverges. However, if the integral were to\nconverge, then as $zqyplmra \\to +\\infty$ we would have $1/(1+hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2) \\to 0$; however, since $hjgrksla$ is bounded below,\nthis again forces $hjgrksla(zqyplmra) \\to +\\infty$.\n\n\\textbf{Second solution.} (by Catalin Zara)\nThe function $ptdfamcn(zqyplmra) = hjgrksla(zqyplmra)+zqyplmra$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nptdfamcn'(zqyplmra) = 1 + \\frac{1 - (ptdfamcn(zqyplmra)/zqyplmra - 1)^2}{1 + zqyplmra^2(ptdfamcn(zqyplmra)/zqyplmra - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $ptdfamcn'(zqyplmra) > 0$ for all $zqyplmra > 1$, so\nthe limit $qejxatob = \\lim_{zqyplmra \\to +\\infty} ptdfamcn(zqyplmra)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$qejxatob < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{zqyplmra \\to +\\infty} ptdfamcn'(zqyplmra) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be 1.\nHence $ptdfamcn(zqyplmra) \\to +\\infty$ as $zqyplmra \\to +\\infty$.\n\nSimilarly, the function $slnqevro(zqyplmra) = -hjgrksla(zqyplmra) + zqyplmra$ satisfies the differential equation\n\\[\nslnqevro'(zqyplmra) = 1 - \\frac{1 - (slnqevro(zqyplmra)/zqyplmra - 1)^2}{1 + zqyplmra^2(slnqevro(zqyplmra)/zqyplmra - 1)^2}.\n\\]\nThis implies that $slnqevro'(zqyplmra) \\geq 0$ for all $zqyplmra$,\nso the limit $kgwymsun = \\lim_{zqyplmra \\to +\\infty} slnqevro(zqyplmra)$ exists. In addition, we cannot have\n$kgwymsun < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{zqyplmra \\to +\\infty} slnqevro'(zqyplmra) = 0$ whereas the differential equation forces\nthis limit to be 1.\nHence $slnqevro(zqyplmra) \\to +\\infty$ as $zqyplmra \\to +\\infty$.\n\nFor some $wnphkase > 1$, we must have $ptdfamcn(zqyplmra), slnqevro(zqyplmra) > 0$ for all $zqyplmra \\geq wnphkase$. For\n$zqyplmra \\geq wnphkase$, we have $|hjgrksla(zqyplmra)| < zqyplmra$ and hence $hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) > 0$, so the limit\n$rckduset = \\lim_{zqyplmra \\to +\\infty} hjgrksla(zqyplmra)$ exists. Once again,\nwe cannot have $rckduset < +\\infty$, or else we would have\n$\\lim_{zqyplmra \\to +\\infty} hjgrksla'(zqyplmra) = 0$ whereas the original differential equation (e.g., in the form\ngiven in the first solution) forces\nthis limit to be $1/(1 + rckduset^2) > 0$.\nHence $hjgrksla(zqyplmra) \\to +\\infty$ as $zqyplmra \\to \\infty$, as desired.\n\n\\textbf{Third solution.}\n(by Noam Elkies)\nConsider the function $ptdfamcn(zqyplmra) = hjgrksla(zqyplmra) + \\frac{1}{3}hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^3$, for which\n\\[\n ptdfamcn'(zqyplmra) = hjgrksla'(zqyplmra)(1 + hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2) = 1 - \\frac{hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^2}{zqyplmra^2}\n\\]\nfor $zqyplmra>1$. Since evidently $ptdfamcn'(zqyplmra) < 1$,\n$ptdfamcn(zqyplmra) - zqyplmra$ is bounded above for $zqyplmra$ large.\nAs in the first solution,\n$hjgrksla(zqyplmra)$ is bounded below for $zqyplmra$ large,\nso $\\frac{1}{3} hjgrksla(zqyplmra)^3 - zqyplmra$ is bounded above by some $yruqplod>0$. For $zqyplmra \\geq yruqplod$,\nwe obtain $hjgrksla(zqyplmra) \\leq (6zqyplmra)^{1/3}$.\n\nSince $hjgrksla(zqyplmra)/zqyplmra \\to 0$ as $zqyplmra \\to +\\infty$, $ptdfamcn'(zqyplmra) \\to 1$ and so\n$ptdfamcn(zqyplmra)/zqyplmra \\to 1$. Since $ptdfamcn(zqyplmra)$ tends to $+\\infty$,\nso does $hjgrksla(zqyplmra)$. (With a tiny bit of extra work, one shows that in fact $hjgrksla(zqyplmra)/(3zqyplmra)^{1/3} \\to 1$ as $zqyplmra \\to +\\infty$.)"
