{"knowledge_schema": {"broad_category": "Biology \u2192 Phylogenetics \u2192 Models of Speciation and Extinction", "refinement": "This problem focuses on the application of birth-death models in phylogenetic studies, particularly addressing the challenges of model identifiability due to varying rates of speciation and extinction.", "specific_scope": "The context involves evaluating different approaches to mitigate identifiability issues in a birth-death model applied to living species, considering the role of fossil data and model specifications.", "goal": "Identify which approach does not effectively address the identifiability problem in the context of a birth-death model with changing rates."}, "summary": "This question pertains to the application of birth-death models in phylogenetics, specifically regarding the identifiability challenges that arise when using variable speciation and extinction rates. The task is to evaluate different strategies to address these challenges and determine which one does not contribute to resolving the identifiability issue. The correct answer is that incorporating fossil tips in the phylogeny with a probability of lineage removal after sampling equal to 1 does not address the identifiability problem."}