SPMFormer: Simplified Physical Model-based transformer with cross-space loss for underwater image enhancement

Zhuohao Li, Qichao Chen, Jianming Miao

Abstract: Highlights•A simple yet novel Transformer, SPMFormer, with up to 450×<math><mo is="true">×</mo></math> fewer computations.•UEPE performs initial restoration via a simplified physical model before attention.•A cross-space loss using RGB, LAB, and frequency to further recover image details.•Experiments on public datasets and real-world tests verify SPMFormer’s superiority.