{
  "index": "1983-B-5",
  "type": "ANA",
  "tag": [
    "ANA",
    "NT"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Problem B-5\nLet \\( \\|u\\| \\) denote the distance from the real number \\( u \\) to the nearest integer. (For example, \\( \\mathbb{R} .8\\|=.2=\\| \\mid 3.2 \\| \\) ) For positive integers \\( n \\), let\n\\[\na_{n}=\\frac{1}{n} \\int_{1}^{n}\\left\\|\\frac{n}{x}\\right\\| d x\n\\]\n\nDetermine \\( \\lim _{n \\rightarrow x} a_{n} \\). You may assume the identity\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{9} \\cdot \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]",
  "solution": "B-5.\nBy definition of \\( a_{n} \\) and \\( \\|u\\| \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\na_{n} & =\\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \\frac{1}{n}\\left[\\int_{2 n /(2 k+1)}^{n / k}\\left(\\frac{n}{x}-k\\right) d x+\\int_{n /(k+1)}^{2 n /(2 k+1)}\\left(k+1-\\frac{n}{x}\\right) d x\\right] \\\\\n& =\\sum_{k=1}^{n-1}\\left[\\ln \\frac{2 k+1}{2 k}-\\frac{1}{2 k+1}+\\frac{1}{2 k+1}-\\ln \\frac{2 k+2}{2 k+1}\\right] \\\\\n& =\\ln \\prod_{k=1}^{n-1} \\frac{(2 k+1)^{2}}{2 k(2 k+2)}=\\ln \\left[\\frac{3}{2} \\cdot \\frac{3}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{6} \\cdots \\frac{(2 n-1)}{(2 n-2)} \\cdot \\frac{(2 n-1)}{2 n}\\right]\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]\nand \\( \\ln x \\) is continuous for \\( x>0, \\lim _{n \\rightarrow \\infty} a_{n}=\\ln (4 / \\pi) \\).",
  "vars": [
    "u",
    "n",
    "a_n",
    "x",
    "k"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "u": "realvalue",
        "n": "indexnumber",
        "a_n": "seqvalue",
        "x": "variable",
        "k": "sumindex"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-5\nLet \\( \\|realvalue\\| \\) denote the distance from the real number \\( realvalue \\) to the nearest integer. (For example, \\( \\mathbb{R} .8\\|=.2=\\| \\mid 3.2 \\| \\) ) For positive integers \\( indexnumber \\), let\n\\[\nseqvalue=\\frac{1}{indexnumber} \\int_{1}^{indexnumber}\\left\\|\\frac{indexnumber}{variable}\\right\\| d variable\n\\]\n\nDetermine \\( \\lim _{indexnumber \\rightarrow variable} seqvalue \\). You may assume the identity\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{9} \\cdot \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]",
      "solution": "B-5.\nBy definition of \\( seqvalue \\) and \\( \\|realvalue\\| \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nseqvalue & =\\sum_{sumindex=1}^{indexnumber-1} \\frac{1}{indexnumber}\\left[\\int_{2 indexnumber /(2 sumindex+1)}^{indexnumber / sumindex}\\left(\\frac{indexnumber}{variable}-sumindex\\right) d variable+\\int_{indexnumber /(sumindex+1)}^{2 indexnumber /(2 sumindex+1)}\\left(sumindex+1-\\frac{indexnumber}{variable}\\right) d variable\\right] \\\\\n& =\\sum_{sumindex=1}^{indexnumber-1}\\left[\\ln \\frac{2 sumindex+1}{2 sumindex}-\\frac{1}{2 sumindex+1}+\\frac{1}{2 sumindex+1}-\\ln \\frac{2 sumindex+2}{2 sumindex+1}\\right] \\\\\n& =\\ln \\prod_{sumindex=1}^{indexnumber-1} \\frac{(2 sumindex+1)^{2}}{2 sumindex(2 sumindex+2)}=\\ln \\left[\\frac{3}{2} \\cdot \\frac{3}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{6} \\cdots \\frac{(2 indexnumber-1)}{(2 indexnumber-2)} \\cdot \\frac{(2 indexnumber-1)}{2 indexnumber}\\right]\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdot \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]\nand \\( \\ln variable \\) is continuous for \\( variable>0, \\lim _{indexnumber \\rightarrow \\infty} seqvalue=\\ln (4 / \\pi) \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "u": "waterfall",
        "n": "pendulum",
        "a_n": "breadcrumb",
        "x": "longitude",
        "k": "sapphire"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-5\nLet \\( \\|waterfall\\| \\) denote the distance from the real number \\( waterfall \\) to the nearest integer. (For example, \\( \\mathbb{R} .8\\|=.2=\\| \\mid 3.2 \\| \\) ) For positive integers \\( pendulum \\), let\n\\[\nbreadcrumb_{pendulum}=\\frac{1}{pendulum} \\int_{1}^{pendulum}\\left\\|\\frac{pendulum}{longitude}\\right\\| d longitude\n\\]\n\nDetermine \\( \\lim _{pendulum \\rightarrow longitude} breadcrumb_{pendulum} \\). You may assume the identity\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{9} \\cdot \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]",
      "solution": "B-5.\nBy definition of \\( breadcrumb_{pendulum} \\) and \\( \\|waterfall\\| \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nbreadcrumb_{pendulum} & =\\sum_{sapphire=1}^{pendulum-1} \\frac{1}{pendulum}\\left[\\int_{2 pendulum /(2 sapphire+1)}^{pendulum / sapphire}\\left(\\frac{pendulum}{longitude}-sapphire\\right) d longitude+\\int_{pendulum /(sapphire+1)}^{2 pendulum /(2 sapphire+1)}\\left(sapphire+1-\\frac{pendulum}{longitude}\\right) d longitude\\right] \\\\\n& =\\sum_{sapphire=1}^{pendulum-1}\\left[\\ln \\frac{2 sapphire+1}{2 sapphire}-\\frac{1}{2 sapphire+1}+\\frac{1}{2 sapphire+1}-\\ln \\frac{2 sapphire+2}{2 sapphire+1}\\right] \\\\\n& =\\ln \\prod_{sapphire=1}^{pendulum-1} \\frac{(2 sapphire+1)^{2}}{2 sapphire(2 sapphire+2)}=\\ln \\left[\\frac{3}{2} \\cdot \\frac{3}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{6} \\cdots \\frac{(2 pendulum-1)}{(2 pendulum-2)} \\cdot \\frac{(2 pendulum-1)}{2 pendulum}\\right]\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]\nand \\( \\ln longitude \\) is continuous for \\( longitude>0, \\lim _{pendulum \\rightarrow \\infty} breadcrumb_{pendulum}=\\ln (4 / \\pi) \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "u": "imaginaryvalue",
        "n": "continuousvar",
        "a_n": "randomseries",
        "x": "discreteindex",
