Leveraging Causal Graphs for Blocking in Randomized Experiments

Abhishek Kumar Umrawal

Keywords: Causal graphs, randomized experiments, block designs, variance reduction.

TL;DR: An efficient algorithm to obtain a stable blocking set for randomized experiments by leveraging the underlying causal knowledge.

Abstract: Randomized experiments are often performed to study the causal effects of interest. Blocking is a technique to precisely estimate the causal effects when the experimental material is not homogeneous. It involves stratifying the available experimental material based on the covariates causing non-homogeneity and then randomizing the treatment within those strata (known as blocks). This eliminates the unwanted effect of the covariates on the causal effects of interest. We investigate the problem of finding a stable set of covariates to be used to form blocks, that minimizes the variance of the causal effect estimates. Using the underlying causal graph, we provide an efficient algorithm to obtain such a set for a general semi-Markovian causal model.