Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review

Michael Soprano, Kevin Roitero, David La Barbera, Davide Ceolin, Damiano Spina, Gianluca Demartini, Stefano Mizzaro

Abstract: Highlights•We identify 39 cognitive biases that may compromise the fact-checking process.•Through a systematic review, we highlight key categories of cognitive biases influencing human assessors.•We propose a set of 11 countermeasures to mitigate the impact of cognitive biases on fact-checking activities.•We describe the constituting elements of a bias-aware fact-checking pipeline.