{
  "index": "1941-B-6",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "13. Assuming that \\( f(x) \\) is continuous in the interval \\( (0,1) \\), prove that \\( \\int_{x=0}^{x=1} \\int_{y=x}^{y=1} \\int_{z=x}^{z=y} f(x) f(y) f(z) d x d y d z=\\frac{1}{3!}\\left(\\int_{t=0}^{t=1} f(t) d t\\right)^{3} \\).",
  "solution": "First Solution. Let \\( F(u)=\\int_{0}^{u} f(t) d t \\). Then \\( F^{\\prime}(u)=f(u) \\). The right member of the desired equation is \\( \\frac{1}{6} F(1)^{3} \\). The left member can be integrated in successive steps. We get\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l} \n\\int_{x=0}^{x=1} f(x)\\left(\\int_{x}^{1} f(y)(F(y)-F(x)) d y\\right) d x \\\\\n=\\int_{0}^{1} f(x)\\left[\\frac{1}{2}(F(y)-F(x))^{2}\\right]_{y=x}^{y=1} d x \\\\\n=\\frac{1}{2} \\int_{0}^{1} f(x)(F(1)-F(x))^{2} d x \\\\\n=-\\left.\\frac{1}{6}(F(1)-F(x))^{3}\\right|_{0} ^{1}=\\frac{1}{6} F(1)^{3}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nas required.\nSecond Solution. Consider the unit cube in the positive octant. Points \\( (x, y, z) \\) of this unit cube can be divided into six subsets according to the ordering of \\( x, y, z \\). (Note that the set of points having two or more coordinates the same is negligible.) Symmetry shows that the integral of \\( f(x) f(y) f(z) \\) is the same over any of these sets. The required integral is \\( \\iiint f(x) f(y) f(z) d x d y d z \\) over the region\n\\[\n\\{(x, y, z): x<z<y\\} .\n\\]\n\nIt is therefore one sixth of the integral over the entire cube. The integral over the entire cube is\n\\[\n\\int_{0}^{1} f(x) d x \\int_{0}^{1} f(y) d y \\int_{0}^{1} f(z) d z=\\left(\\int_{0}^{1} f(t) d t\\right)^{3}\n\\]\nand the required equation follows.",
  "vars": [
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",
    "t",
    "u"
  ],
  "params": [
    "f",
    "F"
  ],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "x": "abscissa",
        "y": "ordinate",
        "z": "applicate",
        "t": "temporal",
        "u": "argument",
        "f": "function",
        "F": "antiderivative"
      },
      "question": "Assuming that \\( function(abscissa) \\) is continuous in the interval \\( (0,1) \\), prove that \\( \\int_{abscissa=0}^{abscissa=1} \\int_{ordinate=abscissa}^{ordinate=1} \\int_{applicate=abscissa}^{applicate=ordinate} function(abscissa) function(ordinate) function(applicate) d abscissa d ordinate d applicate=\\frac{1}{3!}\\left(\\int_{temporal=0}^{temporal=1} function(temporal) d temporal\\right)^{3} \\).",
      "solution": "First Solution. Let \\( antiderivative(argument)=\\int_{0}^{argument} function(temporal) d temporal \\). Then \\( antiderivative^{\\prime}(argument)=function(argument) \\). The right member of the desired equation is \\( \\frac{1}{6} antiderivative(1)^{3} \\). The left member can be integrated in successive steps. We get\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l} \n\\int_{abscissa=0}^{abscissa=1} function(abscissa)\\left(\\int_{abscissa}^{1} function(ordinate)(antiderivative(ordinate)-antiderivative(abscissa)) d ordinate\\right) d abscissa \\\\\n=\\int_{0}^{1} function(abscissa)\\left[\\frac{1}{2}(antiderivative(ordinate)-antiderivative(abscissa))^{2}\\right]_{ordinate=abscissa}^{ordinate=1} d abscissa \\\\\n=\\frac{1}{2} \\int_{0}^{1} function(abscissa)(antiderivative(1)-antiderivative(abscissa))^{2} d abscissa \\\\\n=-\\left.