An artificial intelligence‐powered PD‐L1 combined positive score (CPS) analyser in urothelial carcinoma alleviating interobserver and intersite variability

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Kyu Sang Lee, Euno Choi, Soo Ick Cho, Seonwook Park, Jeongun Ryu, Aaron Valero Puche, Minuk Ma, Jongchan Park, Wonkyung Jung, Juneyoung Ro, Sukjun Kim, Gahee Park, Sanghoon Song, Chan‐Young Ock, Gheeyoung Choe, Jeong Hwan Park

Published: 01 Jul 2024, Last Modified: 04 Nov 2025HistopathologyEveryoneRevisionsCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have shown promising clinical outcomes in urothelial carcinoma (UC). The combined positive score (CPS) quantifies PD-L1 22C3 expression in UC, but it can vary between pathologists due to the consideration of both immune and tumour cell positivity.