@misc{aryabumi2024aya,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Viraat Aryabumi and John Dang and Dwarak Talupuru and Saurabh Dash and David Cairuz and Hangyu Lin and Bharat Venkitesh and Madeline Smith and Jon Ander Campos and Yi Chern Tan and Kelly Marchisio and Max Bartolo and Sebastian Ruder and Acyr Locatelli and Julia Kreutzer and Nick Frosst and Aidan Gomez and Phil Blunsom and Marzieh Fadaee and Ahmet Üstün and Sara Hooker},
 eprint = {2405.15032},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {Aya 23: Open Weight Releases to Further Multilingual Progress},
 year = {2024}
}

@article{ustun2024aya,
 author = {Ahmet Üstün and Viraat Aryabumi and Zheng-Xin Yong and Wei-Yin Ko and Daniel D'souza and Gbemileke Onilude and Neel Bhandari and Shivalika Singh and Hui-Lee Ooi and Amr Kayid and Freddie Vargus and Phil Blunsom and Shayne Longpre and Niklas Muennighoff and Marzieh Fadaee and Julia Kreutzer and Sara Hooker},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07827},
 volume = {abs/2402.07827},
 year = {2024}
}

@article{DellarocasSutantoEtAl_2016_Attention_Allocation_in_Information-Rich_Environments_Case_of_News_Aggregators,
 author = {Dellarocas, Chrysanthos and Sutanto, Juliana and Calin, Mihai and Palme, Elia},
 doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2015.2237},
 issn = {0025-1909},
 journal = {Management Science},
 number = {9},
 pages = {2543--2562},
 publisher = {{INFORMS}},
 shorttitle = {Attention {{Allocation}} in {{Information-Rich Environments}}},
 title = {Attention {{Allocation}} in {{Information-Rich Environments}}: {{The Case}} of {{News Aggregators}}},
 urldate = {2024-02-15},
 volume = {62},
 year = {2016}
}

@article{10.1162/coli_a_00402,
    author = {de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine and Manning, Christopher D. and Nivre, Joakim and Zeman, Daniel},
    title = "{Universal Dependencies}",
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    volume = {47},
    number = {2},
    pages = {255-308},
    year = {2021},
    month = {07},
    abstract = "{Universal dependencies (UD) is a framework for morphosyntactic annotation of human language, which to date has been used to create treebanks for more than 100 languages. In this article, we outline the linguistic theory of the UD framework, which draws on a long tradition of typologically oriented grammatical theories. Grammatical relations between words are centrally used to explain how predicate–argument structures are encoded morphosyntactically in different languages while morphological features and part-of-speech classes give the properties of words. We argue that this theory is a good basis for crosslinguistically consistent annotation of typologically diverse languages in a way that supports computational natural language understanding as well as broader linguistic studies.}",
    issn = {0891-2017},
    doi = {10.1162/coli_a_00402},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/coli\_a\_00402},
    eprint = {https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/47/2/255/1938138/coli\_a\_00402.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{ciaccio2024controllable,
  title={Controllable Text Generation To Evaluate Linguistic Abilities of Italian LLMs},
  author={Ciaccio, Cristiano and Dell’Orletta, Felice and Miaschi, Alessio and Venturi, Giulia},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Tenth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it)},
  year={2024}
}

@inproceedings{esuli2024you,
  title={You write like a GPT},
  author={Esuli, Andrea and Falchi, Fabrizio and Malvaldi, Marco and Puccetti, Giovanni},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Tenth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it)},
  year={2024}
}



@article{Knight_AI_Can_Write_Disinformation_Now_and_Dupe_Human_Readers,
 author = {Knight, Will},
 chapter = {tags},
 issn = {1059-1028},
 journal = {Wired},
 langid = {american},
 title = {{{AI Can Write Disinformation Now}}{\textemdash}and {{Dupe Human Readers}}},
 url = {https://www.wired.com/story/ai-write-disinformation-dupe-human-readers/},
 urldate = {2024-02-15},
 year = {2021}
}

@article{Mak_2019_When_Is_Technology_Too_Dangerous_to_Release_to_Public,
 author = {Mak, Aaron},
 issn = {1091-2339},
 journal = {Slate},
 langid = {american},
 title = {When {{Is Technology Too Dangerous}} to {{Release}} to the {{Public}}?},
 url = {https://slate.com/technology/2019/02/openai-gpt2-text-generating-algorithm-ai-dangerous.html},
 urldate = {2024-02-15},
 year = {2019}
}

@inproceedings{HolmstromJonssonEtAl_2020_Do_we_read_what_we_share_analyzing_click_dynamic_of_news_articles_shared_on_Twitter,
 author = {Jesper Holmstr{\"{o}}m and
Daniel J{\"{o}}nsson and
Filip Polbratt and
Olav Nilsson and
Linnea Lundstr{\"{o}}m and
Sebastian Ragnarsson and
Anton Forsberg and
Karl Andersson and
Niklas Carlsson},
 bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
 biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/asunam/HolmstromJPNLRF19.bib},
 booktitle = {{ASONAM} '19: International Conference on Advances in Social Networks
Analysis and Mining, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 27-30 August,
2019},
 doi = {10.1145/3341161.3342933},
 editor = {Francesca Spezzano and
Wei Chen and
Xiaokui Xiao},
 pages = {420--425},
 publisher = {{ACM}},
 timestamp = {Tue, 18 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0100},
 title = {Do we read what we share?: analyzing the click dynamic of news articles
shared on Twitter},
 url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3341161.3342933},
 year = {2019}
}

@article{Wakefield_2019_Dangerous_AI_offers_to_write_fake_news,
 author = {Wakefield, Jane},
 chapter = {Technology},
 journal = {BBC News},
 langid = {british},
 title = {'{{Dangerous}}' {{AI}} Offers to Write Fake News},
 url = {https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49446729},
 urldate = {2024-02-15},
 year = {2019}
}