\\frac{1}{6}(antiderivative(1)-antiderivative(abscissa))^{3}\\right|_{0} ^{1}=\\frac{1}{6} antiderivative(1)^{3}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nas required.\nSecond Solution. Consider the unit cube in the positive octant. Points \\( (abscissa, ordinate, applicate) \\) of this unit cube can be divided into six subsets according to the ordering of \\( abscissa, ordinate, applicate \\). (Note that the set of points having two or more coordinates the same is negligible.) Symmetry shows that the integral of \\( function(abscissa) function(ordinate) function(applicate) \\) is the same over any of these sets. The required integral is \\( \\iiint function(abscissa) function(ordinate) function(applicate) d abscissa d ordinate d applicate \\) over the region\n\\[\n\\{(abscissa, ordinate, applicate): abscissa<applicate<ordinate\\} .\n\\]\n\nIt is therefore one sixth of the integral over the entire cube. The integral over the entire cube is\n\\[\n\\int_{0}^{1} function(abscissa) d abscissa \\int_{0}^{1} function(ordinate) d ordinate \\int_{0}^{1} function(applicate) d applicate=\\left(\\int_{0}^{1} function(temporal) d temporal\\right)^{3}\n\\]\nand the required equation follows."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "x": "strawberry",
        "y": "rhinocero",
        "z": "cauliflower",
        "t": "gingerroot",
        "u": "acetylene",
        "f": "pendulum",
        "F": "sandcastle"
      },
      "question": "Assuming that \\( pendulum(strawberry) \\) is continuous in the interval \\( (0,1) \\), prove that \\( \\int_{strawberry=0}^{strawberry=1} \\int_{rhinocero=strawberry}^{rhinocero=1} \\int_{cauliflower=strawberry}^{cauliflower=rhinocero} pendulum(strawberry) pendulum(rhinocero) pendulum(cauliflower) d strawberry d rhinocero d cauliflower=\\frac{1}{3!}\\left(\\int_{gingerroot=0}^{gingerroot=1} pendulum(gingerroot) d gingerroot\\right)^{3} \\).",
      "solution": "First Solution. Let \\( sandcastle(acetylene)=\\int_{0}^{acetylene} pendulum(gingerroot) d gingerroot \\). Then \\( sandcastle^{\\prime}(acetylene)=pendulum(acetylene) \\). The right member of the desired equation is \\( \\frac{1}{6} sandcastle(1)^{3} \\). The left member can be integrated in successive steps. We get\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l} \n\\int_{strawberry=0}^{strawberry=1} pendulum(strawberry)\\left(\\int_{strawberry}^{1} pendulum(rhinocero)(sandcastle(rhinocero)-sandcastle(strawberry)) d rhinocero\\right) d strawberry \\\\\n=\\int_{0}^{1} pendulum(strawberry)\\left[\\frac{1}{2}(sandcastle(rhinocero)-sandcastle(strawberry))^{2}\\right]_{rhinocero=strawberry}^{rhinocero=1} d strawberry \\\\\n=\\frac{1}{2} \\int_{0}^{1} pendulum(strawberry)(sandcastle(1)-sandcastle(strawberry))^{2} d strawberry \\\\\n=-\\left.\\frac{1}{6}(sandcastle(1)-sandcastle(strawberry))^{3}\\right|_{0} ^{1}=\\frac{1}{6} sandcastle(1)^{3}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nas required.