\begin{thebibliography}{31}
\providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1}
\providecommand{\url}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax
  \providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi: #1}\else
  \providecommand{\doi}{doi: \begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}\fi

\bibitem[Bergomi et~al.(2024)Bergomi, Buonocore, Antonazzo, Alberghi, Bellazzi,
  Preda, Bortolotto, and Parimbelli]{bergomi2024reshaping}
Laura Bergomi, Tommaso~M Buonocore, Paolo Antonazzo, Lorenzo Alberghi, Riccardo
  Bellazzi, Lorenzo Preda, Chandra Bortolotto, and Enea Parimbelli.
\newblock Reshaping free-text radiology notes into structured reports with
  generative transformers.
\newblock \emph{arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.18938}, 2024.

\bibitem[Cao et~al.(2022)Cao, Wan, Shen, and Gao]{cao2022informative}
Yunkang Cao, Qian Wan, Weiming Shen, and Liang Gao.
\newblock Informative knowledge distillation for image anomaly segmentation.
\newblock \emph{Knowledge-Based Systems}, 248:\penalty0 108846, 2022.

\bibitem[Cao et~al.(2024)Cao, Xu, Sun, Gao, and Shen]{10402554}
Yunkang Cao, Xiaohao Xu, Chen Sun, Liang Gao, and Weiming Shen.
\newblock Bias: Incorporating biased knowledge to boost unsupervised image
  anomaly localization.
\newblock \emph{IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems},
  54\penalty0 (4):\penalty0 2342--2353, 2024.
\newblock \doi{10.1109/TSMC.2023.3344383}.

\bibitem[Carter et~al.(2020)Carter, Rosado-de Christenson, Lichtenberger~III,
  and Mart{\'\i}nez-Jim{\'e}nez]{chestCTsurvey}
Brett~W Carter, Melissa~L Rosado-de Christenson, John~P Lichtenberger~III, and
  Santiago Mart{\'\i}nez-Jim{\'e}nez.
\newblock \emph{ExpertDDx: Chest}.
\newblock Elsevier Health Sciences, 2020.

\bibitem[Chen et~al.(2024)Chen, Zou, Guo, Huang, Huang, Qin, Li, and
  Wang]{chen2024scunet++}
Yifei Chen, Binfeng Zou, Zhaoxin Guo, Yiyu Huang, Yifan Huang, Feiwei Qin,
  Qinhai Li, and Changmiao Wang.
\newblock Scunet++: Swin-unet and cnn bottleneck hybrid architecture with
  multi-fusion dense skip connection for pulmonary embolism ct image
  segmentation.
\newblock In \emph{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on
  Applications of Computer Vision}, pages 7759--7767, 2024.

\bibitem[Draelos et~al.(2021)Draelos, Dov, Mazurowski, Lo, Henao, Rubin, and
  Carin]{RAD-ChestCT}
Rachel~Lea Draelos, David Dov, Maciej~A Mazurowski, Joseph~Y Lo, Ricardo Henao,
  Geoffrey~D Rubin, and Lawrence Carin.
\newblock Machine-learning-based multiple abnormality prediction with
  large-scale chest computed tomography volumes.
\newblock \emph{Medical image analysis}, 67:\penalty0 101857, 2021.

\bibitem[Fang et~al.(2024)Fang, Zhu, Chen, Zou, Jia, Qiu, Liu, Huang, Feng,
  Qin, et~al.]{fang2024gfe}
Zhaojie Fang, Shenghao Zhu, Yifei Chen, Binfeng Zou, Fan Jia, Linwei Qiu, Chang
  Liu, Yiyu Huang, Xiang Feng, Feiwei Qin, et~al.
\newblock Gfe-mamba: Mamba-based ad multi-modal progression assessment via
  generative feature extraction from mci.
\newblock \emph{arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.15719}, 2024.

