A comprehensive overview of diffuse correlation spectroscopy: Theoretical framework, recent advances in hardware, analysis, and applications

Quan Wang, Mingliang Pan, Lucas Kreiss, Saeed Samaei, Stefan A. Carp, Johannes D. Johansson, Yuanzhe Zhang, Melissa Wu, Roarke Horstmeyer, Mamadou Diop, David Day-Uei Li

Abstract: Highlights•We thoroughly derive and compare different layered analytical models used in continuous-wave (CW), time-domain (TD), and frequency-domain (FD)-DCS, highlighting their strengths and applications.•We discuss novel artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced DCS analysis strategies, addressing their effectiveness and potential.•We conclude new applications of CMOS SPAD cameras and compare them with existing sensors used in DCS.•We compare TD-DCS and CW-DCS systems and emphasize the benefits of TD-DCS and its potential for future development.•The authors are leading scientists in DCS and SPAD sensors.•Discussion and outlooks are also provided.