\nSecond Solution. Consider the unit cube in the positive octant. Points \\( (strawberry, rhinocero, cauliflower) \\) of this unit cube can be divided into six subsets according to the ordering of \\( strawberry, rhinocero, cauliflower \\). (Note that the set of points having two or more coordinates the same is negligible.) Symmetry shows that the integral of \\( pendulum(strawberry) pendulum(rhinocero) pendulum(cauliflower) \\) is the same over any of these sets. The required integral is \\( \\iiint pendulum(strawberry) pendulum(rhinocero) pendulum(cauliflower) d strawberry d rhinocero d cauliflower \\) over the region\n\\[\n\\{(strawberry, rhinocero, cauliflower): strawberry<cauliflower<rhinocero\\} .\n\\]\n\nIt is therefore one sixth of the integral over the entire cube. The integral over the entire cube is\n\\[\n\\int_{0}^{1} pendulum(strawberry) d strawberry \\int_{0}^{1} pendulum(rhinocero) d rhinocero \\int_{0}^{1} pendulum(cauliflower) d cauliflower=\\left(\\int_{0}^{1} pendulum(gingerroot) d gingerroot\\right)^{3}\n\\]\nand the required equation follows."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "x": "constant",
        "y": "fixedvar",
        "z": "steadyone",
        "t": "staticval",
        "u": "unchanged",
        "f": "nonfunction",
        "F": "nonantideriv"
      },
      "question": "Assuming that \\( nonfunction(constant) \\) is continuous in the interval \\( (0,1) \\), prove that \n\\[\\int_{constant=0}^{constant=1} \\int_{fixedvar=constant}^{fixedvar=1} \\int_{steadyone=constant}^{steadyone=fixedvar} nonfunction(constant) nonfunction(fixedvar) nonfunction(steadyone) d constant d fixedvar d steadyone=\\frac{1}{3!}\\left(\\int_{staticval=0}^{staticval=1} nonfunction(staticval) d staticval\\right)^{3}.\\]",
      "solution": "First Solution. Let \\( nonantideriv(unchanged)=\\int_{0}^{unchanged} nonfunction(staticval) d staticval \\). Then \\( nonantideriv^{\\prime}(unchanged)=nonfunction(unchanged) \\). The right member of the desired equation is \\( \\frac{1}{6} nonantideriv(1)^{3} \\). The left member can be integrated in successive steps. We get\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l} \n\\int_{constant=0}^{constant=1} nonfunction(constant)\\left(\\int_{constant}^{1} nonfunction(fixedvar)(nonantideriv(fixedvar)-nonantideriv(constant)) d fixedvar\\right) d constant \\\\\n=\\int_{0}^{1} nonfunction(constant)\\left[\\frac{1}{2}(nonantideriv(fixedvar)-nonantideriv(constant))^{2}\\right]_{fixedvar=constant}^{fixedvar=1} d constant \\\\\n=\\frac{1}{2} \\int_{0}^{1} nonfunction(constant)(nonantideriv(1)-nonantideriv(constant))^{2} d constant \\\\\n=-\\left.\\frac{1}{6}(nonantideriv(1)-nonantideriv(constant))^{3}\\right|_{0} ^{1}=\\frac{1}{6} nonantideriv(1)^{3}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nas required.\n\nSecond Solution. Consider the unit cube in the positive octant. Points \\( (constant, fixedvar, steadyone) \\) of this unit cube can be divided into six subsets according to the ordering of \\( constant, fixedvar, steadyone \\). (Note that the set of points having two or more coordinates the same is negligible.) Symmetry shows that the integral of \\( nonfunction(constant) nonfunction(fixedvar) nonfunction(steadyone) \\) is the same over any of these sets. The required integral is \\( \\iiint nonfunction(constant) nonfunction(fixedvar) nonfunction(steadyone) d constant d fixedvar d steadyone \\) over the region\n\\[\\{(constant, fixedvar, steadyone): constant<steadyone<fixedvar\\}.