Recognizing and overcoming the greedy nature of learning in multi-modal deep neural networks

Nan Wu, Stanislaw Kamil Jastrzebski, Kyunghyun Cho, Krzysztof J. Geras

Keywords: multi-modal learning, deep neural networks, multi-view learning

Abstract: We hypothesize that due to the greedy nature of learning in multi-modal deep neural networks (DNNs), these models tend to rely on just one modality while under-utilizing the other modalities. We observe empirically that such behavior hurts its overall generalization. We validate our hypothesis by estimating the gain on the accuracy when the model has access to an additional modality. We refer to this gain as the conditional utilization rate of the modality. In the experiments, we consistently observe an imbalance in conditional utilization rate between modalities, across multiple tasks and architectures. Since conditional utilization rate cannot be computed efficiently during training, we introduce an efficient proxy based on the pace at which a DNN learns from each modality, which we refer to as conditional learning speed. We thus propose a training algorithm, balanced multi-modal learning, and demonstrate that it indeed addresses the issue of greedy learning. The proposed algorithm is found to improve the model’s generalization on three datasets: Colored MNIST (Kim et al., 2019), Princeton ModelNet40 (Wu et al., 2015), and NVIDIA Dynamic Hand Gesture Dataset (Molchanov et al., 2016).