Monitoring urbanization and environmental impact in Kigali, Rwanda using Sentinel-2 MSI data and ecosystem service bundles

Theodomir Mugiraneza, Sebastian Hafner, Jan Haas, Yifang Ban

Abstract: Highlights•U-Net achieved good performance in urban imperviousness density extraction from Sentinel-2 MSI data.•The hybrid approach using Random Forest and U-Net improved urban land cover classification accuracies.•The expansion of built-up areas resulted in high demand for provisioning and regulating ecosystem services.•The decrease in cropland and forest negatively affected ecosystem service supply.•The framework using Sentinel-2 MSI data and ES bundles is effective for urbanization monitoring and environmental impact.