Can foundation models actively gather information in interactive environments to test hypotheses?

Nan Rosemary Ke, Daniel P. Sawyer, Hubert Soyer, Martin Engelcke, David P Reichert, Drew A. Hudson, John Reid, Alexander Lerchner, Danilo Jimenez Rezende, Timothy P Lillicrap, Michael Curtis Mozer, Jane X Wang

Keywords: exploration, hypothesis testing, reinforcement learning, embodied environments, foundation models, large language models, visual language models

TL;DR: Variants of the Gemini foundation model can, zero-shot, perform directed exploration in both text and 3D interactive environments to test hypotheses about how the environment works.

Abstract: While problem solving is a standard evaluation task for foundation models, a crucial component of problem solving---actively and strategically gathering information to test hypotheses---has not been closely investigated. To assess the information gathering abilities of foundation models in interactive environments, we introduce a framework in which a model must determine the factors influencing a hidden reward function by iteratively reasoning about its previously gathered information and proposing its next exploratory action to maximize information gain at each step. We implement this framework in both a text-based environment, which offers a tightly controlled setting and enables high-throughput parameter sweeps, and in an embodied 3D environment, which requires addressing complexities of multi-modal interaction more relevant to real-world applications. We further investigate whether approaches such as self-correction and increased inference time improve information gathering efficiency. In a relatively simple task that requires identifying a single rewarding feature, we find that Gemini's information gathering capability is close to optimal. However, when the model must identify a conjunction of rewarding features, performance is suboptimal. The hit in performance is due partly to the model translating task description to a policy and partly to the model's effectiveness in using its in-context memory. Performance is comparable in both text and 3D embodied environments, although imperfect visual object recognition reduces its accuracy in drawing conclusions from gathered information in the 3D embodied case. For single-feature-based rewards, we find that smaller models curiously perform better; for conjunction-based rewards, incorporating self correction into the model improves performance.

Primary Area: foundation or frontier models, including LLMs

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Submission Number: 8280