A Spectral Approach to Item Response Theory

Duc Nguyen, Anderson Ye Zhang

Keywords: item response theory, education testing, recommendation systems, Rasch model, spectral method

TL;DR: We propose a new spectral method for the item estimation problem under the Rasch model, one of the most fundamental models in item response theory; our algorithm enjoys favorable theoretical guarantees and achieves competitive numerical performance.

Abstract: The Rasch model is one of the most fundamental models in item response theory and has wide-ranging applications from education testing to recommendation systems. In a universe with $n$ users and $m$ items, the Rasch model assumes that the binary response $X_{li} \in \{0,1\}$ of a user $l$ with parameter $\theta^*_l$ to an item $i$ with parameter $\beta^*_i$ (e.g., a user likes a movie, a student correctly solves a problem) is distributed as $\mathbb{P}(X_{li}=1) = 1/(1 + \exp(-(\theta^*_l - \beta^*_i)))$. In this paper, we propose a new item estimation algorithm for this celebrated model (i.e., to estimate $\beta^*$). The core of our algorithm is the computation of the stationary distribution of a Markov chain defined on an item-item graph. We complement our algorithmic contributions with finite-sample error guarantees, the first of their kind in the literature, showing that our algorithm is consistent and enjoys favorable optimality properties. We discuss practical modifications to accelerate and robustify the algorithm that practitioners can adopt. Experiments on synthetic and real-life datasets, ranging from small education testing datasets to large recommendation systems datasets show that our algorithm is scalable, accurate, and competitive with the most commonly used methods in the literature.

Community Implementations: [ 1 code implementation](https://www.catalyzex.com/paper/a-spectral-approach-to-item-response-theory/code)