A systematic review of intermediate fusion in multimodal deep learning for biomedical applications

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Valerio Guarrasi, Fatih Aksu, Camillo Maria Caruso, Francesco Di Feola, Aurora Rofena, Filippo Ruffini, Paolo Soda

Published: 2025, Last Modified: 02 Mar 2026Image Vis. Comput. 2025EveryoneRevisionsBibTeXCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: Highlights•Comprehensive review of intermediate fusion in multimodal learning in biomedicine.•Structured notation for categorizing intermediate fusion methods.•Analysis of the benefits and challenges of intermediate fusion in biomedical contexts.•Identification of future research directions for improving current fusion techniques.•Versatile framework applicable to other multimodal deep learning domains.