GradShield: Alignment Preserving Finetuning

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission7915 Authors

Keywords: large language model, finetuning, alignment, defense, safety

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) pose a significant risk of safety misalignment after finetuning, as models can be compromised by both explicitly and implicitly harmful data. Even some seemingly benign data can inadvertently steer a model towards unsafe behaviors. To address this, we introduce GradShield, a principled filtering method that safeguards LLMs during finetuning by identifying and removing harmful data points before they corrupt the model's alignment. It removes potentially harmful data by computing a Finetuning Implicit Harmfulness Score (FIHS) for each data point and employs an adaptive thresholding algorithm.We apply GradShield to multiple utility fine-tuning tasks combined with different levels of harmful data, and evaluate the safety and utility performance of the resulting LLMs under various metrics. Our results show that GradShield outperforms all baseline methods, as it consistently maintains a low Attack Success Rate (ASR) of under $6\%$, while preserving the utility performance.

Primary Area: alignment, fairness, safety, privacy, and societal considerations

Submission Number: 7915