{
  "index": "1982-B-6",
  "type": "GEO",
  "tag": [
    "GEO",
    "ALG",
    "ANA"
  ],
  "difficulty": "",
  "question": "Problem B-6\nLet \\( K(x, y, z) \\) denote the area of a triangle whose sides have lengths \\( x, y \\), and \\( z \\). For any two triangles with sides \\( a, b, c \\) and \\( a^{\\prime}, b^{\\prime}, c^{\\prime} \\), respectively, prove that\n\\[\n\\sqrt{K(a, b, c)}+\\sqrt{K\\left(a^{\\prime}, b^{\\prime}, c^{\\prime}\\right)} \\leqslant \\sqrt{K\\left(a+a^{\\prime}, b+b^{\\prime}, c+c^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nand determine the cases of equality.",
  "solution": "B-6.\nLet \\( s=(a+b+c) / 2, t=s-a, u=s-b, v=s-c \\) and similarly for the primed letters.\nUsing Heron's Formula, the inequality to be proved will follow from\n\\[\n\\sqrt[4]{s t u v}+\\sqrt[4]{s^{\\prime} t^{\\prime} u^{\\prime} v^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt[4]{\\left(s+s^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(t+t^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(u+u^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(v+v^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nfor positive \\( s, t, u, v, s^{\\prime}, t^{\\prime}, u^{\\prime}, v^{\\prime} \\). A simpler analogous inequality that might be helpful is \\( \\sqrt{x y}+\\sqrt{x^{\\prime} y^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(x+x^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(y+y^{\\prime}\\right)} \\) for \\( x, y, x^{\\prime}, y^{\\prime} \\) positive.\nFirst we note that (B) follows from the Cauchy Inequality applied to the vectors \\( \\left(\\sqrt{x}, \\sqrt{x^{\\prime}}\\right) \\) and \\( (\\sqrt{y} \\), \\( \\sqrt{y^{\\prime}} \\) ) [and also follows from \\( \\left(\\sqrt{x y^{\\prime}}-\\sqrt{x^{\\prime} y}\\right)^{2} \\geqslant 0 \\) or from the Inequality on the Means applied to \\( x y^{\\prime} \\) and \\( x^{\\prime} y \\) ]. Using (B) with \\( x=\\sqrt{s t}, x^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{s^{\\prime} t^{\\prime}}, y=\\sqrt{u v}, y^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{u^{\\prime} v^{\\prime}} \\) and reapplying (B) to the new right side, one has\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\sqrt[4]{s t u v}+\\sqrt[4]{s^{\\prime} t^{\\prime} u^{\\prime} v^{\\prime}} & \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(\\sqrt{s t}+\\sqrt{s^{\\prime} t^{\\prime}}\\right)\\left(\\sqrt{u v}+\\sqrt{u^{\\prime} v^{\\prime}}\\right)} \\\\\n& \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\sqrt{\\left(s+s^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(t+t^{\\prime}\\right)} \\sqrt{\\left(u+u^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(v+v^{\\prime}\\right)}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince here the rightmost part equals the right side of \\( (A) \\), we have proved \\( (A) \\).\nEquality holds in (B) if and only if \\( \\sqrt{x}: \\sqrt{x^{\\prime}}=\\sqrt{y}: \\sqrt{y^{\\prime}} \\) and this holds if and only if \\( x: x^{\\prime}=y: y^{\\prime} \\). Hence equality occurs in (A) if and only if \\( s: t: u: v=s^{\\prime}: t^{\\prime}: u^{\\prime}: v^{\\prime} \\). It follows that equality occurs in the original inequality if and only if \\( a, b, c \\) are proportional to \\( a^{\\prime}, b^{\\prime}, c^{\\prime} \\).",
  "vars": [
    "a",
    "b",
    "c",
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",
    "s",
    "t",
    "u",
    "v",
    "K"
  ],
  "params": [],
  "sci_consts": [],
  "variants": {
    "descriptive_long": {
      "map": {
        "a": "sideone",
        "b": "sidetwo",
        "c": "sidethr",
        "x": "varxpos",
        "y": "varypos",
        "z": "varzpos",
        "s": "halfsum",
        "t": "diffone",
        "u": "difftwo",
        "v": "diffthr",
        "K": "areafunc"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-6\nLet \\( areafunc(varxpos, varypos, varzpos) \\) denote the area of a triangle whose sides have lengths \\( varxpos, varypos \\), and \\( varzpos \\). For any two triangles with sides \\( sideone, sidetwo, sidethr \\) and \\( sideone^{\\prime}, sidetwo^{\\prime}, sidethr^{\\prime} \\), respectively, prove that\n\\[\n\\sqrt{areafunc(sideone, sidetwo, sidethr)}+\\sqrt{areafunc\\left(sideone^{\\prime}, sidetwo^{\\prime}, sidethr^{\\prime}\\right)} \\leqslant \\sqrt{areafunc\\left(sideone+sideone^{\\prime}, sidetwo+sidetwo^{\\prime}, sidethr+sidethr^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nand determine the cases of equality.",
      "solution": "B-6.\nLet \\( halfsum=(sideone+sidetwo+sidethr) / 2, diffone=halfsum-sideone, difftwo=halfsum-sidetwo, diffthr=halfsum-sidethr \\) and similarly for the primed letters.\nUsing Heron's Formula, the inequality to be proved will follow from\n\\[\n\\sqrt[4]{halfsum diffone difftwo diffthr}+\\sqrt[4]{halfsum^{\\prime} diffone^{\\prime} difftwo^{\\prime} diffthr^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt[4]{\\left(halfsum+halfsum^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(diffone+diffone^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(difftwo+difftwo^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(diffthr+diffthr^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nfor positive \\( halfsum, diffone, difftwo, diffthr, halfsum^{\\prime}, diffone^{\\prime}, difftwo^{\\prime}, diffthr^{\\prime} \\). A simpler analogous inequality that might be helpful is \\( \\sqrt{varxpos varypos}+\\sqrt{varxpos^{\\prime} varypos^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(varxpos+varxpos^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(varypos+varypos^{\\prime}\\right)} \\) for \\( varxpos, varypos, varxpos^{\\prime}, varypos^{\\prime} \\) positive.