Balancing Act: Diversity and Consistency in Large Language Model Ensembles

Ahmed Abdulaal, Chen Jin, Nina Montaña-Brown, Aryo Pradipta Gema, Daniel C. Castro, Daniel C. Alexander, Philip Alexander Teare, Tom Diethe, Dino Oglic, Amrutha Saseendran

Keywords: LLM, ensembling, diversity, consistency, mixture of agents, self decoding

Abstract: Ensembling strategies for Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in improving performance across various tasks by combining the strengths of individual models. However, identifying the most effective ensembling method remains an open challenge, as neither maximizing output consistency through self-consistency decoding nor enhancing model diversity via frameworks like "Mixture of Agents" has proven universally optimal. Motivated by this, we propose a unified framework to examine the trade-offs between task performance, model diversity, and output consistency in ensembles. More specifically, we introduce a consistency score that defines a gating mechanism for mixtures of agents and an algorithm for mixture refinement to investigate these trade-offs at the semantic and model levels, respectively. We incorporate our insights into a novel inference-time LLM ensembling strategy called the Dynamic Mixture of Agents (DMoA) and demonstrate that it achieves a new state-of-the-art result in the challenging Big Bench Hard mixed evaluations benchmark. Our analysis reveals that cross-validation bias can enhance performance, contingent on the expertise of the constituent models. We further demonstrate that distinct reasoning tasks—such as arithmetic reasoning, commonsense reasoning, and instruction following—require different model capabilities, leading to inherent task-dependent trade-offs that DMoA balances effectively.

Primary Area: foundation or frontier models, including LLMs

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Submission Number: 8091