Exploring Space and Non-verbal Interaction in Instructional Design in Immersive Collaborative Learning

Kathrin Knutzen, Wolfgang Broll

Published: 01 Jan 2026, Last Modified: 09 Apr 2026CrossrefEveryoneRevisionsCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: To explore the impact of spatiality on social interaction in immersive learning environments, we conducted an experimental study involving students engaged in a virtual scavenger hunt with varying levels of movement (N = 17 in 6 groups of 3). Our study aimed to examine how different degrees of spatiality influence social interactions and collaboration. Despite thorough analysis, we did not find significant differences between the high and low movement groups. However, our study provides exploratory insights into the role of spatiality in virtual environments. We observe trends suggesting nuanced effects of movement on interaction, even if not statistically significant. This paper concludes with recommendations for instructional design and future research directions, offering guidance on leveraging spatiality in virtual learning contexts to enhance social engagement and learning outcomes.
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