\nFirst we note that (B) follows from the Cauchy Inequality applied to the vectors \\( \\left(\\sqrt{varxpos}, \\sqrt{varxpos^{\\prime}}\\right) \\) and \\( (\\sqrt{varypos} , \\sqrt{varypos^{\\prime}} ) \\) [and also follows from \\( \\left(\\sqrt{varxpos varypos^{\\prime}}-\\sqrt{varxpos^{\\prime} varypos}\\right)^{2} \\geqslant 0 \\) or from the Inequality on the Means applied to \\( varxpos varypos^{\\prime} \\) and \\( varxpos^{\\prime} varypos \\) ]. Using (B) with \\( varxpos=\\sqrt{halfsum diffone}, varxpos^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{halfsum^{\\prime} diffone^{\\prime}}, varypos=\\sqrt{difftwo diffthr}, varypos^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{difftwo^{\\prime} diffthr^{\\prime}} \\) and reapplying (B) to the new right side, one has\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\sqrt[4]{halfsum diffone difftwo diffthr}+\\sqrt[4]{halfsum^{\\prime} diffone^{\\prime} difftwo^{\\prime} diffthr^{\\prime}} & \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(\\sqrt{halfsum diffone}+\\sqrt{halfsum^{\\prime} diffone^{\\prime}}\\right)\\left(\\sqrt{difftwo diffthr}+\\sqrt{difftwo^{\\prime} diffthr^{\\prime}}\\right)} \\\\\n& \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\sqrt{\\left(halfsum+halfsum^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(diffone+diffone^{\\prime}\\right)} \\sqrt{\\left(difftwo+difftwo^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(diffthr+diffthr^{\\prime}\\right)}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince here the rightmost part equals the right side of \\( (A) \\), we have proved \\( (A) \\).\nEquality holds in (B) if and only if \\( \\sqrt{varxpos}: \\sqrt{varxpos^{\\prime}}=\\sqrt{varypos}: \\sqrt{varypos^{\\prime}} \\) and this holds if and only if \\( varxpos: varxpos^{\\prime}=varypos: varypos^{\\prime} \\). Hence equality occurs in (A) if and only if \\( halfsum: diffone: difftwo: diffthr=halfsum^{\\prime}: diffone^{\\prime}: difftwo^{\\prime}: diffthr^{\\prime} \\). It follows that equality occurs in the original inequality if and only if \\( sideone, sidetwo, sidethr \\) are proportional to \\( sideone^{\\prime}, sidetwo^{\\prime}, sidethr^{\\prime} \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_confusing": {
      "map": {
        "a": "pinecones",
        "b": "raincloud",
        "c": "streetcar",
        "x": "lighthouse",
        "y": "driftwood",
        "z": "buttercup",
        "s": "dragonfly",
        "t": "honeysuckle",
        "u": "springtime",
        "v": "campfire",
        "K": "raspberry"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-6\nLet \\( raspberry(lighthouse, driftwood, buttercup) \\) denote the area of a triangle whose sides have lengths \\( lighthouse, driftwood \\), and \\( buttercup \\). For any two triangles with sides \\( pinecones, raincloud, streetcar \\) and \\( pinecones^{\\prime}, raincloud^{\\prime}, streetcar^{\\prime} \\), respectively, prove that\n\\[\n\\sqrt{raspberry(pinecones, raincloud, streetcar)}+\\sqrt{raspberry\\left(pinecones^{\\prime}, raincloud^{\\prime}, streetcar^{\\prime}\\right)} \\leqslant \\sqrt{raspberry\\left(pinecones+pinecones^{\\prime}, raincloud+raincloud^{\\prime}, streetcar+streetcar^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nand determine the cases of equality.",
      "solution": "B-6.\nLet \\( dragonfly=(pinecones+raincloud+streetcar) / 2, honeysuckle=dragonfly-pinecones, springtime=dragonfly-raincloud, campfire=dragonfly-streetcar \\) and similarly for the primed letters.\nUsing Heron's Formula, the inequality to be proved will follow from\n\\[\n\\sqrt[4]{dragonfly\\, honeysuckle\\, springtime\\, campfire}+\\sqrt[4]{dragonfly^{\\prime}\\, honeysuckle^{\\prime}\\, springtime^{\\prime}\\, campfire^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt[4]{\\left(dragonfly+dragonfly^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(honeysuckle+honeysuckle^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(springtime+springtime^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(campfire+campfire^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nfor positive \\( dragonfly, honeysuckle, springtime, campfire, dragonfly^{\\prime}, honeysuckle^{\\prime}, springtime^{\\prime}, campfire^{\\prime} \\). A simpler analogous inequality that might be helpful is \\( \\sqrt{lighthouse\\, driftwood}+\\sqrt{lighthouse^{\\prime}\\, driftwood^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(lighthouse+lighthouse^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(driftwood+driftwood^{\\prime}\\right)} \\) for \\( lighthouse, driftwood, lighthouse^{\\prime}, driftwood^{\\prime} \\) positive.\nFirst we note that (B) follows from the Cauchy Inequality applied to the vectors \\( \\left(\\sqrt{lighthouse}, \\sqrt{lighthouse^{\\prime}}\\right) \\) and \\( (\\sqrt{driftwood}, \\sqrt{driftwood^{\\prime}} ) \\) [and also follows from \\( \\left(\\sqrt{lighthouse\\, driftwood^{\\prime}}-\\sqrt{lighthouse^{\\prime}\\, driftwood}\\right)^{2} \\geqslant 0 \\) or from the Inequality on the Means applied to \\( lighthouse\\, driftwood^{\\prime} \\) and \\( lighthouse^{\\prime}\\, driftwood \\) ]. Using (B) with \\( lighthouse=\\sqrt{dragonfly\\, honeysuckle}, lighthouse^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{dragonfly^{\\prime}\\, honeysuckle^{\\prime}}, driftwood=\\sqrt{springtime\\, campfire}, driftwood^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{springtime^{\\prime}\\, campfire^{\\prime}} \\) and reapplying (B) to the new right side, one has\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\sqrt[4]{dragonfly\\, honeysuckle\\, springtime\\, campfire}+\\sqrt[4]{dragonfly^{\\prime}\\, honeysuckle^{\\prime}\\, springtime^{\\prime}\\, campfire^{\\prime}} & \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(\\sqrt{dragonfly\\, honeysuckle}+\\sqrt{dragonfly^{\\prime}\\, honeysuckle^{\\prime}}\\right)\\left(\\sqrt{springtime\\, campfire}+\\sqrt{springtime^{\\prime}\\, campfire^{\\prime}}\\right)} \\\\\n& \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\sqrt{\\left(dragonfly+dragonfly^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(honeysuckle+honeysuckle^{\\prime}\\right)} \\sqrt{\\left(springtime+springtime^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(campfire+campfire^{\\prime}\\right)}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince here the rightmost part equals the right side of \\( (A) \\), we have proved \\( (A) \\).