{
  "index": "1947-B-3",
  "type": "GEO",
  "tag": [
    "GEO",
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "9. Let \\( x, y \\) be Cartesian coordinates in the plane. \\( I \\) denotes the line segment \\( 1 \\leq x \\leq 3, y=1 \\). For every point \\( P \\) on \\( I \\), let \\( P^{*} \\) denote that point that lies on the segment joining the origin to \\( P \\) and such that the distance \\( P P^{*} \\) is equal to \\( 1 / 100 \\). As \\( P \\) describes \\( I \\), the corresponding point \\( P^{*} \\) describes a certain curve \\( C^{*} \\). Let \\( l(I), l\\left(C^{*}\\right) \\) be the lengths of \\( I \\) and \\( C^{*} \\) respectively. Which one of \\( l(I), l\\left(C^{*}\\right) \\) is greater? Prove your answer.",
  "solution": "Solution. In polar coordinates the given line segment \\( 1 \\leq x \\leq 3, y=1 \\) lies on the line \\( r_{1}=\\csc \\theta \\), and the equation of the curve \\( C^{*} \\) is \\( r_{2}=\\csc \\theta-h \\) where \\( h=1 / 100 \\). Then the respective arc lengths are given by\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nl(I)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{r_{1}{ }^{2}+\\left(\\frac{d r_{1}}{d \\theta}\\right)^{2}} d \\theta \\\\\nl\\left(C^{*}\\right)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{r_{2}{ }^{2}+\\left(\\frac{d r_{2}}{d \\theta}\\right)^{2}} d \\theta\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nBut clearly \\( d r_{1} / d \\theta=d r_{2} / d \\theta \\), and \\( r_{2}<r_{1} \\), so \\( l\\left(C^{*}\\right)<l(I) \\).",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "P",
    "r_1",
    "r_2",
    "r",
    "\\\\theta"
  ],
  "params": [
    "I",
    "C",
    "l",
    "h"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "abscissa",
        "y": "ordinate",
        "P": "pointpp",
        "r_1": "radiusone",
        "r_2": "radiustwo",
        "r": "radius",
        "\\\\theta": "angleth",
        "I": "segmenti",
        "C": "curveccc",
        "l": "lengthll",
        "h": "shiftpar"
      },
      "question": "9. Let \\( abscissa, ordinate \\) be Cartesian coordinates in the plane. \\( segmenti \\) denotes the line segment \\( 1 \\leq abscissa \\leq 3, ordinate=1 \\). For every point \\( pointpp \\) on \\( segmenti \\), let \\( pointpp^{*} \\) denote that point that lies on the segment joining the origin to \\( pointpp \\) and such that the distance \\( pointpp\\,pointpp^{*} \\) is equal to \\( 1 / 100 \\). As \\( pointpp \\) describes \\( segmenti \\), the corresponding point \\( pointpp^{*} \\) describes a certain curve \\( curveccc^{*} \\). Let \\( lengthll(segmenti),\\, lengthll\\left(curveccc^{*}\\right) \\) be the lengths of \\( segmenti \\) and \\( curveccc^{*} \\) respectively. Which one of \\( lengthll(segmenti) \\) and \\( lengthll\\left(curveccc^{*}\\right) \\) is greater? Prove your answer.",
      "solution": "Solution. In polar coordinates the given line segment \\( 1 \\leq abscissa \\leq 3, ordinate=1 \\) lies on the line \\( radiusone = \\csc angleth \\), and the equation of the curve \\( curveccc^{*} \\) is \\( radiustwo = \\csc angleth - shiftpar \\) where \\( shiftpar = 1 / 100 \\). Then the respective arc lengths are given by\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nlengthll(segmenti)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{radiusone^{2}+\\left(\\dfrac{d\\, radiusone}{d\\, angleth}\\right)^{2}}\\, d angleth \\\\\nlengthll\\left(curveccc^{*}\\right)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{radiustwo^{2}+\\left(\\dfrac{d\\, radiustwo}{d\\, angleth}\\right)^{2}}\\, d angleth\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nBut clearly \\( \\dfrac{d\\, radiusone}{d\\, angleth}=\\dfrac{d\\, radiustwo}{d\\, angleth} \\), and \\( radiustwo<radiusone \\), so \\( lengthll\\left(curveccc^{*}\\right)<lengthll(segmenti) \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "seabreeze",
        "y": "mountaintop",
