FactDAG: Formalizing Data Interoperability in an Internet of Production

Lars C. Gleim, Jan Pennekamp, Martin Liebenberg, Melanie Buchsbaum, Philipp Niemietz, Simon Knape, Alexander Epple, Simon Storms, Daniel Trauth, Thomas Bergs, Christian Brecher, Stefan Decker, Gerhard Lakemeyer, Klaus Wehrle

Abstract: In the production industry, the volume, variety, and velocity of data as well as the number of deployed protocols increase exponentially due to the influences of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) advances. While hundreds of isolated solutions exist to utilize these data, e.g., optimizing processes or monitoring machine conditions, the lack of a unified data handling and exchange mechanism hinders the implementation of approaches to improve the quality of decisions and processes in such an interconnected environment. The vision of an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Internet of Production</i> promises the establishment of a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Worldwide Lab</i> , where data from every process in the network can be utilized, even interorganizational and across domains. While numerous existing approaches consider interoperability from an interface and communication system perspective, fundamental questions of data and information interoperability remain insufficiently addressed. In this article, we identify <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ten</i> key issues, derived from three distinctive real-world use cases that hinder large-scale data interoperability for industrial processes. Based on these issues, we derive a set of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">five</i> key requirements for future (IoT) data layers, building upon the FAIR data principles. We propose to address them by creating <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FactDAG</i> , a conceptual data layer model for maintaining a provenance-based, directed acyclic graph of facts, inspired by successful distributed version-control and collaboration systems. Eventually, such a standardization should greatly shape the future of interoperability in an interconnected production industry.