A Comprehensive Survey of Small Language Models in the Era of Large Language Models: Techniques, Enhancements, Applications, Collaboration with LLMs, and Trustworthiness

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Fali Wang, Zhiwei Zhang, Xianren Zhang, Zongyu Wu, Tzuhao Mo, Qiuhao Lu, Wanjing Wang, Rui Li, Junjie Xu, Xianfeng Tang, Qi He, Yao Ma, Ming Huang, Suhang Wang

Published: 2025, Last Modified: 23 Jan 2026ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. 2025EveryoneRevisionsBibTeXCC BY-SA 4.0