        "P": "quartzmine",
        "r_1": "rainshadow",
        "r_2": "sandcastle",
        "r": "starlight",
        "\\theta": "firebranch",
        "I": "waterwheel",
        "C": "peppercorn",
        "l": "paintbrush",
        "h": "stormcloud"
      },
      "question": "9. Let \\( seabreeze, mountaintop \\) be Cartesian coordinates in the plane. \\( waterwheel \\) denotes the line segment \\( 1 \\leq seabreeze \\leq 3, mountaintop=1 \\). For every point \\( quartzmine \\) on \\( waterwheel \\), let \\( quartzmine^{*} \\) denote that point that lies on the segment joining the origin to \\( quartzmine \\) and such that the distance \\( quartzmine quartzmine^{*} \\) is equal to \\( 1 / 100 \\). As \\( quartzmine \\) describes \\( waterwheel \\), the corresponding point \\( quartzmine^{*} \\) describes a certain curve \\( peppercorn^{*} \\). Let \\( paintbrush(waterwheel), paintbrush\\left(peppercorn^{*}\\right) \\) be the lengths of \\( waterwheel \\) and \\( peppercorn^{*} \\) respectively. Which one of \\( paintbrush(waterwheel), paintbrush\\left(peppercorn^{*}\\right) \\) is greater? Prove your answer.",
      "solution": "Solution. In polar coordinates the given line segment \\( 1 \\leq seabreeze \\leq 3, mountaintop=1 \\) lies on the line \\( rainshadow=\\csc firebranch \\), and the equation of the curve \\( peppercorn^{*} \\) is \\( sandcastle=\\csc firebranch-stormcloud \\) where \\( stormcloud=1 / 100 \\). Then the respective arc lengths are given by\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\npaintbrush(waterwheel)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{rainshadow{ }^{2}+\\left(\\frac{d rainshadow}{d firebranch}\\right)^{2}} d firebranch \\\\\npaintbrush\\left(peppercorn^{*}\\right)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{sandcastle{ }^{2}+\\left(\\frac{d sandcastle}{d firebranch}\\right)^{2}} d firebranch\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nBut clearly \\( d rainshadow / d firebranch=d sandcastle / d firebranch \\), and \\( sandcastle<rainshadow \\), so \\( paintbrush\\left(peppercorn^{*}\\right)<paintbrush(waterwheel) \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "verticalaxis",
        "y": "horizontalaxis",
        "P": "lineelement",
        "r_1": "diameterone",
        "r_2": "diametertwo",
        "r": "diameter",
        "\\theta": "separation",
        "I": "circlearc",
        "C": "straightline",
        "l": "thickness",
        "h": "deepness"
      },
      "question": "9. Let \\( verticalaxis, horizontalaxis \\) be Cartesian coordinates in the plane. \\( circlearc \\) denotes the line segment \\( 1 \\leq verticalaxis \\leq 3, horizontalaxis=1 \\). For every point \\( lineelement \\) on \\( circlearc \\), let \\( lineelement^{*} \\) denote that point that lies on the segment joining the origin to \\( lineelement \\) and such that the distance \\( lineelement lineelement^{*} \\) is equal to \\( 1 / 100 \\). As \\( lineelement \\) describes \\( circlearc \\), the corresponding point \\( lineelement^{*} \\) describes a certain curve \\( straightline^{*} \\). Let \\( thickness(circlearc), thickness\\left(straightline^{*}\\right) \\) be the lengths of \\( circlearc \\) and \\( straightline^{*} \\) respectively. Which one of \\( thickness(circlearc), thickness\\left(straightline^{*}\\right) \\) is greater? Prove your answer.",
      "solution": "Solution. In polar coordinates the given line segment \\( 1 \\leq verticalaxis \\leq 3, horizontalaxis=1 \\) lies on the line \\( diameterone=\\csc separation \\), and the equation of the curve \\( straightline^{*} \\) is \\( diametertwo=\\csc separation-deepness \\) where \\( deepness=1 / 100 \\). Then the respective arc lengths are given by\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nthickness(circlearc)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{diameterone{ }^{2}+\\left(\\frac{d diameterone}{d separation}\\right)^{2}} d separation \\\\\nthickness\\left(straightline^{*}\\right)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{diametertwo{ }^{2}+\\left(\\frac{d diametertwo}{d separation}\\right)^{2}} d separation\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nBut clearly \\( d diameterone / d separation=d diametertwo / d separation \\), and \\( diametertwo<diameterone \\), so \\( thickness\\left(straightline^{*}\\right)<thickness(circlearc) \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "zqlvrtmic",
