Red-Teaming Agent Execution Contexts: Open-World Security Evaluation on OpenClaw

Hongwei Yao, Yiming Liu, Yiling He, Bingrun Yang

Keywords: Red-Teaming Agent, Security

Abstract:

Agentic language-model systems increasingly rely on mutable execution contexts, including files, memory, tools, skills, and auxiliary artifacts, creating security risks beyond explicit user prompts. This paper presents DeepTrap, an automated framework for discovering contextual vulnerabilities in OpenClaw. DeepTrap formulates adversarial context manipulation as a black-box trajectory-level optimization problem that balances risk realization, benign-task preservation, and stealth. It combines risk-conditioned evaluation, multi-objective trajectory scoring, reward-guided beam search, and reflection-based deep probing to identify high-value compromised contexts. We construct a 42-case benchmark spanning six vulnerability classes and seven operational scenarios, and evaluate nine target models using attack and utility grading scores. Results show that contextual compromise can induce substantial unsafe behavior while preserving user-facing task completion, demonstrating that final-response evaluation is insufficient. The findings highlight the need for execution-centric security evaluation of agentic AI systems.
Our code is released at: \url{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/DeepTrap-1BFC}.

Track: Regular Paper (9 pages)

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Submission Number: 320