Brain–Computer Interface—A Brain-in-the-Loop Communication System

Xiaorong Gao, Yijun Wang, Xiaogang Chen, Bingchuan Liu, Shangkai Gao

Abstract: The brain–computer interface (BCI) establishes a direct communication system between the brain and a computer or other external devices. Since the inception of BCI technology half a century ago, it has advanced rapidly and developed into an active area of frontier research in modern applied science and technology. This article provides a comprehensive survey on BCI with respect to a brain-in-the-loop communication system. In the present work, we first introduce the underlying architecture of the BCI system from the theoretical and methodological perspectives of communication systems. The key technologies are then detailed, including the construction of BCI system, brain-to-computer (B2C) communication, computer-to-brain (C2B) communication, and multiuser BCI systems. Additionally, this article discusses the various applications of BCI and the challenges they face. Finally, this article discusses BCI’s future development, with an emphasis on the convergence of human intelligence (HI) and artificial intelligence (AI), and the interaction of BCI with wireless communication and the metaverse.

External IDs:doi:10.1109/jproc.2025.3600389