/*********************                                                        */
/*! \file cdhashmap.h
 ** \verbatim
 ** Top contributors (to current version):
 **   Morgan Deters, Tim King, Dejan Jovanovic
 ** This file is part of the CVC4 project.
 ** Copyright (c) 2009-2019 by the authors listed in the file AUTHORS
 ** in the top-level source directory) and their institutional affiliations.
 ** All rights reserved.  See the file COPYING in the top-level source
 ** directory for licensing information.\endverbatim
 **
 ** \brief Context-dependent map class.
 **
 ** Context-dependent map class.  Generic templated class for a map
 ** which must be saved and restored as contexts are pushed and
 ** popped.  Requires that operator= be defined for the data class,
 ** and operator== for the key class.  For key types that don't have a
 ** std::hash<>, you should provide an explicit HashFcn.
 **
 ** See also:
 **  CDInsertHashMap : An "insert-once" CD hash map.
 **  CDTrailHashMap : A lightweight CD hash map with poor iteration
 **    characteristics and some quirks in usage.
 **
 ** Internal documentation:
 **
 ** CDHashMap<> is something of a work in progress at present (26 May
 ** 2010), due to some recent discoveries of problems with its
 ** internal state.  Here are some notes on the internal use of
 ** CDOhash_maps that may be useful in figuring out this mess:
 **
 **     So you have a CDHashMap<>.
 **
 **     You insert some (key,value) pairs.  Each allocates a CDOhash_map<>
 **     and goes on a doubly-linked list headed by map.d_first and
 **     threaded via CDOhash_map.{d_prev,d_next}.  CDOhash_maps are constructed
 **     with a NULL d_map pointer, but then immediately call
 **     makeCurrent() and set the d_map pointer back to the map.  At
 **     context level 0, this doesn't lead to anything special.  In
 **     higher context levels, this stores away a CDOhash_map with a NULL
 **     map pointer at level 0, and a non-NULL map pointer in the
 **     current context level.  (Remember that for later.)
 **
 **     When a key is associated to a new value in a CDHashMap, its
 **     associated CDOhash_map calls makeCurrent(), then sets the new
 **     value.  The save object is also a CDOhash_map (allocated in context
 **     memory).
 **
 **     Now, CDOhash_maps disappear in a variety of ways.
 **
 **     First, you might pop beyond a "modification of the value"
 **     scope level, requiring a re-association of the key to an old
 **     value.  This is easy.  CDOhash_map::restore() does the work, and
 **     the context memory of the save object is reclaimed as usual.
 **
 **     Second, you might pop beyond a "insert the key" scope level,
 **     requiring that the key be completely removed from the map and
 **     its CDOhash_map object memory freed.  Here, the CDOhash_map is restored
 **     to a "NULL-map" state (see above), signaling it to remove
 **     itself from the map completely and put itself on a "trash
 **     list" for its scope.
 **
 **     Third, you might delete the cdhashmap(calling CDHashMap::~CDHashMap()).
 **     This first calls destroy(), as per ContextObj contract, but
 **     cdhashmapdoesn't save/restore itself, so that does nothing at the
 **     CDHashMap-level. Then, for each element in the map, it marks it as being
 **     "part of a complete map destruction", which essentially short-circuits
 **     CDOhash_map::restore() (see CDOhash_map::restore()), then deallocates
 **     it.
 **
 **     Fourth, you might clear() the CDHashMap.  This does exactly the
 **     same as CDHashMap::~CDHashMap(), except that it doesn't call destroy()
 **     on itself.
 **
 **     ContextObj::deleteSelf() calls the CDOhash_map destructor, then
 **     frees the memory associated to the CDOhash_map.  CDOhash_map::~CDOhash_map()
 **     calls destroy(), which restores as much as possible.
 **/

#include "cvc4_private.h"

#ifndef CVC4__CONTEXT__CDHASHMAP_H
#define CVC4__CONTEXT__CDHASHMAP_H

#include <cstddef>
#include <functional>
#include <iterator>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>

#include "base/check.h"
#include "context/cdhashmap_forward.h"
#include "context/context.h"

namespace CVC4 {
namespace context {

// Auxiliary class: almost the same as CDO (see cdo.h)

template <class Key, class Data, class HashFcn = std::hash<Key> >
class CDOhash_map : public ContextObj {
  friend class CDHashMap<Key, Data, HashFcn>;

 public:
  // The type of the <Key, Data> pair mapped by this class.
  //
  // Implementation:
  // The data and key visible to users of CDHashMap are only visible through
  // const references. Thus the type of dereferencing a
  // CDHashMap<Key, Data>::iterator.second is intended to always be a
  // `const Data&`. (Otherwise, to get a Data& safely, access operations
  // would need to makeCurrent() to get the Data&, which is an unacceptable
  // performance hit.) To allow for the desired updating in other scenarios, we
  // store a std::pair<const Key, const Data> and break the const encapsulation
  // when necessary.
  using value_type = std::pair<const Key, const Data>;

 private:
  value_type d_value;

