MHz2k: MPC from HE over ℤwith New Packing, Simpler Reshare, and Better ZKP

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Jung Hee Cheon, Dongwoo Kim, Keewoo Lee

Published: 2021, Last Modified: 26 Jan 2026IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2021EveryoneRevisionsBibTeXCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: We propose a multi-party computation (MPC) protocol over $\mathbb{Z}_{2^k}$ secure against actively corrupted majority from somewhat homomorphic encryption. The main technical contributions are: (i) a new efficient packing method for $\mathbb{Z}_{2^k}$-messages in lattice-based somewhat homomorphic encryption schemes, (ii) a simpler reshare protocol for level-dependent packings, (iii) a more efficient zero-knowledge proof of plaintext knowledge on cyclotomic rings $\mathbb{Z}[X]/\Phi_M(X)$ with $M$ being a prime. Integrating them, our protocol shows from 2.2x upto 4.8x improvements in amortized communication costs compared to the previous best results. Our techniques not only improve the efficiency of MPC over $\mathbb{Z}_{2^k}$ considerably, but also provide a toolkit that can be leveraged when designing other cryptographic primitives over $\mathbb{Z}_{2^k}$.