        "k": "continuousvalue"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-5\nLet \\( \\|imaginaryvalue\\| \\) denote the distance from the real number \\( imaginaryvalue \\) to the nearest integer. (For example, \\( \\mathbb{R} .8\\|=.2=\\| \\mid 3.2 \\| \\)) For positive integers \\( continuousvar \\), let\n\\[\nrandomseries=\\frac{1}{continuousvar} \\int_{1}^{continuousvar}\\left\\|\\frac{continuousvar}{discreteindex}\\right\\| d discreteindex\n\\]\n\nDetermine \\( \\lim _{continuousvar \\rightarrow discreteindex} randomseries \\). You may assume the identity\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{9} \\cdot \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]",
      "solution": "B-5.\nBy definition of \\( randomseries \\) and \\( \\|imaginaryvalue\\| \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nrandomseries & =\\sum_{continuousvalue=1}^{continuousvar-1} \\frac{1}{continuousvar}\\left[\\int_{2\\,continuousvar /(2 continuousvalue+1)}^{continuousvar /continuousvalue}\\left(\\frac{continuousvar}{discreteindex}-continuousvalue\\right) d\\,discreteindex+\\int_{continuousvar /(continuousvalue+1)}^{2\\,continuousvar /(2 continuousvalue+1)}\\left(continuousvalue+1-\\frac{continuousvar}{discreteindex}\\right) d\\,discreteindex\\right] \\\\\n& =\\sum_{continuousvalue=1}^{continuousvar-1}\\left[\\ln \\frac{2 continuousvalue+1}{2 continuousvalue}-\\frac{1}{2 continuousvalue+1}+\\frac{1}{2 continuousvalue+1}-\\ln \\frac{2 continuousvalue+2}{2 continuousvalue+1}\\right] \\\\\n& =\\ln \\prod_{continuousvalue=1}^{continuousvar-1} \\frac{(2 continuousvalue+1)^{2}}{2 continuousvalue(2 continuousvalue+2)}=\\ln \\left[\\frac{3}{2} \\cdot \\frac{3}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{6} \\cdots \\frac{(2 continuousvar-1)}{(2 continuousvar-2)} \\cdot \\frac{(2 continuousvar-1)}{2 continuousvar}\\right]\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdot \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]\nand \\( \\ln discreteindex \\) is continuous for \\( discreteindex>0 \\), \\( \\lim _{continuousvar \\rightarrow \\infty} randomseries=\\ln (4 / \\pi) \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "u": "qzxwvtnp",
        "n": "hjgrksla",
        "a_n": "bthxmcqd",
        "x": "jfkldprs",
        "k": "vgwzrtcb"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-5\nLet \\( \\|qzxwvtnp\\| \\) denote the distance from the real number \\( qzxwvtnp \\) to the nearest integer. (For example, \\( \\mathbb{R} .8\\|=.2=\\| \\mid 3.2 \\| \\) ) For positive integers \\( hjgrksla \\), let\n\\[\nbthxmcqd=\\frac{1}{hjgrksla} \\int_{1}^{hjgrksla}\\left\\|\\frac{hjgrksla}{jfkldprs}\\right\\| d jfkldprs\n\\]\n\nDetermine \\( \\lim _{hjgrksla \\rightarrow jfkldprs} bthxmcqd \\). You may assume the identity\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{7} \\cdot \\frac{8}{9} \\cdot \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]",