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let\n\na := 4^{1/3} \\;(\\approx 1.5874).\n\nConsider a differentiable function\n            f : (2,\\infty) \\to \\mathbb R\nwhich satisfies the differential equation\n\n              f'(x)=\\dfrac{x^{3}-f(x)^{3}}{x^{3}\\bigl(f(x)^{3}+4\\bigr)},   \\qquad x>2. \\tag{*}\n\nAssume that the denominator never vanishes, i.e.\n\n              f(x)>-a\\quad(\\text{equivalently } f(x)^{3}+4>0)\\qquad\\text{for every }x>2.\n\nProve that\n\n              \\displaystyle \\lim_{x\\to\\infty} f(x)=+\\infty.",
      "solution": "Throughout we write a := 4^{1/3}.\n\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\n1.  Two convenient rewritings of (*)\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\nFrom (*) we will use two algebraically equivalent forms.  First,\n\n      f'(x)=\\frac{1}{f(x)^{3}+4}-\\frac{f(x)^{3}}{x^{3}\\,[\\,f(x)^{3}+4\\,]}. \\tag{1.1}\n\nSecondly, by subtracting 1 from both sides of (*),\n\n      f'(x)-1=-\\frac{\\,(1+x^{3})\\,f(x)^{3}+3x^{3}}{x^{3}\\,[\\,f(x)^{3}+4\\,]}. \\tag{1.2}\n\nBecause of the hypothesis f(x)>-a, the denominator in (1.1) and (1.2) is strictly positive for every x>2.\n\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\n2.  A global lower bound for f\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\nWe claim that for every x>2 we have the differential inequality\n\n      f'(x)\\;\\ge\\;-\\frac1{x^{3}}. \\tag{2.1}\n\nIndeed, by (1.1) we need only bound the second term on the right–hand side from below.\n\n•  Case  f(x)^{3}\\ge 0.  Then 0\\le f(x)^{3}/\\bigl(f(x)^{3}+4\\bigr)\\le 1, whence\n\n      -\\frac{f(x)^{3}}{x^{3}\\bigl(f(x)^{3}+4\\bigr)}\\;\\ge\\;-\\frac1{x^{3}}.\n  Dropping the non–negative first term in (1.1) yields (2.1).\n\n•  Case  f(x)^{3}<0.  Now −f(x)^{3}>0 and the denominator is still positive, so the second term in (1.1)\n\n      -\\frac{f(x)^{3}}{x^{3}\\bigl(f(x)^{3}+4\\bigr)}\n\n  is itself positive.  Consequently\n\n      f'(x)=\\frac{1}{f(x)^{3}+4}+\\text{(positive term)}\\;>\\;0\\;\\ge\\;-\\frac1{x^{3}},\n\n  and (2.1) again holds.\n\nIntegrating (2.1) from an arbitrary X_{1}>2 to x\\ge X_{1} we get\n\n      f(x)\\ge f(X_{1})-\\int_{X_{1}}^{x}\\frac{dt}{t^{3}}\n           =f(X_{1})-\\frac{1}{2X_{1}^{2}}=:c_{0}. \\tag{2.2}\n\nHence f is bounded below on (2,\\infty).\n\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\n3.  Ultimately one has f(x)<x\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\nPut h(x):=f(x)-x.  Differentiating and using (1.2) gives\n\n      h'(x)=f'(x)-1=-\\frac{\\,(1+x^{3})\\,f(x)^{3}+3x^{3}}{x^{3}\\,[\\,f(x)^{3}+4\\,]}. \\tag{3.1}\n\nIf h(x_{*})=0, i.e. f(x_{*})=x_{*}, then plugging this into (3.1) yields\n\n      h'(x_{*})=-\\frac{\\,(1+x_{*}^{3})\\,x_{*}^{3}+3x_{*}^{3}}{x_{*}^{3}\\,[\\,x_{*}^{3}+4\\,]}\n                =-\\frac{x_{*}^{6}+4x_{*}^{3}}{x_{*}^{3}\\,[\\,x_{*}^{3}+4\\,]}<0. \\tag{3.2}\n\nThus every zero of h is crossed from the positive to the negative side.\n\nChoose any X_{0}>\\max\\{2,-c_{0}\\} and assume, for contradiction, that the set\n\n      A:=\\{x\\ge X_{0}:h(x)\\ge0\\}\n\nis non–empty.  Let x_{*}:=\\inf A.  By continuity h(x_{*})=0, so (3.2) applies.  For sufficiently small \\varepsilon>0 we would then have h(x_{*}-\\varepsilon)>0, contradicting the definition of x_{*}.  Therefore A is empty and\n\n      f(x)<x\\qquad(\\forall x\\ge X_{0}). \\tag{3.3}\n\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\n4.  