Abstract: Highlights•We propose a novel multi-task learning framework for spontaneous smile recognition.•Our framework combines feature-based techniques with deep learning-based approaches.•We attain this by leveraging D-Markers, adding supervision to the deep learning model.•We outperform all SOTA deep learning-based methods on four benchmark datasets.
External IDs:doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2024.09.015
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