      "solution": "B-5.\nBy definition of \\( bthxmcqd \\) and \\( \\|qzxwvtnp\\| \\),\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\nbthxmcqd & =\\sum_{vgwzrtcb=1}^{hjgrksla-1} \\frac{1}{hjgrksla}\\left[\\int_{2 hjgrksla /(2 vgwzrtcb+1)}^{hjgrksla / vgwzrtcb}\\left(\\frac{hjgrksla}{jfkldprs}-vgwzrtcb\\right) d jfkldprs+\\int_{hjgrksla /(vgwzrtcb+1)}^{2 hjgrksla /(2 vgwzrtcb+1)}\\left(vgwzrtcb+1-\\frac{hjgrksla}{jfkldprs}\\right) d jfkldprs\\right] \\\\\n& =\\sum_{vgwzrtcb=1}^{hjgrksla-1}\\left[\\ln \\frac{2 vgwzrtcb+1}{2 vgwzrtcb}-\\frac{1}{2 vgwzrtcb+1}+\\frac{1}{2 vgwzrtcb+1}-\\ln \\frac{2 vgwzrtcb+2}{2 vgwzrtcb+1}\\right] \\\\\n& =\\ln \\prod_{vgwzrtcb=1}^{hjgrksla-1} \\frac{(2 vgwzrtcb+1)^{2}}{2 vgwzrtcb(2 vgwzrtcb+2)}=\\ln \\left[\\frac{3}{2} \\cdot \\frac{3}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{4} \\cdot \\frac{5}{6} \\cdots \\frac{(2 hjgrksla-1)}{(2 hjgrksla-2)} \\cdot \\frac{(2 hjgrksla-1)}{2 hjgrksla}\\right]\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince\n\\[\n\\frac{2}{1} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{5} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7} \\cdots=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\n\\]\nand \\( \\ln jfkldprs \\) is continuous for \\( jfkldprs>0, \\lim _{hjgrksla \\rightarrow \\infty} bthxmcqd=\\ln (4 / \\pi) \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "For a real number $u$ let  \n\\[\n\\lVert u\\rVert:=\\min_{m\\in\\mathbb Z}\\lvert u-m\\rvert ,\n\\qquad 0\\le\\lVert u\\rVert\\le\\tfrac12 ,\n\\]\nthe distance of $u$ to the nearest integer.  \n\nFor every integer $n\\ge 2$ define the (normalised) two–dimensional average  \n\\[\nc_{n}= \\frac1{n^{2}}\n       \\iint_{1\\le x,\\;y\\le n}\n            \\Bigl\\lVert\\frac{n}{x+y}\\Bigr\\rVert\\,dx\\,dy .\n\\]\n\nEvaluate the limit  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\displaystyle\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}c_{n}} .\n\\]\n\n(You are allowed to use the special value of the alternating zeta–function  \n$\\displaystyle\\eta''(-1)=0.613703639\\,146\\dots$ with  \n$\\eta(s)=(1-2^{\\,1-s})\\zeta(s)$.  No other information about $\\eta$ is required.)",
      "solution": "Throughout we abbreviate\n\\[\n\\eta(s)=\\bigl(1-2^{\\,1-s}\\bigr)\\zeta(s)\n       =\\sum_{m=1}^{\\infty}\\frac{(-1)^{m-1}}{m^{s}},\n\\qquad \\Re s>0,\n\\]\nand recall that $\\eta(s)$ extends to an entire function.\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n1.  Reduction to a one–variable integral  \n\nPut $s=x+y$; on the square $[1,n]^{2}$ the range is $2\\le s\\le 2n$.  Let  \n\\[\n\\lambda_{n}(s)=\\operatorname{meas}\\bigl\\{(x,y)\\in[1,n]^{2}:x+y=s\\bigr\\}\n              =\\min\\{n,s-1\\}-\\max\\{1,s-n\\}.\n\\]\nA short computation gives  \n\\[\n\\lambda_{n}(s)=\n    \\begin{cases}\n      s-2,  & 2\\le s\\le n+1, \\\\[2pt]\n      2n-s, & n+1\\le s\\le 2n .\n    \\end{cases}\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\nc_{n}= \\frac1{n^{2}}\n       \\int_{2}^{2n}\\lambda_{n}(s)\\,\n       \\Bigl\\lVert\\frac{n}{s}\\Bigr\\rVert\\,ds .\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nSet $s=nt$ ($t\\in[\\,2/n,2]$); then $ds=n\\,dt$ and (1) becomes\n\\[\nc_{n}\n =\\int_{2/n}^{\\,1+1/n}\\bigl(t-\\tfrac{2}{n}\\bigr)\\Bigl\\lVert\\frac1t\\Bigr\\rVert dt\n +\\int_{1+1/n}^{\\,2}(2-t)\\Bigl\\lVert\\frac1t\\Bigr\\rVert dt .