Quantification and 3D Localization of Magnetically Navigated Superparamagnetic Particles Using MRI in Phantom and Swine Chemoembolization Models

Ning Li, Cyril Tous, Ivan P. Dimov, Dominic Cadoret, Phillip Fei, Yasamin Majedi, Simon Lessard, Zeynab Nosrati, Katayoun Saatchi, Urs O. Häfeli, An Tang, Samuel Kadoury, Sylvain Martel, Gilles Soulez

Abstract: italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Objective:</i> Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) can be combined with tumor chemoembolization agents to form magnetic drug-eluting beads (MDEBs), which are navigated magnetically in the MRI scanner through the vascular system. We aim to develop a method to accurately quantify and localize these particles and to validate the method in phantoms and swine models. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Methods:</i> MDEBs were made of Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> SPIONs. After injected known numbers of MDEBs, susceptibility artifacts in three-dimensional (3D) volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequences were acquired in glass and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) phantoms, and two living swine. Image processing of VIBE images provided the volume relationship between MDEBs and their artifact at different VIBE acquisitions and post-processing parameters. Simulated hepatic-artery embolization was performed <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in vivo</i> with an MRI-conditional magnetic-injection system, using the volume relationship to locate and quantify MDEB distribution. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Results:</i> Individual MDEBs were spatially identified, and their artifacts quantified, showing no correlation with magnetic-field orientation or sequence bandwidth, but exhibiting a relationship with echo time and providing a linear volume relationship. Two MDEB aggregates were magnetically steered into desired liver regions while the other 19 had no steering, and 25 aggregates were injected into another swine without steering. The MDEBs were spatially identified and the volume relationship showed accuracy in assessing the number of the MDEBs, with small errors (≤ 8.8%). <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Conclusion and Significance:</i> MDEBs were able to be steered into desired body regions and then localized using 3D VIBE sequences. The resulting volume relationship was linear, robust, and allowed for quantitative analysis of the MDEB distribution.