        "y": "hxqbpsaen",
        "P": "wgnrcezok",
        "r_1": "uqtrpsadm",
        "r_2": "bxzmhujrk",
        "r": "yvsekdmqa",
        "\\theta": "kdprxshle",
        "I": "ljqzvteop",
        "C": "vtkdwaqse",
        "l": "povhgfdam",
        "h": "ognweizrt"
      },
      "question": "9. Let \\( zqlvrtmic, hxqbpsaen \\) be Cartesian coordinates in the plane. \\( ljqzvteop \\) denotes the line segment \\( 1 \\leq zqlvrtmic \\leq 3, hxqbpsaen=1 \\). For every point \\( wgnrcezok \\) on \\( ljqzvteop \\), let \\( wgnrcezok^{*} \\) denote that point that lies on the segment joining the origin to \\( wgnrcezok \\) and such that the distance \\( wgnrcezok wgnrcezok^{*} \\) is equal to \\( 1 / 100 \\). As \\( wgnrcezok \\) describes \\( ljqzvteop \\), the corresponding point \\( wgnrcezok^{*} \\) describes a certain curve \\( vtkdwaqse^{*} \\). Let \\( povhgfdam(ljqzvteop), povhgfdam\\left(vtkdwaqse^{*}\\right) \\) be the lengths of \\( ljqzvteop \\) and \\( vtkdwaqse^{*} \\) respectively. Which one of \\( povhgfdam(ljqzvteop), povhgfdam\\left(vtkdwaqse^{*}\\right) \\) is greater? Prove your answer.",
      "solution": "Solution. In polar coordinates the given line segment \\( 1 \\leq zqlvrtmic \\leq 3, hxqbpsaen=1 \\) lies on the line \\( uqtrpsadm=\\csc kdprxshle \\), and the equation of the curve \\( vtkdwaqse^{*} \\) is \\( bxzmhujrk=\\csc kdprxshle-ognweizrt \\) where \\( ognweizrt=1 / 100 \\). Then the respective arc lengths are given by\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\npovhgfdam(ljqzvteop)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{uqtrpsadm{ }^{2}+\\left(\\frac{d uqtrpsadm}{d kdprxshle}\\right)^{2}} d kdprxshle \\\\\npovhgfdam\\left(vtkdwaqse^{*}\\right)=\\int_{\\arctan 1 / 3}^{\\arctan 1} \\sqrt{bxzmhujrk{ }^{2}+\\left(\\frac{d bxzmhujrk}{d kdprxshle}\\right)^{2}} d kdprxshle\n\\end{array}\n\\]\n\nBut clearly \\( d uqtrpsadm / d kdprxshle=d bxzmhujrk / d kdprxshle \\), and \\( bxzmhujrk<uqtrpsadm \\), so \\( povhgfdam\\left(vtkdwaqse^{*}\\right)<povhgfdam(ljqzvteop) \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Fix a positive constant h with 0<h<1/30.  \nLet Γ be the portion of the polar graph  \n\n  r(θ)=4csc θ+3cos θ   (−π/6 ≤ θ ≤ π/6)  \n\non which r(θ)>0.  \nFor every P∈Γ draw the segment OP (O the origin) and mark the unique point P★ on OP with |PP★|=h, lying strictly between O and P.  \nAs P runs over Γ the points P★ trace a new curve Γ★.  \nDenote the respective lengths by ℓ(Γ) and ℓ(Γ★).\n\n(a) Prove ℓ(Γ★)<ℓ(Γ).  \n(b) Show moreover 1−h/(4√13) < ℓ(Γ★)/ℓ(Γ) < 1.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------",
      "solution": "(~87 words)  \nWrite r₁=r, r₂=r−h.  Since h is constant, r₁′=r₂′.  For polar graphs,  \n ℓ=∫√(r²+r′²)\\,dθ.  \nHence pointwise  \n\n r₂²+r₂′² = (r₁−h)²+r₁′² < r₁²+r₁′²,  \n\nbecause r₁>h on [−π/6, π/6] (minimum r₁ is 4csc(π/6)+3cos(π/6)=4√3+3/2>1/h).  \nTaking square–roots and integrating yields ℓ(Γ★)<ℓ(Γ).\n\nFor the ratio, expand:  \n\n (r₁−h)²+r₁′² = (1−h/r₁)²(r₁²+r₁′²).  \n\nUsing r₁≥4√13/2=2√13 gives 1−h/(4√13) <√{…}/√{…}<1.  \nIntegrating preserves the inequalities, establishing the stated bounds.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------",
      "_replacement_note": {
        "replaced_at": "2025-07-05T22:17:12.016153",
        "reason": "Original kernel variant was too easy compared to the original problem"
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}