Advancements in arithmetic optimization algorithm: theoretical foundations, variants, and applications

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Vijay Kumar

Published: 2024, Last Modified: 27 Feb 2026Multim. Tools Appl. 2024EveryoneRevisionsBibTeXCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: Arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) is a population-based metaheuristic algorithm that mimics the properties of primitive arithmetic operators. Researchers were attracted to AOA after its development in 2021. It has been extensively applied across several research domains. This study presents a thorough analysis of the AOA. The mathematical modelling of AOA and its inspiration are discussed. The variants of AOA namely improved, binary, chaotic, hybrid, and multi-objective are investigated in detail. The applications of AOA and its variants in numerous research domain are discussed. The possible research directions for AOA are examined. The young researchers will be assisted by this study in comprehending the fundamental ideas of AOA and in applying this knowledge to their own research issues.