\bibitem[Hamamci et~al.(2024)Hamamci, Er, Almas, et~al.]{ct-clip}
Ibrahim~Ethem Hamamci, Sezgin Er, Furkan Almas, et~al.
\newblock Developing generalist foundation models from a multimodal dataset for
  3d computed tomography.
\newblock \emph{PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square}, October
  2024.
\newblock \doi{10.21203/rs.3.rs-5271327/v1}.
\newblock URL \url{https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5271327/v1}.

\bibitem[Huang et~al.(2023)Huang, Liu, Luo, and Yang]{10222528}
Yiming Huang, Guole Liu, Yaoru Luo, and Ge~Yang.
\newblock Adfa: Attention-augmented differentiable top-k feature adaptation for
  unsupervised medical anomaly detection.
\newblock In \emph{2023 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing
  (ICIP)}, pages 206--210, 2023.
\newblock \doi{10.1109/ICIP49359.2023.10222528}.

\bibitem[Karimi et~al.(2020)Karimi, Dou, Warfield, and
  Gholipour]{karimi2020deep}
Davood Karimi, Haoran Dou, Simon~K Warfield, and Ali Gholipour.
\newblock Deep learning with noisy labels: Exploring techniques and remedies in
  medical image analysis.
\newblock \emph{Medical image analysis}, 65:\penalty0 101759, 2020.

\bibitem[Khanna et~al.(2020)Khanna, Londhe, and Gupta]{khanna2020automated}
Anita Khanna, Narendra~Digambar Londhe, and Shubhrata Gupta.
\newblock Automated localized approach for airway segmentation in 3d chest ct
  volume.
\newblock \emph{Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal}, 13\penalty0 (4):\penalty0
  1671--1682, 2020.

\bibitem[Liu et~al.(2023{\natexlab{a}})Liu, Guo, Lyu, Xie, Xu, Lou, Yong, and
  Dai]{report_method3}
Aohan Liu, Yuchen Guo, Jinhao Lyu, Jing Xie, Feng Xu, Xin Lou, Jun-hai Yong,
  and Qionghai Dai.
\newblock Automatic intracranial abnormality detection and localization in head
  ct scans by learning from free-text reports.
\newblock \emph{Cell Reports Medicine}, 4\penalty0 (9), 2023{\natexlab{a}}.

\bibitem[Liu et~al.(2023{\natexlab{b}})Liu, Jiao, and Chen]{liu2023skip}
Mingxuan Liu, Yunrui Jiao, and Hong Chen.
\newblock Skip-st: Anomaly detection for medical images using student-teacher
  network with skip connections.
\newblock In \emph{2023 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems
  (ISCAS)}, pages 1--5. IEEE, 2023{\natexlab{b}}.

\bibitem[Liu et~al.(2024)Liu, Jiao, Lu, and Chen]{10540605}
Mingxuan Liu, Yunrui Jiao, Jingqiao Lu, and Hong Chen.
\newblock Anomaly detection for medical images using teacher–student model
  with skip connections and multiscale anomaly consistency.
\newblock \emph{IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement},
  73:\penalty0 1--15, 2024.
\newblock \doi{10.1109/TIM.2024.3406792}.

\bibitem[Loshchilov and Hutter(2017)]{AdamW}
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter.
\newblock Decoupled weight decay regularization.
\newblock In \emph{International Conference on Learning Representations}, 2017.
\newblock URL \url{https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53592270}.

\bibitem[Ma et~al.(2020)Ma, Ge, Wang, An, Gao, Yu, Zhang, Liu, Deng, Cao, Wei,
  Mei, Yang, Nie, Li, Tian, Zhu, Zhu, Dong, and He]{covid-ct}
Jun Ma, Cheng Ge, Yixin Wang, Xingle An, Jiantao Gao, Ziqi Yu, Minqing Zhang,
  Xin Liu, Xueyuan Deng, Shucheng Cao, Hao Wei, Sen Mei, Xiaoyu Yang, Ziwei
  Nie, Chen Li, Lu~Tian, Yuntao Zhu, Qiongjie Zhu, Guoqiang Dong, and Jian He.
\newblock Covid-19 ct lung and infection segmentation dataset (version 1.0),
  2020.
\newblock URL \url{https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3757476}.
\newblock [Data set].

