A review on modelling, evaluation, and optimization of cyber-physical system reliability

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Moslem Uddin, Huadong Mo, Daoyi Dong

Published: 2025, Last Modified: 21 Jan 2026CoRR 2025EveryoneRevisionsBibTeXCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: The aim of this study is to present an overview of current research on modelling, evaluation, and optimization methods for improving the reliability of Cyber-Physical System (CPS). Three major modelling approaches, namely analytical, simulation, and hybrid models, are discussed. Various evaluation techniques, including fault tree analysis, Markov models, and availability measures, are reviewed and compared. Optimization strategies for CPS reliability, including fault tolerance, dynamic reconfiguration, and resource allocation, are also reviewed and briefly discussed. Besides, emerging trends and research opportunities in this field are highlighted and explained. Finally, the possible challenges are outlined and then future research are directed for CPS. This study can provide a systematic and in-dept introduction to CPS for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.