A Geometric Analysis of Deep Generative Image Models and Its Applications

Binxu Wang, Carlos R Ponce

Keywords: Deep generative model, Interpretability, GAN, Differential Geometry, Optimization, Model Inversion, Feature Visualization

Abstract: Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have emerged as a powerful unsupervised method to model the statistical patterns of real-world data sets, such as natural images. These networks are trained to map random inputs in their latent space to new samples representative of the learned data. However, the structure of the latent space is hard to intuit due to its high dimensionality and the non-linearity of the generator, which limits the usefulness of the models. Understanding the latent space requires a way to identify input codes for existing real-world images (inversion), and a way to identify directions with known image transformations (interpretability). Here, we use a geometric framework to address both issues simultaneously. We develop an architecture-agnostic method to compute the Riemannian metric of the image manifold created by GANs. The eigen-decomposition of the metric isolates axes that account for different levels of image variability. An empirical analysis of several pretrained GANs shows that image variation around each position is concentrated along surprisingly few major axes (the space is highly anisotropic) and the directions that create this large variation are similar at different positions in the space (the space is homogeneous). We show that many of the top eigenvectors correspond to interpretable transforms in the image space, with a substantial part of eigenspace corresponding to minor transforms which could be compressed out. This geometric understanding unifies key previous results related to GAN interpretability. We show that the use of this metric allows for more efficient optimization in the latent space (e.g. GAN inversion) and facilitates unsupervised discovery of interpretable axes. Our results illustrate that defining the geometry of the GAN image manifold can serve as a general framework for understanding GANs.

One-sentence Summary: We developed tools to compute the metric tensor of image manifold learnt by GANs, empirically analyzed their geometry, and found this knowledge useful to GAN inversion and finding interpretable axes.

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Code: [ Animadversio/GAN-Geometry](https://github.com/Animadversio/GAN-Geometry)

Data: [CelebA](https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/celeba), [FFHQ](https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/ffhq), [ImageNet](https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/imagenet)