@misc{ScaoFanEtAl_2022_BLOOM_176BParameter_OpenAccess_Multilingual_Language_Model,
 author = {Scao, Teven Le and Fan, Angela and Akiki, Christopher and Pavlick, Ellie and Ili{\'c}, Suzana and Hesslow, Daniel and Castagn{\'e}, Roman and Luccioni, Alexandra Sasha and Yvon, Fran{\c c}ois and Gall{\'e}, Matthias and Tow, Jonathan and Rush, Alexander M. and Biderman, Stella and Webson, Albert and Ammanamanchi, Pawan Sasanka and Wang, Thomas and Sagot, Beno{\^i}t and Muennighoff, Niklas and {del Moral}, Albert Villanova and Ruwase, Olatunji and Bawden, Rachel and Bekman, Stas and {McMillan-Major}, Angelina and Beltagy, Iz and Nguyen, Huu and Saulnier, Lucile and Tan, Samson and Suarez, Pedro Ortiz and Sanh, Victor and Lauren{\c c}on, Hugo and Jernite, Yacine and Launay, Julien and Mitchell, Margaret and Raffel, Colin and Gokaslan, Aaron and Simhi, Adi and Soroa, Aitor and Aji, Alham Fikri and Alfassy, Amit and Rogers, Anna and Nitzav, Ariel Kreisberg and Xu, Canwen and Mou, Chenghao and Emezue, Chris and Klamm, Christopher and Leong, Colin and {van Strien}, Daniel and Adelani, David Ifeoluwa and Radev, Dragomir and Ponferrada, Eduardo Gonz{\'a}lez and Levkovizh, Efrat and Kim, Ethan and Natan, Eyal Bar and De Toni, Francesco and Dupont, G{\'e}rard and Kruszewski, Germ{\'a}n and Pistilli, Giada and Elsahar, Hady and Benyamina, Hamza and Tran, Hieu and Yu, Ian and Abdulmumin, Idris and Johnson, Isaac and {Gonzalez-Dios}, Itziar and {de la Rosa}, Javier and Chim, Jenny and Dodge, Jesse and Zhu, Jian and Chang, Jonathan and Frohberg, J{\"o}rg and Tobing, Joseph and Bhattacharjee, Joydeep and Almubarak, Khalid and Chen, Kimbo and Lo, Kyle and Von Werra, Leandro and Weber, Leon and Phan, Long and {allal}, Loubna Ben and Tanguy, Ludovic and Dey, Manan and Mu{\~n}oz, Manuel Romero and Masoud, Maraim and Grandury, Mar{\'i}a and {\v S}a{\v s}ko, Mario and Huang, Max and Coavoux, Maximin and Singh, Mayank and Jiang, Mike Tian-Jian and Vu, Minh Chien and Jauhar, Mohammad A. and Ghaleb, Mustafa and Subramani, Nishant and Kassner, Nora and Khamis, Nurulaqilla and Nguyen, Olivier and Espejel, Omar and {de Gibert}, Ona and Villegas, Paulo and Henderson, Peter and Colombo, Pierre and Amuok, Priscilla and Lhoest, Quentin and Harliman, Rheza and Bommasani, Rishi and L{\'o}pez, Roberto Luis and Ribeiro, Rui and Osei, Salomey and Pyysalo, Sampo and Nagel, Sebastian and Bose, Shamik and Muhammad, Shamsuddeen Hassan and Sharma, Shanya and Longpre, Shayne and Nikpoor, Somaieh and Silberberg, Stanislav and Pai, Suhas and Zink, Sydney and Torrent, Tiago Timponi and Schick, Timo and Thrush, Tristan and Danchev, Valentin and Nikoulina, Vassilina and Laippala, Veronika and Lepercq, Violette and Prabhu, Vrinda and Alyafeai, Zaid and Talat, Zeerak and Raja, Arun and Heinzerling, Benjamin and Si, Chenglei and Ta{\c s}ar, Davut Emre and Salesky, Elizabeth and Mielke, Sabrina J. and Lee, Wilson Y. and Sharma, Abheesht and Santilli, Andrea and Chaffin, Antoine and Stiegler, Arnaud and Datta, Debajyoti and Szczechla, Eliza and Chhablani, Gunjan and Wang, Han and Pandey, Harshit and Strobelt, Hendrik and Fries, Jason Alan and Rozen, Jos and Gao, Leo and Sutawika, Lintang and Bari, M. Saiful and {Al-shaibani}, Maged S. and Manica, Matteo and Nayak, Nihal and Teehan, Ryan and Albanie, Samuel and Shen, Sheng and {Ben-David}, Srulik and Bach, Stephen H. and Kim, Taewoon and Bers, Tali and Fevry, Thibault and Neeraj, Trishala and Thakker, Urmish and Raunak, Vikas and Tang, Xiangru and Yong, Zheng-Xin and Sun, Zhiqing and Brody, Shaked and Uri, Yallow and Tojarieh, Hadar and Roberts, Adam and Chung, Hyung Won and Tae, Jaesung and Phang, Jason and Press, Ofir and Li, Conglong and Narayanan, Deepak and Bourfoune, Hatim and Casper, Jared and Rasley, Jeff and Ryabinin, Max and Mishra, Mayank and Zhang, Minjia and Shoeybi, Mohammad and Peyrounette, Myriam and Patry, Nicolas and Tazi, Nouamane and Sanseviero, Omar and {von Platen}, Patrick and Cornette, Pierre and Lavall{\'e}e, Pierre Fran{\c c}ois and Lacroix, R{\'e}mi and Rajbhandari, Samyam and Gandhi, Sanchit and Smith, Shaden and Requena, St{\'e}phane and Patil, Suraj and Dettmers, Tim and Baruwa, Ahmed and Singh, Amanpreet and Cheveleva, Anastasia and Ligozat, Anne-Laure and Subramonian, Arjun and N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie and Lovering, Charles and Garrette, Dan and Tunuguntla, Deepak and Reiter, Ehud and Taktasheva, Ekaterina and Voloshina, Ekaterina and Bogdanov, Eli and Winata, Genta Indra and Schoelkopf, Hailey and Kalo, Jan-Christoph and Novikova, Jekaterina and Forde, Jessica Zosa and Clive, Jordan and Kasai, Jungo and Kawamura, Ken and Hazan, Liam and Carpuat, Marine and Clinciu, Miruna and Kim, Najoung and Cheng, Newton and Serikov, Oleg and Antverg, Omer and {van der Wal}, Oskar and Zhang, Rui and Zhang, Ruochen and Gehrmann, Sebastian and Mirkin, Shachar and Pais, Shani and Shavrina, Tatiana and Scialom, Thomas and Yun, Tian and Limisiewicz, Tomasz and Rieser, Verena and Protasov, Vitaly and Mikhailov, Vladislav and Pruksachatkun, Yada and Belinkov, Yonatan and Bamberger, Zachary and Kasner, Zden{\v e}k and Rueda, Alice and Pestana, Amanda and Feizpour, Amir and Khan, Ammar and Faranak, Amy and Santos, Ana and Hevia, Anthony and Unldreaj, Antigona and Aghagol, Arash and Abdollahi, Arezoo and Tammour, Aycha and HajiHosseini, Azadeh and Behroozi, Bahareh and Ajibade, Benjamin and Saxena, Bharat and Ferrandis, Carlos Mu{\~n}oz and Contractor, Danish and Lansky, David and David, Davis and Kiela, Douwe and Nguyen, Duong A. and Tan, Edward and Baylor, Emi and Ozoani, Ezinwanne and Mirza, Fatima and Ononiwu, Frankline and Rezanejad, Habib and Jones, Hessie and Bhattacharya, Indrani and Solaiman, Irene and Sedenko, Irina and Nejadgholi, Isar and Passmore, Jesse and Seltzer, Josh and Sanz, Julio Bonis and Dutra, Livia and Samagaio, Mairon and Elbadri, Maraim and Mieskes, Margot and Gerchick, Marissa and Akinlolu, Martha and McKenna, Michael and Qiu, Mike and Ghauri, Muhammed and Burynok, Mykola and Abrar, Nafis and Rajani, Nazneen and Elkott, Nour and Fahmy, Nour and Samuel, Olanrewaju and An, Ran and Kromann, Rasmus and Hao, Ryan and Alizadeh, Samira and Shubber, Sarmad and Wang, Silas and Roy, Sourav and Viguier, Sylvain and Le, Thanh and Oyebade, Tobi and Le, Trieu and Yang, Yoyo and Nguyen, Zach and Kashyap, Abhinav Ramesh and Palasciano, Alfredo and Callahan, Alison and Shukla, Anima and {Miranda-Escalada}, Antonio and Singh, Ayush and Beilharz, Benjamin and Wang, Bo and Brito, Caio and Zhou, Chenxi and Jain, Chirag and Xu, Chuxin and Fourrier, Cl{\'e}mentine and Peri{\~n}{\'a}n, Daniel Le{\'o}n and Molano, Daniel and Yu, Dian and Manjavacas, Enrique and Barth, Fabio and Fuhrimann, Florian and Altay, Gabriel and Bayrak, Giyaseddin and Burns, Gully and Vrabec, Helena U. and Bello, Imane and Dash, Ishani and Kang, Jihyun and Giorgi, John and Golde, Jonas and Posada, Jose David and Sivaraman, Karthik Rangasai and Bulchandani, Lokesh and Liu, Lu and Shinzato, Luisa and {de Bykhovetz}, Madeleine Hahn and Takeuchi, Maiko and P{\`a}mies, Marc and Castillo, Maria A. and Nezhurina, Marianna and S{\"a}nger, Mario and Samwald, Matthias and Cullan, Michael and Weinberg, Michael and De Wolf, Michiel and Mihaljcic, Mina and Liu, Minna and Freidank, Moritz and Kang, Myungsun and Seelam, Natasha and Dahlberg, Nathan and Broad, Nicholas Michio and Muellner, Nikolaus and Fung, Pascale and Haller, Patrick and Chandrasekhar, Ramya and Eisenberg, Renata and Martin, Robert and Canalli, Rodrigo and Su, Rosaline and Su, Ruisi and Cahyawijaya, Samuel and Garda, Samuele and Deshmukh, Shlok S. and Mishra, Shubhanshu and Kiblawi, Sid and Ott, Simon and {Sang-aroonsiri}, Sinee and Kumar, Srishti and Schweter, Stefan and Bharati, Sushil and Laud, Tanmay and Gigant, Th{\'e}o and Kainuma, Tomoya and Kusa, Wojciech and Labrak, Yanis and Bajaj, Yash Shailesh and Venkatraman, Yash and Xu, Yifan and Xu, Yingxin and Xu, Yu and Tan, Zhe and Xie, Zhongli and Ye, Zifan and Bras, Mathilde and Belkada, Younes and Wolf, Thomas},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {{{BLOOM}}: {{A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model}}},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.05100},
 volume = {abs/2211.05100},
 year = {2022}
}

@inproceedings{FernandezChaffinEtAl_2023_Three_Bricks_to_Consolidate_Watermarks_for_Large_Language_Models,
 author = {Fernandez, Pierre and Chaffin, Antoine and Tit, Karim and Chappelier, Vivien and Furon, Teddy},
 booktitle = {2023 {{IEEE International Workshop}} on {{Information Forensics}} and {{Security}} ({{WIFS}})},
 doi = {10.1109/WIFS58808.2023.10374576},
 issn = {2157-4774},
 pages = {1--6},
 title = {Three {{Bricks}} to {{Consolidate Watermarks}} for {{Large Language Models}}},
 urldate = {2024-02-13},
 year = {2023}
}

@article{
KuditipudiThickstunEtAl_2023_Robust_Distortion-free_Watermarks_for_Language_Models,
title={Robust Distortion-free Watermarks for Language Models},
author={Rohith Kuditipudi and John Thickstun and Tatsunori Hashimoto and Percy Liang},
journal={Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
issn={2835-8856},
year={2024},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=FpaCL1MO2C},
note={}
}

@article{LiChengEtAl_2023_PLMmark_Secure_and_Robust_Black-Box_Watermarking_Framework_for_Pre-trained_Language_Models,
 author = {Li, Peixuan and Cheng, Pengzhou and Li, Fangqi and Du, Wei and Zhao, Haodong and Liu, Gongshen},
 copyright = {Copyright (c) 2023 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence},
 doi = {10.1609/aaai.v37i12.26750},
 issn = {2374-3468},
 journal = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
 langid = {english},
 number = {12},
 pages = {14991--14999},
 shorttitle = {{{PLMmark}}},
 title = {{{PLMmark}}: {{A Secure}} and {{Robust Black-Box Watermarking Framework}} for {{Pre-trained Language Models}}},
 urldate = {2024-02-13},
 volume = {37},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{TakezawaSatoEtAl_2023_Necessary_and_Sufficient_Watermark_for_Large_Language_Models,
 author = {Takezawa, Yuki and Sato, Ryoma and Bao, Han and Niwa, Kenta and Yamada, Makoto},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {Necessary and {{Sufficient Watermark}} for {{Large Language Models}}},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00833},
 volume = {abs/2310.00833},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{WuHuEtAl_2023_DiPmark_Stealthy_Efficient_and_Resilient_Watermark_for_Large_Language_Models,
 author = {Wu, Yihan and Hu, Zhengmian and Zhang, Hongyang and Huang, Heng},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {{{DiPmark}}: {{A Stealthy}}, {{Efficient}} and {{Resilient Watermark}} for {{Large Language Models}}},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.07710},
 volume = {abs/2310.07710},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{YooAhnEtAl_2023_Advancing_Beyond_Identification_Multi-bit_Watermark_for_Large_Language_Models,
 author = {Yoo, KiYoon and Ahn, Wonhyuk and Kwak, Nojun},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {Advancing {{Beyond Identification}}: {{Multi-bit Watermark}} for {{Large Language Models}}},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.00221},
 volume = {abs/2308.00221},
 year = {2023}
}