\bibitem[Ma et~al.(2021)Ma, Wang, An, Ge, Yu, Chen, Zhu, Dong, He, He,
  et~al.]{covidCTdataset}
Jun Ma, Yixin Wang, Xingle An, Cheng Ge, Ziqi Yu, Jianan Chen, Qiongjie Zhu,
  Guoqiang Dong, Jian He, Zhiqiang He, et~al.
\newblock Toward data-efficient learning: A benchmark for covid-19 ct lung and
  infection segmentation.
\newblock \emph{Medical physics}, 48\penalty0 (3):\penalty0 1197--1210, 2021.

\bibitem[Miliard(2024)]{healthcareitnews2025}
Mike Miliard.
\newblock Ai is transforming imaging, with fda approvals continuing apace,
  2024.
\newblock URL
  \url{https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/ai-transforming-imaging-fda-approvals-continuing-apace}.
\newblock Accessed: 2025-03-07.

\bibitem[Mumoli et~al.(2021)Mumoli, Bonaventura, Colombo, Vecchié, Cei,
  Vitale, Pavan, Mazzone, and Dentali]{MUMOLI-COVID19}
Nicola Mumoli, Aldo Bonaventura, Alessandra Colombo, Alessandra Vecchié, Marco
  Cei, José Vitale, Luca Pavan, Antonino Mazzone, and Francesco Dentali.
\newblock Lung function and symptoms in post–covid-19 patients: A
  single-center experience.
\newblock \emph{Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality \& Outcomes},
  5\penalty0 (5):\penalty0 907--915, 2021.

\bibitem[Radford et~al.(2021)Radford, Kim, Hallacy, Ramesh, Goh, Agarwal,
  Sastry, Askell, Mishkin, Clark, et~al.]{radford2021learning}
Alec Radford, Jong~Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh,
  Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark,
  et~al.
\newblock Learning transferable visual models from natural language
  supervision.
\newblock In \emph{International conference on machine learning}, pages
  8748--8763. PMLR, 2021.

\bibitem[Rajpurkar et~al.(2022)Rajpurkar, Chen, Banerjee, and
  Topol]{rajpurkar2022ai}
Pranav Rajpurkar, Emma Chen, Oishi Banerjee, and Eric~J Topol.
\newblock Ai in health and medicine.
\newblock \emph{Nature medicine}, 28\penalty0 (1):\penalty0 31--38, 2022.

\bibitem[Rolnick et~al.(2017)Rolnick, Veit, Belongie, and
  Shavit]{Rolnick2017DeepLI}
David Rolnick, Andreas Veit, Serge~J. Belongie, and Nir Shavit.
\newblock Deep learning is robust to massive label noise.
\newblock \emph{ArXiv}, abs/1705.10694, 2017.
\newblock URL \url{https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3511978}.

\bibitem[Ronneberger et~al.(2015)Ronneberger, Fischer, and
  Brox]{Ronneberger2015UNetCN}
Olaf Ronneberger, Philipp Fischer, and Thomas Brox.
\newblock U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation.
\newblock \emph{ArXiv}, abs/1505.04597, 2015.
\newblock URL \url{https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3719281}.

\bibitem[Sato et~al.(2024)Sato, Sugimoto, Suzuki, Wataya, Kita, Nishigaki,
  Tomiyama, Hiraoka, Hori, Takeda, Kido, and Tomiyama]{report_method2}
Junya Sato, Kento Sugimoto, Yuki Suzuki, Tomohiro Wataya, Kosuke Kita, Daiki
  Nishigaki, Miyuki Tomiyama, Yu~Hiraoka, Masatoshi Hori, Toshihiro Takeda,
  Shoji Kido, and Noriyuki Tomiyama.
\newblock Annotation-free multi-organ anomaly detection in abdominal ct using
  free-text radiology reports: a multi-centre retrospective study.
\newblock \emph{eBioMedicine}, 110:\penalty0 105463, 2024.
\newblock ISSN 2352-3964.
\newblock \doi{10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105463}.
\newblock URL
  \url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352396424004997}.

