Inter-frame Differential Energy Video Watermarking Algorithm Based on Compressed Domain

Lijun Wang, Hongxun Yao, Shaohui Liu, Wen Gao, Yazhou Liu

Abstract: This paper presents a novel video watermarking scheme based on the correlation between adjacent frames in MPEG-4 video bitstream. The watermark is embedded in P frames during encoding and retrieved directly from the compressed bitstream without original video. In the scheme, macroblock (MB) coding modes provided by the encoder are used to decide the location of embedding, energy mapping function guarantees the visual quality, re-embedding and optimal retrieving strategy guarantees the synchronization between embedding and retrieving. The experimental results indicate that the scheme has several advantages including low computational complexity, strong robustness to re-encoding, low visual degradation and high watermark payload in the low bit rate environment compared with other watermarking systems in the compressed domain.