@article{DesaireChuaEtAl_2023_Accurately_detecting_AI_text_when_ChatGPT_is_told_to_write_like_chemist,
 author = {Desaire, Heather and Chua, Aleesa E. and Kim, Min-Gyu and Hua, David},
 doi = {10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101672},
 issn = {26663864},
 journal = {Cell Reports Physical Science},
 langid = {english},
 number = {11},
 pages = {101672},
 title = {Accurately Detecting {{AI}} Text When {{ChatGPT}} Is Told to Write like a Chemist},
 urldate = {2024-02-12},
 volume = {4},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{KirchnerAhmadEtAl_2023_New_AI_classifier_for_indicating_AI-written_text,
 author = {Kirchner, Jan Hendrik and Ahmad, Lama and Aaronson, Scott and Leike, Jan},
 journal = {OpenAI Blog},
 langid = {american},
 title = {New {{AI}} Classifier for Indicating {{AI-written}} Text},
 url = {https://openai.com/blog/new-ai-classifier-for-indicating-ai-written-text},
 urldate = {2024-02-12},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{OpenAI_2023_GPT-4_Technical_Report,
 author = {OpenAI},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {{{GPT-4 Technical Report}}},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774},
 volume = {abs/2303.08774},
 year = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{DhainiPoelmanEtAl_2023_Detecting_ChatGPT_Survey_of_State_of_Detecting_ChatGPT-Generated_Text,
 address = {Varna, Bulgaria},
 author = {Dhaini, Mahdi  and
Poelman, Wessel  and
Erdogan, Ege},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th Student Research Workshop associated with the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing},
 editor = {Hardalov, Momchil  and
Kancheva, Zara  and
Velichkov, Boris  and
Nikolova-Koleva, Ivelina  and
Slavcheva, Milena},
 pages = {1--12},
 publisher = {INCOMA Ltd., Shoumen, Bulgaria},
 title = {Detecting {C}hat{GPT}: A Survey of the State of Detecting {C}hat{GPT}-Generated Text},
 url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.ranlp-stud.1},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{GuoZhangEtAl_2023_How_Close_is_ChatGPT_to_Human_Experts_Comparison_Corpus_Evaluation_and_Detection,
 author = {Guo, Biyang and Zhang, Xin and Wang, Ziyuan and Jiang, Minqi and Nie, Jinran and Ding, Yuxuan and Yue, Jianwei and Wu, Yupeng},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {How {{Close}} Is {{ChatGPT}} to {{Human Experts}}? {{Comparison Corpus}}, {{Evaluation}}, and {{Detection}}},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.07597},
 volume = {abs/2301.07597},
 year = {2023}
}

@article{LiaoLiuEtAl_2023_Differentiating_ChatGPT-Generated_and_Human-Written_Medical_Texts_Quantitative_Study,
 author = {Liao, Wenxiong and Liu, Zhengliang and Dai, Haixing and Xu, Shaochen and Wu, Zihao and Zhang, Yiyang and Huang, Xiaoke and Zhu, Dajiang and Cai, Hongmin and Li, Quanzheng and Liu, Tianming and Li, Xiang},
 doi = {10.2196/48904},
 issn = {2369-3762},
 journal = {JMIR Medical Education},
 langid = {english},
 pages = {e48904},
 shorttitle = {Differentiating {{ChatGPT-Generated}} and {{Human-Written Medical Texts}}},
 title = {Differentiating {{ChatGPT-Generated}} and {{Human-Written Medical Texts}}: {{Quantitative Study}}},
 urldate = {2024-02-12},
 volume = {9},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{LiuZhangEtAl_2023_ArguGPT_evaluating_understanding_and_identifying_argumentative_essays_generated_by_GPT_models,
 author = {Liu, Yikang and Zhang, Ziyin and Zhang, Wanyang and Yue, Shisen and Zhao, Xiaojing and Cheng, Xinyuan and Zhang, Yiwen and Hu, Hai},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {{{ArguGPT}}: Evaluating, Understanding and Identifying Argumentative Essays Generated by {{GPT}} Models},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.07666},
 volume = {abs/2304.07666},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{MitrovicAndreolettiEtAl_2023_ChatGPT_or_Human_Detect_and_Explain_Explaining_Decisions_of_Machine_Learning_Model_for_Detecting_Short_ChatGPT-generated_Text,
 author = {Mitrovi{\'c}, Sandra and Andreoletti, Davide and Ayoub, Omran},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {{{ChatGPT}} or {{Human}}? {{Detect}} and {{Explain}}. {{Explaining Decisions}} of {{Machine Learning Model}} for {{Detecting Short ChatGPT-generated Text}}},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13852},
 volume = {abs/2301.13852},
 year = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{TayBahriEtAl_2020_Reverse_Engineering_Configurations_of_Neural_Text_Generation_Models,
 address = {Online},
 author = {Tay, Yi  and
Bahri, Dara  and
Zheng, Che  and
Brunk, Clifford  and
Metzler, Donald  and
Tomkins, Andrew},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
 doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.25},
 editor = {Jurafsky, Dan  and
Chai, Joyce  and
Schluter, Natalie  and
Tetreault, Joel},
 pages = {275--279},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
 title = {Reverse Engineering Configurations of Neural Text Generation Models},
 url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.25},
 year = {2020}
}

@misc{VasilatosAlamEtAl_2023_HowkGPT_Investigating_Detection_of_ChatGPT-generated_University_Student_Homework_through_Context-Aware_Perplexity_Analysis,
 author = {Vasilatos, Christoforos and Alam, Manaar and Rahwan, Talal and Zaki, Yasir and Maniatakos, Michail},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {{{HowkGPT}}: {{Investigating}} the {{Detection}} of {{ChatGPT-generated University Student Homework}} through {{Context-Aware Perplexity Analysis}}},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18226},
 volume = {abs/2305.18226},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{BrewsterWangEtAl_2023_Plagiarism-Bot_How_Low-Quality_Websites_Are_Using_AI_to_Deceptively_Rewrite_Content_from_Mainstream_News_Outlets_Misinformation_Monitor_August_2023,
 author = {Brewster, Jack and Wang, Macrina and Palmer, Coalter},
 journal = {NewsGuard},
 langid = {american},
 shorttitle = {Plagiarism-{{Bot}}?},
 title = {Plagiarism-{{Bot}}? {{How Low-Quality Websites Are Using AI}} to {{Deceptively Rewrite Content}} from {{Mainstream News Outlets}} - {{Misinformation Monitor}}: {{August}} 2023},
 url = {https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/august-2023},
 urldate = {2024-02-10},
 year = {2023}
}

@article{Ryan-Mosley_2023_Junk_websites_filled_with_AI-generated_text_are_pulling_in_money_from_programmatic_ads,
 author = {{Ryan-Mosley}, Tate},
 journal = {MIT Technology Review},
 langid = {english},
 title = {Junk Websites Filled with {{AI-generated}} Text Are Pulling in Money from Programmatic Ads},
 url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/06/26/1075504/junk-websites-filled-with-ai-generated-text-are-pulling-in-money-from-programmatic-ads/},
 urldate = {2024-02-10},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{DeGeurin_2023_No_Biden_Isn_Dead_AI_Content_Farms_Are_Pumping_Out_Fake_Stories,
 author = {DeGeurin, Mack},
 journal = {Gizmodo},
 langid = {english},
 shorttitle = {No, {{Biden Isn}}'t {{Dead}}},
 title = {No, {{Biden Isn}}'t {{Dead}}: {{AI Content Farms Are Pumping Out Fake Stories}}},
 url = {https://gizmodo.com/chatgpt-ai-fake-news-stories-content-farms-newsguard-1850391104},
 urldate = {2024-02-11},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{SadeghiArvanitis_2023_Rise_of_Newsbots_AI-Generated_News_Websites_Proliferating_Online,
 author = {Sadeghi, McKenzie and Arvanitis, Lorenzo},
 journal = {NewsGuard},
 langid = {american},
 shorttitle = {Rise of the {{Newsbots}}},
 title = {Rise of the {{Newsbots}}: {{AI-Generated News Websites Proliferating Online}}},
 url = {https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/newsbots-ai-generated-news-websites-proliferating},
 urldate = {2024-02-10},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{Tracking_AI-enabled_Misinformation_Over_650_Unreliable_AI-Generated_News_Websites_and_Counting_Plus_Top_False_Narratives_Generated_by_Artificial_Intelligence_Tools,
 author = {Sadeghi, McKenzie and Arvanitis, Lorenzo and Padovese, Virginia and Pozzy, Giulia and Badilini, Sara and Vercellone, Chiara and Roache, Madeline and Wang, Macrina and Brewster, Jack and Huet, Natalie and Schimmel, Becca and Slomka, Andie and Pfaller, Leonie and Vallee, Louise and Adams, Natalie},
 journal = {NewsGuard},
 langid = {american},
 shorttitle = {Tracking {{AI-enabled Misinformation}}},
 title = {Tracking {{AI-enabled Misinformation}}: {{Over}} 650 `{{Unreliable AI-Generated News}}' {{Websites}} (and {{Counting}}), {{Plus}} the {{Top False Narratives Generated}} by {{Artificial Intelligence Tools}}},
 url = {https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/ai-tracking-center},
 urldate = {2024-02-10},
 year = {2024}
}

