Abstract: Highlights•First work to inter-compare DART-RC/Lux and GEDI simulator (GS) for waveform simulation.•Virtual forests enable the evaluation free of geolocation and 3D modeling uncertainty.•DART-RC/Lux which only considers first-order scattering is highly consistent with GS.•DART-RC/Lux is more accurate than GS in real forests with low LAI.•Challenges in 3D modeling cause lower accuracy of DART-RC/Lux than GS in dense forests.
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