Diverse Projection Ensembles for Distributional Reinforcement Learning

Moritz Akiya Zanger, Wendelin Boehmer, Matthijs T. J. Spaan

Keywords: Projections, Epistemic Uncertainty, Ensembles, Exploration, Reinforcement Learning, Distributional Reinforcement Learning, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence

TL;DR: This paper introduces ensembles for distributional reinforcement learning that use different projections to drive diversity.

Abstract: In contrast to classical reinforcement learning, distributional RL algorithms aim to learn the distribution of returns rather than their expected value. Since the nature of the return distribution is generally unknown a priori or arbitrarily complex, a common approach finds approximations within a set of representable, parametric distributions. Typically, this involves a projection of the unconstrained distribution onto the set of simplified distributions. We argue that this projection step entails a strong inductive bias when coupled with neural networks and gradient descent, thereby profoundly impacting the generalization behavior of learned models. In order to facilitate reliable uncertainty estimation through diversity, this work studies the combination of several different projections and representations in a distributional ensemble. We establish theoretical properties of such projection ensembles and derive an algorithm that uses ensemble disagreement, measured by the average $1$-Wasserstein distance, as a bonus for deep exploration. We evaluate our algorithm on the behavior suite benchmark and find that diverse projection ensembles lead to significant performance improvements over existing methods on a wide variety of tasks with the most pronounced gains in directed exploration problems.