\\]\n\nIt is therefore one sixth of the integral over the entire cube. The integral over the entire cube is\n\\[\\int_{0}^{1} nonfunction(constant) d constant \\int_{0}^{1} nonfunction(fixedvar) d fixedvar \\int_{0}^{1} nonfunction(steadyone) d steadyone=\\left(\\int_{0}^{1} nonfunction(staticval) d staticval\\right)^{3}\\]\nand the required equation follows."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "x": "qzxwvtnp",
        "y": "hjgrksla",
        "z": "mnqplxyr",
        "t": "vdfrqskj",
        "u": "ghtpznmw",
        "f": "pkjdslre",
        "F": "bqmvhsac"
      },
      "question": "13. Assuming that \\( pkjdslre(qzxwvtnp) \\) is continuous in the interval \\( (0,1) \\), prove that \\( \\int_{qzxwvtnp=0}^{qzxwvtnp=1} \\int_{hjgrksla=qzxwvtnp}^{hjgrksla=1} \\int_{mnqplxyr=qzxwvtnp}^{mnqplxyr=hjgrksla} pkjdslre(qzxwvtnp) pkjdslre(hjgrksla) pkjdslre(mnqplxyr) d qzxwvtnp d hjgrksla d mnqplxyr=\\frac{1}{3!}\\left(\\int_{vdfrqskj=0}^{vdfrqskj=1} pkjdslre(vdfrqskj) d vdfrqskj\\right)^{3} \\).",
      "solution": "First Solution. Let \\( bqmvhsac(ghtpznmw)=\\int_{0}^{ghtpznmw} pkjdslre(vdfrqskj) d vdfrqskj \\). Then \\( bqmvhsac^{\\prime}(ghtpznmw)=pkjdslre(ghtpznmw) \\). The right member of the desired equation is \\( \\frac{1}{6} bqmvhsac(1)^{3} \\). The left member can be integrated in successive steps. We get\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l} \n\\int_{qzxwvtnp=0}^{qzxwvtnp=1} pkjdslre(qzxwvtnp)\\left(\\int_{qzxwvtnp}^{1} pkjdslre(hjgrksla)(bqmvhsac(hjgrksla)-bqmvhsac(qzxwvtnp)) d hjgrksla\\right) d qzxwvtnp \\\\\n=\\int_{0}^{1} pkjdslre(qzxwvtnp)\\left[\\frac{1}{2}(bqmvhsac(hjgrksla)-bqmvhsac(qzxwvtnp))^{2}\\right]_{hjgrksla=qzxwvtnp}^{hjgrksla=1} d qzxwvtnp \\\\\n=\\frac{1}{2} \\int_{0}^{1} pkjdslre(qzxwvtnp)(bqmvhsac(1)-bqmvhsac(qzxwvtnp))^{2} d qzxwvtnp \\\\\n=-\\left.\\frac{1}{6}(bqmvhsac(1)-bqmvhsac(qzxwvtnp))^{3}\\right|_{0} ^{1}=\\frac{1}{6} bqmvhsac(1)^{3}\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nas required.\n\nSecond Solution. Consider the unit cube in the positive octant. Points \\( (qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, mnqplxyr) \\) of this unit cube can be divided into six subsets according to the ordering of \\( qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, mnqplxyr \\). (Note that the set of points having two or more coordinates the same is negligible.) Symmetry shows that the integral of \\( pkjdslre(qzxwvtnp) pkjdslre(hjgrksla) pkjdslre(mnqplxyr) \\) is the same over any of these sets. The required integral is \\( \\iiint pkjdslre(qzxwvtnp) pkjdslre(hjgrksla) pkjdslre(mnqplxyr) d qzxwvtnp d hjgrksla d mnqplxyr \\) over the region\n\\[\n\\{(qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, mnqplxyr): qzxwvtnp<mnqplxyr<hjgrksla\\} .