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\begin{document}
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% \title{Priority-Aware Pathological Hierarchy Training for Multiple Instance Learning}
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\title{Priority-Aware Clinical Pathology Hierarchy Training for Multiple Instance Learning}
\titlerunning{Priority-Aware Clinical Pathology Hierarchy Training for MIL}

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\author{Sungrae Hong\inst{1}\orcidlink{0009-0009-9653-6662} \and
Kyungeun Kim\inst{2}\orcidlink{0000-0001-7938-4673} \and
Juhyeon Kim\inst{1}\orcidlink{0009-0006-3825-6118} \and
Sol Lee\inst{1}\orcidlink{0009-0004-6520-2137} \and \\
Jisu Shin\inst{1}\orcidlink{0009-0008-8256-4788} \and
Chanjae Song\inst{1}\orcidlink{0009-0004-9909-7670} \and
Mun Yong Yi\thanks{Corresponding Author}\inst{1}\orcidlink{0000-0003-1784-8983}}

\authorrunning{Sungrae Hong et al.}

\institute{Graduate School of Data Science, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea\\
\email{\{sr5043, wedsed123, leesol4553, jisu3389, chan4535, munyi\}@kaist.ac.kr} \and
Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul, South Korea\\
\email{kekim@mf.seegene.com}}






    
\maketitle              % typeset the header of the contribution
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\begin{abstract}
Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is increasingly being used as a support tool within clinical settings for pathological diagnosis decisions, achieving high performance and removing the annotation burden. However, existing approaches for clinical MIL tasks have not adequately addressed the priority issues that exist in relation to pathological symptoms and diagnostic classes, causing MIL models to ignore priority among classes. To overcome this clinical limitation of MIL, we propose a new method that addresses priority issues using two hierarchies: vertical \textit{inter-hierarchy} and horizontal \textit{intra-hierarchy}. The proposed method aligns MIL predictions across each hierarchical level and employs an implicit feature re-usability during training to facilitate clinically more serious classes within the same level. Experiments with real-world patient data show that the proposed method effectively reduces misdiagnosis and prioritizes more important symptoms in multiclass scenarios. Further analysis verifies the efficacy of the proposed components and qualitatively confirms the MIL predictions against challenging cases with multiple symptoms.

\keywords{Multiclass Priority \and Class Hierarchy \and Multiple Instance Learning.}
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\end{abstract}


\input{1.Introduction}
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