An enhanced network for extracting tunnel lining defects using transformer encoder and aggregate decoder

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Bo Guo, Zhihai Huang, Haitao Luo, Perpetual Hope Akwensi, Ruisheng Wang, Bo Huang, Tsz Nam Chan

Published: 2025, Last Modified: 15 Jan 2026Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinformation 2025EveryoneRevisionsBibTeXCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: Highlights•A novel enhanced deep learning architecture combining Transformer with convolution is proposed.•An advanced Transformer backbone capable of exploring both local fine-grained and global contextual information.•A well-designed decoder enhances the perceptual range to fully extract defect regions with multiple granularities.