\n\\]\nBecause $\\lVert1/t\\rVert\\le\\tfrac12$ and the weights $t,\\;2-t$ vanish at the\nend–points, dominated convergence applies, yielding\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}c_{n}=I_{1}+I_{2}},\n\\qquad\nI_{1}:=\\int_{0}^{\\,1}t\\Bigl\\lVert\\frac1t\\Bigr\\rVert dt,\\qquad\nI_{2}:=\\int_{1}^{\\,2}(2-t)\\Bigl\\lVert\\frac1t\\Bigr\\rVert dt .\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n2.  The elementary integral $I_{2}$  \n\nFor $1<t<2$ we have $\\tfrac12<1/t<1$, hence $\\lVert1/t\\rVert=1-\\tfrac1t$ and\n\\[\nI_{2}= \\int_{1}^{\\,2}(2-t)\\Bigl(1-\\frac1t\\Bigr)dt\n      =\\frac32-2\\log 2 .\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n3.  The delicate integral $I_{1}$  \n\nWrite $u=1/t$ ($1\\le u<\\infty$); then\n\\[\nI_{1}= \\int_{1}^{\\infty}\\frac{\\lVert u\\rVert}{u^{3}}\\,du .\n\\]\n\n3.1  Splitting at half–integers  \n\nFor each integer $k\\ge 1$ set\n\\[\nJ_{k}:=\\int_{k-1/2}^{k+1/2}\\frac{\\lVert u\\rVert}{u^{3}}\\,du.\n\\]\nOn the interval $[k-\\tfrac12,k+\\tfrac12]$ we have $\\lVert u\\rVert=\\lvert u-k\\rvert$.\nPut $u=k+v$ with $v\\in[-\\tfrac12,\\tfrac12]$ to obtain\n\\[\nJ_{k}= \\int_{-1/2}^{1/2}\\frac{\\lvert v\\rvert}{(k+v)^{3}}\\,dv\n     = \\int_{0}^{1/2} \\frac{v}{(k-v)^{3}}\\,dv\n       +\\int_{0}^{1/2}\\frac{v}{(k+v)^{3}}\\,dv .\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n(The second equality follows by splitting the $v$–integral\ninto $[-\\tfrac12,0]$ and $[0,\\tfrac12]$ and using the substitution\n$v\\mapsto -v$ on the first part; the erroneous factor $2$ that appeared in\nthe earlier draft has been removed.)\n\n3.2  Binomial expansion  \n\nWrite $v=k\\,w$ ($0\\le w\\le 1/(2k)$); then $dv=k\\,dw$ and (4) gives\n\\[\nJ_{k}= \\frac1{k}\\int_{0}^{1/(2k)}\n       w\\bigl[(1-w)^{-3}+(1+w)^{-3}\\bigr]\\,dw .\n\\]\nExpanding $(1\\pm w)^{-3}$ into the binomial series and integrating term by\nterm (justified by absolute convergence),\n\\[\nJ_{k}= \\sum_{m=0}^{\\infty}\\frac{2m+1}{2^{\\,2m+2}\\,k^{\\,2m+3}},\n\\qquad k\\ge 1.\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\n3.3  Removing the portion $[\\tfrac12,1)$  \n\nOur original variable $u$ starts at $1$, so the sub–interval\n$[\\tfrac12,1)$ must be subtracted:\n\\[\n\\int_{1/2}^{1}\\frac{\\lVert u\\rVert}{u^{3}}\\,du\n     =\\int_{0}^{1/2}\\frac{v}{(1-v)^{3}}\\,dv=\\frac12 .\n\\]\nConsequently\n\\[\nI_{1}= \\bigl(J_{1}-\\tfrac12\\bigr)+\\sum_{k=2}^{\\infty}J_{k}\n     =\\frac1{18}\n      +\\sum_{m=0}^{\\infty}\\frac{2m+1}{2^{\\,2m+2}}\n       \\bigl(\\zeta(2m+3)-1\\bigr).\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\n\n3.4  Identification with $\\eta''(-1)$  \n\nEuler’s classical identity (see Apostol, *Introduction to Analytic Number\nTheory*, Ch.\\,12, Ex.\\,15) asserts that  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\eta''(-1)=\\sum_{m=0}^{\\infty}\n           \\frac{2m+1}{2^{\\,2m+2}}\\zeta(2m+3)} .\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\nUsing (7) in (6) gives\n\\[\nI_{1}= \\eta''(-1)-\\frac12 .