When Do LLMs Admit Their Mistakes? Understanding the Role of Model Belief in Retraction

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission13104 Authors

Keywords: Large Language Models, Internal Representations, Factual QA

Abstract: Can large language models (LLMs) admit their mistakes when they should know better? In this work, we study when and why LLMs choose to retract, i.e., spontaneously and immediately acknowledge their errors. Using model-specific testbeds, we find that while LLMs are capable of retraction, they do so only rarely, even when they can recognize their mistakes when asked in a separate interaction. We identify a reliable predictor of retraction: the model’s \emph{momentary belief}, as measured by a probe on its internal states that is trained to predict correctness on external datasets unrelated to retraction. A model retracts only when it "believes" its answers to be incorrect \emph{during generation}; these beliefs frequently diverge from models' parametric knowledge as measured by factoid questions. Steering experiments further demonstrate that model belief causally drives retraction. In particular, when the model believes its answer to be incorrect, this not only encourages the model to attempt further verification, but also alters attention dynamics. Finally, we show that supervised fine-tuning improves retraction performance by helping the model learn more accurate internal belief.

Primary Area: interpretability and explainable AI

Submission Number: 13104