\bibitem[Tushar et~al.(2021)Tushar, D’Anniballe, Hou, Mazurowski, Fu, Samei,
  Rubin, and Lo]{report_method1}
Fakrul~Islam Tushar, Vincent~M D’Anniballe, Rui Hou, Maciej~A Mazurowski,
  Wanyi Fu, Ehsan Samei, Geoffrey~D Rubin, and Joseph~Y Lo.
\newblock Classification of multiple diseases on body ct scans using weakly
  supervised deep learning.
\newblock \emph{Radiology: Artificial Intelligence}, 4\penalty0 (1):\penalty0
  e210026, 2021.

\bibitem[Xing et~al.(2024)Xing, Ye, Yang, Liu, and
  Zhu]{Xin_SegMamba_MICCAI2024}
Zhaohu Xing, Tian Ye, Yijun Yang, Guang Liu, and Lei Zhu.
\newblock { SegMamba: Long-range Sequential Modeling Mamba For 3D Medical Image
  Segmentation }.
\newblock In \emph{proceedings of Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted
  Intervention -- MICCAI 2024}, volume LNCS 15008. Springer Nature Switzerland,
  October 2024.

\bibitem[Xu et~al.(2022)Xu, Wang, Ye, Wu, Chen, Xu, Zhu, Chen, Zhou, Hu, Qu,
  Kido, and Tomiyama]{9746715}
Rui Xu, Yufeng Wang, Xinchen Ye, Pengcheng Wu, Yen-Wei Chen, Fangyi Xu, Wenchao
  Zhu, Chao Chen, Yong Zhou, Hongjie Hu, Xiaofeng Qu, Shoji Kido, and Noriyuki
  Tomiyama.
\newblock Pixel-level and affinity-level knowledge distillation for
  unsupervised segmentation of covid-19 lesions.
\newblock In \emph{ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on
  Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)}, pages 1376--1380, 2022.
\newblock \doi{10.1109/ICASSP43922.2022.9746715}.

\bibitem[Yan et~al.(2022)Yan, McAuley, Lu, Du, Chang, Gentili, and
  Hsu]{radbert}
An~Yan, Julian McAuley, Xing Lu, Jiang Du, Eric~Y Chang, Amilcare Gentili, and
  Chun-Nan Hsu.
\newblock Radbert: adapting transformer-based language models to radiology.
\newblock \emph{Radiology: Artificial Intelligence}, 4\penalty0 (4):\penalty0
  e210258, 2022.

\bibitem[Yang et~al.(2024)Yang, Zhang, Gichoya, Katabi, and
  Ghassemi]{yang2024limits}
Yuzhe Yang, Haoran Zhang, Judy~W Gichoya, Dina Katabi, and Marzyeh Ghassemi.
\newblock The limits of fair medical imaging ai in real-world generalization.
\newblock \emph{Nature Medicine}, 30\penalty0 (10):\penalty0 2838, 2024.

\bibitem[Zhang et~al.(2024)Zhang, Wu, Zhao, Lei, Zhang, Wang, and
  Xie]{radgenome}
Xiaoman Zhang, Chaoyi Wu, Ziheng Zhao, Jiayu Lei, Ya~Zhang, Yanfeng Wang, and
  Weidi Xie.
\newblock Radgenome-chest ct: A grounded vision-language dataset for chest ct
  analysis.
\newblock \emph{arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.16754}, 2024.

\bibitem[Zhao et~al.(2024)Zhao, Zhang, Wu, Zhang, Zhang, Wang, and Xie]{sat}
Ziheng Zhao, Yao Zhang, Chaoyi Wu, Xiaoman Zhang, Ya~Zhang, Yanfeng Wang, and
  Weidi Xie.
\newblock One model to rule them all: Towards universal segmentation for
  medical images with text prompts, 2024.
\newblock URL \url{https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.17183}.

\end{thebibliography}
