Bone mineral density estimation from a plain X-ray image by learning decomposition into projections of bone-segmented computed tomography

Yi Gu, Yoshito Otake, Keisuke Uemura, Mazen Soufi, Masaki Takao, Hugues Talbot, Seiji Okada, Nobuhiko Sugano, Yoshinobu Sato

Abstract: Highlights•A novel method for BMD estimation through x-ray image decomposition.•Accurate and stable decomposition by hierarchical learning framework.•Efficiently utilizing CT during training.•High performance under limited dataset.•High robustness against variations such as patient pose and image compression.