\n\\]\n\nIt is therefore one sixth of the integral over the entire cube. The integral over the entire cube is\n\\[\n\\int_{0}^{1} pkjdslre(qzxwvtnp) d qzxwvtnp \\int_{0}^{1} pkjdslre(hjgrksla) d hjgrksla \\int_{0}^{1} pkjdslre(mnqplxyr) d mnqplxyr=\\left(\\int_{0}^{1} pkjdslre(vdfrqskj) d vdfrqskj\\right)^{3}\n\\]\nand the required equation follows."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $n\\ge 4$ be an integer and let $x=(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})\\in[-2,2]^{\\,n}$.  Put  \n\\[\nm(x)=\\min_{1\\le i\\le n}x_{i},\n\\qquad \nM(x)=\\max_{1\\le i\\le n}x_{i}.\n\\]\n\nBecause the set  \n\\[\n\\Xi:=\\bigl\\{x\\in[-2,2]^{\\,n}:\\text{there exist }i\\ne j\\text{ with }x_{i}=x_{j}=m(x)\n\\text{ or }x_{i}=x_{j}=M(x)\\bigr\\}\n\\]\nhas Lebesgue measure $0$, we shall *restrict attention to the full–measure complement*\n$[-2,2]^{\\,n}\\setminus\\Xi$, whose points have pairwise distinct minimal and maximal\ncoordinates.  For such an $x$ there are unique indices  \n\\[\ni_{\\min}\\,,\\,i_{\\max}\\in\\{1,\\dots ,n\\}\\qquad(i_{\\min}\\ne i_{\\max})\n\\]\nsatisfying $x_{i_{\\min}}=m(x)$ and $x_{i_{\\max}}=M(x)$.\nErase these two coordinates and list the remaining indices in their natural\norder:\n\\[\ni_{1}<i_{2}<\\cdots<i_{\\,n-2}\\qquad\n\\bigl\\{i_{1},\\dots ,i_{\\,n-2}\\bigr\\}=\\{1,\\dots ,n\\}\\setminus\\{i_{\\min},i_{\\max}\\}.\n\\]\n\nDefine the “doubly–ordered’’ region  \n\\[\n\\Omega_{n}:=\\Bigl\\{x\\in[-2,2]^{\\,n}\\setminus\\Xi:\\;\nx_{\\,i_{1}}<x_{\\,i_{2}}<\\cdots <x_{\\,i_{\\,n-2}}\\Bigr\\}.\n\\]\n\nEquivalently: drop the unique global minimum and maximum of the vector\nand demand that, *when the remaining $n-2$ coordinates are read from left to right*,\nthey form a strictly increasing sequence.\n\nLet $f:[-2,2]\\to\\mathbb R$ be any Lebesgue–integrable function.  Show that  \n\\[\n\\tag{\\(\\star\\)}\\label{star}\n\\int_{\\Omega_{n}}f(x_{1})\\,f(x_{2})\\cdots f(x_{n})\\;dx_{1}\\dots dx_{n}\n\\;=\\;\n\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}\\,\n\\Bigl(\\,\\int_{-2}^{2}f(t)\\,dt\\Bigr)^{\\!n}.\n\\]\n\nIn particular,\n\n(a) deduce the volume identity  \n\\[\n\\operatorname{Vol}(\\Omega_{n})=\\frac{4^{\\,n}}{(n-2)!},\n\\]\n\n(b) verify \\eqref{star} for the test function $f\\equiv 1$.",
      "solution": "Step 1.  Probabilistic model.  \nLet $U=(U_{1},\\dots ,U_{n})$ be a random vector whose coordinates are i.i.d.\n$\\operatorname{Unif}[-2,2]$.  Its joint density is $4^{-n}$, and for every integrable\n$f$ we have  \n\\[\n\\mathbb{E}\\Bigl[\\prod_{i=1}^{n}f(U_{i})\\Bigr]\n=\\frac{1}{4^{\\,n}}\\Bigl(\\,\\int_{-2}^{2}f\\Bigr)^{\\!n}.\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nIndependently choose a uniformly distributed permutation $\\sigma\\in S_{n}$,\nand write  \n\\[\n\\sigma\\cdot U:=\\bigl(U_{\\sigma^{-1}(1)},\\dots ,U_{\\sigma^{-1}(n)}\\bigr).\n\\]\nBecause $\\sigma$ is independent of $U$, the vector $\\sigma\\cdot U$ is again uniform\non $[-2,2]^{\\,n}$.\n\nStep 2.  Counting admissible permutations.  \nFix a deterministic vector $x\\in[-2,2]^{\\,n}\\setminus\\Xi$, i.e. $x$ has a *unique*\nglobal minimum and maximum.\n  \n(i)  Choose the position of the minimum: $n$ possibilities.  \n(ii) Choose the position of the maximum: $n-1$ possibilities.  \n(iii) Once these two positions are fixed, the remaining $n-2$ values must be\nplaced in strictly increasing order from left to right, which is possible in\nexactly one way.