UQ: Assessing Language Models on Unsolved Questions

Fan Nie, Ken Liu, Zihao Wang, Rui Sun, Wei Liu, Weijia Shi, Huaxiu Yao, Linjun Zhang, Andrew Y. Ng, James Zou, Sanmi Koyejo, Yejin Choi, Percy Liang, Niklas Muennighoff

Keywords: benchmark, evaluations, platform, LLMs, paradigm, verifiers, generator-validator gap

TL;DR: We explore a radical paradigm for AI evals: assessing LLMs on unsolved questions. Instead of contrived exams where progress ≠ value, we eval LLMs on organic, unsolved problems via reference-free LLM validation & community verification.

Abstract:

Benchmarks shape progress in AI research.
A useful benchmark should be both *difficult* and *realistic*: questions should challenge frontier models while also reflecting real-world usage. Yet, current paradigms face a difficulty-realism tension: exam-style benchmarks are often made artificially difficult with limited real-world value, while benchmarks based on real user interaction often skew toward easy, high-frequency problems.
In this work, we explore a radically different paradigm: assessing models on *unsolved* questions. Rather than a static benchmark scored once, we curate unsolved questions and evaluate models asynchronously over time with validator-assisted screening and community verification.
We introduce UQ, a testbed of 500 challenging, diverse questions sourced from Stack Exchange, spanning topics from CS theory and math to sci-fi and history, probing capabilities including reasoning, factuality, and browsing. UQ is difficult and realistic by construction: unsolved questions are often hard and naturally arise when humans seek answers, thus solving them yields direct real-world value.
Our contributions are threefold: (1) UQ-Dataset and its collection pipeline combining rule-based filters, LLM judges, and human review to ensure question quality (e.g., well-defined and difficult); (2) UQ-Validators, compound validation strategies that leverage the generator-validator gap to provide evaluation signals and pre-screen candidate solutions for human review; and (3) UQ-Platform, an open platform where experts collectively verify questions and solutions, enabling ongoing, asynchronous, and community-driven evaluation.
The top-performing model passes UQ-validation on only 15% of questions, and preliminary human verification has already identified correct answers among those that passed.
UQ charts a path for evaluating frontier models on real-world, open-ended challenges, where success pushes the frontier of human knowledge.

Submission Number: 74