A Generalized Geometric Theoretical Framework of Centroid Discriminant Analysis for Linear Classification of Multi-dimensional Data

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission16455 Authors

Keywords: Linear classification; Efficient and scalable algorithm; Geometric discriminant analysis; Centroid discriminant analysis; Nonlinear classification via kernel method

Abstract: With the advent of the neural network era, traditional machine learning methods have increasingly been overshadowed. Nevertheless, continuing to research about the role of geometry for learning in data science is crucial to envision and understand new principles behind the design of efficient machine learning. Linear classifiers are favored in certain tasks due to their reduced susceptibility to overfitting and their ability to provide interpretable decision boundaries. However, achieving both scalability and high predictive performance in linear classification remains a persistent challenge. Here, we propose a theoretical framework named geometric discriminant analysis (GDA). GDA includes the family of linear classifiers that can be expressed as function of a centroid discriminant basis (CDB0) - the connection line between two centroids - adjusted by geometric corrections under different constraints. We demonstrate that linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a subcase of the GDA theoretical framework, and we show its convergence to CDB0 under certain conditions. Then, based on the GDA framework, we propose an efficient linear classifier named centroid discriminant analysis (CDA) which is defined as a special case of GDA under a 2D plane geometric constraint. CDA training is initialized starting from CDB0 and involves the iterative calculation of new adjusted centroid discriminant lines whose optimal rotations on the associated 2D planes are searched via Bayesian optimization. CDA has good scalability (quadratic time complexity) which is lower than LDA and support vectors machine (SVM) (cubic complexity). Results on 27 real datasets across classification tasks of standard images, medical images and chemical properties, offer empirical evidence that CDA outperforms other linear methods such as LDA, SVM and logistic regression (LR) in terms of scalability, performance and stability. Furthermore, we show that linear CDA can be generalized to nonlinear CDA via kernel method, demonstrating improvements on both linear CDA and kernel SVM with tests on two challenging datasets of images and chemical data. GDA general validity as a new theoretical framework may inspire the design of new classifiers under the definition of different geometric constraints, paving the way towards more deeper understanding of the role of geometry in learning from data.

Primary Area: unsupervised, self-supervised, semi-supervised, and supervised representation learning

Submission Number: 16455