Question:
How many ordered pairs of positive integers $(m,n)$ satisfy $\gcd(m,n) = 2$ and $\mathop{\text{lcm}}[m,n] = 108$?

Answer:
Since $\mathop{\text{lcm}}[m,n] = 108 = 2^2 \cdot 3^3$, we know $m = 2^a \cdot 3^b$ and $n = 2^c \cdot 3^d$ for some positive integers $a$, $b$, $c$, and $d$.  Furthermore, $\mathop{\text{lcm}}[m,n] = \mathop{\text{lcm}}[2^a \cdot 3^b, 2^c \cdot 3^d] = 2^{\max\{a,c\}} \cdot 3^{\max\{b,d\}}$, so $\max\{a,c\} = 2$ and $\max\{b,d\} = 3$.

Also, $\gcd(m,n) = 2$, but $\gcd(m,n) = \gcd(2^a \cdot 3^b, 2^c \cdot 3^d) = 2^{\min\{a,c\}} \cdot 3^{\min\{b,d\}}$, so $\min\{a,c\} = 1$ and $\min\{b,d\} = 0$.

There are only 2 pairs $(a,c)$ that satisfy $\min\{a,c\} = 1$ and $\max\{a,c\} = 2$, namely $(1,2)$ and $(2,1)$.  There are only 2 pairs $(b,d)$ that satisfy $\min\{b,d\} = 0$ and $\max\{b,d\} = 3$, namely $(0,3)$ and $(3,0)$.  Therefore, there are $2 \cdot 2 = 4$ possible quadruples $(a,b,c,d)$, so there are $\boxed{4}$ possible pairs $(m,n)$.