\nEquality holds in (B) if and only if \\( \\sqrt{lighthouse}: \\sqrt{lighthouse^{\\prime}}=\\sqrt{driftwood}: \\sqrt{driftwood^{\\prime}} \\) and this holds if and only if \\( lighthouse: lighthouse^{\\prime}=driftwood: driftwood^{\\prime} \\). Hence equality occurs in (A) if and only if \\( dragonfly: honeysuckle: springtime: campfire=dragonfly^{\\prime}: honeysuckle^{\\prime}: springtime^{\\prime}: campfire^{\\prime} \\). It follows that equality occurs in the original inequality if and only if \\( pinecones, raincloud, streetcar \\) are proportional to \\( pinecones^{\\prime}, raincloud^{\\prime}, streetcar^{\\prime} \\)."
    },
    "descriptive_long_misleading": {
      "map": {
        "a": "anglealpha",
        "b": "anglebeta",
        "c": "anglegamma",
        "x": "vertexone",
        "y": "vertextwo",
        "z": "vertexthr",
        "s": "diameter",
        "t": "radiusbig",
        "u": "radiussml",
        "v": "radiustny",
        "K": "perimeter"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-6\nLet \\( perimeter(vertexone, vertextwo, vertexthr) \\) denote the area of a triangle whose sides have lengths \\( vertexone, vertextwo \\), and \\( vertexthr \\). For any two triangles with sides \\( anglealpha, anglebeta, anglegamma \\) and \\( anglealpha^{\\prime}, anglebeta^{\\prime}, anglegamma^{\\prime} \\), respectively, prove that\n\\[\n\\sqrt{perimeter(anglealpha, anglebeta, anglegamma)}+\\sqrt{perimeter\\left(anglealpha^{\\prime}, anglebeta^{\\prime}, anglegamma^{\\prime}\\right)} \\leqslant \\sqrt{perimeter\\left(anglealpha+anglealpha^{\\prime}, anglebeta+anglebeta^{\\prime}, anglegamma+anglegamma^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nand determine the cases of equality.",
      "solution": "B-6.\nLet \\( diameter=(anglealpha+anglebeta+anglegamma) / 2, radiusbig=diameter-anglealpha, radiussml=diameter-anglebeta, radiustny=diameter-anglegamma \\) and similarly for the primed letters.\nUsing Heron's Formula, the inequality to be proved will follow from\n\\[\n\\sqrt[4]{diameter\\, radiusbig\\, radiussml\\, radiustny}+\\sqrt[4]{diameter^{\\prime}\\, radiusbig^{\\prime}\\, radiussml^{\\prime}\\, radiustny^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt[4]{\\left(diameter+diameter^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(radiusbig+radiusbig^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(radiussml+radiussml^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(radiustny+radiustny^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nfor positive \\( diameter, radiusbig, radiussml, radiustny, diameter^{\\prime}, radiusbig^{\\prime}, radiussml^{\\prime}, radiustny^{\\prime} \\). A simpler analogous inequality that might be helpful is \\( \\sqrt{vertexone\\, vertextwo}+\\sqrt{vertexone^{\\prime}\\, vertextwo^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(vertexone+vertexone^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(vertextwo+vertextwo^{\\prime}\\right)} \\) for \\( vertexone, vertextwo, vertexone^{\\prime}, vertextwo^{\\prime} \\) positive.\nFirst we note that (B) follows from the Cauchy Inequality applied to the vectors \\( \\left(\\sqrt{vertexone}, \\sqrt{vertexone^{\\prime}}\\right) \\) and \\( (\\sqrt{vertextwo} , \\sqrt{vertextwo^{\\prime}} ) \\) [and also follows from \\( \\left(\\sqrt{vertexone\\, vertextwo^{\\prime}}-\\sqrt{vertexone^{\\prime}\\, vertextwo}\\right)^{2} \\geqslant 0 \\) or from the Inequality on the Means applied to \\( vertexone\\, vertextwo^{\\prime} \\) and \\( vertexone^{\\prime}\\, vertextwo \\) ]. Using (B) with \\( vertexone=\\sqrt{diameter\\, radiusbig}, vertexone^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{diameter^{\\prime}\\, radiusbig^{\\prime}}, vertextwo=\\sqrt{radiussml\\, radiustny}, vertextwo^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{radiussml^{\\prime}\\, radiustny^{\\prime}} \\) and reapplying (B) to the new right side, one has\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\sqrt[4]{diameter\\, radiusbig\\, radiussml\\, radiustny}+\\sqrt[4]{diameter^{\\prime}\\, radiusbig^{\\prime}\\, radiussml^{\\prime}\\, radiustny^{\\prime}} & \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(\\sqrt{diameter\\, radiusbig}+\\sqrt{diameter^{\\prime}\\, radiusbig^{\\prime}}\\right)\\left(\\sqrt{radiussml\\, radiustny}+\\sqrt{radiussml^{\\prime}\\, radiustny^{\\prime}}\\right)} \\\\\n& \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\sqrt{\\left(diameter+diameter^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(radiusbig+radiusbig^{\\prime}\\right)} \\sqrt{\\left(radiussml+radiussml^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(radiustny+radiustny^{\\prime}\\right)}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince here the rightmost part equals the right side of \\( (A) \\), we have proved \\( (A) \\).\nEquality holds in (B) if and only if \\( \\sqrt{vertexone}: \\sqrt{vertexone^{\\prime}}=\\sqrt{vertextwo}: \\sqrt{vertextwo^{\\prime}} \\) and this holds if and only if \\( vertexone: vertexone^{\\prime}=vertextwo: vertextwo^{\\prime} \\). Hence equality occurs in (A) if and only if \\( diameter: radiusbig: radiussml: radiustny=diameter^{\\prime}: radiusbig^{\\prime}: radiussml^{\\prime}: radiustny^{\\prime} \\). It follows that equality occurs in the original inequality if and only if \\( anglealpha, anglebeta, anglegamma \\) are proportional to \\( anglealpha^{\\prime}, anglebeta^{\\prime}, anglegamma^{\\prime} \\)."