@misc{Abou-Ghazala_2023_AI_political_campaign_is_here_CNN_Politics,
 author = {{Abou-Ghazala}, Yahya, Donie O'Sullivan},
 journal = {CNN},
 langid = {english},
 title = {The {{AI}} Political Campaign Is Here | {{CNN Politics}}},
 url = {https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/02/politics/ai-election-ads-2024/index.html},
 urldate = {2023-06-22},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{OpenAI_2022_Introducing_ChatGPT,
 author = {OpenAI},
 journal = {OpenAI blog},
 langid = {american},
 title = {Introducing {{ChatGPT}}},
 url = {https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt},
 urldate = {2023-06-04},
 year = {2022}
}

@misc{Hurst_2023_AIgenerated_fake_news_websites_driving_spread_of_misinformation,
 author = {Hurst, Luke},
 chapter = {next\_biztech-news},
 journal = {euronews},
 langid = {english},
 title = {{{AI-generated}} Fake News Websites Driving Spread of Misinformation},
 url = {https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/05/02/rapid-growth-of-news-sites-using-ai-tools-like-chatgpt-is-driving-the-spread-of-misinforma},
 urldate = {2023-06-22},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{wahle_ai_2023,
 author = {Wahle, Jan Philip and Ruas, Terry and Mohammad, Saif M. and Meuschke, Norman and Gipp, Bela},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {{AI} Usage Cards: Responsibly Reporting {AI}-generated Content},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03886},
 volume = {abs/2303.03886},
 year = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{uchendu_authorship_2020,
 address = {Online},
 author = {Uchendu, Adaku  and
Le, Thai  and
Shu, Kai  and
Lee, Dongwon},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
 doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.673},
 editor = {Webber, Bonnie  and
Cohn, Trevor  and
He, Yulan  and
Liu, Yang},
 pages = {8384--8395},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
 title = {Authorship Attribution for Neural Text Generation},
 url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.673},
 year = {2020}
}

@misc{varshney_limits_2020,
 author = {Varshney, Lav R. and Keskar, Nitish Shirish and Socher, Richard},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {Limits of Detecting Text Generated by Large-Scale Language Models},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.03438},
 volume = {abs/2002.03438},
 year = {2020}
}

@misc{chakraborty_possibilities_2023,
 author = {Chakraborty, Souradip and Bedi, Amrit Singh and Zhu, Sicheng and An, Bang and Manocha, Dinesh and Huang, Furong},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {On the Possibilities of {AI}-Generated Text Detection},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.04736},
 volume = {abs/2304.04736},
 year = {2023}
}

@article{fagni_tweepfake_2021,
 author = {Fagni, Tiziano AND Falchi, Fabrizio AND Gambini, Margherita AND Martella, Antonio AND Tesconi, Maurizio},
 doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0251415},
 journal = {PLOS ONE},
 number = {5},
 pages = {1-16},
 publisher = {Public Library of Science},
 title = {TweepFake: About detecting deepfake tweets},
 url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251415},
 volume = {16},
 year = {2021}
}

@misc{zhao_protecting_2023,
 author = {Zhao, Xuandong and Wang, Yu-Xiang and Li, Lei},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {Protecting Language Generation Models via Invisible Watermarking},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.03162},
 volume = {abs/2302.03162},
 year = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{mitchell_detectgpt_2023,
author = {Mitchell, Eric and Lee, Yoonho and Khazatsky, Alexander and Manning, Christopher D. and Finn, Chelsea},
title = {DetectGPT: zero-shot machine-generated text detection using probability curvature},
year = {2023},
publisher = {JMLR.org},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning},
articleno = {1038},
numpages = {13},
location = {<conf-loc>, <city>Honolulu</city>, <state>Hawaii</state>, <country>USA</country>, </conf-loc>},
series = {ICML'23}
}

@misc{tang_science_2023,
 author = {Tang, Ruixiang and Chuang, Yu-Neng and Hu, Xia},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {The Science of Detecting {LLM}-Generated Texts},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.07205},
 volume = {abs/2303.07205},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{sadasivan_can_2023,
 author = {Sadasivan, Vinu Sankar and Kumar, Aounon and Balasubramanian, Sriram and Wang, Wenxiao and Feizi, Soheil},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {Can {AI}-Generated Text be Reliably Detected?},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11156},
 volume = {abs/2303.11156},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{touvron2023llama,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Hugo Touvron and Thibaut Lavril and Gautier Izacard and Xavier Martinet and Marie-Anne Lachaux and Timothée Lacroix and Baptiste Rozière and Naman Goyal and Eric Hambro and Faisal Azhar and Aurelien Rodriguez and Armand Joulin and Edouard Grave and Guillaume Lample},
 eprint = {2302.13971},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{chowdhery_2022_palm,
 author = {Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Narang, Sharan and Devlin, Jacob and Bosma, Maarten and Mishra, Gaurav and Roberts, Adam and Barham, Paul and Chung, Hyung Won and Sutton, Charles and Gehrmann, Sebastian and Schuh, Parker and Shi, Kensen and Tsvyashchenko, Sasha and Maynez, Joshua and Rao, Abhishek and Barnes, Parker and Tay, Yi and Shazeer, Noam and Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar and Reif, Emily and Du, Nan and Hutchinson, Ben and Pope, Reiner and Bradbury, James and Austin, Jacob and Isard, Michael and Gur-Ari, Guy and Yin, Pengcheng and Duke, Toju and Levskaya, Anselm and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Dev, Sunipa and Michalewski, Henryk and Garcia, Xavier and Misra, Vedant and Robinson, Kevin and Fedus, Liam and Zhou, Denny and Ippolito, Daphne and Luan, David and Lim, Hyeontaek and Zoph, Barret and Spiridonov, Alexander and Sepassi, Ryan and Dohan, David and Agrawal, Shivani and Omernick, Mark and Dai, Andrew M. and Pillai, Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana and Pellat, Marie and Lewkowycz, Aitor and Moreira, Erica and Child, Rewon and Polozov, Oleksandr and Lee, Katherine and Zhou, Zongwei and Wang, Xuezhi and Saeta, Brennan and Diaz, Mark and Firat, Orhan and Catasta, Michele and Wei, Jason and Meier-Hellstern, Kathy and Eck, Douglas and Dean, Jeff and Petrov, Slav and Fiedel, Noah},
 journal = {ArXiv preprint},
 title = {PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways},
 url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311},
 volume = {abs/2204.02311},
 year = {2022}
}

@inproceedings{brown_2020_gpt3,
 author = {Tom B. Brown and
Benjamin Mann and
Nick Ryder and
Melanie Subbiah and
Jared Kaplan and
Prafulla Dhariwal and
Arvind Neelakantan and
Pranav Shyam and
Girish Sastry and
Amanda Askell and
Sandhini Agarwal and
Ariel Herbert{-}Voss and
Gretchen Krueger and
Tom Henighan and
Rewon Child and
Aditya Ramesh and
Daniel M. Ziegler and
Jeffrey Wu and
Clemens Winter and
Christopher Hesse and
Mark Chen and
Eric Sigler and
Mateusz Litwin and
Scott Gray and
Benjamin Chess and
Jack Clark and
Christopher Berner and
Sam McCandlish and
Alec Radford and
Ilya Sutskever and
Dario Amodei},
 bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
 biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nips/BrownMRSKDNSSAA20.bib},
 booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33: Annual Conference
on Neural Information Processing Systems 2020, NeurIPS 2020, December
6-12, 2020, virtual},
 editor = {Hugo Larochelle and
Marc'Aurelio Ranzato and
Raia Hadsell and
Maria{-}Florina Balcan and
Hsuan{-}Tien Lin},
 timestamp = {Tue, 19 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0100},
 title = {Language Models are Few-Shot Learners},
 url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/hash/1457c0d6bfcb4967418bfb8ac142f64a-Abstract.html},
 year = {2020}
}

@inproceedings{hu2022lora,
 author = {Edward J. Hu and
Yelong Shen and
Phillip Wallis and
Zeyuan Allen{-}Zhu and
Yuanzhi Li and
Shean Wang and
Lu Wang and
Weizhu Chen},
 bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
 biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iclr/HuSWALWWC22.bib},
 booktitle = {The Tenth International Conference on Learning Representations, {ICLR}
2022, Virtual Event, April 25-29, 2022},
 publisher = {OpenReview.net},
 timestamp = {Sat, 20 Aug 2022 01:00:00 +0200},
 title = {LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models},
 url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=nZeVKeeFYf9},
 year = {2022}
}

@misc{sarti2022it5,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Gabriele Sarti and Malvina Nissim},
 eprint = {2203.03759},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {IT5: Large-scale Text-to-text Pretraining for Italian Language Understanding and Generation},
 year = {2022}
}

@inproceedings{changeit_2020,
 author = {Lorenzo De Mattei and
Michele Cafagna and
Felice Dell'Orletta and
Malvina Nissim and
Albert Gatt},
 bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
 biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/evalita/MatteiCDNG20.bib},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language
Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop {(EVALITA}
2020), Online event, December 17th, 2020},
 editor = {Valerio Basile and
Danilo Croce and
Maria Di Maro and
Lucia C. Passaro},
 publisher = {CEUR-WS.org},
 series = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
 timestamp = {Fri, 10 Mar 2023 16:23:20 +0100},
 title = {{CHANGE-IT} @ {EVALITA} 2020: Change Headlines, Adapt News, GEnerate
(short paper)},
 url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2765/paper169.pdf},
 volume = {2765},
 year = {2020}
}

