Question:
Suppose that $a$ is a positive integer for which the least common multiple of $a+1$ and $a-5$ is $10508$. What is $a^2 - 4a + 1$?

Answer:
Notice that $(a+1)(a-5) = a^2 - 4a - 5$, so $a^2 - 4a + 1 = (a+1)(a-5) + 6$.

Also, we know that by the Euclidean algorithm, the greatest common divisor of $a+1$ and $a-5$ divides $6$: \begin{align*}
\text{gcd}\,(a+1, a-5) &= \text{gcd}\,(a+1-(a-5),a-5)\\
&= \text{gcd}\,(6,a-5).
\end{align*}As $10508$ is even but not divisible by $3$, for the sum of the digits of $10508$ is $1 + 5 + 8 = 14$, it follows that the greatest common divisor of $a+1$ and $a-5$ must be $2$.

From the identity $xy = \text{lcm}\,(x,y) \cdot \text{gcd}\,(x,y)$ (consider the exponents of the prime numbers in the prime factorization of $x$ and $y$), it follows that \begin{align*}
(a+1)(a-5) &= \text{lcm}\,(a+1,a-5) \cdot \text{gcd}\,(a+1, a-5) \\
&= 2 \cdot 10508.
\end{align*}Thus, the desired answer is $2 \cdot 10508 + 6 = \boxed{21022}.$

With a bit more work, we can find that $a = 147$.