UNITE: Universal kNowledge Integration from Task-specific Experts

Shuxia Lin, Qiufeng Wang, Xu Yang, Xin Geng

Keywords: LLMs, Mixture-of-Experts, Universal Knowledge Extraction

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) with Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures achieve strong performance under sparse activation. However, their expertise is often fragmented across experts and redundant across layers. Prior studies primarily diagnosed redundancy or parameter importance, revealing overlaps but lacking mechanisms to transform them into reusable knowledge. In contrast, human learning succeeds not by memorizing isolated facts but by reusing shared strategies across domains, which motivates the question: do MoE models similarly encode universal knowledge that can be systematically extracted and reused? We propose Universal kNowledge Integration from Task-specific Experts (UNITE), a framework that consolidates experts through Fisher-weighted fusion and then applies Tucker decomposition to disentangle shared low-rank input/output subspaces as universal knowledge from layer-specific variations. This universal component provides a compact basis for reconstructing target models with flexible depth, enabling lightweight yet competitive adaptation across tasks. To assess effectiveness, we evaluate data efficiency, convergence speed, and generalization across multiple MoE-based LLMs and diverse datasets. The results show that UNITE not only extracts universal knowledge, but also flexibly enabling once-for-all extraction and flexible target model construction that generalize across domains.

Primary Area: applications to computer vision, audio, language, and other modalities

Submission Number: 10133