@inproceedings{narayan_2018_xsum,
 address = {Brussels, Belgium},
 author = {Narayan, Shashi  and
Cohen, Shay B.  and
Lapata, Mirella},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
 doi = {10.18653/v1/D18-1206},
 editor = {Riloff, Ellen  and
Chiang, David  and
Hockenmaier, Julia  and
Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi},
 pages = {1797--1807},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
 title = {Don{'}t Give Me the Details, Just the Summary! Topic-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Extreme Summarization},
 url = {https://aclanthology.org/D18-1206},
 year = {2018}
}

@article{raffel_2020_t5,
 author = {Colin Raffel and
Noam Shazeer and
Adam Roberts and
Katherine Lee and
Sharan Narang and
Michael Matena and
Yanqi Zhou and
Wei Li and
Peter J. Liu},
 bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
 biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jmlr/RaffelSRLNMZLL20.bib},
 journal = {J. Mach. Learn. Res.},
 pages = {140:1--140:67},
 timestamp = {Fri, 05 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0100},
 title = {Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text
Transformer},
 url = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v21/20-074.html},
 volume = {21},
 year = {2020}
}

@inproceedings{ahuja2023mega,
 address = {Singapore},
 author = {Ahuja, Kabir  and
Diddee, Harshita  and
Hada, Rishav  and
Ochieng, Millicent  and
Ramesh, Krithika  and
Jain, Prachi  and
Nambi, Akshay  and
Ganu, Tanuja  and
Segal, Sameer  and
Ahmed, Mohamed  and
Bali, Kalika  and
Sitaram, Sunayana},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
 doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.258},
 editor = {Bouamor, Houda  and
Pino, Juan  and
Bali, Kalika},
 pages = {4232--4267},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
 title = {{MEGA}: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative {AI}},
 url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.258},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{asai2023buffet,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Akari Asai and Sneha Kudugunta and Xinyan Velocity Yu and Terra Blevins and Hila Gonen and Machel Reid and Yulia Tsvetkov and Sebastian Ruder and Hannaneh Hajishirzi},
 eprint = {2305.14857},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {BUFFET: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Few-shot Cross-lingual Transfer},
 year = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{ruder2023xtremeup,
 address = {Singapore},
 author = {Ruder, Sebastian  and
Clark, Jonathan  and
Gutkin, Alexander  and
Kale, Mihir  and
Ma, Min  and
Nicosia, Massimo  and
Rijhwani, Shruti  and
Riley, Parker  and
Sarr, Jean-Michel  and
Wang, Xinyi  and
Wieting, John  and
Gupta, Nitish  and
Katanova, Anna  and
Kirov, Christo  and
Dickinson, Dana  and
Roark, Brian  and
Samanta, Bidisha  and
Tao, Connie  and
Adelani, David  and
Axelrod, Vera  and
Caswell, Isaac  and
Cherry, Colin  and
Garrette, Dan  and
Ingle, Reeve  and
Johnson, Melvin  and
Panteleev, Dmitry  and
Talukdar, Partha},
 booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023},
 doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.125},
 editor = {Bouamor, Houda  and
Pino, Juan  and
Bali, Kalika},
 pages = {1856--1884},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
 title = {{XTREME}-{UP}: A User-Centric Scarce-Data Benchmark for Under-Represented Languages},
 url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-emnlp.125},
 year = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{luccioni2019quantifying,
 author = {Luccioni, Sasha and Schmidt, Victor and Lacoste, Alexandre and Dandres, Thomas},
 booktitle = {NeurIPS 2019 Workshop on Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning},
 title = {Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learning},
 url = {https://www.climatechange.ai/papers/neurips2019/22},
 year = {2019}
}

@inproceedings{Holtzman2020The,
 author = {Ari Holtzman and
Jan Buys and
Li Du and
Maxwell Forbes and
Yejin Choi},
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 biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iclr/HoltzmanBDFC20.bib},
 booktitle = {8th International Conference on Learning Representations, {ICLR} 2020,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 26-30, 2020},
 publisher = {OpenReview.net},
 timestamp = {Thu, 21 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0100},
 title = {The Curious Case of Neural Text Degeneration},
 url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=rygGQyrFvH},
 year = {2020}
}

@article{VANDERLEE2021101151,
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 journal = {Computer Speech \& Language},
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 year = {2021}
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@article{radford2019language,
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 year = {2019}
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@misc{jiang2023mistral,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Albert Q. Jiang and Alexandre Sablayrolles and Arthur Mensch and Chris Bamford and Devendra Singh Chaplot and Diego de las Casas and Florian Bressand and Gianna Lengyel and Guillaume Lample and Lucile Saulnier and Lélio Renard Lavaud and Marie-Anne Lachaux and Pierre Stock and Teven Le Scao and Thibaut Lavril and Thomas Wang and Timothée Lacroix and William El Sayed},
 eprint = {2310.06825},
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 title = {Mistral 7B},
 year = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{bonisoli2023,
 author = {Giovanni Bonisoli and
Maria Pia di Buono and
Laura Po and
Federica Rollo},
 booktitle = {{SIGIR} '23: The 46th International {ACM} {SIGIR} Conference on Research
and Development in Information Retrieval, Taipei, Taiwan, July 23 - 27, 2023},
 doi = {10.1145/3539618.3591904},
 editor = {Hsin-Hsi Chen and
Wei-Jou Edward Duh and
Hen-Hsen Huang and
Makoto P. Kato and
Josiane Mothe and
Barbara Poblete},
 publisher = {{ACM}},
 title = {DICE: A Dataset of Italian Crime Event news},
 year = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{wang2023m4,
 address = {St. Julian{'}s, Malta},
 author = {Wang, Yuxia  and
Mansurov, Jonibek  and
Ivanov, Petar  and
Su, Jinyan  and
Shelmanov, Artem  and
Tsvigun, Akim  and
Whitehouse, Chenxi  and
Mohammed Afzal, Osama  and
Mahmoud, Tarek  and
Sasaki, Toru  and
Arnold, Thomas  and
Aji, Alham  and
Habash, Nizar  and
Gurevych, Iryna  and
Nakov, Preslav},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
 editor = {Graham, Yvette  and
Purver, Matthew},
 pages = {1369--1407},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
 title = {M4: Multi-generator, Multi-domain, and Multi-lingual Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detection},
 url = {https://aclanthology.org/2024.eacl-long.83},
 year = {2024}
}

@misc{hans2024spotting,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Abhimanyu Hans and Avi Schwarzschild and Valeriia Cherepanova and Hamid Kazemi and Aniruddha Saha and Micah Goldblum and Jonas Geiping and Tom Goldstein},
 eprint = {2401.12070},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {Spotting LLMs With Binoculars: Zero-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated Text},
 year = {2024}
}

@misc{verma2023ghostbuster,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Vivek Verma and Eve Fleisig and Nicholas Tomlin and Dan Klein},
 eprint = {2305.15047},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {Ghostbuster: Detecting Text Ghostwritten by Large Language Models},
 year = {2023}
}

@article{ghosal2023a,
 author = {Soumya Suvra Ghosal and Souradip Chakraborty and Jonas Geiping and Furong Huang and Dinesh Manocha and Amrit Bedi},
 issn = {2835-8856},
 journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
 note = {Survey Certification},
 title = {A Survey on the Possibilities \& Impossibilities of {AI}-generated Text Detection},
 url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=AXtFeYjboj},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{liu2019roberta,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Yinhan Liu and Myle Ott and Naman Goyal and Jingfei Du and Mandar Joshi and Danqi Chen and Omer Levy and Mike Lewis and Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov},
 eprint = {1907.11692},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach},
 year = {2019}
}

@misc{samsi2023words,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Siddharth Samsi and Dan Zhao and Joseph McDonald and Baolin Li and Adam Michaleas and Michael Jones and William Bergeron and Jeremy Kepner and Devesh Tiwari and Vijay Gadepally},
 eprint = {2310.03003},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {From Words to Watts: Benchmarking the Energy Costs of Large Language Model Inference},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{touvron2023llama2,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Hugo Touvron and Louis Martin and Kevin Stone and Peter Albert and Amjad Almahairi and Yasmine Babaei and Nikolay Bashlykov and Soumya Batra and Prajjwal Bhargava and Shruti Bhosale and Dan Bikel and Lukas Blecher and Cristian Canton Ferrer and Moya Chen and Guillem Cucurull and David Esiobu and Jude Fernandes and Jeremy Fu and Wenyin Fu and Brian Fuller and Cynthia Gao and Vedanuj Goswami and Naman Goyal and Anthony Hartshorn and Saghar Hosseini and Rui Hou and Hakan Inan and Marcin Kardas and Viktor Kerkez and Madian Khabsa and Isabel Kloumann and Artem Korenev and Punit Singh Koura and Marie-Anne Lachaux and Thibaut Lavril and Jenya Lee and Diana Liskovich and Yinghai Lu and Yuning Mao and Xavier Martinet and Todor Mihaylov and Pushkar Mishra and Igor Molybog and Yixin Nie and Andrew Poulton and Jeremy Reizenstein and Rashi Rungta and Kalyan Saladi and Alan Schelten and Ruan Silva and Eric Michael Smith and Ranjan Subramanian and Xiaoqing Ellen Tan and Binh Tang and Ross Taylor and Adina Williams and Jian Xiang Kuan and Puxin Xu and Zheng Yan and Iliyan Zarov and Yuchen Zhang and Angela Fan and Melanie Kambadur and Sharan Narang and Aurelien Rodriguez and Robert Stojnic and Sergey Edunov and Thomas Scialom},
 eprint = {2307.09288},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{santilli2023camoscio,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Andrea Santilli and Emanuele Rodolà},
 eprint = {2307.16456},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {Camoscio: an Italian Instruction-tuned LLaMA},
 year = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{pmlr-v202-kirchenbauer23a,
 author = {Kirchenbauer, John and Geiping, Jonas and Wen, Yuxin and Katz, Jonathan and Miers, Ian and Goldstein, Tom},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning},
 editor = {Krause, Andreas and Brunskill, Emma and Cho, Kyunghyun and Engelhardt, Barbara and Sabato, Sivan and Scarlett, Jonathan},
 pages = {17061--17084},
 pdf = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/kirchenbauer23a/kirchenbauer23a.pdf},
 publisher = {PMLR},
 series = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
 title = {A Watermark for Large Language Models},
 url = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/kirchenbauer23a.html},
 volume = {202},
 year = {2023}
}