\n\nHence the number of permutations $\\sigma\\in S_{n}$ satisfying\n$\\sigma\\cdot x\\in\\Omega_{n}$ is  \n\\[\nN=n(n-1)=n!\n\\cdot\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}.\n\\]\nConsequently, for every such $x$  \n\\[\n\\mathbb{P}_{\\sigma}\\bigl(\\sigma\\cdot x\\in\\Omega_{n}\\bigr)=\\frac{N}{n!}\n=\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}.\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\nStep 3.  A double–expectation argument.  \nIntroduce the random variable  \n\\[\nY:=\\Bigl(\\prod_{i=1}^{n}f(U_{i})\\Bigr)\\;\n\\mathbf 1_{\\{\\sigma\\cdot U\\in\\Omega_{n}\\}}.\n\\]\n\n(A)  Condition first on $U$.  Using \\eqref{2},\n\\[\n\\mathbb{E}[Y]\n=\n\\mathbb{E}_{U}\\!\\Bigl[\\prod_{i=1}^{n}f(U_{i})\\Bigr]\\cdot\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}\n=\n\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}\\,\\frac{1}{4^{\\,n}}\n\\Bigl(\\,\\int_{-2}^{2}f\\Bigr)^{\\!n}.\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n(B)  Condition first on $\\sigma$.  Because $\\sigma\\cdot U$ is uniform and\nthe product $\\prod f$ is permutation–invariant,\n\\[\n\\mathbb{E}[Y]\n=\n\\frac{1}{4^{\\,n}}\n\\int_{\\Omega_{n}}\\prod_{i=1}^{n}f(x_{i})\\,dx_{1}\\dots dx_{n}.\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\nEquating \\eqref{3} and \\eqref{4} and multiplying by $4^{\\,n}$ yields \\eqref{star}.\n\nStep 4.  Consequences.  \n\n(a) Put $f\\equiv 1$ in \\eqref{star}.  The left‐hand side becomes\n$\\operatorname{Vol}(\\Omega_{n})$ and the right‐hand side equals\n$(n-2)!^{-1}\\,4^{\\,n}$, proving the stated volume formula.\n\n(b) The same substitution confirms \\eqref{star} itself for $f\\equiv 1$.\n\nRemark.  \nThe exceptional set $\\Xi$ (points with non-unique minima or maxima) has Lebesgue\nmeasure $0$; removing it does not affect any of the above integrals.  \nNo tie–breaking rule is therefore needed for the computation, although the\nproblem statement excludes the ambiguity for completeness.",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.389909",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher dimension: the original triple integral (n=3) is replaced by an n-fold integral for arbitrary n≥4.\n2. Additional constraints: apart from a total ordering, we now delete the global minimum and maximum before enforcing a strict order on the remaining variables; this produces a non-standard “doubly-ordered” simplex.\n3. Group-theoretic machinery: determining the multiplicative factor requires analysing the action of Sₙ on the region Ωₙ and counting the stabiliser, not just appealing to naïve symmetry.\n4. Probabilistic & measure-theoretic techniques: the solution translates the integral into expectations of order statistics, employs the joint density of these statistics, and then links measure partitions to group orbits.\n5. Combinatorial subtlety: the factor (n−2)!/n! is not obvious; one must track how many permutations preserve the interior ordering while freely relocating the extremal points.\n\nAltogether the problem forces the solver to blend combinatorics, probability, group actions, and multivariate measure theory—considerably deeper and broader than the original elementary‐calculus identity."