A Comprehensive Review of Three-Dimensional Watermarking Algorithms

Xiao Wu, Hu Guan, Ying Huang, Chunhua Song, Baoning Niu, Shuwu Zhang, Jie Liu

Abstract: In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) models have been more and more applied in the fields of mechanical manufacturing, medical treatment, game design, etc. Academics have gradually begun to pay attention to the problem of copyright protection of 3D models. Three-dimensional watermarking technology is an effective solution for three-dimensional copyright protection. As 3D watermarking technology is updated and iterative following the representation of 3D models, this paper outlines the development history of 3D model representation and gives a detailed overview of the watermarking algorithms related to it. We focus on point cloud, mesh watermarking algorithm, DIBR watermarking algorithm and the latest NeRF and 3DGS watermarking algorithm. In addition, we divide the attacks against 3D models into undistorted attacks and distorted attacks, and discuss the robust strategies of these attacks. Finally, the bottleneck and future research prospect of 3D watermarking algorithm are pointed out.

External IDs:doi:10.1145/3708657.3708734