@misc{wang2024m4gtbench,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Yuxia Wang and Jonibek Mansurov and Petar Ivanov and Jinyan Su and Artem Shelmanov and Akim Tsvigun and Osama Mohanned Afzal and Tarek Mahmoud and Giovanni Puccetti and Thomas Arnold and Alham Fikri Aji and Nizar Habash and Iryna Gurevych and Preslav Nakov},
 eprint = {2402.11175},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {M4GT-Bench: Evaluation Benchmark for Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detection},
 year = {2024}
}

@inproceedings{kirchenbauer2024on,
 author = {John Kirchenbauer and Jonas Geiping and Yuxin Wen and Manli Shu and Khalid Saifullah and Kezhi Kong and Kasun Fernando and Aniruddha Saha and Micah Goldblum and Tom Goldstein},
 booktitle = {The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations},
 title = {On the Reliability of Watermarks for Large Language Models},
 url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=DEJIDCmWOz},
 year = {2024}
}

@misc{dugan2024raid,
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Liam Dugan and Alyssa Hwang and Filip Trhlik and Josh Magnus Ludan and Andrew Zhu and Hainiu Xu and Daphne Ippolito and Chris Callison-Burch},
 eprint = {2405.07940},
 primaryclass = {cs.CL},
 title = {RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectors},
 year = {2024}
}

@misc{dugan2024raidsharedbenchmarkrobust,
      title={RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectors}, 
      author={Liam Dugan and Alyssa Hwang and Filip Trhlik and Josh Magnus Ludan and Andrew Zhu and Hainiu Xu and Daphne Ippolito and Chris Callison-Burch},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2405.07940},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.07940}, 
}

@article{Dugan_Ippolito_Kirubarajan_Shi_Callison-Burch_2023, title={Real or Fake Text?: Investigating Human Ability to Detect Boundaries between Human-Written and Machine-Generated Text}, volume={37}, url={https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/26501}, DOI={10.1609/aaai.v37i11.26501}, number={11}, journal={Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, author={Dugan, Liam and Ippolito, Daphne and Kirubarajan, Arun and Shi, Sherry and Callison-Burch, Chris}, year={2023}, month={Jun.}, pages={12763-12771} }

@inproceedings{Puccetti_2024,
   title={{AI} ‘News’ Content Farms Are Easy to Make and Hard to Detect: A Case Study in Italian},
   url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.817},
   DOI={10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.817},
   booktitle={Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
   publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics},
   author={Puccetti, Giovanni and Rogers, Anna and Alzetta, Chiara and Dell’Orletta, Felice and Esuli, Andrea},
   year={2024},
   pages={15312–15338} }

@inproceedings{wang-etal-2025-genai,
    title = "{G}en{AI} Content Detection Task 1: {E}nglish and Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detection: {AI} vs. Human",
    author = "Wang, Yuxia  and
      Shelmanov, Artem  and
      Mansurov, Jonibek  and
      Tsvigun, Akim  and
      Mikhailov, Vladislav  and
      Xing, Rui  and
      Xie, Zhuohan  and
      Geng, Jiahui  and
      Puccetti, Giovanni  and
      Artemova, Ekaterina  and
      Su, Jinyan  and
      Ta, Minh Ngoc  and
      Abassy, Mervat  and
      Elozeiri, Kareem Ashraf  and
      El Etter, Saad El Dine Ahmed  and
      Goloburda, Maiya  and
      Mahmoud, Tarek  and
      Tomar, Raj Vardhan  and
      Laiyk, Nurkhan  and
      Mohammed Afzal, Osama  and
      Koike, Ryuto  and
      Kaneko, Masahiro  and
      Aji, Alham Fikri  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    editor = "Alam, Firoj  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Chowdhury, Shammur  and
      Shelmanov, Artem  and
      Wang, Yuxia  and
      Artemova, Ekaterina  and
      Kutlu, Mucahid  and
      Mikros, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1stWorkshop on GenAI Content Detection (GenAIDetect)",
    month = jan,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Abu Dhabi, UAE",
    publisher = "International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.genaidetect-1.27/",
    pages = "244--261",
    abstract = "We present the GenAI Content Detection Task 1 {--} a shared task on binary machine generated text detection, conducted as a part of the GenAI workshop at COLING 2025. The task consists of two subtasks: Monolingual (English) and Multilingual. The shared task attracted many participants: 36 teams made official submissions to the Monolingual subtask during the test phase and 27 teams {--} to the Multilingual. We provide a comprehensive overview of the data, a summary of the results {--} including system rankings and performance scores {--} detailed descriptions of the participating systems, and an in-depth analysis of submissions."
}
@article{dubey2024llama,
  title={The llama 3 herd of models},
  author={Dubey, Abhimanyu and Jauhri, Abhinav and Pandey, Abhinav and Kadian, Abhishek and Al-Dahle, Ahmad and Letman, Aiesha and Mathur, Akhil and Schelten, Alan and Yang, Amy and Fan, Angela and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.21783},
  year={2024}
}

@inproceedings{eder2011stylometry,
  title={Stylometry with R.},
  author={Eder, Maciej and Rybicki, Jan},
  booktitle={DH},
  pages={308--310},
  year={2011}
}


@article{hu2023radar,
  title={Radar: Robust ai-text detection via adversarial learning},
  author={Hu, Xiaomeng and Chen, Pin-Yu and Ho, Tsung-Yi},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={36},
  pages={15077--15095},
  year={2023}
}



@inproceedings{radar,
  author       = {Xiaomeng Hu and
                  Pin{-}Yu Chen and
                  Tsung{-}Yi Ho},
  title        = {{RADAR:} Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learning},
  booktitle    = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36: Annual Conference
                  on Neural Information Processing Systems 2023, NeurIPS 2023, New Orleans,
                  LA, USA, December 10 - 16, 2023},
  year         = {2023}
}

@misc{macko2024multisocialmultilingualbenchmarkmachinegenerated,
      title={MultiSocial: Multilingual Benchmark of Machine-Generated Text Detection of Social-Media Texts}, 
      author={Dominik Macko and Jakub Kopal and Robert Moro and Ivan Srba},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2406.12549},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.12549}, 
}


@inproceedings{doughman-etal-2025-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Limitations of Detecting Machine-Generated Text",
    author = "Doughman, Jad  and
      Mohammed Afzal, Osama  and
      Toyin, Hawau Olamide  and
      Shehata, Shady  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Talat, Zeerak",
    editor = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Wanner, Leo  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Al-Khalifa, Hend  and
      Eugenio, Barbara Di  and
      Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Abu Dhabi, UAE",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.288/",
    pages = "4274--4281",
    abstract = "Recent improvements in the quality of the generations by large language models have spurred research into identifying machine-generated text. Such work often presents high-performing detectors. However, humans and machines can produce text in different styles and domains, yet the the performance impact of such on machine generated text detection systems remains unclear. In this paper, we audit the classification performance for detecting machine-generated text by evaluating on texts with varying writing styles. We find that classifiers are highly sensitive to stylistic changes and differences in text complexity, and in some cases degrade entirely to random classifiers. We further find that detection systems are particularly susceptible to misclassify easy-to-read texts while they have high performance for complex texts, leading to concerns about the reliability of detection systems. We recommend that future work attends to stylistic factors and reading difficulty levels of human-written and machine-generated text."
}

@misc{dugan2025genaicontentdetectiontask,
      title={GenAI Content Detection Task 3: Cross-Domain Machine-Generated Text Detection Challenge}, 
      author={Liam Dugan and Andrew Zhu and Firoj Alam and Preslav Nakov and Marianna Apidianaki and Chris Callison-Burch},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2501.08913},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.08913}, 
}

@inproceedings{dpo2023,
 author = {Rafailov, Rafael and Sharma, Archit and Mitchell, Eric and Manning, Christopher D and Ermon, Stefano and Finn, Chelsea},
 booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
 editor = {A. Oh and T. Naumann and A. Globerson and K. Saenko and M. Hardt and S. Levine},
 pages = {53728--53741},
 publisher = {Curran Associates, Inc.},
 title = {Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model},
 url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/a85b405ed65c6477a4fe8302b5e06ce7-Paper-Conference.pdf},
 volume = {36},
 year = {2023}
}

@article{uchendu2023attribution,
  title={Attribution and obfuscation of neural text authorship: A data mining perspective},
  author={Uchendu, Adaku and Le, Thai and Lee, Dongwon},
  journal={ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter},
  volume={25},
  number={1},
  pages={1--18},
  year={2023},
  publisher={ACM New York, NY, USA}
}



