Supervisory control design for balancing supply and demand in a district heating system with thermal energy storage

Cristina Zotica, David Pérez-Piñeiro, Sigurd Skogestad

Abstract: Highlights•The use of inventory (pressure) control is an effective way of balancing supply and demand for a district heating system.•Split range control, controllers with different setpoints and model predictive control are three alternatives to handle active manipulated variables constraints switching•Controllers with different setpoints is easier to implement•Model predictive control requires careful tuning to obtain the desired performance, making it more difficult to implement than split range control and controllers with different setpoints.