Wallet ATL: Towards Reliable Smart Contract Verification

Angelo Ferrando, Blondelle Kana Zanlefack, Vadim Malvone

Keywords: Model Checking, Multi-Agent Systems, Smart Contracts, Liquidity, Strategic Logics

Abstract: The exponential growth of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has underscored the critical need for formal verification methods that can reason about the financial properties of smart contracts. Traditional model checking techniques and strategic logics such as Alternating-time Temporal Logic (ATL) are insufficient for this task, as they lack the primitives to express and verify liquidity properties—guarantees about the ability of users to access and manipulate crypto-assets within a contract based on their wallet balances. In this work, we introduce Wallet Alternating-time Temporal Logic (WATL), a novel extension of ATL enriched with wallet predicates and wallet-constrained strategic operators. WATL enables reasoning about agents’ strategies under explicit liquidity constraints, ensuring that actions are not only strategically feasible but also financially executable. We formalize the syntax and semantics of WATL, provide fixed-point characterizations for its model checking algorithm, and implement these within the VITAMIN verification framework. In addition, to address scalability, we propose an abstraction methodology for Wallet Concurrent Game Structures (WCGS) based on Meta Agent aggregation: coalition agents are preserved explicitly, while all other agents are collapsed into a single meta-agent with a sum-aggregated wallet. This reduction preserves liquidity-related properties and drastically shrinks the verification space, enabling efficient analysis of systems with hundreds of participants. We illustrate the effectiveness of WATL on canonical smart contract case studies, such as auctions and crowdfunding, demonstrating how liquidity guarantees can be formally specified and automatically verified. Our results show that WATL, implemented in the VITAMIN tool, bridges the gap between multi-agent strategic reasoning and financial correctness, providing a practical step towards the formal verification of smart contracts with liquidity-awareness.

Area: Engineering and Analysis of Multiagent Systems (EMAS)

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Submission Number: 228