    },
    "garbled_string": {
      "map": {
        "a": "qzxwvtnp",
        "b": "hjgrksla",
        "c": "mnlpqtzd",
        "x": "vbncjfka",
        "y": "plsdqwer",
        "z": "rtyuioop",
        "s": "zxcvmnbq",
        "t": "asdfghjk",
        "u": "lkjhgfds",
        "v": "poiuytre",
        "K": "qwertyui"
      },
      "question": "Problem B-6\nLet \\( qwertyui(vbncjfka, plsdqwer, rtyuioop) \\) denote the area of a triangle whose sides have lengths \\( vbncjfka, plsdqwer \\), and \\( rtyuioop \\). For any two triangles with sides \\( qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, mnlpqtzd \\) and \\( qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}, hjgrksla^{\\prime}, mnlpqtzd^{\\prime} \\), respectively, prove that\n\\[\n\\sqrt{qwertyui(qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, mnlpqtzd)}+\\sqrt{qwertyui\\left(qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}, hjgrksla^{\\prime}, mnlpqtzd^{\\prime}\\right)} \\leqslant \\sqrt{qwertyui\\left(qzxwvtnp+qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}, hjgrksla+hjgrksla^{\\prime}, mnlpqtzd+mnlpqtzd^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nand determine the cases of equality.",
      "solution": "B-6.\nLet \\( zxcvmnbq=(qzxwvtnp+hjgrksla+mnlpqtzd) / 2, asdfghjk=zxcvmnbq-qzxwvtnp, lkjhgfds=zxcvmnbq-hjgrksla, poiuytre=zxcvmnbq-mnlpqtzd \\) and similarly for the primed letters.\nUsing Heron's Formula, the inequality to be proved will follow from\n\\[\n\\sqrt[4]{zxcvmnbq asdfghjk lkjhgfds poiuytre}+\\sqrt[4]{zxcvmnbq^{\\prime} asdfghjk^{\\prime} lkjhgfds^{\\prime} poiuytre^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt[4]{\\left(zxcvmnbq+zxcvmnbq^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(asdfghjk+asdfghjk^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(lkjhgfds+lkjhgfds^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(poiuytre+poiuytre^{\\prime}\\right)}\n\\]\nfor positive \\( zxcvmnbq, asdfghjk, lkjhgfds, poiuytre, zxcvmnbq^{\\prime}, asdfghjk^{\\prime}, lkjhgfds^{\\prime}, poiuytre^{\\prime} \\). A simpler analogous inequality that might be helpful is \\( \\sqrt{vbncjfka plsdqwer}+\\sqrt{vbncjfka^{\\prime} plsdqwer^{\\prime}} \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(vbncjfka+vbncjfka^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(plsdqwer+plsdqwer^{\\prime}\\right)} \\) for \\( vbncjfka, plsdqwer, vbncjfka^{\\prime}, plsdqwer^{\\prime} \\) positive.\nFirst we note that (B) follows from the Cauchy Inequality applied to the vectors \\( \\left(\\sqrt{vbncjfka}, \\sqrt{vbncjfka^{\\prime}}\\right) \\) and \\( (\\sqrt{plsdqwer} , \\sqrt{plsdqwer^{\\prime}} ) \\) [and also follows from \\( \\left(\\sqrt{vbncjfka plsdqwer^{\\prime}}-\\sqrt{vbncjfka^{\\prime} plsdqwer}\\right)^{2} \\geqslant 0 \\) or from the Inequality on the Means applied to \\( vbncjfka plsdqwer^{\\prime} \\) and \\( vbncjfka^{\\prime} plsdqwer \\) ]. Using (B) with \\( vbncjfka=\\sqrt{zxcvmnbq asdfghjk}, vbncjfka^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{zxcvmnbq^{\\prime} asdfghjk^{\\prime}}, plsdqwer=\\sqrt{lkjhgfds poiuytre}, plsdqwer^{\\prime}=\\sqrt{lkjhgfds^{\\prime} poiuytre^{\\prime}} \\) and reapplying (B) to the new right side, one has\n\\[\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\sqrt[4]{zxcvmnbq asdfghjk lkjhgfds poiuytre}+\\sqrt[4]{zxcvmnbq^{\\prime} asdfghjk^{\\prime} lkjhgfds^{\\prime} poiuytre^{\\prime}} & \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\left(\\sqrt{zxcvmnbq asdfghjk}+\\sqrt{zxcvmnbq^{\\prime} asdfghjk^{\\prime}}\\right)\\left(\\sqrt{lkjhgfds poiuytre}+\\sqrt{lkjhgfds^{\\prime} poiuytre^{\\prime}}\\right)} \\\\\n& \\leqslant \\sqrt{\\sqrt{\\left(zxcvmnbq+zxcvmnbq^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(asdfghjk+asdfghjk^{\\prime}\\right)} \\sqrt{\\left(lkjhgfds+lkjhgfds^{\\prime}\\right)\\left(poiuytre+poiuytre^{\\prime}\\right)}}\n\\end{aligned}\n\\]\n\nSince here the rightmost part equals the right side of \\( (A) \\), we have proved \\( (A) \\).\nEquality holds in (B) if and only if \\( \\sqrt{vbncjfka}: \\sqrt{vbncjfka^{\\prime}}=\\sqrt{plsdqwer}: \\sqrt{plsdqwer^{\\prime}} \\) and this holds if and only if \\( vbncjfka: vbncjfka^{\\prime}=plsdqwer: plsdqwer^{\\prime} \\). Hence equality occurs in (A) if and only if \\( zxcvmnbq: asdfghjk: lkjhgfds: poiuytre=zxcvmnbq^{\\prime}: asdfghjk^{\\prime}: lkjhgfds^{\\prime}: poiuytre^{\\prime} \\). It follows that equality occurs in the original inequality if and only if \\( qzxwvtnp, hjgrksla, mnlpqtzd \\) are proportional to \\( qzxwvtnp^{\\prime}, hjgrksla^{\\prime}, mnlpqtzd^{\\prime} \\)."