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let $n\\ge 4$ be an integer and let $x=(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})\\in[-2,2]^{\\,n}$.  Put  \n\\[\nm(x)=\\min_{1\\le i\\le n}x_{i},\n\\qquad \nM(x)=\\max_{1\\le i\\le n}x_{i}.\n\\]\n\nBecause the set  \n\\[\n\\Xi:=\\bigl\\{x\\in[-2,2]^{\\,n}:\\text{there exist }i\\ne j\\text{ with }x_{i}=x_{j}=m(x)\n\\text{ or }x_{i}=x_{j}=M(x)\\bigr\\}\n\\]\nhas Lebesgue measure $0$, we shall *restrict attention to the full–measure complement*\n$[-2,2]^{\\,n}\\setminus\\Xi$, whose points have pairwise distinct minimal and maximal\ncoordinates.  For such an $x$ there are unique indices  \n\\[\ni_{\\min}\\,,\\,i_{\\max}\\in\\{1,\\dots ,n\\}\\qquad(i_{\\min}\\ne i_{\\max})\n\\]\nsatisfying $x_{i_{\\min}}=m(x)$ and $x_{i_{\\max}}=M(x)$.\nErase these two coordinates and list the remaining indices in their natural\norder:\n\\[\ni_{1}<i_{2}<\\cdots<i_{\\,n-2}\\qquad\n\\bigl\\{i_{1},\\dots ,i_{\\,n-2}\\bigr\\}=\\{1,\\dots ,n\\}\\setminus\\{i_{\\min},i_{\\max}\\}.\n\\]\n\nDefine the “doubly–ordered’’ region  \n\\[\n\\Omega_{n}:=\\Bigl\\{x\\in[-2,2]^{\\,n}\\setminus\\Xi:\\;\nx_{\\,i_{1}}<x_{\\,i_{2}}<\\cdots <x_{\\,i_{\\,n-2}}\\Bigr\\}.\n\\]\n\nEquivalently: drop the unique global minimum and maximum of the vector\nand demand that, *when the remaining $n-2$ coordinates are read from left to right*,\nthey form a strictly increasing sequence.\n\nLet $f:[-2,2]\\to\\mathbb R$ be any Lebesgue–integrable function.  Show that  \n\\[\n\\tag{\\(\\star\\)}\\label{star}\n\\int_{\\Omega_{n}}f(x_{1})\\,f(x_{2})\\cdots f(x_{n})\\;dx_{1}\\dots dx_{n}\n\\;=\\;\n\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}\\,\n\\Bigl(\\,\\int_{-2}^{2}f(t)\\,dt\\Bigr)^{\\!n}.\n\\]\n\nIn particular,\n\n(a) deduce the volume identity  \n\\[\n\\operatorname{Vol}(\\Omega_{n})=\\frac{4^{\\,n}}{(n-2)!},\n\\]\n\n(b) verify \\eqref{star} for the test function $f\\equiv 1$.",
      "solution": "Step 1.  Probabilistic model.  \nLet $U=(U_{1},\\dots ,U_{n})$ be a random vector whose coordinates are i.i.d.\n$\\operatorname{Unif}[-2,2]$.  Its joint density is $4^{-n}$, and for every integrable\n$f$ we have  \n\\[\n\\mathbb{E}\\Bigl[\\prod_{i=1}^{n}f(U_{i})\\Bigr]\n=\\frac{1}{4^{\\,n}}\\Bigl(\\,\\int_{-2}^{2}f\\Bigr)^{\\!n}.\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nIndependently choose a uniformly distributed permutation $\\sigma\\in S_{n}$,\nand write  \n\\[\n\\sigma\\cdot U:=\\bigl(U_{\\sigma^{-1}(1)},\\dots ,U_{\\sigma^{-1}(n)}\\bigr).\n\\]\nBecause $\\sigma$ is independent of $U$, the vector $\\sigma\\cdot U$ is again uniform\non $[-2,2]^{\\,n}$.\n\nStep 2.  Counting admissible permutations.  \nFix a deterministic vector $x\\in[-2,2]^{\\,n}\\setminus\\Xi$, i.e. $x$ has a *unique*\nglobal minimum and maximum.\n  \n(i)  Choose the position of the minimum: $n$ possibilities.  \n(ii) Choose the position of the maximum: $n-1$ possibilities.  \n(iii) Once these two positions are fixed, the remaining $n-2$ values must be\nplaced in strictly increasing order from left to right, which is possible in\nexactly one way.