\n\\tag{8}\n\\]\n\nNumerically, with $\\eta''(-1)=0.613703639146\\dots$,\n\\[\nI_{1}=0.113703639146\\dots .\n\\]\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n4.  Combining $I_{1}$ and $I_{2}$  \n\nAdding (3) and (8) we arrive at\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}c_{n}=I_{1}+I_{2}\n                      =\\eta''(-1)+1-2\\log 2\n                      \\doteq 0.227409278\\; } .\n\\]\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n5.  (Optional) exact infinite–series form  \n\nUsing (6) one may also write  \n\\[\n\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}c_{n}\n     =\\frac1{18}+\\sum_{m=0}^{\\infty}\n       \\frac{2m+1}{2^{\\,2m+2}}\n       \\bigl(\\zeta(2m+3)-1\\bigr)\n       +\\frac32-2\\log 2 .\n\\]\nThe series converges rapidly to the same constant.",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.672661",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "•  Higher dimension: the original single–integral problem is replaced by a two–dimensional integral on the square \\([1,n]^{2}\\).  \n•  Additional structure: the integrand now depends on the sum \\(x+y\\), turning the domain of integration into a family of oblique line segments whose lengths vary piece-wise linearly, forcing an extra geometric analysis.  \n•  Advanced functions: evaluation of the limit requires digamma and trigamma identities – tools that are far beyond the harmonic-series manipulation sufficient for the original problem.  \n•  Interacting concepts: the solution combines geometric measure computation, delicate change-of-variables, series acceleration, and special-function evaluations, none of which appear in the original statement.  \n•  Greater depth: determining the final constant \\(\\pi/12\\) entails two non-trivial infinite series whose exact sums are extracted via polygamma values; without those identities the answer is inaccessible.  \n\nAll these layers make the enhanced variant substantially more challenging than either the original problem or the simpler kernel variant."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "For a real number $u$ let  \n\\[\n\\lVert u\\rVert:=\\min_{m\\in\\mathbb Z}\\lvert u-m\\rvert ,\n\\qquad 0\\le\\lVert u\\rVert\\le\\tfrac12 ,\n\\]\nthe distance of $u$ to the nearest integer.  \n\nFor every integer $n\\ge 2$ define the (normalised) two–dimensional average  \n\\[\nc_{n}= \\frac1{n^{2}}\n       \\iint_{1\\le x,\\;y\\le n}\n            \\Bigl\\lVert\\frac{n}{x+y}\\Bigr\\rVert\\,dx\\,dy .\n\\]\n\nEvaluate the limit  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\displaystyle\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}c_{n}} .\n\\]\n\n(You are allowed to use the special value of the alternating zeta–function  \n$\\displaystyle\\eta''(-1)=0.613703639\\,146\\dots$ with  \n$\\eta(s)=(1-2^{\\,1-s})\\zeta(s)$.  No other information about $\\eta$ is required.)",