                          
@misc{openai2024gpt4technicalreport,
      title={GPT-4 Technical Report}, 
      author={OpenAI and Josh Achiam and Steven Adler and Sandhini Agarwal and Lama Ahmad and Ilge Akkaya and Florencia Leoni Aleman and Diogo Almeida and Janko Altenschmidt and Sam Altman and Shyamal Anadkat and Red Avila and Igor Babuschkin and Suchir Balaji and Valerie Balcom and Paul Baltescu and Haiming Bao and Mohammad Bavarian and Jeff Belgum and Irwan Bello and Jake Berdine and Gabriel Bernadett-Shapiro and Christopher Berner and Lenny Bogdonoff and Oleg Boiko and Madelaine Boyd and Anna-Luisa Brakman and Greg Brockman and Tim Brooks and Miles Brundage and Kevin Button and Trevor Cai and Rosie Campbell and Andrew Cann and Brittany Carey and Chelsea Carlson and Rory Carmichael and Brooke Chan and Che Chang and Fotis Chantzis and Derek Chen and Sully Chen and Ruby Chen and Jason Chen and Mark Chen and Ben Chess and Chester Cho and Casey Chu and Hyung Won Chung and Dave Cummings and Jeremiah Currier and Yunxing Dai and Cory Decareaux and Thomas Degry and Noah Deutsch and Damien Deville and Arka Dhar and David Dohan and Steve Dowling and Sheila Dunning and Adrien Ecoffet and Atty Eleti and Tyna Eloundou and David Farhi and Liam Fedus and Niko Felix and Simón Posada Fishman and Juston Forte and Isabella Fulford and Leo Gao and Elie Georges and Christian Gibson and Vik Goel and Tarun Gogineni and Gabriel Goh and Rapha Gontijo-Lopes and Jonathan Gordon and Morgan Grafstein and Scott Gray and Ryan Greene and Joshua Gross and Shixiang Shane Gu and Yufei Guo and Chris Hallacy and Jesse Han and Jeff Harris and Yuchen He and Mike Heaton and Johannes Heidecke and Chris Hesse and Alan Hickey and Wade Hickey and Peter Hoeschele and Brandon Houghton and Kenny Hsu and Shengli Hu and Xin Hu and Joost Huizinga and Shantanu Jain and Shawn Jain and Joanne Jang and Angela Jiang and Roger Jiang and Haozhun Jin and Denny Jin and Shino Jomoto and Billie Jonn and Heewoo Jun and Tomer Kaftan and Łukasz Kaiser and Ali Kamali and Ingmar Kanitscheider and Nitish Shirish Keskar and Tabarak Khan and Logan Kilpatrick and Jong Wook Kim and Christina Kim and Yongjik Kim and Jan Hendrik Kirchner and Jamie Kiros and Matt Knight and Daniel Kokotajlo and Łukasz Kondraciuk and Andrew Kondrich and Aris Konstantinidis and Kyle Kosic and Gretchen Krueger and Vishal Kuo and Michael Lampe and Ikai Lan and Teddy Lee and Jan Leike and Jade Leung and Daniel Levy and Chak Ming Li and Rachel Lim and Molly Lin and Stephanie Lin and Mateusz Litwin and Theresa Lopez and Ryan Lowe and Patricia Lue and Anna Makanju and Kim Malfacini and Sam Manning and Todor Markov and Yaniv Markovski and Bianca Martin and Katie Mayer and Andrew Mayne and Bob McGrew and Scott Mayer McKinney and Christine McLeavey and Paul McMillan and Jake McNeil and David Medina and Aalok Mehta and Jacob Menick and Luke Metz and Andrey Mishchenko and Pamela Mishkin and Vinnie Monaco and Evan Morikawa and Daniel Mossing and Tong Mu and Mira Murati and Oleg Murk and David Mély and Ashvin Nair and Reiichiro Nakano and Rajeev Nayak and Arvind Neelakantan and Richard Ngo and Hyeonwoo Noh and Long Ouyang and Cullen O'Keefe and Jakub Pachocki and Alex Paino and Joe Palermo and Ashley Pantuliano and Giambattista Parascandolo and Joel Parish and Emy Parparita and Alex Passos and Mikhail Pavlov and Andrew Peng and Adam Perelman and Filipe de Avila Belbute Peres and Michael Petrov and Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto and Michael and Pokorny and Michelle Pokrass and Vitchyr H. Pong and Tolly Powell and Alethea Power and Boris Power and Elizabeth Proehl and Raul Puri and Alec Radford and Jack Rae and Aditya Ramesh and Cameron Raymond and Francis Real and Kendra Rimbach and Carl Ross and Bob Rotsted and Henri Roussez and Nick Ryder and Mario Saltarelli and Ted Sanders and Shibani Santurkar and Girish Sastry and Heather Schmidt and David Schnurr and John Schulman and Daniel Selsam and Kyla Sheppard and Toki Sherbakov and Jessica Shieh and Sarah Shoker and Pranav Shyam and Szymon Sidor and Eric Sigler and Maddie Simens and Jordan Sitkin and Katarina Slama and Ian Sohl and Benjamin Sokolowsky and Yang Song and Natalie Staudacher and Felipe Petroski Such and Natalie Summers and Ilya Sutskever and Jie Tang and Nikolas Tezak and Madeleine B. Thompson and Phil Tillet and Amin Tootoonchian and Elizabeth Tseng and Preston Tuggle and Nick Turley and Jerry Tworek and Juan Felipe Cerón Uribe and Andrea Vallone and Arun Vijayvergiya and Chelsea Voss and Carroll Wainwright and Justin Jay Wang and Alvin Wang and Ben Wang and Jonathan Ward and Jason Wei and CJ Weinmann and Akila Welihinda and Peter Welinder and Jiayi Weng and Lilian Weng and Matt Wiethoff and Dave Willner and Clemens Winter and Samuel Wolrich and Hannah Wong and Lauren Workman and Sherwin Wu and Jeff Wu and Michael Wu and Kai Xiao and Tao Xu and Sarah Yoo and Kevin Yu and Qiming Yuan and Wojciech Zaremba and Rowan Zellers and Chong Zhang and Marvin Zhang and Shengjia Zhao and Tianhao Zheng and Juntang Zhuang and William Zhuk and Barret Zoph},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2303.08774},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774}, 
}Detection Task 1: English and Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detection: AI vs. Human}, 
      author={Yuxia Wang and Artem Shelmanov and Jonibek Mansurov and Akim Tsvigun and Vladislav Mikhailov and Rui Xing and Zhuohan Xie and Jiahui Geng and Giovanni Puccetti and Ekaterina Artemova and jinyan su and Minh Ngoc Ta and Mervat Abassy and Kareem Ashraf Elozeiri and Saad El Dine Ahmed El Etter and Maiya Goloburda and Tarek Mahmoud and Raj Vardhan Tomar and Nurkhan Laiyk and Osama Mohammed Afzal and Ryuto Koike and Masahiro Kaneko and Alham Fikri Aji and Nizar Habash and Iryna Gurevych and Preslav Nakov},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2501.11012},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.11012}, 
}

@misc{gemmateam2024gemma2improvingopen,
      title={Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size}, 
      author={Gemma Team},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2408.00118},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.00118}, 
}

@misc{openai2024gpt4technicalreport,
      title={GPT-4 Technical Report}, 
      author={OpenAI},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2303.08774},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774}, 
}

@misc{deepseekai2024deepseekv3technicalreport,
      title={DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report}, 
      author={DeepSeek-AI},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2412.19437},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.19437}, 
}


@misc{taylor2022galacticalargelanguagemodel,
      title={Galactica: A Large Language Model for Science}, 
      author={Ross Taylor and Marcin Kardas and Guillem Cucurull and Thomas Scialom and Anthony Hartshorn and Elvis Saravia and Andrew Poulton and Viktor Kerkez and Robert Stojnic},
      year={2022},
      eprint={2211.09085},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.09085}, 
}

@article{thompson-etal-2014-computational,
author = {Collins-Thompson, Kevyn},
year = {2014},
month = {12},
pages = {97-135},
title = {Computational assessment of text readability: A survey of current and future research},
volume = {165},
journal = {ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics},
doi = {10.1075/itl.165.2.01col}
}

@inproceedings{pedrotti2025stresstestingmachinegeneratedtext,
    title = "Stress-testing Machine Generated Text Detection: Shifting Language Models Writing Style to Fool Detectors",
    author={Andrea Pedrotti and Michele Papucci and Cristiano Ciaccio and Alessio Miaschi and Giovanni Puccetti and Felice Dell'Orletta and Andrea Esuli},
    editor = "Wanxiang Che  and
      Joyce Nabende  and
      Ekaterina Shutova   and
      Mohammad Taher Pilehvar",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025",
    month = jul,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Vienna, Austria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.156/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.156",
    pages = "3010--3031",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-256-5",
    abstract = "Recent advancements in Generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled the creation of highly realistic synthetic content, raising concerns about the potential for malicious use, such as misinformation and manipulation. Moreover, detecting Machine-Generated Text (MGT) remains challenging due to the lack of robust benchmarks that assess generalization to real-world scenarios. In this work, we evaluate the resilience of state-of-the-art MGT detectors (e.g., Mage, Radar, LLM-DetectAIve) to linguistically informed adversarial attacks. We develop a pipeline that fine-tunes language models using Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to shift the MGT style toward human-written text (HWT), obtaining generations more challenging to detect by current models. Additionally, we analyze the linguistic shifts induced by the alignment and how detectors rely on ``linguistic shortcuts'' to detect texts. Our results show that detectors can be easily fooled with relatively few examples, resulting in a significant drop in detecting performances. This highlights the importance of improving detection methods and making them robust to unseen in-domain texts. We release code, models, and data to support future research on more robust MGT detection benchmarks."
}

@inproceedings{demattei-etal-2020-changeit,
    author = {Lorenzo De Mattei and Michele Cafagna and Felice Dell'Orletta and Malvina Nissim and Albert Gatt},
    title = {{CHANGE-IT @ EVALITA 2020}: Change Headlines, Adapt News, GEnerate},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of Seventh Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2020)},
    editor = {Valerio Basile and Danilo Croce and Maria Di Maro and Lucia C. Passaro},
    publisher = {CEUR.org},
    year = {2020},
    address = {Online}
}