    },
    "kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let  \n\n  𝑇 := { (a,b,c) ∈ ℝ³ : a,b,c > 0 and the three triangle inequalities hold }  \n\nbe the (open) cone of ordered triples that occur as the side–lengths of\nnon-degenerate Euclidean triangles.\n\nFor L = (a,b,c)∈𝑇 put  \n\n  s(L)=½(a+b+c),  K(L)=√{s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)}                    (Heron)  \n\nand define the functional  \n\n  ‖L‖ := K(L)^{1/2} = [ s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c) ]^{1/4}.              (1)\n\nThroughout write L=(a,b,c), L′=(a′,b′,c′),\nand L+L′=(a+a′,b+b′,c+c′).\n\n(a) (Binary Brunn–Minkowski inequality on 𝑇)  \n Show that for all L,L′∈𝑇  \n\n    ‖L‖ + ‖L′‖ ≤ ‖L+L′‖.                                     (★)\n\n(b) Determine when equality holds in (★) and prove that this happens\niff the two triangles are similar, i.e. a:a′=b:b′=c:c′.\n\n(c) Finite sums, Jensen–type inequalities, and geometry of the\nsuper-/sub-level sets.\n\n (i) (k-fold Brunn–Minkowski)  \n  For every integer k ≥ 2 and L₁,…,L_k∈𝑇 prove  \n\n    ‖L₁+⋯+L_k‖ ≥ ‖L₁‖+⋯+‖L_k‖.                             (2)\n\n (ii) Homogeneity, concavity, Jensen inequality, and radial behaviour.  \n\n  • Show that ‖·‖ is positively homogeneous of degree 1:  \n    ‖λL‖ = λ‖L‖ for every λ ≥ 0.\n\n  • Show that ‖·‖ is concave (but not strictly concave) on 𝑇; more\n    precisely, for λ∈[0,1]  \n\n    ‖(1−λ)L+λL′‖ ≥ (1−λ)‖L‖+λ‖L′‖.                        (3)\n\n    Equality in (3) occurs iff L and L′ are proportional.\n\n  • Hence, for non-negative coefficients λ₁,…,λ_k with Σλ_i = 1,  \n\n    ‖Σλ_iL_i‖ ≥ Σλ_i‖L_i‖          (Jensen type).      (4)\n\n  For every t > 0 define the super- and sub-level sets  \n\n    C_t := { L∈𝑇 ; ‖L‖ ≥ t },                              (5)\n    B_t := { L∈𝑇 ; ‖L‖ ≤ t }.                              (6)\n\n  (b) Radial behaviour inside C_t.  \n   For fixed t > 0 and L∈C_t set  \n\n    τ(L,t) := t/‖L‖ ∈ (0,1].                                (7)\n\n   Prove that for λ>0 one has λL∈C_t ⇔ λ ≥ τ(L,t).  In\n   particular,  \n    – if L lies on the boundary ∂C_t (i.e. ‖L‖ = t), then  \n     λL∈C_t iff λ ≥ 1;  \n    – if L is an interior point (‖L‖ > t), then λL exits C_t\n     precisely when 0 < λ < τ(L,t).  \n\n   Deduce that C_t is closed under radial enlargement (λ≥1) but\n   not under arbitrary radial contraction, so C_t is not a cone in\n   the usual sense.\n\n  (c) Show that B_t is radially star-shaped (i.e. if L∈B_t then\n   { μL : 0≤μ≤1 }⊂B_t) and that B_t is never convex when t>0.\n\n (iii) Strict convexity of the super-level sets.  \n  Show that for every t>0 the set C_t is strictly convex, i.e. its\n  boundary ∂C_t contains no non-trivial line segment, and give an\n  explicit algebraic description of ∂C_t.\n\n  [Hint: work with ln‖·‖ instead of ‖·‖.]\n\nThe principal novelty lies in parts (c)(ii)–(iii), which require a\ncareful analysis of the concave but positively homogeneous functional\n(1) on the non-linear cone 𝑇.",
      "solution": "We retain the abbreviations  \n\n s=½(a+b+c),   t=s−a,   u=s−b,   v=s−c,  \n s′=½(a′+b′+c′),  t′=s′−a′, etc.                             (8)\n\nso that  \n\n ‖L‖ = (stuv)^{¼},    ‖L′‖ = (s′t′u′v′)^{¼}.                (9)\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \nLemma 1 (Cauchy in quadratic form).  \nFor all x,y,x′,y′>0  \n\n √{xy}+√{x′y′} ≤ √{(x+x′)(y+y′)},                        (10)\n\nwith equality iff x:x′ = y:y′.\n\nProof. Squaring (10) gives the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for the\nvectors (√x,√x′) and (√y,√y′). ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(a) Binary inequality (★).\n\nApply Lemma 1 with  \n\n x = √{st},    x′ = √{s′t′},    y = √{uv},    y′ = √{u′v′},\n\nand apply it once more to the resulting factors:\n\n ‖L‖+‖L′‖  \n  = √{√{st}·√{uv}} + √{√{s′t′}·√{u′v′}}  \n  ≤ √{(√{st}+√{s′t′})(√{uv}+√{u′v′})}                     (11)\n\n  ≤ √{√{(s+s′)(t+t′)}·√{(u+u′)(v+v′)}}                   (12)\n\n  = (STUV)^{¼} = ‖L+L′‖,\n\nwhere  \n\n S := s+s′,   T:=S−(a+a′),   U:=S−(b+b′),   V:=S−(c+c′).   (13)\n\nHence (★) is proved. ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(b) Equality in (★).\n\nEquality must hold in both applications of Lemma 1, yielding  \n\n √{st}:√{s′t′}=√{uv}:√{u′v′} and s:s′=t:t′=u:u′=v:v′.     (14)\n\nBecause s−a=t etc., this is equivalent to a:a′=b:b′=c:c′; i.e. the\ntriangles are similar. Conversely, similarity forces equality\nthroughout. ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(c)(i) k-fold inequality (2).\n\nInduction on k. The case k=2 is (★).  \nAssume (2) holds for k−1 triangles and set Σ=L₁+⋯+L_{k−1}. Then  \n\n ‖Σ‖ ≥ ‖L₁‖+⋯+‖L_{k−1}‖.                                (15)\n\nApplying (★) to Σ and L_k gives  \n\n ‖Σ+L_k‖ ≥ ‖Σ‖+‖L_k‖.                                    (16)\n\nCombining (15)–(16) yields (2). ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(c)(ii) Homogeneity, concavity, Jensen, and radial behaviour.\n\n1. Positive homogeneity. From (1)  \n\n ‖λL‖ = λ‖L‖ for all λ ≥ 0, L∈𝑇.                        (17)\n\n2. Concavity and Jensen.  \nFor λ∈[0,1] write (1−λ)L+λL′ = λ₁L+λ₂L′ with λ₁=1−λ, λ₂=λ.\nUsing (17) and (★),  \n\n ‖(1−λ)L+λL′‖ = ‖λ₁L+λ₂L′‖  \n         ≥ λ₁‖L‖+λ₂‖L′‖,                             (18)\n\nwhich proves concavity. Equality occurs precisely when L,L′ are\nproportional—see part (b).  \nIterating (18) with L = Σλ_iL_i gives the Jensen inequality (4).\n\n3. Geometry of C_t and B_t.\n\n(a) Convexity of C_t.  \nGiven L_i∈C_t and non-negative λ_i with Σλ_i=1, inequality (4)\nimplies ‖Σλ_iL_i‖ ≥ t, so Σλ_iL_i∈C_t. Thus C_t is convex.\n\n(b) Radial behaviour inside C_t.  \nFix t>0 and L∈C_t.  Put τ := t/‖L‖ ∈ (0,1].  \nFor λ>0, homogeneity (17) gives  \n\n ‖λL‖ = λ‖L‖ ≥ t ⇔ λ ≥ t/‖L‖ = τ.                      (19)\n\nHence λL∈C_t iff λ≥τ.  Notice:\n\n – If ‖L‖ = t (boundary point), then τ=1 and λL∈C_t ⇔ λ≥1.  \n – If ‖L‖ > t (interior point), then 0<τ<1 and λL exits C_t\n  precisely when 0<λ<τ.\n\nConsequently C_t is closed under radial enlargement (λ≥1) but not\nunder arbitrary contraction; thus C_t is not a cone.\n\n(c) Star-shapedness and non-convexity of B_t.  \nIf L∈B_t and μ∈[0,1], then ‖μL‖=μ‖L‖≤‖L‖≤t, so μL∈B_t; hence B_t is\nradially star-shaped.  Pick two non-proportional points L₀,L₁ on\n∂B_t (‖L₀‖=‖L₁‖=t).  Strictness of (18) yields\n\n ‖½(L₀+L₁)‖ > ½‖L₀‖+½‖L₁‖ = t,                          (20)\n\nso the midpoint lies outside B_t.  Therefore B_t is never convex for\nt>0. ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(c)(iii) Strict convexity of C_t and its boundary.\n\nIntroduce  \n\n f(L):=ln‖L‖ = ¼[ln s + ln(s−a) + ln(s−b) + ln(s−c)].   (21)\n\nEach logarithm is strictly concave on (0,∞); therefore f is strictly\nconcave on 𝑇.  The boundary of C_t is\n\n ∂C_t = { L∈𝑇 ; f(L)=ln t }.                             (22)\n\nTake distinct, non-proportional L₀,L₁∈∂C_t and λ∈(0,1).  \nStrict concavity gives\n\n f(λL₀+(1−λ)L₁) > λf(L₀)+(1−λ)f(L₁)=ln t               (23)\n\nso λL₀+(1−λ)L₁ lies in the interior of C_t.  \nHence ∂C_t contains no non-trivial line segment and C_t is strictly\nconvex.  Expanding (22) with Heron’s formula provides the explicit\nequation  \n\n s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c) = t⁴.                                  (24)\n\nFor t=1 this recovers the special level surface mentioned earlier. ∎",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T19:09:31.667374",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher dimension: the problem moves from planar triangles (\\(n=2\\))\n   to arbitrary \\(n\\)-dimensional simplices, introducing\n   Cayley–Menger determinants and multi-index edge data of\n   size \\(\\binom{n+1}{2}\\).\n\n2. Additional structures: the solution relies on deep results of\n   convex-geometry (Brunn–Minkowski theorem, homothety characterisation\n   of the equality case) instead of a string of elementary Cauchy\n   estimates.\n\n3. Interacting concepts: the proof blends linear-algebraic\n   constructions (edge-direction frames and determinants), convex–body\n   summation, and analytic properties of the volume functional.\n\n4. Extended scope: part (c) requires verification of *all* norm\n   axioms, forcing the solver to pass from two summands to an arbitrary\n   finite combination and to check positive homogeneity through the\n   scaling behaviour of determinants.\n\n5. Equality analysis: identifying the precise proportionality pattern\n   of the entire edge array is substantially subtler than the\n   two-dimensional counterpart, because now every pair of vertices\n   contributes an edge whose ratio must match the global scaling factor.\n\nConsequently the variant is considerably more technical and conceptual\nthan both the original problem and the previous kernel version while\nremaining fully solvable."
