The association of subjective physical disorder and pedestrian volume: A big urban data and machine-learning approach

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Fangqi Liu, Yi Lu, Qiwei Song, Waishan Qiu, Dongwei Liu

Published: 2025, Last Modified: 19 Oct 2025Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2025EveryoneRevisionsBibTeXCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: Highlights•Novel machine-learning framework predicts subjective physical disorder via street images.•Identifies distinct effects of physical disorder types on pedestrian demographic groups.•Highlights greenery disorder as critical barrier for female, adult, elderly pedestrians.•Street-level subjective disorder measures complement traditional built environment metrics.•Guides targeted urban policy interventions to enhance equitable pedestrian spaces.