Virtual reality-supported biofeedback for stress management: Beneficial effects on heart rate variability and user experience

Raphael P. Weibel, Jasmine I. Kerr, Mara Naegelin, Andrea Ferrario, Victor R. Schinazi, Roberto La Marca, Christoph Hoelscher, Urs M. Nater, Florian von Wangenheim

Abstract: Highlights•Heart rate variability biofeedback in virtual reality reduces psychological stress.•Biofeedback increases low-frequency power more than standardised paced breathing.•Using a head-mounted display increases cardiac coherence more than a desktop screen.•Immersion adaptation is higher for head-mounted displays than for desktop screens.