      }
    },
    "original_kernel_variant": {
      "question": "Let  \n\n  𝑇 := { (a,b,c) ∈ ℝ³ : a,b,c > 0 and the three triangle inequalities hold }  \n\nbe the (open) cone of ordered triples that occur as the side–lengths of\nnon-degenerate Euclidean triangles.\n\nFor L = (a,b,c)∈𝑇 put  \n\n  s(L)=½(a+b+c),  K(L)=√{s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)}                    (Heron)  \n\nand define the functional  \n\n  ‖L‖ := K(L)^{1/2} = [ s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c) ]^{1/4}.              (1)\n\nThroughout write L=(a,b,c), L′=(a′,b′,c′),\nand L+L′=(a+a′,b+b′,c+c′).\n\n(a) (Binary Brunn–Minkowski inequality on 𝑇)  \n Show that for all L,L′∈𝑇  \n\n    ‖L‖ + ‖L′‖ ≤ ‖L+L′‖.                                     (★)\n\n(b) Determine when equality holds in (★) and prove that this happens\niff the two triangles are similar, i.e. a:a′=b:b′=c:c′.\n\n(c) Finite sums, Jensen–type inequalities, and geometry of the\nsuper-/sub-level sets.\n\n (i) (k-fold Brunn–Minkowski)  \n  For every integer k ≥ 2 and L₁,…,L_k∈𝑇 prove  \n\n    ‖L₁+⋯+L_k‖ ≥ ‖L₁‖+⋯+‖L_k‖.                             (2)\n\n (ii) Homogeneity, concavity, Jensen inequality, and radial behaviour.  \n\n  • Show that ‖·‖ is positively homogeneous of degree 1:  \n    ‖λL‖ = λ‖L‖ for every λ ≥ 0.\n\n  • Show that ‖·‖ is concave (but not strictly concave) on 𝑇; more\n    precisely, for λ∈[0,1]  \n\n    ‖(1−λ)L+λL′‖ ≥ (1−λ)‖L‖+λ‖L′‖.                        (3)\n\n    Equality in (3) occurs iff L and L′ are proportional.\n\n  • Hence, for non-negative coefficients λ₁,…,λ_k with Σλ_i = 1,  \n\n    ‖Σλ_iL_i‖ ≥ Σλ_i‖L_i‖          (Jensen type).      (4)\n\n  For every t > 0 define the super- and sub-level sets  \n\n    C_t := { L∈𝑇 ; ‖L‖ ≥ t },                              (5)\n    B_t := { L∈𝑇 ; ‖L‖ ≤ t }.                              (6)\n\n  (b) Radial behaviour inside C_t.  \n   For fixed t > 0 and L∈C_t set  \n\n    τ(L,t) := t/‖L‖ ∈ (0,1].                                (7)\n\n   Prove that for λ>0 one has λL∈C_t ⇔ λ ≥ τ(L,t).  In\n   particular,  \n    – if L lies on the boundary ∂C_t (i.e. ‖L‖ = t), then  \n     λL∈C_t iff λ ≥ 1;  \n    – if L is an interior point (‖L‖ > t), then λL exits C_t\n     precisely when 0 < λ < τ(L,t).  \n\n   Deduce that C_t is closed under radial enlargement (λ≥1) but\n   not under arbitrary radial contraction, so C_t is not a cone in\n   the usual sense.\n\n  (c) Show that B_t is radially star-shaped (i.e. if L∈B_t then\n   { μL : 0≤μ≤1 }⊂B_t) and that B_t is never convex when t>0.\n\n (iii) Strict convexity of the super-level sets.  \n  Show that for every t>0 the set C_t is strictly convex, i.e. its\n  boundary ∂C_t contains no non-trivial line segment, and give an\n  explicit algebraic description of ∂C_t.\n\n  [Hint: work with ln‖·‖ instead of ‖·‖.]\n\nThe principal novelty lies in parts (c)(ii)–(iii), which require a\ncareful analysis of the concave but positively homogeneous functional\n(1) on the non-linear cone 𝑇.",
      "solution": "We retain the abbreviations  \n\n s=½(a+b+c),   t=s−a,   u=s−b,   v=s−c,  \n s′=½(a′+b′+c′),  t′=s′−a′, etc.                             (8)\n\nso that  \n\n ‖L‖ = (stuv)^{¼},    ‖L′‖ = (s′t′u′v′)^{¼}.                (9)\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \nLemma 1 (Cauchy in quadratic form).  \nFor all x,y,x′,y′>0  \n\n √{xy}+√{x′y′} ≤ √{(x+x′)(y+y′)},                        (10)\n\nwith equality iff x:x′ = y:y′.\n\nProof. Squaring (10) gives the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for the\nvectors (√x,√x′) and (√y,√y′). ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(a) Binary inequality (★).\n\nApply Lemma 1 with  \n\n x = √{st},    x′ = √{s′t′},    y = √{uv},    y′ = √{u′v′},\n\nand apply it once more to the resulting factors:\n\n ‖L‖+‖L′‖  \n  = √{√{st}·√{uv}} + √{√{s′t′}·√{u′v′}}  \n  ≤ √{(√{st}+√{s′t′})(√{uv}+√{u′v′})}                     (11)\n\n  ≤ √{√{(s+s′)(t+t′)}·√{(u+u′)(v+v′)}}                   (12)\n\n  = (STUV)^{¼} = ‖L+L′‖,\n\nwhere  \n\n S := s+s′,   T:=S−(a+a′),   U:=S−(b+b′),   V:=S−(c+c′).   (13)\n\nHence (★) is proved. ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(b) Equality in (★).\n\nEquality must hold in both applications of Lemma 1, yielding  \n\n √{st}:√{s′t′}=√{uv}:√{u′v′} and s:s′=t:t′=u:u′=v:v′.     (14)\n\nBecause s−a=t etc., this is equivalent to a:a′=b:b′=c:c′; i.e. the\ntriangles are similar. Conversely, similarity forces equality\nthroughout. ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(c)(i) k-fold inequality (2).\n\nInduction on k. The case k=2 is (★).  \nAssume (2) holds for k−1 triangles and set Σ=L₁+⋯+L_{k−1}. Then  \n\n ‖Σ‖ ≥ ‖L₁‖+⋯+‖L_{k−1}‖.                                (15)\n\nApplying (★) to Σ and L_k gives  \n\n ‖Σ+L_k‖ ≥ ‖Σ‖+‖L_k‖.                                    (16)\n\nCombining (15)–(16) yields (2). ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(c)(ii) Homogeneity, concavity, Jensen, and radial behaviour.\n\n1. Positive homogeneity. From (1)  \n\n ‖λL‖ = λ‖L‖ for all λ ≥ 0, L∈𝑇.                        (17)\n\n2. Concavity and Jensen.  \nFor λ∈[0,1] write (1−λ)L+λL′ = λ₁L+λ₂L′ with λ₁=1−λ, λ₂=λ.\nUsing (17) and (★),  \n\n ‖(1−λ)L+λL′‖ = ‖λ₁L+λ₂L′‖  \n         ≥ λ₁‖L‖+λ₂‖L′‖,                             (18)\n\nwhich proves concavity. Equality occurs precisely when L,L′ are\nproportional—see part (b).  \nIterating (18) with L = Σλ_iL_i gives the Jensen inequality (4).\n\n3. Geometry of C_t and B_t.\n\n(a) Convexity of C_t.  \nGiven L_i∈C_t and non-negative λ_i with Σλ_i=1, inequality (4)\nimplies ‖Σλ_iL_i‖ ≥ t, so Σλ_iL_i∈C_t. Thus C_t is convex.\n\n(b) Radial behaviour inside C_t.  \nFix t>0 and L∈C_t.  Put τ := t/‖L‖ ∈ (0,1].  \nFor λ>0, homogeneity (17) gives  \n\n ‖λL‖ = λ‖L‖ ≥ t ⇔ λ ≥ t/‖L‖ = τ.                      (19)\n\nHence λL∈C_t iff λ≥τ.  Notice:\n\n – If ‖L‖ = t (boundary point), then τ=1 and λL∈C_t ⇔ λ≥1.  \n – If ‖L‖ > t (interior point), then 0<τ<1 and λL exits C_t\n  precisely when 0<λ<τ.\n\nConsequently C_t is closed under radial enlargement (λ≥1) but not\nunder arbitrary contraction; thus C_t is not a cone.\n\n(c) Star-shapedness and non-convexity of B_t.  \nIf L∈B_t and μ∈[0,1], then ‖μL‖=μ‖L‖≤‖L‖≤t, so μL∈B_t; hence B_t is\nradially star-shaped.  Pick two non-proportional points L₀,L₁ on\n∂B_t (‖L₀‖=‖L₁‖=t).  Strictness of (18) yields\n\n ‖½(L₀+L₁)‖ > ½‖L₀‖+½‖L₁‖ = t,                          (20)\n\nso the midpoint lies outside B_t.  Therefore B_t is never convex for\nt>0. ∎\n\n\n\n––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––  \n(c)(iii) Strict convexity of C_t and its boundary.\n\nIntroduce  \n\n f(L):=ln‖L‖ = ¼[ln s + ln(s−a) + ln(s−b) + ln(s−c)].   (21)\n\nEach logarithm is strictly concave on (0,∞); therefore f is strictly\nconcave on 𝑇.  The boundary of C_t is\n\n ∂C_t = { L∈𝑇 ; f(L)=ln t }.                             (22)\n\nTake distinct, non-proportional L₀,L₁∈∂C_t and λ∈(0,1).  \nStrict concavity gives\n\n f(λL₀+(1−λ)L₁) > λf(L₀)+(1−λ)f(L₁)=ln t               (23)\n\nso λL₀+(1−λ)L₁ lies in the interior of C_t.  \nHence ∂C_t contains no non-trivial line segment and C_t is strictly\nconvex.  Expanding (22) with Heron’s formula provides the explicit\nequation  \n\n s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c) = t⁴.                                  (24)\n\nFor t=1 this recovers the special level surface mentioned earlier. ∎",
      "metadata": {
        "replaced_from": "harder_variant",
        "replacement_date": "2025-07-14T01:37:45.523503",
        "was_fixed": false,
        "difficulty_analysis": "1. Higher dimension: the problem moves from planar triangles (\\(n=2\\))\n   to arbitrary \\(n\\)-dimensional simplices, introducing\n   Cayley–Menger determinants and multi-index edge data of\n   size \\(\\binom{n+1}{2}\\).\n\n2. Additional structures: the solution relies on deep results of\n   convex-geometry (Brunn–Minkowski theorem, homothety characterisation\n   of the equality case) instead of a string of elementary Cauchy\n   estimates.\n\n3. Interacting concepts: the proof blends linear-algebraic\n   constructions (edge-direction frames and determinants), convex–body\n   summation, and analytic properties of the volume functional.\n\n4. Extended scope: part (c) requires verification of *all* norm\n   axioms, forcing the solver to pass from two summands to an arbitrary\n   finite combination and to check positive homogeneity through the\n   scaling behaviour of determinants.\n\n5. Equality analysis: identifying the precise proportionality pattern\n   of the entire edge array is substantially subtler than the\n   two-dimensional counterpart, because now every pair of vertices\n   contributes an edge whose ratio must match the global scaling factor.\n\nConsequently the variant is considerably more technical and conceptual\nthan both the original problem and the previous kernel version while\nremaining fully solvable."
      }
    }
  },
  "checked": true,
  "problem_type": "proof"
}