National-scale tree species mapping with deep learning reveals forest management insights in Germany

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Yang Mu, Jianhua Guo, Muhammad Shahzad, Xiao Xiang Zhu

Published: 01 Jan 2025, Last Modified: 31 Jul 2025Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinformation 2025EveryoneRevisionsBibTeXCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: Highlights•We develop a novel ForestFormer model to address tree species mapping challenges.•We generate a Germany-wide tree species map with 83.94% overall accuracy.•We analyze species resistance, biodiversity, and key distribution drivers.•The actionable insights can be integrated into national forest management strategies.