\n\nHence the number of permutations $\\sigma\\in S_{n}$ satisfying\n$\\sigma\\cdot x\\in\\Omega_{n}$ is  \n\\[\nN=n(n-1)=n!\n\\cdot\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}.\n\\]\nConsequently, for every such $x$  \n\\[\n\\mathbb{P}_{\\sigma}\\bigl(\\sigma\\cdot x\\in\\Omega_{n}\\bigr)=\\frac{N}{n!}\n=\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}.\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\nStep 3.  A double–expectation argument.  \nIntroduce the random variable  \n\\[\nY:=\\Bigl(\\prod_{i=1}^{n}f(U_{i})\\Bigr)\\;\n\\mathbf 1_{\\{\\sigma\\cdot U\\in\\Omega_{n}\\}}.\n\\]\n\n(A)  Condition first on $U$.  Using \\eqref{2},\n\\[\n\\mathbb{E}[Y]\n=\n\\mathbb{E}_{U}\\!\\Bigl[\\prod_{i=1}^{n}f(U_{i})\\Bigr]\\cdot\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}\n=\n\\frac{1}{(n-2)!}\\,\\frac{1}{4^{\\,n}}\n\\Bigl(\\,\\int_{-2}^{2}f\\Bigr)^{\\!n}.\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n(B)  Condition first on $\\sigma$.  Because $\\sigma\\cdot U$ is uniform and\nthe product $\\prod f$ is permutation–invariant,\n\\[\n\\mathbb{E}[Y]\n=\n\\frac{1}{4^{\\,n}}\n\\int_{\\Omega_{n}}\\prod_{i=1}^{n}f(x_{i})\\,dx_{1}\\dots dx_{n}.\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n\nEquating \\eqref{3} and \\eqref{4} and multiplying by $4^{\\,n}$ yields \\eqref{star}.\n\nStep 4.  Consequences.  \n\n(a) Put $f\\equiv 1$ in \\eqref{star}.  The left‐hand side becomes\n$\\operatorname{Vol}(\\Omega_{n})$ and the right‐hand side equals\n$(n-2)!^{-1}\\,4^{\\,n}$, proving the stated volume formula.\n\n(b) The same substitution confirms \\eqref{star} itself for $f\\equiv 1$.\n\nRemark.  \nThe exceptional set $\\Xi$ (points with non-unique minima or maxima) has Lebesgue\nmeasure $0$; removing it does not affect any of the above integrals.  \nNo tie–breaking rule is therefore needed for the computation, although the\nproblem statement excludes the ambiguity for completeness.",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.335861",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher dimension: the original triple integral (n=3) is replaced by an n-fold integral for arbitrary n≥4.\n2. Additional constraints: apart from a total ordering, we now delete the global minimum and maximum before enforcing a strict order on the remaining variables; this produces a non-standard “doubly-ordered” simplex.\n3. Group-theoretic machinery: determining the multiplicative factor requires analysing the action of Sₙ on the region Ωₙ and counting the stabiliser, not just appealing to naïve symmetry.\n4. Probabilistic & measure-theoretic techniques: the solution translates the integral into expectations of order statistics, employs the joint density of these statistics, and then links measure partitions to group orbits.\n5. Combinatorial subtlety: the factor (n−2)!/n! is not obvious; one must track how many permutations preserve the interior ordering while freely relocating the extremal points.\n\nAltogether the problem forces the solver to blend combinatorics, probability, group actions, and multivariate measure theory—considerably deeper and broader than the original elementary‐calculus identity."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}