Using cognitive models to reveal value trade-offs in language models

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission21833 Authors

Keywords: cognitive modeling, value tradeoffs, RLHF training dynamics

TL;DR: We use a leading cognitive model of social communication to interpret the extent to which LLMs represent value tradeoffs in diverse model settings

Abstract: Value trade-offs are an integral part of human decision-making and language use, however, current tools for interpreting such dynamic and multi-faceted notions of values in LLMs are limited. In cognitive science, so-called “cognitive models” provide formal accounts of such trade-offs in humans, by modeling the weighting of a speaker’s competing utility functions in choosing an action or utterance. Here we use a leading cognitive model of polite speech to systematically evaluate value trade-offs in two encompassing model settings: degrees of reasoning “effort” in frontier black-box models, and RL post-training dynamics of open-source models. Our results highlight patterns of higher informational utility than social utility in reasoning models’ default behavior, and demonstrate that these patterns shift in predictable ways when models are prompted to prioritize certain goals over others. Our findings from LLMs’ training dynamics suggest large shifts in utility values early on in training with persistent effects of the choice of base model and pretraining data, compared to feedback dataset or alignment method. We show that our method is responsive to diverse aspects of the rapidly evolving LLM landscape, with insights for forming hypotheses about other social behaviors such as sycophancy, and shaping training regimes that better control trade-offs between values during model development

Primary Area: alignment, fairness, safety, privacy, and societal considerations

Submission Number: 21833