Monotonicity of f and existence of the limit\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\nFor x\\ge X_{0}, (3.3) gives f(x)^{3}<x^{3}; together with f(x)^{3}+4>0 this makes the right‐hand side of (*) positive, so\n\n      f'(x)>0\\qquad(\\forall x\\ge X_{0}). \\tag{4.1}\n\nHence f is increasing on [X_{0},\\infty).  Since it is also bounded below (2.2), the limit\n\n      L:=\\lim_{x\\to\\infty} f(x)\\in\\mathbb R\\cup\\{+\\infty\\} \\tag{4.2}\n\nexists.\n\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\n5.  The limit cannot be finite\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\nAssume L<+\\infty.\n\n(a)  The case L> -a.\n\nIf L>-a, then L^{3}+4>0 and passing to the limit in (*) yields\n\n      \\lim_{x\\to\\infty} f'(x)=\\frac{1}{L^{3}+4}\\;>\\;0. \\tag{5.1}\n\nChoose \\varepsilon>0 with \\varepsilon<\\frac1{2\\,(L^{3}+4)}.  By (5.1) there exists X_{2}\\ge X_{0} such that f'(x)\\ge\\varepsilon for all x\\ge X_{2}.  Integrating,\n\n      f(x)\\ge f(X_{2})+\\varepsilon(x-X_{2})\\xrightarrow[x\\to\\infty]{}+\\infty,\n\na contradiction with the finiteness of L.\n\n(b)  The boundary case L=-a.\n\nSuppose instead that L=-a.  Then f(x)^{3}+4\\to0^{+}.  Because of (3.3) we still have x^{3}-f(x)^{3}\\ge x^{3}+4>0, hence\n\n      0<f'(x)=\\frac{x^{3}-f(x)^{3}}{x^{3}(f(x)^{3}+4)}\n            >\\frac{x^{3}}{x^{3}(f(x)^{3}+4)}=\n            \\frac{1}{f(x)^{3}+4}\\xrightarrow[x\\to\\infty]{}+\\infty.\n\nThus f'(x) becomes unbounded while f(x) is assumed to converge to the finite number -a — an impossibility for a differentiable function.  Hence L cannot equal -a.\n\nSince both finite possibilities lead to contradictions, we must have L=+\\infty.\n\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\n6.  Conclusion\n─────────────────────────────────────────────\nEvery differentiable function f:(2,\\infty)\\to\\mathbb R satisfying\n\n      f'(x)=\\frac{x^{3}-f(x)^{3}}{x^{3}\\bigl(f(x)^{3}+4\\bigr)}, \\qquad f(x)>-4^{1/3}\\;(x>2),\n\nobeys\n\n      \\boxed{\\displaystyle \\lim_{x\\to\\infty} f(x)=+\\infty}.",
      "_meta": {
        "core_steps": [
          "Rewrite f'(x)=1-[(x^2+1)/x^2]·f(x)^2/(1+f(x)^2) to get the rough bound  f'(x) ≥ −1/x^2.",
          "Show f can never rise to/above the line y=x after the first point where it is below it; hence for all large x we have |f(x)|<x, which makes the numerator x^2−f(x)^2 positive and forces f'(x)>0.",
          "Positivity of f' beyond some x1 implies f is eventually increasing and bounded below, so the limit L=lim_{x→∞}f(x) exists.",
          "If L were finite, the DE would give  lim_{x→∞}f'(x)=1/(1+L^2)>0, contradicting convergence of f; therefore L cannot be finite.",
          "Conclude lim_{x→∞}f(x)=∞."
        ],
        "mutable_slots": {
          "slot1": {
            "description": "Left-hand end of the domain (currently ‘1’ in (1,∞)); any positive starting point works.",
            "original": "1"
          },
          "slot2": {
            "description": "The common power ‘2’ in x^2 and f(x)^2 (numerator and denominator). Replacing 2 by any real k>1 preserves the sign logic and integrability in ∫dx/x^k.",
            "original": "2"
          },
          "slot3": {
            "description": "The additive constant ‘1’ in the factor 1+f(x)^2 (and hence in x^2+1 after rewriting); any positive constant keeps the denominator positive and the limit argument intact.",
            "original": "1"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}