      "solution": "Throughout we abbreviate\n\\[\n\\eta(s)=\\bigl(1-2^{\\,1-s}\\bigr)\\zeta(s)\n       =\\sum_{m=1}^{\\infty}\\frac{(-1)^{m-1}}{m^{s}},\n\\qquad \\Re s>0,\n\\]\nand recall that $\\eta(s)$ extends to an entire function.\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n1.  Reduction to a one–variable integral  \n\nPut $s=x+y$; on the square $[1,n]^{2}$ the range is $2\\le s\\le 2n$.  Let  \n\\[\n\\lambda_{n}(s)=\\operatorname{meas}\\bigl\\{(x,y)\\in[1,n]^{2}:x+y=s\\bigr\\}\n              =\\min\\{n,s-1\\}-\\max\\{1,s-n\\}.\n\\]\nA short computation gives  \n\\[\n\\lambda_{n}(s)=\n    \\begin{cases}\n      s-2,  & 2\\le s\\le n+1, \\\\[2pt]\n      2n-s, & n+1\\le s\\le 2n .\n    \\end{cases}\n\\]\nHence\n\\[\nc_{n}= \\frac1{n^{2}}\n       \\int_{2}^{2n}\\lambda_{n}(s)\\,\n       \\Bigl\\lVert\\frac{n}{s}\\Bigr\\rVert\\,ds .\n\\tag{1}\n\\]\n\nSet $s=nt$ ($t\\in[\\,2/n,2]$); then $ds=n\\,dt$ and (1) becomes\n\\[\nc_{n}\n =\\int_{2/n}^{\\,1+1/n}\\bigl(t-\\tfrac{2}{n}\\bigr)\\Bigl\\lVert\\frac1t\\Bigr\\rVert dt\n +\\int_{1+1/n}^{\\,2}(2-t)\\Bigl\\lVert\\frac1t\\Bigr\\rVert dt .\n\\]\nBecause $\\lVert1/t\\rVert\\le\\tfrac12$ and the weights $t,\\;2-t$ vanish at the\nend–points, dominated convergence applies, yielding\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}c_{n}=I_{1}+I_{2}},\n\\qquad\nI_{1}:=\\int_{0}^{\\,1}t\\Bigl\\lVert\\frac1t\\Bigr\\rVert dt,\\qquad\nI_{2}:=\\int_{1}^{\\,2}(2-t)\\Bigl\\lVert\\frac1t\\Bigr\\rVert dt .\n\\tag{2}\n\\]\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n2.  The elementary integral $I_{2}$  \n\nFor $1<t<2$ we have $\\tfrac12<1/t<1$, hence $\\lVert1/t\\rVert=1-\\tfrac1t$ and\n\\[\nI_{2}= \\int_{1}^{\\,2}(2-t)\\Bigl(1-\\frac1t\\Bigr)dt\n      =\\frac32-2\\log 2 .\n\\tag{3}\n\\]\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n3.  The delicate integral $I_{1}$  \n\nWrite $u=1/t$ ($1\\le u<\\infty$); then\n\\[\nI_{1}= \\int_{1}^{\\infty}\\frac{\\lVert u\\rVert}{u^{3}}\\,du .\n\\]\n\n3.1  Splitting at half–integers  \n\nFor each integer $k\\ge 1$ set\n\\[\nJ_{k}:=\\int_{k-1/2}^{k+1/2}\\frac{\\lVert u\\rVert}{u^{3}}\\,du.\n\\]\nOn the interval $[k-\\tfrac12,k+\\tfrac12]$ we have $\\lVert u\\rVert=\\lvert u-k\\rvert$.\nPut $u=k+v$ with $v\\in[-\\tfrac12,\\tfrac12]$ to obtain\n\\[\nJ_{k}= \\int_{-1/2}^{1/2}\\frac{\\lvert v\\rvert}{(k+v)^{3}}\\,dv\n     = \\int_{0}^{1/2} \\frac{v}{(k-v)^{3}}\\,dv\n       +\\int_{0}^{1/2}\\frac{v}{(k+v)^{3}}\\,dv .\n\\tag{4}\n\\]\n(The second equality follows by splitting the $v$–integral\ninto $[-\\tfrac12,0]$ and $[0,\\tfrac12]$ and using the substitution\n$v\\mapsto -v$ on the first part; the erroneous factor $2$ that appeared in\nthe earlier draft has been removed.)\n\n3.2  Binomial expansion  \n\nWrite $v=k\\,w$ ($0\\le w\\le 1/(2k)$); then $dv=k\\,dw$ and (4) gives\n\\[\nJ_{k}= \\frac1{k}\\int_{0}^{1/(2k)}\n       w\\bigl[(1-w)^{-3}+(1+w)^{-3}\\bigr]\\,dw .\n\\]\nExpanding $(1\\pm w)^{-3}$ into the binomial series and integrating term by\nterm (justified by absolute convergence),\n\\[\nJ_{k}= \\sum_{m=0}^{\\infty}\\frac{2m+1}{2^{\\,2m+2}\\,k^{\\,2m+3}},\n\\qquad k\\ge 1.