Introducing Learnable Gaussian Noise Into Defed for Enhanced Defense Against Adversarial Attacks in Fingerprint Liveness Detection

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Shuifa Sun, Shaohua Hu, Yifei Wang, Wanyi Zheng, Jianming Lin, Sani M. Abdullahi, Jian Zhang, Junlin Hu

Published: 01 Jan 2026, Last Modified: 27 Feb 2026IET BiometricsEveryoneRevisionsCC BY-SA 4.0