%% Participants bib files

@inproceedings{desegma2026gradientdescenders,
title={Gradient Descenders at {DeSegMa-IT}: Leveraging Monolingual Transformer for {LLM}-Generated Text Detection and Boundary Identification},
author={Tran Phuoc Thanh Nhan and Bui Hong Son1 and Dang Van Thin},
booktitle={Proceedings of the Ninth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2026)},
publisher = {CEUR.org},
year = {2026},
month = {February},
address = {Bari, Italy}
}


@inproceedings{desegma2026kenjiendo,
title={{Kenji-Endo}: a {BabyLM} at {EVALITA 2026}},
author={Calogero Jerik Scozzaro and Mattero Rinaldi and Gianluca Mittone and Marco Antonio Stranisci},
booktitle={Proceedings of the Ninth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2026)},
publisher = {CEUR.org},
year = {2026},
month = {February},
address = {Bari, Italy}
}


@inproceedings{desegma2026minds,
title={{MINDS} at {DeSegMa-IT}: Detecting Human-{LLM} Authorship Switches via Token-Level Classification},
author={Flavio Giobergia},
booktitle={Proceedings of the Ninth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2026)},
publisher = {CEUR.org},
year = {2026},
month = {February},
address = {Bari, Italy}
}


@inproceedings{desegma2026unitor,
title={{UniTor} at {DeSegMa-IT}\: Analyzing Supervision and Encoder Representations for Italian Machine-Generated Text Detection},
author={Federico Borazio and Giacomo De Luca and Daniele Pasquini and Danilo Croce and Roberto Basili},
booktitle={Proceedings of the Ninth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2026)},
publisher = {CEUR.org},
year = {2026},
month = {February},
address = {Bari, Italy}
}


@inproceedings{desegma2026stochasticgradientdescenders,
title={{S}tochastic {G}radient {D}escenders at {DeSegMa-IT}: Instruction-Tuned {LLM} and Token Classification for {MGT} Detection and Boundary Localization},
author={Huynh Nguyen Phu and Bui Hong Son and Dang Van Thin},
booktitle={Proceedings of the Ninth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2026)},
publisher = {CEUR.org},
year = {2026},
month = {February},
address = {Bari, Italy}
}


@inproceedings{desegma2026nicla,
title={Nicla at {DeSegMa-IT}: {DistilBERT} for {MGT} detection and {LightGBM} Regressor for {HMT} Segmentation.},
author={Nicla Auletta},
booktitle={Proceedings of the Ninth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2026)},
publisher = {CEUR.org},
year = {2026},
month = {February},
address = {Bari, Italy}
}

@inproceedings{he2023debertav,
    title={De{BERT}aV3: Improving {D}e{BERT}a using {ELECTRA}-Style Pre-Training with Gradient-Disentangled Embedding Sharing},
    author={Pengcheng He and Jianfeng Gao and Weizhu Chen},
    booktitle={The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations },
    year={2023},
    url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=sE7-XhLxHA}
}

@misc{musixmatch-2020-umberto,
  author = {Loreto Parisi and Simone Francia and Paolo Magnani},
  title = {{UmBERTo}: an Italian Language Model trained with Whole Word Masking},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {GitHub},
  journal = {GitHub repository},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/musixmatchresearch/umberto}}
}

@misc{emi2024technicalreportpangramaigenerated,
      title={Technical Report on the Pangram AI-Generated Text Classifier}, 
      author={Bradley Emi and Max Spero},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.14873},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.14873}, 
}


@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/HuCH23,
  author       = {Xiaomeng Hu and Pin-Yu Chen and Tsung-Yi Ho},

  title        = {{RADAR:} Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learning},
  booktitle    = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36: Annual Conference
                  on Neural Information Processing Systems 2023, NeurIPS 2023, New Orleans,
                  LA, USA, December 10 - 16, 2023},
  year         = {2023}
}

@article{KASNECI2023102274,
title = {ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education},
journal = {Learning and Individual Differences},
volume = {103},
pages = {102274},
year = {2023},
issn = {1041-6080},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1041608023000195},
author = {Enkelejda Kasneci and Kathrin Sessler and Stefan Küchemann and Maria Bannert and Daryna Dementieva and Frank Fischer and Urs Gasser and Georg Groh and Stephan Günnemann and Eyke Hüllermeier and Stephan Krusche and Gitta Kutyniok and Tilman Michaeli and Claudia Nerdel and Jürgen Pfeffer and Oleksandra Poquet and Michael Sailer and Albrecht Schmidt and Tina Seidel and Matthias Stadler and Jochen Weller and Jochen Kuhn and Gjergji Kasneci},
keywords = {Large language models, Artificial intelligence, Education, Educational technologies},
}

@inproceedings{corazza2025hybrid,
  title={Hybrid AI Enhancing European Drafting Legislation for a Better Regulation},
  author={Corazza, Michele and Longo, Generoso and Zilli, Leonardo and Di Sante, Emanuele and Sapienza, Salvatore and Palmirani, Monica},
  booktitle={2025 Eleventh International Conference on eDemocracy \& eGovernment (ICEDEG)},
  pages={106--113},
  year={2025},
  organization={IEEE}
}

@article{XU2022100543,
title = {Codabench: Flexible, easy-to-use, and reproducible meta-benchmark platform},
journal = {Patterns},
volume = {3},
number = {7},
pages = {100543},
year = {2022},
issn = {2666-3899},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100543},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666389922001465},
author = {Zhen Xu and Sergio Escalera and Adrien Pavão and Magali Richard and Wei-Wei Tu and Quanming Yao and Huan Zhao and Isabelle Guyon},
keywords = {machine learning, data science, benchmark platform, reproducibility, competitions},
}

@inproceedings{evalita2026overview,
title={EVALITA 2026: Overview of the 9th Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian},
author={Cutugno, Francesco and Miaschi, Alessio and Aprosio, Alessio Palmero and Rambelli, Giulia and Siciliani, Lucia and Stranisci, Marco Antonio},
booktitle={Proceedings of the Ninth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2026)},
publisher = {CEUR.org},
year = {2026},
month = {February},
address = {Bari, Italy}
}


@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/semeval/WangMISSTAMPA24,
  author       = {Yuxia Wang and
                  Jonibek Mansurov and
                  Petar Ivanov and
                  Jinyan Su and
                  Artem Shelmanov and
                  Akim Tsvigun and
                  Osama Mohammed Afzal and
                  Tarek Mahmoud and
                  Giovanni Puccetti and
                  Thomas Arnold},
  editor       = {Atul Kr. Ojha and
                  A. Seza Dogru{\"{o}}z and
                  Harish Tayyar Madabushi and
                  Giovanni Da San Martino and
                  Sara Rosenthal and
                  Aiala Ros{\'{a}}},
  title        = {SemEval-2024 Task 8: Multidomain, Multimodel and Multilingual Machine-Generated
                  Text Detection},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation,
                  SemEval@NAACL 2024, Mexico City, Mexico, June 20-21, 2024},
  pages        = {2057--2079},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2024},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.semeval-1.279},
  doi          = {10.18653/V1/2024.SEMEVAL-1.279},
  timestamp    = {Mon, 20 Oct 2025 10:32:56 +0200},
  biburl       = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/semeval/WangMISSTAMPA24.bib},
  bibsource    = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-11175,
  author       = {Yuxia Wang and
                  Jonibek Mansurov and
                  Petar Ivanov and
                  Jinyan Su and
                  Artem Shelmanov and
                  Akim Tsvigun and
                  Osama Mohanned Afzal and
                  Tarek Mahmoud and
                  Giovanni Puccetti and
                  Thomas Arnold and
                  Alham Fikri Aji and
                  Nizar Habash and
                  Iryna Gurevych and
                  Preslav Nakov},
  title        = {M4GT-Bench: Evaluation Benchmark for Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detection},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.11175},
  year         = {2024},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.11175},
  doi          = {10.48550/ARXIV.2402.11175},
  eprinttype    = {arXiv},
  eprint       = {2402.11175},
  timestamp    = {Sat, 15 Nov 2025 13:49:24 +0100},
  biburl       = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2402-11175.bib},
  bibsource    = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2501-11012,
  author       = {Yuxia Wang and
                  Artem Shelmanov and
                  Jonibek Mansurov and
                  Akim Tsvigun and
                  Vladislav Mikhailov and
                  Rui Xing and
                  Zhuohan Xie and
                  Jiahui Geng and
                  Giovanni Puccetti and
                  Ekaterina Artemova and
                  Jinyan Su and
                  Minh Ngoc Ta and
                  Mervat Abassy and
                  Kareem Ashraf Elozeiri and
                  Saad El Dine Ahmed El Etter and
                  Maiya Goloburda and
                  Tarek Mahmoud and
                  Raj Vardhan Tomar and
                  Nurkhan Laiyk and
                  Osama Mohammed Afzal and
                  Ryuto Koike and
                  Masahiro Kaneko and
                  Alham Fikri Aji and
                  Nizar Habash and
                  Iryna Gurevych and
                  Preslav Nakov},
  title        = {GenAI Content Detection Task 1: English and Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detection: {AI} vs. Human},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2501.11012},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.11012},
  doi          = {10.48550/ARXIV.2501.11012},
  eprinttype    = {arXiv},
  eprint       = {2501.11012},
  timestamp    = {Thu, 20 Nov 2025 07:44:44 +0100},
  biburl       = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2501-11012.bib},
  bibsource    = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}