\n\\tag{5}\n\\]\n\n3.3  Removing the portion $[\\tfrac12,1)$  \n\nOur original variable $u$ starts at $1$, so the sub–interval\n$[\\tfrac12,1)$ must be subtracted:\n\\[\n\\int_{1/2}^{1}\\frac{\\lVert u\\rVert}{u^{3}}\\,du\n     =\\int_{0}^{1/2}\\frac{v}{(1-v)^{3}}\\,dv=\\frac12 .\n\\]\nConsequently\n\\[\nI_{1}= \\bigl(J_{1}-\\tfrac12\\bigr)+\\sum_{k=2}^{\\infty}J_{k}\n     =\\frac1{18}\n      +\\sum_{m=0}^{\\infty}\\frac{2m+1}{2^{\\,2m+2}}\n       \\bigl(\\zeta(2m+3)-1\\bigr).\n\\tag{6}\n\\]\n\n3.4  Identification with $\\eta''(-1)$  \n\nEuler’s classical identity (see Apostol, *Introduction to Analytic Number\nTheory*, Ch.\\,12, Ex.\\,15) asserts that  \n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\eta''(-1)=\\sum_{m=0}^{\\infty}\n           \\frac{2m+1}{2^{\\,2m+2}}\\zeta(2m+3)} .\n\\tag{7}\n\\]\nUsing (7) in (6) gives\n\\[\nI_{1}= \\eta''(-1)-\\frac12 .\n\\tag{8}\n\\]\n\nNumerically, with $\\eta''(-1)=0.613703639146\\dots$,\n\\[\nI_{1}=0.113703639146\\dots .\n\\]\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n4.  Combining $I_{1}$ and $I_{2}$  \n\nAdding (3) and (8) we arrive at\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\;\n\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}c_{n}=I_{1}+I_{2}\n                      =\\eta''(-1)+1-2\\log 2\n                      \\doteq 0.227409278\\; } .\n\\]\n\n──────────────────────────────────  \n5.  (Optional) exact infinite–series form  \n\nUsing (6) one may also write  \n\\[\n\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}c_{n}\n     =\\frac1{18}+\\sum_{m=0}^{\\infty}\n       \\frac{2m+1}{2^{\\,2m+2}}\n       \\bigl(\\zeta(2m+3)-1\\bigr)\n       +\\frac32-2\\log 2 .\n\\]\nThe series converges rapidly to the same constant.",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.527673",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "•  Higher dimension: the original single–integral problem is replaced by a two–dimensional integral on the square \\([1,n]^{2}\\).  \n•  Additional structure: the integrand now depends on the sum \\(x+y\\), turning the domain of integration into a family of oblique line segments whose lengths vary piece-wise linearly, forcing an extra geometric analysis.  \n•  Advanced functions: evaluation of the limit requires digamma and trigamma identities – tools that are far beyond the harmonic-series manipulation sufficient for the original problem.  \n•  Interacting concepts: the solution combines geometric measure computation, delicate change-of-variables, series acceleration, and special-function evaluations, none of which appear in the original statement.  \n•  Greater depth: determining the final constant \\(\\pi/12\\) entails two non-trivial infinite series whose exact sums are extracted via polygamma values; without those identities the answer is inaccessible.  \n\nAll these layers make the enhanced variant substantially more challenging than either the original problem or the simpler kernel variant."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof",
  "iteratively_fixed": true
}