Real touch behaviors and control strategies of norovirus transmission among young children in kindergarten: An on-site investigation and intervention study

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Minghan Yang, Zhiyang Dou, Wei Liu, Xian Li, Nan Zhang

Published: 01 Dec 2025, Last Modified: 09 Nov 2025Building and EnvironmentEveryoneRevisionsCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: Highlights•Children on average touched their mouths 39 times per hour in the dining area.•Virus transmission ability (VTA) of sensory integration training equipment was the highest.•Touch frequency on public surfaces was significantly positively correlated with VTA.•The classroom exhibited the highest infection rate among the five kindergarten scenarios.•Washing hands (efficiency = 99 %) 6 times/h can reduce the infection risk by up to 51.5 %.