  // See documentation of value_type for why this is needed.
  Key& mutable_key() { return const_cast<Key&>(d_value.first); }
  // See documentation of value_type for why this is needed.
  Data& mutable_data() { return const_cast<Data&>(d_value.second); }

  CDHashMap<Key, Data, HashFcn>* d_map;

  // Doubly-linked list for keeping track of elements in order of insertion
  CDOhash_map* d_prev;
  CDOhash_map* d_next;

  ContextObj* save(ContextMemoryManager* pCMM) override
  {
    return new(pCMM) CDOhash_map(*this);
  }

  void restore(ContextObj* data) override
  {
    CDOhash_map* p = static_cast<CDOhash_map*>(data);
    if(d_map != NULL) {
      if(p->d_map == NULL) {
        Assert(d_map->d_map.find(getKey()) != d_map->d_map.end()
               && (*d_map->d_map.find(getKey())).second == this);
        // no longer in map (popped beyond first level in which it was)
        d_map->d_map.erase(getKey());
        // If we call deleteSelf() here, it re-enters restore().  So,
        // put it on a "trash heap" instead, for later deletion.
        //
        // FIXME multithreading
        if(d_map->d_first == this) {
          Debug("gc") << "remove first-elem " << this << " from map " << d_map << " with next-elem " << d_next << std::endl;
          if(d_next == this) {
            Assert(d_prev == this);
            d_map->d_first = NULL;
          } else {
            d_map->d_first = d_next;
          }
        } else {
          Debug("gc") << "remove nonfirst-elem " << this << " from map " << d_map << std::endl;
        }
        d_next->d_prev = d_prev;
        d_prev->d_next = d_next;

        Debug("gc") << "CDHashMap<> trash push_back " << this << std::endl;
        // this->deleteSelf();
        enqueueToGarbageCollect();
      } else {
        mutable_data() = p->get();
      }
    }
    // Explicitly call destructors for the key and the data as they will not
    // otherwise get called.
    p->mutable_key().~Key();
    p->mutable_data().~Data();
  }

  /** ensure copy ctor is only called by us */
  CDOhash_map(const CDOhash_map& other)
      : ContextObj(other),
        // don't need to save the key---and if we do we can get
        // refcounts for Node keys messed up and leak memory
        d_value(Key(), other.d_value.second),
        d_map(other.d_map),
        d_prev(NULL),
        d_next(NULL)
  {
  }
  CDOhash_map& operator=(const CDOhash_map&) = delete;

 public:
  CDOhash_map(Context* context,
              CDHashMap<Key, Data, HashFcn>* map,
              const Key& key,
              const Data& data,
              bool atLevelZero = false)
      : ContextObj(false, context), d_value(key, data), d_map(NULL)
  {
    if(atLevelZero) {
      // "Initializing" map insertion: this entry will never be
      // removed from the map, it's inserted at level 0 as an
      // "initializing" element.  See
      // CDHashMap<>::insertAtContextLevelZero().
      mutable_data() = data;
    } else {
      // Normal map insertion: first makeCurrent(), then set the data
      // and then, later, the map.  Order is important; we can't
      // initialize d_map in the constructor init list above, because
      // we want the restore of d_map to NULL to signal us to remove
      // the element from the map.

      set(data);
    }
    d_map = map;

    CDOhash_map*& first = d_map->d_first;
    if(first == NULL) {
      first = d_next = d_prev = this;
      Debug("gc") << "add first-elem " << this << " to map " << d_map << std::endl;
    } else {
      Debug("gc") << "add nonfirst-elem " << this << " to map " << d_map << " with first-elem " << first << "[" << first->d_prev << " " << first->d_next << std::endl;
      d_prev = first->d_prev;
      d_next = first;
      d_prev->d_next = this;
      first->d_prev = this;
    }
  }

  ~CDOhash_map() {
    destroy();
  }

  void set(const Data& data) {
    makeCurrent();
    mutable_data() = data;
  }

  const Key& getKey() const { return d_value.first; }

  const Data& get() const { return d_value.second; }

  const value_type& getValue() const { return d_value; }

  operator Data() {
    return get();
  }

  const Data& operator=(const Data& data) {
    set(data);
    return data;
  }

  CDOhash_map* next() const {
    if(d_next == d_map->d_first) {
      return NULL;
    } else {
      return d_next;
    }
  }
};/* class CDOhash_map<> */


/**
 * Generic templated class for a map which must be saved and restored
 * as contexts are pushed and popped.  Requires that operator= be
 * defined for the data class, and operator== for the key class.
 */
template <class Key, class Data, class HashFcn>
class CDHashMap : public ContextObj {

  typedef CDOhash_map<Key, Data, HashFcn> Element;
  typedef std::unordered_map<Key, Element*, HashFcn> table_type;

  friend class CDOhash_map<Key, Data, HashFcn>;

  table_type d_map;

  Element* d_first;
  Context* d_context;

  // Nothing to save; the elements take care of themselves
  ContextObj* save(ContextMemoryManager* pCMM) override
  {
    Unreachable();
    SuppressWrongNoReturnWarning;
  }

