A novel error-correcting output codes based on genetic programming and ternary digit operators

Yifan Liang, Chang Liu, Han-Rui Wang, KunHong Liu, Jun-Feng Yao, Yingying She, Guiming Dai, Yuna Okina

Abstract: Highlights•A novel genetic programming (GP) based ECOC algorithm is proposed with the aid of ternary digit operators.•In the GP, every terminal node represents an ECOC column along with a feature subset, and every nonterminal node is a ternary digit operator.•Each individual is transformed into a codematrix associated with a set of feature subsets.•A local optimization algorithm is proposed to remove redundant or irrelevant columns and append necessary columns to tackle hard classes.•TOGP-ECOC outperforms other well-known ECOC algorithms on various data sets.