  // Similarly, nothing to restore
  void restore(ContextObj* data) override { Unreachable(); }

  // no copy or assignment
  CDHashMap(const CDHashMap&) = delete;
  CDHashMap& operator=(const CDHashMap&) = delete;

public:
  CDHashMap(Context* context)
    : ContextObj(context), d_map(), d_first(NULL), d_context(context) {}

  ~CDHashMap() {
    Debug("gc") << "cdhashmap" << this << " disappearing, destroying..."
                << std::endl;
    destroy();
    Debug("gc") << "cdhashmap" << this << " disappearing, done destroying"
                << std::endl;
    clear();
  }

  void clear() {
    Debug("gc") << "clearing cdhashmap" << this << ", emptying trash"
                << std::endl;
    Debug("gc") << "done emptying trash for " << this << std::endl;

    for (auto& key_element_pair : d_map) {
      // mark it as being a destruction (short-circuit restore())
      Element* element = key_element_pair.second;
      element->d_map = nullptr;
      element->deleteSelf();
    }
    d_map.clear();
    d_first = nullptr;
  }

  // The usual operators of map

  size_t size() const {
    return d_map.size();
  }

  bool empty() const {
    return d_map.empty();
  }

  size_t count(const Key& k) const {
    return d_map.count(k);
  }

  // If a key is not present, a new object is created and inserted
  Element& operator[](const Key& k) {
    typename table_type::iterator i = d_map.find(k);

    Element* obj;
    if(i == d_map.end()) {// create new object
      obj = new(true) Element(d_context, this, k, Data());
      d_map.insert(std::make_pair(k, obj));
    } else {
      obj = (*i).second;
    }
    return *obj;
  }

  bool insert(const Key& k, const Data& d) {
    typename table_type::iterator i = d_map.find(k);

    if(i == d_map.end()) {// create new object
      Element* obj = new(true) Element(d_context, this, k, d);
      d_map.insert(std::make_pair(k, obj));
      return true;
    } else {
      (*i).second->set(d);
      return false;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Version of insert() for CDHashMap<> that inserts data value d at
   * context level zero.  This is a special escape hatch for inserting
   * "initializing" data into the map.  Imagine something happens at a
   * deep context level L that causes insertion into a map, such that
   * the object should have an "initializing" value v1 below context
   * level L, and a "current" value v2 at context level L.  Then you
   * can (assuming key k):
   *
   *   map.insertAtContextLevelZero(k, v1);
   *   map.insert(k, v2);
   *
   * The justification for this "escape hatch" has to do with
   * variables and assignments in theories (e.g., in arithmetic).
   * Let's say you introduce a new variable x at some deep decision
   * level (thanks to lazy registration, or a splitting lemma, or
   * whatever).  x might be mapped to something, but for theory
   * implementation simplicity shouldn't disappear from the map on
   * backjump; rather, it can take another (legal) value, or a special
   * value to indicate it needs to be recomputed.
   *
   * It is an error (checked via AlwaysAssert()) to
   * insertAtContextLevelZero() a key that already is in the map.
   */
  void insertAtContextLevelZero(const Key& k, const Data& d) {
    AlwaysAssert(d_map.find(k) == d_map.end());

    Element* obj = new(true) Element(d_context, this, k, d,
                                     true /* atLevelZero */);
    d_map.insert(std::make_pair(k, obj));
  }

  // FIXME: no erase(), too much hassle to implement efficiently...

  using value_type = typename CDOhash_map<Key, Data, HashFcn>::value_type;

  class iterator {
    const Element* d_it;

   public:
    using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
    using value_type = typename CDOhash_map<Key, Data, HashFcn>::value_type;
    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
    using pointer = typename CDOhash_map<Key, Data, HashFcn>::value_type*;
    using reference = typename CDOhash_map<Key, Data, HashFcn>::value_type&;

    iterator(const Element* p) : d_it(p) {}
    iterator(const iterator& i) : d_it(i.d_it) {}

    // Default constructor
    iterator() : d_it(nullptr) {}

    // (Dis)equality
    bool operator==(const iterator& i) const { return d_it == i.d_it; }
    bool operator!=(const iterator& i) const { return d_it != i.d_it; }

    // Dereference operators.
    const value_type& operator*() const { return d_it->getValue(); }

    // Prefix increment
    iterator& operator++()
    {
      d_it = d_it->next();
      return *this;
    }

    // Postfix increment is not yet supported.
  };/* class CDHashMap<>::iterator */

  typedef iterator const_iterator;

  iterator begin() const {
    return iterator(d_first);
  }

  iterator end() const {
    return iterator(NULL);
  }

  iterator find(const Key& k) const {
    typename table_type::const_iterator i = d_map.find(k);

    if(i == d_map.end()) {
      return end();
    } else {
      return iterator((*i).second);
    }
  }


};/* class CDHashMap<> */

}/* CVC4::context namespace */
}/* CVC4 namespace */

#endif /* CVC4__CONTEXT__CDHASHMAP_H */
